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Copyright 1919. By A. I. E. E.
SYSTEMS
BY JOHN R. CARSON
ABSTRACT OF PAPER
for transmission and artificial lines are derived and a new method
systems.
407
408 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
steady state is arrived at, and the oscillations which the system
steady" state dies away or rather merges into the final steady
state.
which give the solutions for the current and voltage waves in
formulas (57) and (62) which are the solutions for the current
described.
are developed.
is shown.
d"
E ft"
sion for the steady state current, and the real part of (1) the
7)
£ 7T
symbolic.
formula:
= Pm
Ajk (t) = Akj (t). When the two subscripts are the same the
function of frequency.
(4)
(5)
(.00)
412 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
But by (3)
1 = A (0)
Z(oo)
gives
d ' tf e* A (t - X) d X (8)
./,'
function
E sin (pt + 6)
1917] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 413
/ (t - X) = 2* ak sin (pk (t - X) + Bk )
i"/1-
/ (t - X) ⢠A (X) dX
dt
/'
;â¢
/(X)A(*-X)dX (11)
of this paper.
I = A (0) E sin (p t + 6)
I sin p X A'
I = E sin 0 A (t)
I cos p X â¢
f â¢
I sin p
. A (0) E sin (p t + d)
roe
JOB
cosp X A'
JOB
sin p X A'
o
1917] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 415
While the transient distortion (i. e., the difference between the
JOB
f00
The resolution of the total current into two terms, first the
between the actual total current and the final steady state
current.
methods
cosine terms,
rOO
o (p) and /3 (p) are, of course, the real and imaginary compon-
2 f°°
~ I («<*)-
expansion theorem,
- â
A (0 = -^- (l-i L )
A'(0=4-e^'
which integrates to
Jl _ K
<~T
J' _ R
'"*
7=
(PL)
t R, { R sin (p / + 6) - p L cos (p t + 0)
EfL
2 \p_Lcos6- Rsmd
(p L)2 +
Here the first term is the steady state and the second term
that the two components â steady state and transient distor-
reader may have remarked that we can get the formal solution
the solution obtained directly from (2) does not admit, practi-
out going into details, the chief reasons for this are briefly as
follows:
J"
jr
cosp XA'(X)d X
cies simultaneously.
This follows from the fact that we require, not a single numeri-
side devoted the greater part of the first two volumes of his
forms the basis, not only for the special methods of solution
theorem (3):
follows:
I t 1 « *
A (f\ = __ i . y = u
ii
Z'(pm) 21 - Z'(pm]
nâ 1
__
n ! Z' (p.)
.'
- _P=_\
p)
â¢See Note 2.
420 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
1.
+15
,1
pm
!Pl
Z(co)
J Z' (p«)
2 L Z'(pm)
Pnâ 1
_L .
"V
-I-
Z (p)
t"
â¢^ (P)
z, (p)
~Zlp} J = 2* -pT
A (0 = £ * ak-£j
n\
one that "it works," and so far as I am aware, the above fur-
Z (P)
following form:
later, the solution can be gotten for a line of any length if the
voltage is applied directly to one end of the line and the other
â¢See Note 3.
422 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
sient problem.
accompanying sketches.
*See Note 4.
1919J
42:5
Mesh
Network
No. 1
Mesh
Mesh
Network
No. 2
Mesh
Mesh
Network
No. 1
Mesh T Mesh
Network
No. 2
Mesh
.N
r.i.S
these networks open any mesh, say the rlh of No. 1, and any
mesh, say the Sth of No. 2, and connect the open terminals of
A,, (0.
dt
V (X) a,T (t - X) d X
V(\).bss(t- X)dX
-4-fi
dt \
424 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
equal, whence:
A i, (0 = A )5 (0 , and
Xlr
dt
derive the power series solution (in case a power series solution
We have 1
&(«)=-£-*
dt
- (-£-) ⢠d X d X! d X2 + . . .
0 00
-_. ___ _
\ L ) 11 \ L ) 21
J«_
3!
426 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
Hence
A (0 = -- (1 - V (0 )
loaded cable, we shall derive the basic solutions for the simplest
ment just discussed. The solution for the line itself is therefore
fundamental.
1 cosh 7 (s â x) t
K sinh (7 s)
both cases.)
summation is infinite for the smooth line (and very large for
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 427
this difficulty arises from the fact that the expansion theorem
To now apply the solution for the infinitely long line to the
case of the line of finite length we remark that the current, say
formula or solution is
--
Now, take the formula given above, for the line of finite
A. A J\.
Now, by definition, 0* (t) is the solution for the first term; hence
02m.+* (f)
The first term in the above is the direct wave (the only wave
which would exist if the line were infinitely long) the first
reflected from the other end of the line. The summations are
(11):
i' (')--£- v, (t - X)
+ 2m <p2m,-z (X)
(16)
,f1
*J1dX
i + &«,-l).+ * (X) ]
formula,
/>(
dI
dt 1
t.
df
-or)
Vt (t - X) 0._» (X) d X
i
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 429
LR LR LR LR L R '
â'OOJO>âVWâIâTTOPâVWâiâ'OWâVW 1â''WOO'*âVWâ1â'«H»>âVWâiâ I
£L £R L R L R
a«âTKT Vâiâ'TJSWTâVWâ1â'0000'âVWâiâ
across terminals a b ° ° ~
bo
LRL
are chosen not only because they simplify the analysis some-
loaded cable.
430 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
where
'-" VLC
KG
p = 2L + (17a)
RG
2T " 2~C
and
down the circuital equation for the voltage drop around the
CpG
Cp+G'
or
(P + P)2 - <r*
⢠7a+1 = 0
â¢See Note 5.
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 431
(p + p)2 - a* \ t* + e-fl
= Cos r = i -i- -
2 i-os i- l r -g vS
the symbolic formula (17) for the current in the qth section of
the structure.
fPm<
«*»â¢Â« (20)
Cp,
, cos (q
rm)
â¢Pm-(
rm
rm
C-
cos
(?
rm)
' Pm ' (
rm
cos
Pm
(a
r.
C-
rm)
"â¢(
rm
Pm
r.
minantal equation
sin (n T) = 0
whence
r« = m ir/n TO = 0, 1, 2, . . . . n
432 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
and
2t,2
(21)
since the last two terms are, within a constant, the integral of
we get
! / w \ 0"*
l_cos (mâ )- ^
= dX
if \
m=X
n
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 433
In the limit the summation passes into the definite integral and
we get:
-pt I _ _
JV,
TT L, I A / ffi
P/2v= i)
v/2v= f
of integration,
/2
cos <2 1 X)
⢠â f
^J
V sin2 X - f*
and =
infinitely long line instead of the line of finite length with which
the first term. For both the artificial line and the smooth line
T/2
I * cos (2 q X)
V sin2 X - f2
I T/2
o
434 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
=V'
f*
T S7
(26)
integral of (26)
2 r"2
"V
where J2, (z) is the Bessel function* of the first kind of order
We get
2 rw/*
T oj
9 C*'2
2m
2" X
'
__
(2m) ! '
z 2m +2
(2 m + 2) !
*See Note 6.
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 435
f2 f4
II u I
where
/*
T5
2m (â l)m (m + 1) .. . (m + n)
(2
We observe that
Sl
vo (22)
and
«i
J <P«-l (22)
2 r'
= Jtq ( Zl)
* ( Zi) = <p<> ( zO
---
.d
f6 z> r z^ ^ r z» A
00
F(Z) - v-y-
d Zi ⢠J2« (
1+
r2(z2- z.2)
22
r(z'- gf)1
22.48
f'(z2- z.2)
22 ⢠42 ⢠62
(31)
present). Hence,
F ( z) =
f* J*
z,
A9 (0 =
z,2)-d z,
+ (i - f) ⢠/ d 21
o (f V «i2 ~
(32)
is merely the integral of the first term multiplied by (ij â f),
Plots of A â (t) from equation (32) are shown later in this
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 437
ance.
(33)
name is, of course, suggested and justified by the fact that the
7? C*
of distorting action.
reduces to:
f Jtt
*See Note 7.
438 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
ââ
RC
(36)
(2 t \
2t
special interest.
Line
from the solution given by formula (32) for the artificial line.
Lp + R sinh (7 s)
7 ⢠sinh ( 7 s)
7 = V{
1919] CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS 439
we write
2L ' 2C
RG
08)
2L 2C
whence
»
tions,
(40)
A* (t) is, of course, the value of the current at point x and time
sinh (75)= 0
7 m = i m m = 0, 1, 2, . . . <*>
pm = - p ± i v
i v V ( m -^-J -- J
440 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
v t = y (41)
p/v= a
a/v = b
A, (0 = - - «*(**)⢠"i
2- f
TT )
- 6*
(42)
(a - b) Id
the infinitely long line. Observe that the second term is the
We set
00
fc
L T VX2-b2
(43)
whence
{ F (1/
441
where
' T if (46)
4-J"
+ 1 for y > o.
2c
^- J
21 _ 1 \m
V *'
y 2m \2«
(2m) !
(47)
-S(-
,2m+4
2)
1!
b*
21
yi
J*
dyt
vi
(48)
442 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
where
2 c °°
*X
dyi TT J X
d,
/'
TT
which sum up to
(50)
identically zero for values of the upper limit y < x, and its
Hence
Li
~C
for O^L
7? f
A* (0 =0 for y < x
Lt
If R = G = 0, a = b = 0 and
LI
*See Note 8.
444 CARSON: TRANSIENT OSCILLATIONS [Feb. 21
Ix
V LC v
v Lt G
limits. It is
RCx*
(56)
RCx>
which is the solution for the leaky cable. Observe that here we
inductance.
V-
41
«â (57)
c-4- v + GV= - d T
dx '
by (52) for 7 (X) in the integral and paving due regard to the
- x" (58)
quite simple.
V* (0 =0 for T < A
<59)
where A = ~-
RCx*
\/R C *'
*'
(61)
where a = Vfl G
X (62)
tion for this structure has not yet been worked out, as it
has, however, not been completed, and as yet gives little hope
infinity.
and capacity C per section all approach zero while the number
) - d X (63)
R i 1 j A R q_ A/ C '
,,,
p= -,^-and .- ^= and A=
first two being distributed and the last concentrated in the load
2 Hi
(64)
degree of approximation.
Curves
449
10 20 30
VALUES OF 2 vt
CABLE
current.
the initial, the 100th, the 500th and the 1000th sections of the
1.2
240
VALUES OF 2 vt
OF ARTIFICIAL LINE _
v ±j G
the wave front becomes smaller as the current wave travels out
451
1v
TT V L C *
1.4
12
1.0
08
06
04
02
-4
"960 980
VALUES'OF 2 vt
OF ARTIFICIAL LINE
irv
mately die away and the current approaches the value V âjâ
Lt
for all sections. The current in the loaded cable is thus asymp-
frequency.
[Feb. 21
2vt =
VLC
JU
12
Ij
OB
O.b
04
O2
VALUES OF 2 vt
OF ARTIFICIAL LINE
q is the
shows that, for the smooth line, the discontinuous wave front
/? A /
5â v
453
(see
neighborhood of the head and do not show the way the tail
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
VALUES OF 2 vt
OF ARTIFICIAL LINE
G=0
Y*â RC ^
â 4â
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
VALUES OF 2 vt
OF ARTIFICIAL LINE
C-9
7-
VALUES OF 2 vt
OF ARTIFICIAL LINE
G-0
1919]
455
vLC
&ij
14
â¢
f\
ft
,T
â¢Â»..,
"**i
-__
â¢â¢"â
â -
...
^^
ââ -
30
11
20
i<
>0
ao
20
VALUES OF 2 vt
CABLE
C=0
values of
2L
while curves 10 and 11 show the current in the 100th load coil
[Feb. 21
small except for fairly large values of â~â 'v âjâ q (greater
& LI
1.4
0.8
II
i\
I/
i'i
⢠-,
l\
0.4
*v
~-.
-..
0.2
""
"â¢â¢-.
â -
-_
â¢~.
â
VALUES 'OF 2 vt
CABLE
q is much smaller
2L
coils would modify the current curves, which are actually (as
ter between the theoretical curves for the artificial line and the
C* 7?
' Lt
as to make