Shmeiwseis Antikeimenostrafous Programmatismou

EJNIKO KAI KAPODISTRIAKO
PANEPISTHMIO AJHNWN
TMHMA PLHROFORIKHS
KAI THLEPIKOINWNIWN
SHMEIWSEIS
ANTIKEIMENOSTRAFOUS
PROGRAMMATISMOU
IZAMPW KARALH
AJHNA 2005
1
Perieqìmeno tou maj matoc

• Genik gia ton antikeimenostraf programmatismì kai tic
klseic
• Dom kai metagl¸ttish programmtwn C++ (me qr sh tou
metaglwttist g++)
• Diadikastikìc programmatismìc me/se C++
• Embèleia onomtwn
• AfaÐresh sta dedomèna (se C++)
• DhmiourgÐa / katastrof antikeimènwn
• Klhronomikìthta (se C++)
• Polumorfismìc (se C++)
• 'Allec glwssikèc domèc thc C++, krÐsimec gia tic klseic
2
B mata kat thn Exèlixh tou (AntikeimenostrafoÔc)

ProgrammatismoÔ
Diadikastikìc Programmatismìc (procedural

programming)
• estizei sth sqedÐash twn diadikasi¸n

• “apofsise poiec eÐnai oi diadikasÐec pou qreizontai
gia thn ulopoÐhsh kai qrhsimopoÐhse touc kalÔterouc
algorÐjmouc pou mporeÐc na breÐc”
• ParadeÐgmata diadikasi¸n:
– eÔresh thc tetragwnik c rÐzac
– eÔresh M.K.D.
– taxinìmhsh arijm¸n
• Gl¸ssec: Algol60, Algol68, FORTRAN, Pascal, C k.a.
Programmatismìc me StoiqeÐa (modular programming)
• estizei sthn orgnwsh twn dedomènwn kai twn

diadikasi¸n
• “apofsise poi eÐnai ta stoiqeÐa (modules) pou sou
qreizontai kai q¸rise to prìgramm sou ètsi ¸ste na
krÔyeic dedomèna kai diadikasÐec sta katllhla
stoiqeÐa”
• uprqoun krit ria gia to qwrismì (bl. [Meyer])
3
• ParadeÐgmata stoiqeÐwn:
– stoiqeÐo diadikasi¸n epexergasÐac proswpikoÔ
– stoiqeÐo diadikasi¸n epexergasÐac eggrfwn
– Gl¸ssec: Modula -2, Modula -3 k.a.
AfaÐresh Dedomènwn (data abstraction)
• perissìterh èmfash sta dedomèna

• sundèei tÔpouc me leitourgÐec mèsw twn opoÐwn
qeirizìmaste ta stoiqeÐa touc
• “apofsise poioÔc tÔpouc qreizesai, d¸se èna pl rec
sÔnolo leitourgi¸n gia ton kje tÔpo”
• ParadeÐgmata tÔpwn: stack (top, pop, push)
• Gl¸ssec: Ada, C++, Java k.a.
Antikeimenostraf c Programmatismìc (Object oriented

programming)
• èkfrash “koin¸n” qarakthristik¸n metaxÔ tÔpwn mèsw

klhronomikìthtac
• “apofsise poiec klseic jèleic, d¸se èna pl rec
sÔnolo apì leitourgÐec gia thn kje klsh, èkfrase
rht tic koinèc leitourgÐec mèsw klhronomikìthtac”
4
• ParadeÐgmata klsewn:
"Shape" (color, surface, rotation)

/\
/ \
/ \
"Circle" "Triangle"
• Gl¸ssec: Simula, C++, Java k.a.

5
Gl¸ssec me Qarakthristik AntikeimenostrafoÔc

ProgrammatismoÔ
• ADA
• Smalltalk (1972)
• Modula -3
• C++ (1980)
• Java
• SIMULA (1967): prosfèrei th glwssik dom “class” gia
ton orismì klsewn, katìpin mporoÔn na oristoÔn
antikeÐmena thc klshc, OMWS den uprqei mhqanismìc
prostasÐac gia ta onìmata mèsa se mia klsh ki ètsi o
qr sthc mporeÐ na prospelsei opoiod pote mèroc thc
ulopoÐhshc
6
Upost rixh AntikeimenostrafoÔc ProgrammatismoÔ

• Orismìc klsewn, antikeimènwn, klhronomikìthtac
• Dunatìthta elègqou tÔpwn
– leitourgÐec tÔpou mìno pnw sta antikeÐmena tou tÔpou
– antikeÐmena tou tÔpou prospelaÔnontai mìno mèsw
leitourgi¸n tou tÔpou
• Dunatìthta upost rixhc egklwbismoÔ (encapsulation)
– epitugqnei apìkruyh plhroforÐac (information hiding)
– sundèei ton tÔpo me tic leitourgÐec tou
– mìno ta qarakthristik kai oi leitourgÐec gÐnontai
orat èxw apì thn klsh
• Dunatìthta dhmiourgÐac antikeimènwn (stigmiotÔpwn) kai
arqikopoÐhshc touc
• Klhronomikìthta (inheritance)
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Idiìthtec
• StoiqeiopoÐhsh (“diaÐrei kai basÐleue”)
• Egklwbismìc (apìkruyh plhroforÐac)
• EpanaqrhsimopoÐhsh (reusability)
• Polumorfismìc
– genikeumènoi tÔpoi (stack of(X))
– genikeumènec diadikasÐec (lenghth of list of(X))
– uperfìrtwsh sumbìlwn (Arijmìc + Arijmìc, LÐsta +
LÐsta) (overloading)
8
Genikeumènoi TÔpoi
Pardeigma: StoÐbec kai Ourèc
• StoÐbec: apì ta pita èwc tic kl seic sunart sewn
• Ourèc: apì touc anjr¸pouc èwc tic diergasÐec
Apìkruyh PlhroforÐac
Pardeigma: 'Estw ìti oi genikèc ontìthtec tou probl matoc
eÐnai:
1. “pod lato”
2. “podhlthc”
'Estw ìti uprqei mia leitourgÐa gia to “pod lato” pou eÐnai
“allag taqÔthtac” pou pragmatopoieÐtai apì th leitourgÐa
tou “pod latou” “allag granazioÔ”. Th deÔterh aut
leitourgÐa thn kratme kruf (thn egklwbÐzoume): den prèpei
na mporeÐ na thn prospelaÔnei mesa o “podhlthc”.
9
OnomatologÐa gia tic Klseic

Domik (structural)
DomikoÐ lÐjoi: attributes, data members
Sumperiforc (behavioral)
DiadikasÐec mèsw twn opoÐwn prospelaÔnoume ta
antikeÐmena: member functions, procedures,
methods/messages
Klseic kai Afhrhmènoi TÔpoi Dedomènwn
• “Object Oriented Design is the construction of software

systems as structured collections of abstract data type
implementations” [Meyer]
• ParadeÐgmata:
– “stack”: ulopoihmèno san sundedemènh lÐsta array
– “student”: ulopoihmèno mèsw struct san
sundedemènh lÐsta
• Afhrhmènoi TÔpoi Dedomènwn (ATD) : Afairetik
perigraf tÔpwn mèsw twn idiot twn twn leitourgi¸n touc
ki ìqi leptomerei¸n thc anaparstas c touc
• Klseic : Sugkekrimènh montelopoÐhsh kai ulopoÐhsh
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C++ Genik
• C++ (=increment of C)
• Sqedisthke na
– eÐnai mia kalÔterh C
– uposthrÐzei afaÐresh dedomènwn
– uposthrÐzei antikeimenostraf programmatismì
• Bjarne Stroustrup, 1980, Bell Labs
• “C me klseic”−→ C++ to 1983
• Gia megalÔtera progrmmata
• OO qarakthristik empneusmèna apì th Simula67 (C++
=? C + Simula67)
• Embèleia (scope) onomtwn-nohmtwn
• Klseic, antikeÐmena, klhronomikìthta, filikèc klseic,
ideatèc klseic . . .
11
To Elqisto C++ Prìgramma

main()
{
}
Gia na èqoume kai kpoia èxodo

#include <iostream.h>
main()
{
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
H d lwsh #include <iostream.h> dhl¸nei sto

metaglwttist na perilbei tic dhl¸seic pou brÐskontai sto
arqeÐo-epikefalÐda iostream.h
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Metfrash kai ArqeÐa-epikefalÐdec

• Sta arqeÐa-epikefalÐdec (header files) grfoume dhl¸seic
(ìqi k¸dika, ektìc an mporeÐ na jewrhjeÐ mèroc miac
d lwshc, oÔte arqikopoi seic orismoÔc, ektìc an
prìkeitai gia arqikopoi seic stajer¸n)
• #include <iostream.h> : me th qr sh < > anaferìmaste
ston standard include katlogo
• #include "my header.h" : anaz thsh tou
arqeÐou-epikefalÐda ston trèqonta katlogo
• #include "/home/users/izambo/c++/includes/hed.h" :
dÐdoume ìlo to monopti rht
• g++ -o bla main.cc f.cc
• g++ -c main.cc
• g++ -c f.cc
• g++ -o bla main.o f.o
• Parmetroi gia th metagl¸ttish ìpwc perigrfontai sto
egqeirÐdio tou g++
-c Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link.
The compiler output is an object file corresponding to
each source file.
..............
-E Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the com-

piler proper. The output is preprocessed source code,
which is sent to the standard output.
...............
-o file
Place output in file file.
13
Knte dokimèc metagl¸ttishc qrhsimopoi¸ntac ta paraktw

arqeÐa
main.cpp
#include "p1.h"
main()
{
cout << "hello !"<< endl;
f(5);
}
p1.cpp
void f(int i)
{
cout << i << endl;
}
p1.h
void f(int);
14
Diadikastikìc Programmatismìc me/se C++

• Dedomèna
– Enswmatwmènoi tÔpoi
– TÔpoi pou orÐzontai apì to qr sth
• DiadikasÐec pnw sta dedomèna
– Domik stoiqeÐa thc gl¸ssac kai entolèc
– Sunart seic
Onìmata
• gia tic metablhtèc
• gia tic sunart seic
• gia touc tÔpouc
• ...
• Kje ìnoma protoÔ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ prèpei na èqei
dhlwjeÐ. Se èna prìgramma prèpei, gia kje ìnoma na
èqoume ènan akrib¸c orismì (ektìc an to ìnoma anafèretai
se ontìthtec diaforetikoÔ eÐdouc, p.q. na
qrhsimopoi soume to Ðdio ìnoma gia ènan tÔpo kai mia
metablht , epitrèpetai apì th gl¸ssa rht, p.q.
uperfìrtwsh onomtwn sunart sewn)
15
Dhl¸seic - OrismoÐ - Anajèseic arqik¸n tim¸n
Dhl¸seic (declarations) (POLLES EMFANISEIS)

SÔndesh enìc onìmatoc me ènan tÔpo san perigraf
extern int error_number;
OrismoÐ (definitions) (MIA EMFANISH) Dèsmeush enìc

onìmatoc me mia sugkekrimènh ontìthta
char ch;
Anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n Anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n sthn

ontìthta sthn opoÐa anafèretai èna ìnoma
int count = 1;
const double pi = 3.141592;
16
Metablhtèc kai sunart seic: Dhl¸seic - OrismoÐ

• Se mia d lwsh, sundèoume èna ìnoma me to eÐdoc thc
ontìthtac thn opoÐa onomzei to ìnoma
• Se ènan orismì dhmiourgoÔme thn ontìthta (desmeÔoume to
q¸ro sth mn mh)
• Mia sunrthsh mporeÐ na dhlwjeÐ qwrÐc na oristeÐ dÐnontac
mìno to prìtupì thc
• 'Enac orismìc apoteleÐ tautìqrona kai d lwsh
• H anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n se mia metablht apoteleÐ
tautìqrona kai orismì kai d lws thc
17
ParadeÐgmata
char ch; <---- DEFINITION
string s; <---- DEFINITION
int count = 1;
const double pi = 3.14159265;
extern int error_number; <---- DECLARATION ONLY !!!!!
const char* Name = "TheName";
const char* season[] =

{"anixi", "kalokeri", "fthinoporo", "ximonas"};
int day(Date* pd) { return pd -> d; } <---- DEFINITION
double sqrt(double); <---- DECLARATION ONLY !!!!!

18
Embèleia (scope)
• Mia d lwsh eisgei kpoio ìnoma mèsa se mia embèleia
• H embèleia enìc onìmatoc xekin apì th d lwsh tou
onìmatoc
• Metablhtèc:
– kajolikèc (global) (pantoÔ)
– statikèc exwterikèc (èwc to tèloc tou arqeÐou)
– statikèc topikèc se sunrthsh (èwc to tèloc thc
ektèleshc thc sunrthshc)
– topikèc se sunrthsh
– topikèc se block
• Q¸roi onomtwn (namespaces)
• Klseic k.a.
• Telest c :: (scope resolution operator): gia epÐlush
embèleiac
19
Sunduste kajèna apì ta arqeÐa f1.cpp, f2.cpp kai f3.cpp

me to arqeÐo main.cpp, trèxte to ektelèsimo pou prokÔptei
kje for kai aitiolog ste ta apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc.
//File: main.cpp
extern int x;
void f();
main()
{
cout << x << endl;
f();
}
//File: f1.cpp
int x = 10000;
void f()
{
int x;
x = 1;
cout << x << endl;
{ int x;
x = 2;
cout << x << endl; // prints inner x = 2
}
cout << x << endl; // prints outter x = 1
}
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// File: f2.cpp
int x = 20000;
void f()
{
int x = 2;
cout << x << endl; // prints local x
cout << ::x << endl; // prints global x
// File: f3.cpp
int x = 300000;
void f()
{
int y = x; // assigns global x
int x = 2; // defines a new local x
cout << x << endl ; // prints new x
cout << y <<endl ; // prints y which has the value of global x

}
21
Sunduste kajèna apì ta arqeÐa f1.cpp, f2.cpp kai f3.cpp

me to arqeÐo main.cpp, trèxte to ektelèsimo pou prokÔptei
kje for kai aitiolog ste ta apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc.
// File: main.cpp
extern int x;
int f();
main()
{
cout << " x = "
<< x << endl;
cout << "1st output of f() "

<< f() << endl;
cout << "2nd output of f() "

<< f() << endl;
// File: f1.cpp
int x = 10000;
int f()
{
int x = ::x;
return x++;
}
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// File: f2.cpp
int x = 10000;
int f()
{
static int x = ::x;
return x++;
// File: f3.cpp
static int x = 10000; // CAREFUL: x static to current file!
int f()
{
int x = ::x;
return x++;
}
23
Q¸roi Onomtwn (Namespaces)

• 'Ena namespace apoteleÐ mia embèleia
namespace Example{
const double PI = 3.14159;
const double E = 2.71828;
int myInt = 8;
void printValues();
}
• Ena namespace “paketrei” dhl¸seic kai sto “pakèto”

dÐnei èna ìnoma
• Mèsa sta namespaces grfoume dhl¸seic kai ìqi k¸dika
kai orismoÔc
Apallag apì th qr sh tou onìmatoc tou q¸rou
onomtwn
• Ta onìmata enìc namespace gÐnontai diajèsima èxw apì to
namespace me th qr sh tou using kai plèon den qreizetai
na qrhsimopoihjeÐ to ìnoma tou namespace me qr sh tou
telest epÐlushc embèleiac (::)
double pp = Example::PI;
using namespace Example;
double ee = E;
• H epÐdrash tou using isqÔei èwc to tèloc thc trèqousac

embèleiac (dhlad , tèloc tou trèqontoc block tèloc tou
arqeÐou an to using emfanÐzetai èxw apì block)
• Den prèpei na qrhsimopoioÔme using mèsa se
arqeÐa-epikefalÐdec diìti eÐnai polÔ epikÐnduno
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• To using mporeÐ na anafèretai se olìklhro to namespace

mìno se kpoia apì ta onìmata pou dhl¸nei
• Ta namespaces mporoÔn na epauxnontai se lla shmeÐa
tou k¸dika
• Den mporoÔme na epaux soume to namespace me èna nèo
ìnoma apl¸c prosdiorÐzontc to me qr sh tou telest
epÐlushc embèleiac, p.q.
int Example::newInt; // error
Epiplèon dunatìthtec gia touc q¸rouc onomtwn

• SÔnjesh kai epilog apì namespaces
• Alias gia namespaces: dÐnoume qarakthristik onìmata sta
namespaces kai ta metonomzoume dÐnontac touc
suntomìtera gia eukolÐa
• An¸numa namespaces: gia th dhmiourgÐa “topik¸n”
“kleist¸n” q¸rwn onomtwn
25
Pardeigma qr shc namespace

int myInt = 100000000;
namespace Example{
int myInt = 8;
void printValues();
}
main()
{
cout << myInt << endl;
cout << Example::E << endl;
cout << "The namespace myInt: " << Example::myInt << endl ;
Example::printValues();
using namespace Example;
cout << "The namespace E from main: " << E << endl ;
void Example::printValues()
{
cout << "Printing from printValues" << endl;
cout << E << endl;
}
26
Pardeigma qr shc an¸numou namespace

// Declarations in the unnamed namespace are COMPLETELY hidden
// outside this file. However the names can be used within the file
// as if they are "imported" by a "using" directive
namespace {
int myInt = 8;
void printValues()
{
cout << "Printing from printValues" << endl;
cout << E << endl;
}
}
main()
{
cout << E << endl;
cout << "The namespace myInt: " << myInt << endl ;
printValues();
}
27
O q¸roc onomtwn thc kajierwmènhc biblioj khc

• SÔmfwna me to standard thc C++ [Standard], katargeÐtai
h sÔmbash ta arqeÐa-epikefalÐdec thc standard biblioj khc
na èqoun katlhxh .h kai ìla ta onìmata pou orÐzontai
dhl¸nontai apì aut brÐskontai mèsa se èna namespace, to
namespace std
• Prokeimènou na gÐnoun mesa prosbsima apì to
prìgramma (qwrÐc qr sh tou telest epÐlushc embèleiac),
prèpei na knoume using to std
• Pardeigma
#include <iostream>
main()
{ std::cout << "Printing!\n";}
H alli¸c:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{cout << "Printing!\n";}
• ShmeÐwsh: tìso stic shmei¸seic ìso kai sto mjhma qrhsimopoieÐtai tìso h pali
prosèggish gia ta arqeÐa-epikefalÐdec (me thn katlhxh .h kai qwrÐc to std) ìso
kai h prosèggish tou standard thc C++.

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TÔpoi
• TÔpoc boolean (bool) - timèc: true, false -
• TÔpoi qarakt rwn (p.q. char)
• TÔpoi akeraÐwn (p.q. int)
• TÔpoi pragmatik¸n (p.q. double)
• TÔpoi aparÐjmhshc (p.q. enum)
• apousÐa plhroforÐac : void
• TÔpoi deikt¸n (p.q. int* )
• Arrays (p.q. char[])
• TÔpoi anafor¸n (p.q. int& )
• Domèc dedomènwn kai klseic
Enswmatwmènoi basikoÐ tÔpoi thc C++

• Gia akeraÐouc diafìrwn megej¸n:
char, short int, int, long int
• Gia pragmatikoÔc:
float, double, long double
• Gia thn ermhneÐa tou pr¸tou bit:
signed/unsigned char
signed/unsigned short int
signed/unsigned int
signed/unsigned long int
29
Ektel¸ntac to akìloujo prìgramma, ja enhmerwjeÐte gia ta

megèjh twn enswmatwmènwn basik¸n tÔpwn ston upologist
sac
/: C03:Specify.cpp
// From Thinking in C++, 2nd Edition
// Available at http://www.BruceEckel.com
// (c) Bruce Eckel 2000
// Copyright notice in Copyright.txt
// Demonstrates the use of specifiers
#include <iostream>
int main() {
char c;
unsigned char cu;
int i;
unsigned int iu;
short int is;
short iis; // Same as short int
unsigned short int isu;
unsigned short iisu;
long int il;
long iil; // Same as long int
unsigned long int ilu;
unsigned long iilu;
float f;
double d;
long double ld;
cout
<< "\n char= " << sizeof(c)
<< "\n unsigned char = " << sizeof(cu)
<< "\n int = " << sizeof(i)
<< "\n unsigned int = " << sizeof(iu)
<< "\n short = " << sizeof(is)
<< "\n unsigned short = " << sizeof(isu)
<< "\n long = " << sizeof(il)
<< "\n unsigned long = " << sizeof(ilu)
<< "\n float = " << sizeof(f)
<< "\n double = " << sizeof(d)
<< "\n long double = " << sizeof(ld)
<< endl;
} ///:~
30
Paragìmenoi TÔpoi
• * dhl¸nei deÐkth (prefix)
• & dhl¸nei anafor (prefix)
• [] dhl¸nei array (postfix)
• () dhl¸nei sunrthsh (postfix)
• ParadeÐgmata:
int* a;
float v[10];
char* p[20];
void f(int);
void, deÐktec, arrays

• arijmhtik se deÐktec ìpwc sth C
• void: suntaktik sumperifèretai san tÔpoc
– na dhl¸sei ìti mia sunrthsh den epistrèfei tim
– basikìc tÔpoc gia deÐktec se antikeÐmena pou den
xèroume ton tÔpo touc
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'Alla jèmata sqetik me touc tÔpouc

• Metatropèc tÔpwn
• struct
struct address {
char* street;
long number;
char* city;
int postcode;
};
• Gia metonomasÐa tÔpwn, typedef

typedef char* Pchar;
Pchar p1;
Prosoq : H qr sh tou typedef sth C++ eÐnai polÔ

periorismènh. QrhsimopoieÐtai kurÐwc:
– gia onomasÐa paragìmenwn tÔpwn, p.q. char*
– se peript¸seic pou den èqoume akìma apofasÐsei ton
tÔpo kpoiwn metablht¸n kai endèqetai na ton
allxoume argìtera
• union
• enum (aparijm seic)
• Stouc tÔpouc ja epanèljoume suzht¸ntac gia tic klseic
32
EKFRASEIS kai ENTOLES

statement
---------
expression(opt)
declaration
{ statement-list(opt) }
...
33
Telestèc
• p.q. +, -, *, /, %, ...
• EÐnai ploÔsia se telestèc, ìpwc h C
• MerikoÐ èqoun kai nèa shmasÐa, p.q. <<
• Oi telestèc
+, -, *, /, %, &, |, ^, <<, >>
sumptÔssontai me ton =
p.q. a = a + 5; −→ a += 5;
• Genik E1 op= E2 isodÔnamo me E1 = E1 op (E2) (me E1
na upologÐzetai mia for)
• Genik oi telestèc “omadopoioÔntai” apì arister ektìc
apì touc monadiaÐouc telestèc kai touc telestèc anjeshc
pou omadopoioÔntai apì dexi p.q.
a = b = c ----> a = ( b = c )
a + b + c ----> ( a + b ) + c
*p++ ----> * (p++) NOT (*p)++ (Which means what? Guess!)
• Uprqei kal orismènh proteraiìthta telest¸n, p.q. oi

telestèc embèleiac, ::, èqoun th megalÔterh kai to kìmma,
, , san èndeixh akoloujÐac èqei th mikrìterh:
a + b * c −→ a + ( b * c )
(o telest c * èqei megalÔterh proteraiìthta)
a + b - c −→ ( a + b ) - c
(Ðdia proteraiìthta all arister “omadopoÐhsh”)
• Kalì eÐnai na qrhsimopoioÔme parenjèseic, ( kai ), gia na
knoume saf th seir thc apotÐmhshc
• Genik h seir apotÐmhshc den eÐnai egguhmènh
34
• Oi telestèc , , &&, || eggu¸ntai ìti to aristerì mèloc

touc ja apotimhjeÐ pr¸ta, p.q.
b = ( a = 2, a + 1 ) −→ b = 3 (ki ìqi b = 2)
• AÔxhsh kai MeÐwsh (ìpwc sth C) me touc telestèc ++ kai
--
– H èkfrash ++lvalue eÐnai isodÔnamh me thn èkfrash
lvalue += 1, isodÔnama lvalue = lvalue + 1,
(jewr¸ntac ìti to lvalue den èqei parenèrgeiec).
y = ++x −→ y = (x+=1)
y = x++ −→ y = (t=x,x+=1,t)
– Kat thn aÔxhsh/meÐwsh twn deikt¸n pou antistoiqoÔn
se array, to apotèlesma anafèretai sta stoiqeÐa tou
array (ki ìqi, p.q. stic dieujÔnseic). Gia pardeigma,
int p[] = {1,2,3,4};
int* q = p; cout << *q << endl;
q++; cout << *q << endl;
met thn aÔxhsh, o q deÐqnei ston epìmeno akèraio (tou
array) ki ìqi sthn epìmenh jèsh mn mhc
35
Merikèc Parathr seic
• Den uprqoun entolèc anjeshc kai entolèc kl shc
sunrthshc: h anjesh kai h kl sh sunrthshc upgontai
sthn kathgorÐa twn ekfrsewn.
• Oi logikoÐ telestèc && kai || den apotimoÔn to deÔtero
ìrism touc ektìc an eÐnai aparaÐthto.
• 'Opou gÐnontai èlegqoi tim¸n al jeiac eÐnai pio
euangnwsto na grfoume rht tic logikèc ekfrseic, me
qr sh twn logik¸n telest¸n, par na uponoeÐtai o
èlegqoc me bsh tic mh mhdenikèc timèc (mhn akoloujoÔme
thn prosèggish thc C na basizìmaste sthn mhdenik h mh
mhdenik tim thc èkfrashc).
• Prosoq stic proteraiìthtec! DeÐte to paraktw
prìgramma kai aitiologeÐste ti ektup¸nei:
// Inspired by an example in Eckel’ s book
main()
{
int a,b;
b=1;
cout << ((a = --b) ? b : (b = -99 ))
<< \n’ << " a is " << a
<< ’\n’ << " b is " << b << endl;
b=1;
cout << (a = --b ? b : (b = -99 ))
<< ’\n’ << " a is " << a
<< ’\n’ << " b is " << b << endl;
}
36
ENTOLES (à la C)
• Entolèc Epilog c (selection/choice):
– if ( expression ) statement
– if ( expression ) statement else statement
– switch ( expression ) statement
• Entolèc Epanlhyhc (iteration):
– while ( expression ) statement
– do statement while ( expression );
– for ( init-statement ; expression(opt) ; expression )
statement
• Entolèc Metaforc Elègqou (control):
– case constant-expression : statement
– default: statement
– break;
– continue;
– return expression(opt) ;
– goto identifier ;
• OnomasÐa Entol c: identifier : statement
37
Entolèc Epilog c (selection/choice)

• Epilog if-then, sun jhc morf :
if (expression)
statement
• Epilog if-then-else, sun jhc morf :

if (expression)
statement
else
statement
– H tim thc èkfrashc expression mporeÐ na eÐnai true

false
– To statement mporeÐ na antistoiqeÐ se mia mìno entol
se èna block entol¸n
• Pollapl epilog switch, sun jhc morf :
switch (selector)
{
case int1 : statement ; break ;
case int2 : statement ; break ;
....
default : statement ;
}
– H èkfrash selector pargei mia tim akeraÐou

– Anloga me thn paragìmenh tim , o èlegqoc phgaÐnei
sto statement met to antÐstoiqo case
– To break qreizetai gia bgei o èlegqoc apì to switch
– to default upodeiknÔei ti prèpei na ektelesteÐ sthn
genik perÐptwsh ìpou kanèna apì ta parapnw case de
mporeÐ na efarmosteÐ
38
Entolèc Epanlhyhc (iteration)

• Epanlhyh while, sun jhc morf :
while (expression)
statement
– H èkfrash expression apotimtai prin apì kje

epanlhyh tou statement
– H tim thc èkfrashc expression mporeÐ na eÐnai true
false
– To statement mporeÐ na antistoiqeÐ se mia mìno entol
se èna block entol¸n
39
– Pardeigma qr shc while kai switch - case
//: C03:Menu2.cpp
// A menu using a switch statement
#include <iostream>
int main() {
bool quit = false; // Flag for quitting
while(quit == false) {
cout << "Select a, b, c or q to quit: ";
char response;
cin >> response;
switch(response) {
case ’a’ : cout << "you chose ’a’" << endl;
break;
case ’b’ : cout << "you chose ’b’" << endl;
break;
case ’c’ : cout << "you chose ’c’" << endl;
break;
case ’q’ : cout << "quitting menu" << endl;
quit = true;
break;
default : cout << "Please use a,b,c or q!"
<< endl;
}
}
} ///:~
40
• Epanlhyh for, sun jhc morf :

for(initialization; conditional; statementL)
statementB
– 'Otan mpaÐnei o èlegqoc sto for gia pr¸th for,

ekteleÐtai to initialization pax
– Prin apì kje epanlhyh, elègqetai an isqÔei to
conditional
– An eÐnai to conditional alhjèc, ekteleÐtai to
statementB
– Sto tèloc kje epanlhyhc (ma èqei oloklhrwjeÐ h
ektèlesh tou statementB ) ekteleÐtai to statementL
41
• Epanlhyh do-while, sun jhc morf :

do
statement
while (expression)
– To statement ekteleÐtai toulqiston mia for, ìtan o

èlegqoc mpei sto do gia pr¸th for
– H èkfrash expression apotimtai met thn ektèlesh
tou statement
– Mia pijan qr sh tou eÐnai sthn perÐptwsh pou h
èkfrash expression emplèkei timèc pou diabzontai
sto statement. Gia pardeigma, deÐte to paraktw
prìgramma:
//: C03:Guess2.cpp
// The guess program using do-while
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int secret = 15;
int guess; // No initialization needed here
do {
cout << "guess the number: ";
cin >> guess; // Initialization happens
} while(guess != secret);
cout << "You got it!" << endl;
} ///:~
42
SUNARTHSEIS
• O trìpoc gia na “knoume kti”.
• Mia sunrthsh den mporeÐ na klhjeÐ an den èqei dhlwjeÐ.
• Mia d lwsh sunrthshc perilambnei:
– to ìnoma thc sunrthshc
– ton tÔpo thc tim c pou epistrèfei
– to pl joc kai touc tÔpouc twn orismtwn thc
– p.q.
int sum(int i, int j);
void swap(int*, int*);
• Kat thn kl sh miac sunrthshc, h antimet¸pish eÐnai Ðdia

me thn arqikopoÐhsh twn orismtwn (ki ìqi me thn anjesh
tim¸n).
• Mia sunrthsh prèpei na orÐzetai mìno mia for mèsa se
èna prìgramma.
• 'Otan kaleÐtai mia sunrthsh, oi q¸roi pou èqoun fulaqjeÐ
gia tic tupikèc paramètrouc thc arqikopoioÔntai me ta
antÐstoiqa orÐsmata.
• Epistrof tim¸n: Ðdia diadikasÐa me thn arqikopoÐhsh
metablht¸n (mia entol return leitourgeÐ san na
arqikopoieÐ mia metablht tou tÔpou pou epistrèfei h
sunrthsh, sthn opoÐa dÐnetai h tim thc èkfrashc thc
return, pragmatopoi¸ntac tic anlogec metatropèc
tÔpwn).
43
Uperfìrtwsh onomtwn sunart sewn

• “uperfìrtwsh” ( “epifìrtish”): overloading.
• Qr sh tou Ðdiou onìmatoc gia diaforetikèc sunart seic.
• Dikrish apì to pl joc/tÔpo twn orismtwn touc.
• O tÔpoc pou epistrèfei h sunrthsh den paÐzei rìlo gia th
dikrish.
• Uprqoun kanìnec pou upodeiknÔoun poio eÐnai to kalÔtero
taÐriasma tÔpwn kat thn kl sh miac sunrthshc.
• p.q.
void print(int) // for int
void print(const char*) // for strings
void print(double) ...
44
Default timèc orismtwn

• Gia thn perÐptwsh pou h genik morf thc kl shc miac
sunrthshc emplèkei perissìtera orÐsmata apì th morf
twn suqnìterwn kl se¸n thc. p.q.
void print(int value, int base=10);
tìte
print(31) ---------> 31
print(31,10) ---------> 31
print(31,16) ---------> 1f
print(31,2) ---------> 11111
• Me qr sh enallaktik¸n orism¸n - epitreptì, lìgw

uperfìrtwshc - petuqaÐnoume to Ðdio apotèlesma. p.q.
void print(int value, int base);
void print(int value);
// me orismì gia ektÔpwsh sto 10dikì
• O èlegqoc tÔpwn twn default orismtwn gÐnetai sto
epÐpedo thc d lwshc en¸ h apotÐmhsh gÐnetai kat thn
kl sh thc sunrthshc.
• Den epitrèpontai default timèc se endimesa orÐsmata. p.q.
OQI int g(int, int=0, int);
OUTE int g(int=0, int, int);
45
Gia pardeigma, an jèlame kti tètoio:

main()
{
int i = 16;
cout << "i in dec = " << i << endl;

cout << hex << "i in hex = " << i << endl;
cout << oct << "i in oct = " << i << endl;
me qr sh sunrthshc me default timèc orismtwn mporoÔme na

gryoume to ex c:
// the function void print(int,int) uses
//default value into its second argument
void print(int i, int base = 10)

{
switch(base) {
case (10) : cout << "i in dec = " << i << endl; break;
case (16) : cout << hex << "i in hex = " << i << endl; break;
case (8) : cout << oct << "i in oct = " << i << endl; break;
default : cout << "No proper base " << endl;
}
}
main()
{
int i = 16;
print(i);
print(i,16);
print(i,8);
}
46
Sunart seic inline
• Mia sunrthsh mporeÐ na oristeÐ wc inline dÐnontac mia
sumboul sto metaglwttist , na blei ton k¸dika thc
sunrthshc stic kl seic thc sunrthshc, antÐ na
qrhsimopoi sei ton klasikì mhqanismì kl shc
sunart sewn kai epistrof c apotelesmtwn. p.q.
inline int fac(int n) return (n<2?1:n*fac(n-1));
tìte, h kl sh fac(6), anloga me thn “exupnda” tou
metaglwttist , mporeÐ na gÐnei 6*5*4*3*2*1 760
6*fac(5) akìma kai na meÐnei anèpafh.
• Den eÐnai sÐgouro ìti kje inline sunrthsh ja
antimetwpisteÐ inline (p.q. amoibaÐa anadromikèc
sunart seic, sunart seic pou kaloÔn touc eautoÔc touc
anloga me thn eÐsodì touc klp.)
• H upìdeixh inline den parabizei thn klasik shmasÐa thc
kl shc sunrthshc. 'Ara, DEN EQOUME TIS
PARENERGEIES POU DHMIOURGOUNTAI APO
#define thc C.
• Oi sunart seic inline kai oi dhl¸seic const periorÐzoun
th qr sh #define sth C++.
47
Pardeigma gia parenèrgeiec thc #define - Asfal c qr sh me

inline sunart seic:
#define MAX1(i,j) (((i)>(j))?(i):(j))
inline int max2(int i, int j)

{ return ( i > j? i : j) ;}
main()
{
int m1, m2, i = 5, j = 10;
m2 = max2(i++,j++) ;
cout << "m2 = " << m2 << ’\n’;
cout << "i =" << i << endl;

cout << "j =" << j << endl;
m1 = MAX1(i++, j++);
cout << "m1 = " << m1 << ’\n’;

cout << "i = " << i << ’\n’;
cout << "j = " << j << ’\n’;
}
aitiolog ste ta apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc tou parapnw

progrmmatoc.
48
UpenjÔmish apì th C: OrÐsmata sth sunrthsh main.

Pardeigma:
int main(int argc, char* argv[])

{
cout << "argc = " << argc << endl;
for( int i=0 ; i < argc ; i++ )

cout << "argv[" << i << "] = " << argv[i] << endl;
}
49
STAJERES
• H lèxh-kleidÐ const mporeÐ na sumperilhfjeÐ se mia
d lwsh prosdiorist (identifier) gia na ton metatrèyei se
stajer antÐ gia metablht . P.q.
const int a = 5;
+-------+
a |// 5 //|
+-------+
to perieqìmeno tou a den mporeÐ na allxei

• Akrib¸c epeid to perieqìmeno den mporeÐ na allxei, ènac
prosdiorist c pou dhl¸netai me const prèpei na
arqikopoieÐtai
• Telik ki o metaglwttist c mporeÐ na ekmetalleuteÐ mia
d lwsh const (me diforouc trìpouc, anloga me to pìso
èxupnoc eÐnai)
50
Stajerèc kai DeÐktec

'Enac deÐkthc p pou deÐqnei kpou sth mn mh, sqhmatik:
+------+
+--->| |
| +------+
|
|
|
+---|---+
p | |
+-------+
'Ara, èqoume difora endeqìmena:

• D lwsh stajerc gia to antikeÐmeno sto opoÐo deÐqnei o
deÐkthc
const char* pc = "abcd";
+-------+
+--->|/|/|/|/|
| +-------+
|
|
|
+---|---+
pc | |
+-------+
Tìte,
pc[3] = ’a’; // error
51
• D lwsh stajerc gia to deÐkth

char *const cp = "abcd";
+-------+
+--->| | | | |
| +-------+
|
|
|
+---|---+
cp |///////|
+-------+
Tìte,
cp = "efgh"; // error
• D lwsh stajerc kai gia ta dÔo
const char *const cpc = "abcd";
+-------+
+--->|/|/|/|/|
| +-------+
|
|
|
+---|---+
cpc |///////|
+-------+
Tìte,
cpc[3] = ’a’; // error
cpc = "efgh"; // error
52
Gia na peiramatisteÐte, ektelèste to paraktw prìgramma:

main()
{
const int a = 10;
// a = 1000; // error
// a++; // error
const int arr[] = {1,2,3};

// arr[1] = 2000; // error
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
char abc[] = "abcdef";
const char* pc = abc; // pointer to constant
// pc[3] = ’a’; // error

// abc[3] = ’a’;
pc = "efghijkl"; // ok
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
char *const cp = abc; // constant pointer
cp[3] = ’a’; // ok
// cp = "efgh"; // error
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
const char *const cpc = abc; // constant pointer to constant
// cpc[3] = ’a’; // error
// cpc = "efgh"; // error
}
53
Parathr seic gia th qr sh tou const se sunduasmì me

deÐktec
• 'Ena antikeÐmeno to opoÐo eÐnai stajer ìtan
prospelaÔnetai mèsw enìc deÐkth mporeÐ na eÐnai metablht
ìtan prospelaÔnetai alli¸c (p.q. deÐkthc se stajer san
ìrisma sunrthshc sto opoÐo pern mh stajer: to s¸ma
thc sunrthshc den metabllei to antikeÐmeno, to
peribllon apì to opoÐo kl jhke h sunrthsh kai sto
opoÐo ja epistrèyei o èlegqoc, ìmwc, mporeÐ)
• qr simo gia orÐsmata sunart sewn: dhl¸nontac èna ìrisma
pou eÐnai tÔpou deÐkth san const, h sunrthsh
apagoreÔetai na allxei to antikeÐmeno sto opoÐo deÐqnei.
Gia pardeigma,
char* strcpy(char* p, const char* q)
h sunrthsh den mporeÐ na allxei to antikeÐmeno sto
opoÐo deÐqnei to q
54
Pèrasma paramètrwn se sunart seic pou allzoun to

“exwterikì” antikeÐmeno
• Pèrasma paramètrwn à la C:
void swap(int* p, int* q)
{
int t = *p ;
*p = *q ;
*q = t ;
}
Kl sh:
int i, j;
swap(&i, &j);
• Pèrasma paramètrwn à la C++

void swap(int& r1, int& r2)
{
int t = r1 ;
r1 = r2 ;
r2 = t ;
}
Kl sh:
int i, j;
swap(i, j);
55
Timèc - DeÐktec ... kai ANAFORES (references)

• SugkrÐnete ta paraktw kommtia k¸dika kai to
apotèlesma touc sthn mn mh
int i, j; +-------+
i | 3 |
i = 3; +-------+
j = i; +-------+
j | 3 |
+-------+
+---------+ j
int i; |+-------+| |
i || 3 ||<--+
i = 3; |+-------+|
+---------+
int &j = i;
Sth deÔterh perÐptwsh, to j eÐnai “sun¸numo” tou i, mìno
pou ìtan lème i anaferìmaste sthn tim thc metablht c i
en¸ ìtan lème j anaferìmaste sto q¸ro (sthn ontìthta)
pou katalambnei h metablht j (dhlad h i).
• Oi anaforèc sumperifèrontai san stajeroÐ deÐktec proc to
antikeÐmeno me to opoÐo arqikopoioÔntai (ra pnta prèpei
na arqikopoioÔntai) kai den qreizontai dereferencing
56
• Prosoq , o telest c & exakoloujeÐ na qrhsimopoieÐtai kai

gia na ekfrsoume th dieÔjunsh miac metablht c.
SugkrÐnete ta prohgoÔmena me to:
+--------+
int i; i +->| |
| +--------+
int* p; |
|
p = &i; +---|---+
p | |
+-------+
57
'Allec parathr seic gia tic anaforèc

• Sth genik perÐptwsh, ta orÐsmata sunart sewn pernne
mèsw tim¸n. p.q.
void f(int val) main | f
---------+-------
|
... |
+---+ | +---+
int i=5; i | 5 | | | 5 | val
f(i); +---+ | +---+
|
MporoÔme na persoume deÐkth: se aut n thn perÐptwsh

èqoume mesh prìsbash sto “exwterikì” antikeÐmeno apì
th sunrthsh, all o k¸dikac gÐnetai polÔplokoc.
• PetuqaÐnoume to Ðdio apotèlesma, an persoume anafor
sto “exwterikì”antikeÐmeno. p.q.
void f(int& val) main | f
---------+-------
|
... |
+---+ | +---+
int i=5; i | 5 |<------+ | val
f(i); +---+ | +---+
|
• Megla antikeÐmena kalì eÐnai na ta pernme mèsw

anaforc, gia lìgouc apodotikìthtac.
• Akìma ki an den èqoume prìjesh na allxoume thn tim
touc, to parapnw isqÔei. Se aut n thn perÐptwsh ìmwc,
kalì eÐnai na periorÐzoume thn anafor me const. p.q.
void f(const tree& t)
{...}
opìte, sto s¸ma thc f apagoreÔetai na allxei h tim tou

t.
• Ta arrays pernne mèsw anafor¸n.
58
Metablhtèc: aplèc, anaforèc kai deÐktec

PeiramatisteÐte me ta paraktw progrmmata:
main()
{
int i,j;
i=5;
j=i;
cout << j << ’\n’ << i << ’\n’;
cout << & j << ’\n’ << & i << ’\n’;
int ii;
ii = 3;
int & jj = ii;
cout << jj << ’\n’ << ii << ’\n’;
cout << & jj << ’\n’ << & ii << ’\n’;
int* p;
int* q;
p = & ii;
q = & jj;
cout << p << ’\n’ << q << ’\n’;

}
Parathr ste ìti kai akìma ìtan milme gia th dieÔjunsh thc
anaforc, telik prospelaÔnoume th dieÔjunsh thc metablht c me
thn opoÐa desmeÔsame thn anafor.
main()
{
int i;
int &j = i;
i = 3;
int* p = &j;
cout << p << ’\n’ << &j << ’\n’ << &i << endl ;
}
59
Pèrasma paramètrwn se sunrthsh: paradeÐgmata

• Me ton trìpo thc C
//: C03:PassAddress.cpp
#include <iostream>
void f(int* p) {
cout << "p = " << p << endl;
cout << "*p = " << *p << endl;
*p = 5;
cout << "p = " << p << endl;
}
int main() {
int x = 47;
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
cout << "&x = " << &x << endl;
f(&x);
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
} ///:~
60
• Me ton trìpo thc C++

//: C03:PassReference.cpp
#include <iostream>
void f(int& r) {
cout << "r = " << r << endl;
cout << "&r = " << &r << endl;
r = 5;
cout << "r = " << r << endl;
}
int main() {
int x = 47;
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
cout << "&x = " << &x << endl;
f(x); // Looks like pass-by-value,
// is actually pass by reference
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
} ///:~
61
OI TELESTES new KAI delete

Dèsmeush q¸rou sth mn mh:
static metablhtèc O q¸roc touc anatÐjetai ìtan arqÐzei h
ektèlesh tou progrmmatoc kai diathreÐtai kaj’ ìlh thn
ektèles tou.
automatic metablhtèc O q¸roc touc anatÐjetai kje for
pou o èlegqoc thc ektèleshc ftnei ston orismì touc kai
diathreÐtai èwc ìtou o èlegqoc bgei apì to block mèsa sto
opoÐo uprqei o orismìc.
dunamik dèsmeush Kat thn ektèlesh enìc progrmmatoc,
gia na dhmiourg soume antikeÐmena rht ta opoÐa
katalambnoun kpoio q¸ro èwc ìtou rht na ton
apodesmeÔsoun, qrhsimopoioÔme touc telestèc new kai
delete.
• me ton telest new dhmiourgoÔme tètoia antikeÐmena
• me ton telest delete ta katastrèfoume
• den uprqei garbage collection gia tètoia antikeÐmena ki
ètsi prèpei na prosèqoume na apodesmeÔoume to q¸ro
• touc qrhsimopoioÔme se peript¸seic pou, p.q. jèloume
na dhmiourgoÔme “domik stoiqeÐa” miac megalÔterhc
dom c pou de xèroume to mègejìc thc kat th fsh thc
metagl¸ttishc. p.q. kìmboi dèndrwn, stoiqeÐa lÐstac
62
Metablhtèc ston statikì (static) kai sto

metaballìmeno q¸ro (stack): PeiramatisteÐte ektel¸ntac
ta paraktw progrmmata kai aitiologeÐste ta apotelèsmata
(“sqediste” touc q¸rouc thc mn mhc).
• Pardeigma
int i = 1000; // global scope, allocated in static space
void g()
{
int i = 5; // scope within g, automatic variable
}
void f()
{
int i = 50; // scope within f, automatic variable
static int j = 500; // scope within f, allocated in static space
g();
}
main()
{
int i = 5000; // scope within main, automatic variable
f();
}
• Pardeigma
//File: vars.cc
int g = 1000;
void p(int i)
{
int j = 30;
cout << "i in p is : " << i << endl;
cout << "j in p is : " << j << "\n\n\n" << endl;
}
63
void f(int i)
{
int j = 20;
static int k = 100;
cout << "i in f is : " << i << endl;

cout << "j in f is : " << j << endl;
cout << "k in f is : " << k << endl;
cout << "g in f is : " << g << "\n\n" << endl;
i++; j++; k++; g++;
p(i);
}
int main()
{
int i = 5;
cout << "i in main is :" << i << ’\n’ << endl;
f(i);
f(i++);
f(++i);
cout << "g in main is :" << g << ’\n’ << endl;
}
64
Dèsmeush ston eleÔjero q¸ro (heap): PeiramatisteÐte

ektel¸ntac ta paraktw progrmmata kai aitiologeÐste ta
apotelèsmata (“sqediste” touc q¸rouc thc mn mhc).
• Pardeigma (tropopoÐhsh tou prohgoÔmenou ¸ste na gÐnetai
dunamik dèsmeush q¸rou sto s¸ma thc sunrthshc p).
// Similar to vars.cc but space allocated within the body of function p
int g = 1000;
void p(int i)
{
int* j = new int(30); // now j points to heap
cout << "i in p is : " << i << endl;

cout << "j in p points to : " << *j << "\n\n\n" << endl;
delete j;
}
void f(int i)
{
int j = 20;
static int k = 100;
cout << "i in f is : " << i << endl;

cout << "j in f is : " << j << endl;
cout << "k in f is : " << k << endl;
cout << "g in f is : " << g << "\n\n" << endl;
i++; j++; k++; g++;
p(i);
}
65
int main()
{
int i = 5;
f(i);
f(i++);
f(++i);
cout << "g in main is :" << g << ’\n’ << endl;
}
66
• Pardeigma: lifetime kai embèleiac (q¸roc pou desmeÔthke

dunamik apodesmeÔetai all o deÐkthc pou arqikopoi jhke na
deÐqnei se autìn paramènei sthn embèleia).
void p()
{
int k = 300;
int* kk = &k;
cout << "kk points to :" << *kk << "\n\n\n" << endl;
int* j = new int(30);

cout << "j in p points to : " << *j << "\n\n\n" << endl;
delete j; // deallocate storage where j pointed to;
j = kk; // j is NOT out of scope, now poins where kk points to
cout << "kk points to :" << *kk << "\n\n\n" << endl;
cout << "j after deletion points to :" << *j << "\n\n\n" << endl;
}
int main()
{
p(); p();
}
67
'Allec parathr seic pnw sth dunamik dèsmeush kai

apodèsmeush q¸rou
• O telest c new epistrèfei deÐkth se antikeÐmeno tou tÔpou
pou prosdiorÐzoume. p.q.
node* n = new node;
ShmeÐwsh: an to node èqei oristeÐ san klsh, kat th
dèsmeush tou q¸rou ston heap kaleÐtai o constructor thc
klshc (bl. Klseic)
• O telest c delete prèpei na efarmìzetai se deÐktec pou
epestrfhsan apì efarmog tou telest new, p.q. sto
deÐkth pou orÐsthke sto parapnw
delete n;
ShmeÐwsh: an to node èqei oristeÐ san klsh, kaleÐtai o
destructor thc klshc (bl. Klseic)
• MporoÔme na dhmiourg soume/katastrèyoume arrays apì
antikeÐmena qrhsimopoi¸ntac touc telestèc new kai
delete. p.q.
char* s = new char[10];
delete[] s;
ShmeÐwsh: an ta stoiqeÐa tou array eÐnai antikeÐmena
klshc, gia kajèna apì aut, kaleÐtai o default
constructor thc klshc (bl. Klseic)
• ArqikopoÐhsh kat th dunamik dhmiourgÐa:
int* pi = new int(1024);
Prosoq :
– An èqoume: int* pi = new int(1024);
68
pi deÐkthc se akèraio o opoÐoc akèraioc arqikopoieÐtai

me thn tim 1024. Gia na apodesmeÔsoume to q¸ro arkeÐ
na knoume: delete pi;
– En¸, an èqoume: int* pia = new int[1024];
dhmiourgÐa enìc array deikt¸n se akèraio to opoÐo èqei
mègejoc 1024. Gia na apodesmeÔsoume to q¸ro prèpei
na knoume: delete[] pia;
69
'Ena aplì pardeigma diadikastikoÔ programmatismoÔ me C++:

diagraf qarakt ra apì mia akoloujÐa qarakt rwn
• me epistrof tou apotelèsmatoc sthn arqik akoloujÐa
void remove(char*,char);
main()
{
char string1[] = "abagaadagaga";
char string2[] = "abagaadagaga";
char string3[] = "ccabbbb";
remove(string1, ’a’);
cout << string1 <<endl;
remove(string2, ’g’);
remove(string3, ’a’);
}
void remove(char* str, char ch)

{
int i=0, j=0;
while (str[j] != ’\0’)
{
while (str[j] != ch && str[j] != ’\0’)
str[i++] = str[j++];
while (str[j] == ch)
j++;
}
str[i] = ’\0’;
}
• me dhmiourgÐa nèac akoloujÐac

int length(const char* str)

{
int length;
70
for(int i = 0; str[i] != ’\0’; i++)

length = i;
return length;
}
char* remove(const char*,char);
main()
{
char* string1 = "abagaadagaga";
cout << remove(string1, ’a’) <<endl;

cout << remove(string1, ’g’) <<endl;
}
char* remove(const char* str, char ch)

{
int l = length(str);
char* res = new char[l+1];
for( int i =0, j = 0; i <= l; i++ )

if ( str[i] != ch )
{
res[j] = str[i] ;
j++;
}
return res;
}
• Problhmatik ulopoÐhsh: esfalmènh anafor se mn mh
int length(const char* str)

{
int length;
for(int i = 0; str[i] != ’\0’; i++)
length = i;
return length;
}
char* remove(const char*,char);

71
main()
{
char* string1 = "abagaadagaga";
cout << remove(string1, ’a’) <<endl;

cout << remove(string1, ’g’) <<endl;
char* remove(const char* str, char ch)

{
int l = length(str);
char res[l+1];
for( int i =0, j = 0; i <= l; i++ )

if ( str[i] != ch )
{
res[j] = str[i] ;
j++;
}
return res; //error: when returning from remove, res out of scope
//and its space is "discarted" from the stack
}
72
Genikèc Parathr seic perÐ Metagl¸ttishc kai

Sundesimìthtac Programmtwn C++
• 'Ena C++ prìgramma eÐnai èna sÔnolo sunart sewn me
toulqisto mia sunrthsh, th sunrthsh main
• Oi sunart seic efarmìzontai pnw se dedomèna-metablhtèc
pou an koun se (built-in user-defined) tÔpouc
• H ektèlesh enìc progrmmatoc C++ xekin kal¸ntac th
sunrthsh main. H kl sh aut eisgetai autìmata kat
thn kataskeu tou ektelèsimou arqeÐou tou progrmmatoc.
• To phgaÐo C++ prìgramma mporeÐ na eÐnai grammèno se
èna perissìtera arqeÐa
• H monda metagl¸ttishc eÐnai èna arqeÐo (den mporoÔme na
metaglwttÐsoume kti ligìtero, p.q. mia sunrthsh: an
jèloume na metaglwttÐsoume mìno aut n, ac th gryoume
se èna arqeÐo)
• Ta arqeÐa ta opoÐa summetèqoun sthn entol
metagl¸ttishc perièqoun k¸dika sunart sewn kai orismoÔc
metablht¸n kai eÐnai ta arqeÐa k¸dika (katlhxh .cc,
.cpp)
• Ta arqeÐa k¸dika mporeÐ na knoun include arqeÐa
-epikefalÐdec (header files)
• Sta arqeÐa-epikefalÐdec grfoume dhl¸seic (ìqi k¸dika
sunart sewn orismoÔc metablht¸n) ektìc apì eidikèc
peript¸seic (const metablhtèc, inline sunart seic) kai
orismoÔc tÔpwn kai q¸rwn onomtwn
• Kje ìnoma (metablht c, sunrthshc, tÔpou klp.) prèpei
73
na èqei dhlwjeÐ prin na qrhsimopoihjeÐ mèsa se èna arqeÐo

(ìqi aparaÐthta na oristeÐ)
• Tìso oi metablhtèc enìc progrmmatoc ìso kai ta s¸mata
twn orism¸n twn sunart sewn katalambnoun q¸ro sth
mn mh
• O orismìc miac metablht c, dhlad h èkfrash ekeÐnh pou
odhgeÐ se dèsmeush q¸rou sth mn mh gia th metablht
aut , prèpei na uprqei akrib¸c mia for se ìlo to
prìgramma (ektìc an prìkeitai gia metablhtèc pou an koun
se diaforetikèc embèleiec, ra llec metablhtèc)
• O orismìc miac sunrthshc gÐnetai me to na oristeÐ kai to
s¸ma thc sunrthshc, dhlad o k¸dikc thc
• O orismìc miac sunrthshc prèpei na uprqei akrib¸c mia
for se ìlo to prìgramma (ektìc an prìkeitai gia
uperfortwmènouc orismoÔc)
74
Sundesimìthta - embèleia metablht¸n

Kajolikèc metablhtèc : Mia kajolik metablht
• orÐzetai se èna arqeÐo, èxw apì opoiad pote sunrthsh
• èqei exwterik sundesimìthta, dhlad mporeÐ na
qrhsimopoihjeÐ apì opoud pote sto prìgramma
----------------------------------
| |
\|/ f1.cpp f2.cpp |
+----------+ +--------------+
| | | |
|int i; | |extern int i; |
| | | |
| ...... | | ...... |
| | | |
+----------+ +--------------+
Sto arqeÐo f1.cpp gÐnetai o orismìc thc metablht c i.

Sto arqeÐo f2.cpp uprqei apl¸c mia d lwsh gia thn
metablht i.
Statikèc metablhtèc : Mia statik metablht
• orÐzetai se èna arqeÐo, èxw apì opoiad pote sunrthsh
kai proshmaÐnetai me th lèxh-kleidÐ static
• èqei eswterik sundesimìthta, dhlad mporeÐ na
qrhsimopoihjeÐ mìno mèsa sto arqeÐo
f1.cpp f2.cpp
+--------------+ +--------------+
| | | |
|static int i; | |extern int i; |
| | | |
| ...... | | ...... |
| | | |
+--------------+ +--------------+
Sto arqeÐo f1.cpp gÐnetai o orismìc thc metablht c i.

Sto arqeÐo f2.cpp uprqei mia d lwsh gia mia
metablht i ìmwc gia thn i aut den uprqei poujen
orismìc.
75
Metablhtèc const : Mia metablht const

• an oristeÐ èxw apì sunrthsh, èqei eswterik
sundesimìthta (de mporeÐ na prospelajeÐ apì lla
arqeÐa)
• gia na apokt sei exwterik sundesimìthta prèpei ston
orismì thc na proshmanjeÐ kai me th lèxh-kleidÐ extern
Statikèc metablhtèc topikèc se sunrthsh : Mia
statik metablht topik se sunrthsh
• orÐzetai mèsa sto s¸ma miac sunrthshc, proshmènetai
me th lèxh -kleidÐ static kai ofeÐlei na arqikopoieÐtai
• ufÐstatai èwc to tèloc ìlwn twn kl sewn thc
sunrthshc kai diathreÐ thn tim thc anmesa stic
kl seic
Autìmatec (topikèc) metablhtèc : Mia autìmath
metablht
• orÐzetai mèsa sto s¸ma miac sunrthshc, endeqìmena
kai se eswterikì block
• dhmiourgeÐtai proswrin, mèsa sth stoÐba (stack) kai
katastrèfetai mìlic o èlegqoc thc ektèleshc bgei apì
th sunrthsh ( to block) ìpou ègine o orismìc thc
• den èqei kajìlou sundesimìthta, o linker den asqoleÐtai
me tic topikèc metablhtèc
Dunamik dhmiourgÐa kai katastrof metablht¸n kat
thn ektèlesh enìc progrmmatoc:
• dhmiourgoÔntai me th qr sh tou telest new
• o q¸roc pou touc anatÐjetai brÐsketai sto swrì (heap)
• prèpei na katastrafoÔn rht me qr sh tou telest
76
delete alli¸c desmeÔoun to q¸ro èwc to tèloc

ektèleshc tou progrmmatoc
Parathr seic:
• Ta parapnw den knoun anafor se metablhtèc embèleiac
klshc oÔte kai q¸rou onomtwn.
• Ta statik mèlh -dedomèna twn klsewn desmeÔontai ston
statikì q¸ro kai èqoun embèleia klshc.
77
Sundesimìthta - embèleia sunart sewn

• Oi sunart seic èqoun exwterik sundesimìthta kai
mporoÔn na qrhsimopoihjoÔn apì k¸dika pou brÐsketai se
opoiod pote arqeÐo tou progrmmatoc
• Gia na apokt sei mia sunrthsh eswterik sundesimìthta
kai na mhn mporeÐ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ èxw apì to arqeÐo sto
opoÐo orÐzetai prèpei na proshmanjeÐ me th lèxh -kleidÐ
static
• Oi sunart seic inline èqoun eswterik sundesimìthta.
Parat rhsh: Ta parapnw den knoun anafor se sunart seic
embèleiac klshc oÔte kai q¸rou onomtwn.
78
EISODOS - EXODOS sth C++

• <iostream.h> (<iostream>): arqeÐo-epikefalÐda gia tic
perissìterec leitourgÐec I/O thc C++ (diepaf me th
biblioj kh gia to qeirismì reumtwn, streams)
• Antikeimenostraf c filosofÐa I/O sth C++
• Morfopoihmènh I/O
• I/O qarakt rwn
• I/O pnw se arqeÐa
• I/O in RAM
79
Krit ria gia to sqediasmì tou sust matoc I/O thc

C++
• Stic “paradosiakèc” gl¸ssec programmatismoÔ, to
sÔsthma I/O eÐqe na uposthrÐxei èna peperasmèno sÔnolo
apì enswmatwmènouc tÔpouc.
• Sth C++ to sÔnolo twn tÔpwn eÐnai epektsimo apì touc
tÔpouc pou orÐzei o qr sthc.
• To sÔsthma I/O thc C++ eÐnai eÔkolo sth qr sh, pl rec,
apotelesmatikì ALLA KAI asfalèc sto qeirismì tÔpwn
kai euèlikto.
ReÔmata
• To sÔsthma I/O thc C++ leitourgeÐ mèsw reumtwn
(streams).
• 'Ena reÔma eÐnai mia logik suskeu pou eÐte pargei eÐte
katanal¸nei plhroforÐa.
• 'Ena reÔma sundèetai me mia fusik suskeu , mèsa apì to
sÔsthma I/O thc C++.
• Ta reÔmata, ousiastik, eÐnai stigmiìtupa twn klsewn
istream, ostream, iosream - , ìpwc ja doÔme paraktw,
upoklse¸n touc -.
• 'Otan èna prìgramma C++ xekin thn ektèles tou,
“anoÐgoun” ta enswmatwmèna reÔmata:
cin: prokajorismènh eÐsodoc (standard input)
cout: prokajorismènh èxodoc (standard output)
cerr,clog: prokajorismènh èxodoc sfalmtwn
To pr¸to antistoiqeÐ sto plhktrolìgio kai ta lla dÔo
sthn ojình ektìc an èqei gÐnei anakateÔjunsh.
80
EÐsodoc/Exodoc Metablht¸n
'Exodoc metablht¸n : me qr sh tou telest <<
• Genik morf : <ReÔmaExìdou> << <Metablht >
• P.q.
int i = 10;
cout << i;
EÐsodoc metablht¸n : me qr sh tou telest >>
• Genik morf : <ReÔmaEisìdou> >> <Metablht >
• P.q.
float f ;
cin >> f;
• Sthn èkfrash eisìdou exìdou, de dÐnetai kami
plhroforÐa gia ton tÔpo thc metablht c. To epijumhtì
apotèlesma epitugqnetai lìgw twn uperfortwmènwn
orism¸n twn telest¸n << kai >>.
• Dedomènou ìti oi telestèc << kai >> epistrèfoun reÔma
exìdou kai reÔma eisìdou, antÐstoiqa, mporoÔme na touc
qrhsimopoi soume perissìterec apì mia for se mia
èkfrash.
81
ParadeÐgmata
main()
{
int i;
cin >> i;
float f;
cin >> f;
char c;
cin >> c;
char buf[10];
cin >> buf;
cout << "i = " << i << endl;

cout << "f = " << f << endl;
cout << "c = " << c << endl;
cout << "buf = " << buf << endl;
}
To Ðdio epitugqnoume me to paraktw:

main()
{
int i;
float f;
char c;
char buf[10];
cin >> i >> f >> c >> buf;
cout << "i = " << i << endl;

cout << "f = " << f << endl;
cout << "c = " << c << endl;
cout << "buf = " << buf << endl;
}
82
MorfopoÐhsh Eisìdou/Exìdou MporeÐ na gÐnei me dÔo

trìpouc:
1. Me qr sh sunart sewn-mel¸n thc klshc ios kai qeirismì
shmai¸n (flags).
2. Me qr sh “diamorfwt¸n” (manipulators).
83
Diamorfwtèc (manipulators)
• Gia na grfoume sthn Ðdia gramm eisìdou exìdou tic
leitourgÐec pou jèloume na gÐnoun.
• Orismìc sunart sewn pou lègontai diamorfwtèc kai
mporoÔn na perilhfjoÔn stic ekfrseic I/O.
• Genik morf :
ostream& < manip name >(ostream& < stream >)
istream& < manip name >(istream& < stream >)
ostream& < manip name >(ostream& < stream >,
< type param >)
...
• MporoÔn na oristoÔn kai apì to qr sth (lìgw
upost rixhc uperfìrtwshc)
84
Enswmatwmènoi Diamorfwtèc
dec: input/output data in decimal (input/output)
hex: input/output data in hexadecimal (input/output)
oct: input/output data in octal (input/output)
endl: output nl and flush the stream (output)
ends: output nl (output)
flush: flush the stream (output)
ws: skip leading whitespace (input)
resetiosflags(long f): turn off flags specified in "f"
(input/output)
setbase(int base): set the number base to "base" (output)
setfill(int ch): set fill character to "ch" (output)
setiosflags(long f): turn on the flags specified in "f"
(input/output)
setprecision(int p): set the number of digits of precision
(output)
setw(int w): set the field width to "w" (output)
...
Parathr seic:
• Gia touc diamorfwtèc pou den èqoun orÐsmata den prèpei na
bzoume parenjèseic.
• Gia na qrhsimopoi soume touc diamorfwtèc pou èqoun
orÐsmata prèpei na perilboume to arqeÐo -epikefalÐda
<iomanip.h> (<iomanip>).
85
EÐsodoc/'Exodoc se EpÐpedo Qarakt rwn

EÐsodoc (mèsw sunart sewn-mel¸n thc istream)
• basic istream& get(char& ch) : diabzei ènan
qarakt ra kai ton topojeteÐ sto ch. p.q. char ch;
cin.get(ch); Sthn perÐptwsh pou ftsoume sto tèloc
tou arqeÐou, h kl sh thc get epistrèfei tim (pou
antistoiqeÐ se) false.
• basic istream& get(char* buf, int num, char
delim=’\n’): diabzei qarakt rec kai touc topojeteÐ
ston pÐnaka ston opoÐo deÐqnei h buf èwc ìtou eÐte
diabastoÔn num-1 qarakt rec eÐte ftsoume se delim.
O pÐnakac ston opoÐo deÐqnei h buf ja termatisteÐ me
null. To delim den afaireÐtai apì to reÔma (ja to
epexergasteÐ h epìmenh diadikasÐa eisìdou)
• int get(): epistrèfei ton epìmeno qarakt ra apì to
reÔma eisìdou (epistrèfei EOF an èftase sto tèloc tou
arqeÐou)
• bool eof(): gia èlegqo an ftsame sto tèloc tou
arqeÐou
• basic istream& getline(char* buf, int num,
char delim=’\n’): san thn antÐstoiqh get ektìc tou
ìti to delim diabzetai kai afaireÐtai apì to reÔma
eisìdou.
• basic istream& read(unsigned char* buf, int
num): gia na diabsoume èna mplok num qarakt rwn kai
na to bloume ston pÐnaka pou deÐqnei h buf.
• Gia angnwsh qarakt rwn antÐstoiqh me thn read(),
mporeÐ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ h ignore(). Se aut n thn
86
perÐptwsh, oi qarakt rec pou diabsthkan den

fulssontai poujen.
'Exodoc (mèsw sunart sewn -mel¸n thc ostream)
• basic ostream& put(char ch): grfei to qarakt ra
ch sto reÔma exìdou.
• basic ostream& write(const unsigned char* buf,
int num): grfei num qarakt rec sto reÔma exìdou
apì ton pÐnaka ston opoÐo deÐqnei h buf.
'Elegqoc problhmtwn gia opoiod pote stigmiìtupo thc
iostream: good(), bad(), eof(), fail() (basÐzontai sta
eofbit, failbit, badbit pou eÐnai orismèna sthn ios kai
elègqoun thn katstash twn reumtwn)
'Elegqoc thc Katstashc ReÔmatoc
An psa stigm , kje reÔma brÐsketai se mia “katstash”

(state). H katstash aut mporeÐ na elegqjeÐ mèsw twn
paraktw sunart sewn-mel¸n thc ios:
bool good() const;: h epìmenh prxh endèqetai na petÔqei
bool eof() const;: h eÐsodoc èftase sto tèloc
bool fail() const;: h epomènh prxh ja apotÔqei
bool bad() const; : to reÔma èqei qalsei
'Otan èna reÔma qrhsimopoieÐtai se mÐa sunj kh, ousiastik,
elègqetai h katstas tou me bsh kl sh sthn fail().
87
EÐsodoc/'Exodoc pnw se ArqeÐa

• <fstream.h> (<fstream>): arqeÐo -epikefalÐda pou prèpei
na perilboume an jèloume na knoume eÐsodo èxodo apì
kai proc arqeÐa.
• OrÐzoun diforec klseic metaxÔ twn opoÐwn kai tic:
ifstream: gia eÐsodo
ofstream: gia èxodo
fstream: gia eÐsodo kai èxodo
san upoklseic twn klsewn istream kai ostream.
• ìti mporoÔme na knoume se istream kai ostream mporoÔme
na knoume kai se ifstream kai ofstream kai mlista
• ìti mporoÔme na knoume kai apì thn ios mporoÔme na to
efarmìsoume kai sta arqeÐa.
Anoigma/KleÐsimo arqeÐwn
• AnoÐgoume èna arqeÐo sundèontc to me èna reÔma.
• Ta reÔmata eÐnai stigmiìtupa twn klsewn ifstream,
ofstream, fstream.
• void open(const char* filename, int mode, int
access=filebuf::openprot), ìpou
– filename: to ìnoma tou arqeÐou pou anoÐgoume
– mode: mia apì tic ios::app, ios::ate, ios::binary,
– ios::in, ios::nocreate, ios::noreplace, ios::out,
ios::trunc (mporoÔn na sunduastoÔn me OR)
– access, arket qamhloÔ epipèdou, sqedìn pnta paÐrnei
th default tim
88
• An apotÔqei h open, to reÔma paÐrnei thn tim mhdèn

(klasikìc trìpoc elègqou an ìla p gan kal me to
noigma).
• Gia na kleÐsoume èna arqeÐo qrhsimopoioÔme close() , p.q.
datast.close();
ìmwc, den eÐnai upoqrewtikì na to knoume rht mia pou
autì gÐnetai autìmata apì th sunrthsh katastrof c ìtan
bgaÐnoume apì thn embèleia tou reÔmatoc.
• Epeid oi klseic ofstream, ifstream, fstream èqoun
sunart seic kataskeu c stigmiotÔpwn pou kaloÔn thn
open, tic perissìterec forèc den eÐnai angkh na anoÐgoume
ta arqeÐa rht. ArkeÐ, p.q.
ifstream datastr("DATAFILE");
me autì tautìqrona kname:
– d lwsh gia reÔma datastr
– sÔndesh me to arqeÐo DATAFILE
– noigma gia dibasma
• Prìsjetec dunatìthtec:
– tuqaÐa prospèlash
– qeirismìc/fÔlaxh trèqousac jèshc
– ...
89
ParadeÐgmata:
• 'Exodoc metablht¸n se arqeÐo
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main()
{
ofstream out("test");
if (!out) {
cout << "Cannot open file.\n";
return 1;
}
out << 10 << " " << 123.23 << "\n";

out << "This is a short text file.";
out.close();
return 0;
}
• EÐsodoc metablht¸n apì arqeÐo
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main()
{
char ch; int i; float f; char str[80];
ifstream in("test");
if(!in) {
cout << "Cannot open file.\n";
return 1;
}
in >> i >> f >> ch >> str;
cout << i << " " << f << " " << ch << endl;
cout << str << endl;
in.close();
return 0;
}
90
• Kataskeu antigrfou perieqomènwn arqeÐou

#include <fstream>
void error(const char* p, const char* p2 = "")

{
cerr << p << ’ ’ << p2 << ’\n’;
std::exit(1);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])

{
if (argc != 3) error("wrong number of arguments");
std::ifstream from(argv[1]); // open input file stream

if (!from) error("cannot open input file", argv[1]);
std::ofstream to(argv[2]); // open output file stream

if (!to) error("cannot open output file", argv[2]);
char ch;
while (from.get(ch)) to.put(ch); // copy characters
if (!from.eof() || !to) error("something strange happened");

}
91
EÐsodoc/'Exodoc apì PÐnakec

• ArqeÐo -epikefalÐda <strstrea.h> (strstrea)
• Qr sh thc RAM gia eÐsodo/èxodo
• Anlogh prosèggish me th C (sprintf(), sscanf())
• Me qr sh reumtwn
92
Antikeimenostraf c Prosèggish tou Sust matoc I/O

• Klsh: ios (upoklsh thc ios base)
• H klsh ios prosfèrei leitourgÐec gia morfopoihmènh
eÐsodo kai èxodo.
• Upoklseic: istream, ostream (upoklsh touc:
iostream)
– Upoklseic thc istream: ifstream, istringstream
– Upoklseic thc ostream: ofstream, ostringstream
– Upoklseic thc iostream: fstream, stringstream
• cin: antikeÐmeno thc istream
• cout, cerr, clog: antikeÐmena thc ostream
• istream: klsh gia reÔmata eisìdou (sunrthsh
-telest c: >>)
• ostream: klsh gia reÔmata exìdou (sunrthsh -telest c:
<<)
• iostream: klsh gia reÔmata eisìdou/exìdou
• Klsh streambuf: prosfèrei tic basikèc leitourgÐec I/O.
93
'Exodoc Metablht¸n Sthn klsh ostream orÐzetai o

telest c << gia na qeirÐzetai thn èxodo twn enswmatwmènwn
tÔpwn thc C++.
class ostream : public virtual ios
{
// ...
public:
basic_ostream& operator<<(const char*);
basic_ostream& operator<<(char);
basic_ostream& operator<<(short);
basic_ostream& operator<<(int);
basic_ostream& operator<<(long);
// ...
};
• Mia sunrthsh tou telest << epistrèfei anafor se

ostream gia na mporeÐ na efarmosteÐ ki lloc << sth
sunèqeia, pnw sto apotèlesm thc (omadopoÐhsh apì
arister proc ta dexi).
• Gia nèouc tÔpouc apì to qr sth, arkeÐ o qr sthc na orÐsei
mia
ostream& operator<<(ostream& str, <new cl obj >)
94
EÐsodoc Metablht¸n
Kat’ analogÐa me thn èxodo.
Sthn klsh istream orÐzetai o telest c >> gia na qeirÐzetai
thn eÐsodo twn enswmatwmènwn tÔpwn thc C++.
class istream : public virtual ios
{
// ...
public:
basic_istream& operator>>(const char*);
basic_istream& operator>>(char&);
basic_istream& operator>>(short&);
basic_istream& operator>>(int&);
// ...
};
• O telest c >> diabzei kat tÔpo.

• kenì, tab, nl, cr, fd: (whitespaces) diaqwristik
• Gia nèouc tÔpouc apì to qr sth, arkeÐ o qr sthc na orÐsei
mia
istream& operator>>(istream& str, <new cl obj >)
95
ShmaÐec morfopoÐhshc thc ios (èna enumeration thc

ios)
showbase/noshowbase: indicate the numeric base when printing
a num value
showpos/noshowpos: show (+) for positive values
uppercase/nouppercase: display uppercase for hex and
scientific values
showpoint/noshowpoint: show decimal point and trailing zeroes
for floating-point values
skipws/noskipws: skip whitespace on input
left/right/internal: output left/right justified /
padding in-between
scientific: use scientific notation
fixed: normal display with precision as specified or 6 (default)
dec/oct/hex: numeric base
. . . mporoÔn na sunduastoÔn bitwise

96
Qeirismìc twn shmaÐwn morfopoÐhshc

• setf sunrthsh-mèloc thc ios,
long setf(long<flags>);
p.q.
cout.setf(ios::hex);
cout.setf(ios::showbase);
kalÔtera
cout.setf(ios::showbase|ios::hex);
• long unsetf(long< flags>);

• long setf(long<flags1 >, long<flags2 >); reset<
flags2 > and set<flags1 >
• long flags();: èlegqoc shmai¸n
• long flags(long <flag>);
'Allec sunart seic -mèlh thc ios

• int width(int<width>): orÐzei to eÔroc enìc pedÐou
exìdou
• int precision(int<precision>): orÐzei thn akrÐbeia
kat thn èxodo twn pragmatik¸n
• char fill(char<char >): orÐzei to qarakt ra pou
“gemÐzei” ta pedÐa exìdou
97
KLASEIS
• Orismìc apì to qr sth nèwn tÔpwn, h prìsbash sta
stoiqeÐa twn opoÐwn gÐnetai mèsw sugkekrimènwn
sunart sewn.
• 'Enac tÔpoc eÐnai h fusik anaparstash miac ideat c
ontìthtac. p.q. o tÔpoc float me +,-,* . . . eÐnai h
anaparstash tou pragmatikoÔ arijmoÔ twn majhmatik¸n.
• 'Ena prìgramma pou qrhsimopoieÐ tÔpouc pou
prosomoi¸noun tic ontìthtec thc efarmog c gÐnetai
eukolìtera katanohtì.
• Diaqwrismìc twn leptomerei¸n ulopoÐhshc tou tÔpou apì
tic idiìthtec/leitourgÐec tou tÔpou pou eÐnai aparaÐthtec
gia th swst qr sh tou.
98
Klseic sth C++

• H jemeli¸dhc ènnoia tou tÔpou pou orÐzetai apì to qr sth
sth C++ eÐnai aut thc klshc (class).
• H prìsbash sta antikeÐmena miac klshc gÐnetai mèsw twn
sunart sewn-mel¸n (member functions) thc klshc.
(uprqei ki llh mia dunatìthta, mèsw filik¸n
sunart sewn kai filik¸n klsewn, friends).
• H dhmiourgÐa antikeimènwn miac klshc gÐnetai mèsw
sugkekrimènwn sunart sewn pou dhl¸nontai sth klsh kai
lègontai sunart seic kataskeu c (constructors).
• Kat’ analogÐa, orÐzontai sunart seic katastrof c
(destructors) gia thn katastrof twn antikeimènwn twn
klsewn kai thn apeleujèrwsh tou q¸rou.
• 'Ena antikeÐmeno miac klshc mporeÐ na dhmiourghjeÐ eÐte
san static eÐte san automatic eÐte mèsw new.
99
TÔpoi dedomènwn orismènoi apì to qr sth -

Sunart seic -mèlh
Sth C ja mporoÔsame na eÐqame, gia pardeigma:

struct date { int day, month, year; };
date today;
void set_date(date*, int, int, int);
// ...
Autì, sth C++, mporeÐ na grafteÐ san
struct date {
int day, month, year;
void set_date(int, int, int);
// ...
}
Se aut thn perÐptwsh th sunrthsh set date thn ekfrsame

san sunrthsh-mèloc tou tÔpou date kai ennoeÐtai ìti, kat th
qr sh thc, efarmìzetai aparaÐthta se èna antikeÐmeno tou
tÔpou.
D lwsh sunart sewn -mel¸n enìc nèou tÔpou. P.q.
struct date {
void set(int, int, int);
void get(int*, int*, int*);
};
Kl sh sunart sewn -mel¸n gia mia metablht tou nèou tÔpou
date today;
int d,m,y;
today.set(3,5,2004);
today.get(&d,&m,&y);
100
cout << "day " << d

<< ", month " << m
<< ", year " << y << endl ;
Orismìc sunart sewn -mel¸n

void date::set(int i, int j, int k)
{
month = i;
day = j;
year = k;
}
void date::get(int* i, int* j, int* k)

{
*i = month;
*j = day ;
*k = year;
}
PROSOQH: mia sunrthsh -mèloc qrhsimopoieÐ ta onìmata

llwn mel¸n qwrÐc na anafèrei rht kpoio antikeÐmeno:
uponoeÐtai to antikeÐmeno gia to opoÐo kl jhke h sunrthsh
-mèloc.
101
Oloklhrwmènoc orismìc tou nèou tÔpou date,

Orismìc Sunart sewn-mel¸n tou kai Qr shc tou
struct date {
void get(int&, int&, int&);
};
main()
{
date today;
int d,m,y;
today.get(d,m,y);
cout << "day " << d
<< ", month " << m
<< ", year " << y << endl ;
}

{
month = i; day = j; year = k;
}
void date::get(int& i, int& j, int& k)

{
i = month;
j = day ;
k = year;
}
102
AfaÐresh sta dedomèna - Klseic
Me th qr sh thc struct ìpwc kname prohgoÔmena, den

ekfrsame ìti ta antikeÐmena ja eÐnai (mesa) prospelsima
MONO apì tic sunart seic -mèlh. An autì eÐnai to epijumhtì,
autì, sun jwc, epitugqnetai me th qr sh class antÐ gia
struct.
Genik dom klshc:

class< ìnoma klshc >
{
<dhl¸seic>
public:
<dhl¸seic>
};
'H alli¸c:
class< ìnoma klshc >
{
public:
<dhl¸seic>
private:
<dhl¸seic>
};
103
To pardeigma tou nèou tÔpou date, orismèno san klsh

class date {
private:
int day, month, year; // data members kept hidden
public:
void get(int&, int&, int&);
};
main()
{
date today;
int d,m,y;
today.get(d,m,y);
cout << "day " << d
<< ", month " << m
<< ", year " << y << endl ;
}

{
month = i;
day = j;
year = k;
}
void date::get(int& i, int& j, int& k)

{
i = month;
j = day ;
k = year;
}
104
Oratìthta kai prospèlash sta mèlh miac klshc

• Ta onìmata tou idiwtikoÔ (private) mèrouc thc klshc
mporoÔn na qrhsimopoihjoÔn MONO apì tic sunart seic
-mèlh thc klshc (genikìtera, mìno apì thn embèleia thc
klshc).
• To dhmìsio (public) mèroc miac klshc apoteleÐ th diepaf
(interface) thc klshc mèsw thc opoÐac ta antikeÐmena thc
klshc eÐnai prospelsima èxw apì thn klsh.
• ShmeÐwsh: mia struct eÐnai mia class thc opoÐac ta mèlh
(by default) eÐnai dhmìsia en¸ mia class eÐnai mia struct
thc opoÐac ta mèlh (by default) eÐnai idiwtik.
• Oi sunart seic -mèlh kaj¸c kai ta mèlh dedomèna
dhl¸nontai, kaloÔntai kai orÐzontai akrib¸c ìpwc kai sth
struct.
• H prospèlash sta mèlh miac class gÐnetai ìpwc kai se
struct (me th qr sh twn telest¸n . kai ->, anloga an
èqoume metablht tou tÔpou deÐkth se metablht tou
tÔpou)
105
OrÐzontac mia klsh, sun jwc milme gia

• ta domik stoiqeÐa pou ktÐzoun to antikeÐmeno thc klshc
(building blocks)
• mia seir apì sunart seic -mèlh pou anajètoun timèc sta
domik stoiqeÐa (mutators) kai
• mia seir apì sunart seic -mèlh pou anaktoÔn tic timèc
autèc (accessors)
Pardeigma:
class Student
{
private:
char* name; // +
int no; // | Building blocks
int year_of_studies; // +
public:
void set_name(const char*); // +
void set_no(int); // | Mutators
void set_year_of_studies(int); // +
char* get_name(); // +
int get_no(); // | Accessors
int get_year_of_studies(); // +
};
Qr sh tou tÔpou Student

main(){
Student s;
int year, no;
s.set_name("FName LName");
s.set_no(555);
s.set_year_of_studies(1);
year = s.get_year_of_studies();
no = s.get_no();
}
106
O nèoc tÔpoc Student: orismìc - qr sh - dom arqeÐwn

progrmmatoc:
ArqeÐa:
• Orismìc nèou tÔpou:
– student.h: orismìc tou nèou tÔpou (arqeÐo
-epikefalÐda)
– student.cpp: orismìc twn sunart sewn -mel¸n tou
nèou tÔpou (arqeÐo k¸dika)
//File: student.h
class Student {
private:
char* name;
int no;
int year_of_studies;
public:
void set_name(const char*);
void set_no(int);
void set_year_of_studies(int);
char* get_name();
int get_no();
int get_year_of_studies();
};
//File: student.cpp
#include <string.h>
#include "student.h"
void Student::set_name(const char* nam)

{
name = new char[strlen(nam)+1];
strcpy(name,nam);
}
void Student::set_no(int n){

no = n;
}
107
void Student::set_year_of_studies(int y){

year_of_studies = y;
}
char* Student::get_name(){
return name;
}
int Student::get_no(){
return no;
}
int Student::get_year_of_studies(){
return year_of_studies;
}
• classtest.cpp: qr sh tou nèou tÔpou ston orismì

metablht¸n
//File: classtest.cpp
#include "student.h"
int main()
{
Student s;
int year, no;
s.set_name("First Last");
s.set_no(100);
s.set_name("NFirst Last");
no = s.get_no();
cout << "\nYear of studies is " << year <<
" for student with no " << no <<
" and name " << s.get_name() << endl ;
}
108
'Allec parathr seic sqetik me tic klseic
O deÐkthc this
• Ousiastik, oi sunart seic -mèlh douleÔoun san na

èqoun krummèno èna ìrisma pou anafèretai se deÐkth
sto antikeÐmeno gia to opoÐo kaloÔntai. Dhlad , gia
mia klsh X, o deÐkthc eÐnai X *const this (to this
upodhl¸nei to deÐkth sto antikeÐmeno gia to opoÐo
kaleÐtai h sunrthsh).
• H qr sh tou this èqei nìhma ìtan mia sunrthsh
-mèloc paÐrnei san ìrisma metablhtèc thc Ðdiac thc
klshc (p.q. void append(list*); gia sunènwsh
list¸n) kai/ uprqei angkh gia prìsbash sto deÐkth
kai qeirismoÔ tou mèsa apì to s¸ma thc sunrthshc
kai/ epistrof c tou antikeimènou apì th sunrthsh.
• Se perÐptwsh pou mia sunrthsh -mèloc den prìkeitai
na tropopoi sei to antikeÐmeno gia to opoÐo kaleÐtai,
tìte sth d lws thc sumperilambnoume th lèxh -kleidÐ
const, p.q. char* get name() const;. S’ aut n thn
perÐptwsh, o tÔpoc tou this mporeÐ na jewrhjeÐ ìti
eÐnai gia mia klsh X , const X *const this
109
inline sunart seic -mèlh
ProgrammatÐzontac me klseic, suqn qrhsimopoioÔme polÔ

mikrèc sunart seic. To kìstoc kl shc miac sunrthshc
eÐnai meglo. Mia sunrthsh -mèloc pou orÐzetai -ki ìqi
apl¸c dhl¸netai- ston orismì miac klshc jewreÐtai ìti
eÐnai inline. p.q.
class Student
{
char* name;
// ...
public:
// ...
char* get_name() { return name; } // INLINE
// ...
};
110
ArqikopoÐhsh stigmiotÔpwn
• DÐnetai h dunatìthta ston programmatist na dhl¸nei
kpoia(ec) sunart seic pou èqoun san stìqo na
dhmiourgoÔn kai na arqikopoioÔn antikeÐmena (dhlad ,
uprqei h dunatìthta tautìqronhc arqikopoÐhshc kat th
stigm thc d lwshc).
• Oi sunart seic autèc lègontai sunart seic kataskeu c
(constructors) kai prosdiorÐzontai apì to ìti èqoun to Ðdio
ìnoma me thn klsh. p.q.
class date{
// ...
public:
date(int, int, int);
date(int, int); // this year
date(int); // this year and this month
date(); // today
// ...
};
main()
{
// ...
date day(14);
date day_month(14,3);
date today;
// ...
}
• Mia klsh pou den èqei sunart seic kataskeu c mporeÐ na

arqikopoi sei antikeÐmen thc me anjesh llwn
antikeimènwn thc (p.q. date d = today; arqikopoÐhsh thc
d me anjesh thc today). Autì isqÔei akìma kai gia
peript¸seic pou h klsh èqei sunart seic kataskeu c.
• GÐnetai epimèrouc anjesh tim¸n (bitwise copy), se
perÐptwsh pou den èqei dojeÐ kpoioc lloc orismìc.
111
• O lloc orismìc ousiastik anafèretai sto na oristeÐ mia

sunrthsh, gia mia klsh X , X::X(const X&).
• Aut eÐnai h sunrthsh kataskeu c antigrfwn (copy
constructor).
• EÐnai endiafèron na xekajaristoÔn ta paraktw:
1. Kataskeu stigmiìtupou klshc me arqikopoÐhsh (me
paramètrouc llou tÔpou) (me qr sh sunrthshc
kataskeu c)
2. Kataskeu stigmiìtupou klshc me antigraf (me
qr sh sunrthshc kataskeu c antigrfwn)
3. Anjesh stigmiotÔpwn (me uperfìrtwsh tou telest
anjeshc, =)
PROSOQH: h qr sh tou telest anjeshc ston orismì
metablht c klshc DEN eÐnai èkfrash anjeshc. UponoeÐ
qr sh tou copy constructor.
112
Katastrof stigmiotÔpwn
• H antÐstrofh diadikasÐa thc kataskeu c antikeimènwn eÐnai
ekeÐnh thc katastrof c antikeimènwn.
• PolloÐ tÔpoi qreizontai na oristeÐ mia sunrthsh
katastrof c (destructor) antikeimènwn gia na diasfalisteÐ
h orj apeleujèrwsh tou q¸rou pou katalambnei èna
antikeÐmenì touc.
• Genik morf , gia mia klsh X , ~X() (~: sumpl rwma)
• 'Otan ta antikeÐmena dhmiourgoÔntai mèsw new, dunamik,
qreizetai sunrthsh katastrof c pou na kaleÐtai kai na
apeleujer¸nei to q¸ro pou katèlaban.
• 'Otan èna antikeÐmeno bgaÐnei apì thn embèleia, kaleÐtai h
sunrthsh katastrof c thc klshc tou. PROSOQH: sth
C++, bgaÐnontac apì to s¸ma thc main, den stamat h
ektèlesh: kaloÔntai kai oi sunart seic katastrof c ìlwn
twn antikeimènwn pou dhmiourg jhkan.
113
To paraktw pardeigma sac epitrèpei na peiramatisteÐte me tic

ektelèseic twn sunart sewn kataskeu c kai katastrof c miac
klshc kaj¸c kai me ton epanaorismì tou telest anjeshc
san mèloc miac klshc. (UpenjÔmish: h qr sh tou telest
anjeshc kat ton orismì miac metablht c tÔpou klshc eÐnai
isodÔnamh me qr sh tou copy constructor kai parèqetai apì th
gl¸ssa gia lìgouc sumbatìthtac me thn arqikopoÐhsh twn
enswmatwmènwn tÔpwn)
PeiramatisteÐte afair¸ntac stadiak ta sqìlia. Prospaj ste
na aitiolog sete ta apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc. (UpenjÔmish:
To pèrasma paramètrwn se sunrthsh kaj¸c kai h epistrof
apotelèsmatoc eÐnai antÐstoiqo me arqikopoÐhsh ki ìqi anjesh)
ArqeÐo -epikefalÐda student constr.h
//File: student_constr.h
class Student {
private:
char* name;
int no;
public:
Student(const char*);
Student(const Student&);
~Student();
Student& operator=(const Student& s);
void set_no(int);
char* get_name();
int get_no();
};
114
ArqeÐo -k¸dika student constr.cpp

//File: student_constr.cpp
#include <string.h>
#include "student_constr.h"
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

{
delete[] name;
strcpy(name,nam);
}
void Student::set_no(int n)
{no = n;}
void Student::set_year_of_studies(int y)
{year_of_studies = y;}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
char* Student::get_name()
{return name;}
int Student::get_no()
{return no;}
int Student::get_year_of_studies()
{return year_of_studies;}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student::~Student()
{
cout << "Deleting student with name " << name << endl ;
delete[] name;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student::Student(const char* nam)

{
115

strcpy(name,nam);
cout << "I just constructed a student " << endl;
}
Student::Student(const Student& s)
{
// name = s.name; Careful: this is the result
// of default copy
name = new char[strlen(s.name)+1];
strcpy(name,s.name);
no = s.no;
year_of_studies = s.year_of_studies;
cout << "I just created a student by copying ... " << endl;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student& Student::operator=(const Student& s)

{
// name = s.name; Careful: this is the result

// of default assignment
if (this != &s) // Careful not to assign to itself, especially

// if some storage reclaim was made within the body
{
delete[] name;
no = s.no;
cout << "I just performed a student ASSIGNMENT ... " << endl;
}
return *this;
}
116
Qr sh thc klshc Student

//File: classtest_constr.cpp
void bla(Student s)
{ cout << "Body of the bla function" << endl;}
Student blaS(Student s)
{ cout << "Body of the blaS function" << endl;
return s;}
int main()
{
Student s("First Last");
cout << "This is the first output of the main function "
<< endl;
s.set_no(100);
int year, no;
no = s.get_no();
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Student scopied(s); // Student creation with copy constructor
// Student sassgncopied = s; // Student creation EQUIVALENT TO
// // THE ABOVE
// scopied = sassgncopied; // Student assignment (to an existent
// // Student)
// bla(s);
//
// scopied = blaS(s);
cout << "Just exiting the main function ...."

<< endl << endl; }
117
PeiramatisteÐte kai gia thn perÐptwsh pou to pèrasma

paramètrwn h/kai h epistrof sunrthshc gÐnetai me anafor.
Antikatast ste to arqeÐo classtest constr.cpp me to arqeÐo
refclass test.cpp pou akoloujeÐ.
//File: refclass_test.cpp
void bla(Student& s)
{
cout << "Body of the bla function" << endl;
}
Student& blaS(Student& s) // interchange with next header to experiment

// with temporaries
// Student& blaS(Student s)
{
cout << "Body of the blaS function" << endl;
return s;
}
int main()
{
Student s("First Last");
Student & rs = s;
cout << "This is the first output of the main function "
<< endl;
int year, no;
s.set_no(100);
no = s.get_no();
118
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student scopied(s);
//
//
bla(s);
//
scopied = blaS(s);
cout << "Just exiting the main function ...."

<< endl << endl;
}
119
Proter mata thc afaÐreshc sta dedomèna:

PeiramatisteÐte me ta paraktw. Orismìc enìc nèou tÔpou
Time me dÔo diaforetikèc anaparastseic:
1. Oi ¸rec kai ta lept fulssontai qwrist (arqeÐa
time1.h - time1.cc)
//File: time1.h
class Time
{
int hours;
int mins;
public:
Time() { hours = 0; mins = 0; };
~Time() {};
void set(int,int);
void print();
Time add(Time);
};
//File: time1.cc
#include "time1.h"
void Time::print()
{
cout << hours <<" hours and "
<< mins <<" mins " << endl;
}
void Time::set(int h, int m)

{
hours = h;
mins = m;
print();
// this->print(); // Equivalent to the above

}
120
Time Time::add(Time t)
{
Time result;
result.hours = 0;
result.mins = mins + t.mins;
if (result.mins > 60)

{
result.mins -= 60;
result.hours += 1;
}
result.hours += hours + t.hours;
return result;
}
2. O qrìnoc anaparistnetai mìno apì ta lept (arqeÐa

time2.h - time2.cc)
//File: time2.h
class Time
{
int tmins;
public:
Time() {tmins = 0;}

~Time() {};
void set(int,int);
void print();
Time add(Time);
};
//File: time2.cc
#include "time2.h"
void Time::print()
{
cout << tmins / 60 <<" hours and "
<< tmins \% 60 <<" mins " << endl;
}
121
void Time::set(int h, int m)

{
tmins = h * 60 + m;
print();
// this->print();
}
Time Time::add(Time t)
{
Time result;
result.tmins = tmins + t.tmins;
return result;
}
122
Qr sh tou nèou tÔpou Time san summigoÔc (arqeÐo

timetest.cc): h qr sh eÐnai anexrthth apì thn
anaparstash kai thn ulopoÐhsh tou tÔpou.
#include<iostream.h>
//#include "time1.h"
int main()
{
Time t;
t.print();
t.set(2,59);
// t.hours; Not visible (even if time1.h is included)
Time tt;
tt.set(1,59);
Time ttt;
ttt = t.add(tt);
ttt.print();
return 0;
}
Knontac include to antÐstoiqo arqeÐo -epikefalÐda,

qrhsimopoieÐtai apì to metaglwttist o antÐstoiqoc orismìc
thc Time. Poioc enallaktikìc orismìc eÐnai katallhlìteroc,
exarttai apì thn efarmog sthn opoÐa qrhsimopoieÐtai.
123
Pardeigma qr shc twn glwssik¸n dom¸n thc C++ class,

struct kai typedef.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef int FligthNoType; // just renaming:

// provisional type
// for FligthNoType,
// we may change it later
struct Flight // Flight is actually a

{ // data structure. Also no
FligthNoType FNo; // encapsulation is needed
char* DCity;
char* ACity;
Time DTime;
Time Duration;
};
int main()
{
Flight AthensParis;
AthensParis.FNo = 314;
AthensParis.DCity = "Athens";
AthensParis.ACity = "Paris";
AthensParis.DTime.set(10,30);
AthensParis.Duration.set(3,15);
Time ATime;
ATime = AthensParis.DTime.add(AthensParis.Duration);
cout << AthensParis.DCity

<< " to " << AthensParis.ACity
<< endl;
cout << "Arriving ...at " ;
ATime.print();
return 0;
}
124
EPANAQRHSIMOPOIHSH (reusability)
• mèsw sÔnjeshc (composition) has a
• mèsw klhronomikìthtac (inheritance) is a
125
SÔnjesh
• Mia klsh èqei san mèlh antikeÐmena llhc klshc.
• DhmiourgÐa antikeimènwn: Pr¸ta dhmiourgoÔntai ta
antikeÐmena pou eÐnai mèlh thc klshc (me th seir pou
dhl¸nontai ston orismì thc klshc ki ìqi me th seir pou
emfanÐzontai sth sunrthsh kataskeu c thc klshc) ki
èpeita dhmiourgeÐtai to antikeÐmeno thc klshc.
• Katastrof antikeimènwn: AkoloujeÐtai h antÐstrofh
seir apì ekeÐnh thc dhmiourgÐac, dhlad , pr¸ta ekteleÐtai
to s¸ma thc sunrthshc katastrof c thc klshc kai met
ekeÐnec twn mel¸n thc (me thn antÐstrofh seir thc
d lwshc).
126
Pardeigma gia:
• ton orismì pollapl¸n sunart sewn kataskeu c (me qr sh
default tim¸n sta orÐsmata)
• th qr sh initializer list gia non -class mèlh -dedomèna
(isodÔnamo me anjesh sto s¸ma thc sunrthshc
kataskeu c) (ShmeÐwsh: aut h suntaktik dunatìthta
parèqetai gia lìgouc sumbatìthtac me ta class mèlh
-dedomèna ìpou sthn perÐptwsh aut , ètsi pernme
paramètrouc stic sunart seic kataskeu c touc)
• ton orismì klshc me mèlh -dedomèna pou an koun se llec
klseic
• thn kl sh (non -trivial synthesized) sunart sewn
kataskeu c/katastrof c gia ta antikeÐmena thc sÔnjethc
klshc
PeiramatisteÐte bgzontac ta sqìlia twn orism¸n twn
metablht¸n sto s¸ma thc main tou akìloujou progrmmatoc.
127
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
public:
Date(int d = 1, int m = 1, int y = 2004)
// : day(d), month(m), year(y) // non-class types,
// i.e. intitializer list
// alternative to assignment
// in the body
{
day = d; month = m; year = y;
cout << "I just created a Date with value: "

<< day << ’ ’ << month << ’ ’ << year << endl;
}
~Date()
{
cout << ’\n’ << "I am destroying a Date with value: "
}
void print()
{
cout << day << ’ ’ << month << ’ ’ << year
<< endl;
}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Time {
int hours;
int mins;
public:
Time(int h = 0, int m = 0 )
// : hours(h); mins(m)
128
{
hours = h; mins = m;
cout << "I just created a Time with value: "
<< hours << ’ ’ << mins << endl;
}
~Time()
{ cout << ’\n’ << "I am destroying a Time with value: "
<< hours << ’ ’ << mins << endl; }
void print() {
cout << hours <<" hours and "<< mins <<" mins "
<< endl;}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class DetailedDate{
Date date;
Time time;
public:
DetailedDate()
// Default constructor is synthesized, using the default constructors
// of the data members.
{ cout << "DetailedDate was just created with value:"
<< ’\n’ << endl;
// NO VISIBILITY in private part
// cout << date.day << ’ ’ << date.month << ’ ’
// << date.year << endl;
// cout << time.hours <<" hours and "<< time.mins
// <<" mins " << endl;
date.print();
time.print();
}
DetailedDate(int d, int mo, int y, int h, int mi):

date(d,mo,y), time(h,mi)
// Initializer list is required to pass the values to the constructors
// of data members.
<< ’\n’ << endl;
date.print();
129
time.print();
}
~DetailedDate()
{
cout << ’\n’
<< "I am destroying a DetailedDate with value: "
<< endl;
date.print();
time.print();
}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
// Date d1;
// Date d2(3);
// Date d3(3,4);
// Date d4(3,4,2005);
// Time t1;
// Time t2(35);
// Time t3(2,35);
// dd1 and dd2 are instances/objects of DetailedDate
DetailedDate dd1;
// DetailedDate dd2(25,10,2005,3,45);
return 0;
}
130
Pardeigma: Mèlh-dedomèna pou eÐnai deÐktec se antikeÐmena

klsewn:
• Problhmatik antimet¸pish:
1. problhmatik arqikopoÐhsh (mh asfal c dèsmeush kai
arqikopoÐhsh)
2. kak prospèlash mèsw deikt¸n
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
public:
{

<< day << ’ ’ << month << ’ ’ << year << endl; }
~Date() {
<< day << ’ ’ << month << ’ ’ << year << endl; }
void print() {
cout << day << ’ ’ << month << ’ ’ << year << endl;}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Time {
int hours;
int mins;
public:
{
131
<< hours << ’ ’ << mins << endl;}
~Time() {
cout << ’\n’ << "I am destroying a Time with value: "
<< hours << ’ ’ << mins << endl; }
void print() {
<< endl;}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class DetailedDate{
Date* date;
Time* time;
public:
DetailedDate()
<< ’\n’ << endl;
// CAREFUL: no space has been allocated or intialized
// for Date and Time
this->date->print(); // error
this->time->print(); // error
}
~DetailedDate()
{
cout << ’\n’
<< "I am destroying a DetailedDate with value: "
<< endl;
date->print();
time->print();
}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
DetailedDate dd1;
return 0;
}
132
• Oloklhrwmènh arqikopoÐhsh/apodèsmeush mn mhc:

peiramatisteÐte bgzontac ta sqìlia apì touc orismoÔc
twn metablht¸n thc main.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
public:
{

~Date() {
}
void print() {
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Time {
int hours;
int mins;
public:
{
<< hours << ’ ’ << mins << endl;}
133
~Time() {
cout << ’\n’ << "I am destroying a Time with value: "
<< hours << ’ ’ << mins << endl; }
void print() {
<< endl;}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class DetailedPDate{
Date* date;
Time* time;
public:
DetailedPDate()
{ cout << "DetailedPDate was just created with value:"
<< ’\n’ << endl;
date = new Date;

time = new Time;
date->print(); // actually this->date->print()

time->print();
}
DetailedPDate(int d, int mo, int y, int h, int mi)

{
cout << "DetailedPDate was just created with value:"
<< ’\n’ << endl;
date = new Date(d,mo,y);

time = new Time(h,mi);
date->print();
time->print();
}
134
~DetailedPDate()
{
cout << ’\n’
<< "I am destroying a DetailedPDate with value: "
<< endl;
date->print();
time->print();
delete date;
delete time;
}
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int main()
{
// DetailedPDate dd1;
// DetailedPDate dd2(25,10,2005,3,45);
return 0;
}
135
KLHRONOMIKOTHTA (inheritance)
VEHICLE:
(move(), position(), wheels())
/ | \
/ | \
/ | \
+ + +
CAR: BICYCLE: MOTORBIKE:

(4_wheels(), (2_wheels(), (2_wheels(),
engine()) no_engine()) engine())
/ | \ \
/ | \ \
+ | \ +
| \
CABRIO: | \ 4_WHEEL_DRIVE:
(no_roof()) | \ (drive_in_4_wheels())
| +
|
| LIMOUZINE:
+ (no_back_door())
HATCHBACK:
• 'Ena “ìqhma” èqei kpoia “jèsh” apì thn opoÐa mporeÐ na

“metakinhjeÐ” me qr sh “troq¸n”.
• 'Ena “autokÐnhto” eÐnai èna “ìqhma” me “tèsseric troqoÔc”
kai “mhqan ”.
• 'Ena “cabrio” eÐnai èna “autokÐnhto” pou “den èqei orof ”.
• ...
136
• Pio genikeumènec ontìthtec kai exeidikeÔseic touc

• Diabzoume to parapnw sq ma apì pnw proc ta ktw.
Sqedizoume anpoda: BrÐskoume koin qarakthristik
stic ontìthtec kai ftiqnoume nèec, pio genikeumènec,
ontìthtec me aut.
• OrologÐa:
GenikeÔseic: Basik klsh (base class), uperklsh
(superclass)
ExeidikeÔseic: Paragìmenh klsh (derived class),
upoklsh (subclass)
• 'Allo z thma sthn klhronomikìthta: pollapl
klhronomikìthta (multiple inheritance)
137
Klhronomikìthta sth C++

• Nèec klseic mporoÔn na oristoÔn apì dh uprqousec
enswmat¸nontac ta qarakthristik kai th sumperifor
touc epanaorÐzontc ta ìpou eÐnai aparaÐthto.
• Mia paragìmenh klsh mporeÐ na prosjèsei mèlh -dedomèna
kai sunart seic -mèlh epauxnontac ton orismì thc
(exeidikeÔontac ìmwc ta stoiqeÐa thc).
• O telest c epÐlushc embèleiac mporeÐ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ
gia na qrhsimopoihjeÐ h ekdoq pou orÐzetai se mia basik
klsh antÐ gia thn epanaorisjeÐsa sthn paragìmenh.
• Uperfìrtwsh antÐ gia katrghsh sunart sewn -mel¸n thc
basik c klshc me qr sh using (p.q. using
BaseClass::fname).
138
Pardeigma: 'Enac “wromÐsjioc ergazìmenoc” san

upoperÐptwsh “ergazomènou”
Orismìc twn klsewn:
class Employee
{
public:
Employee(const char*, const char*);
void print() const;
~Employee();
private:
char* firstname;
char* lastname;
};
class HourlyWorker : public Employee

{
public:
HourlyWorker(const char*, const char*,
double, double);
double getPay() const;
void print() const;
private:
double wage;
double hours;
};
139
Orismìc twn sunart sewn -mel¸n thc HourlyWorker:
HourlyWorker::HourlyWorker(const char* first,

const char* last,
double initHours,
double initWage)
: Employee(first,last)
{
hours = initHours;
wage = initWage;
}
double HourlyWorker::getPay() const

{ return wage * hours; }
void HourlyWorker::print() const

{
Employee::print();
cout << "Payment:" << getPay() << endl;
}
Qr sh thc HourlyWorker:
main()
{
HourlyWorker hw("FN", "LN", 0.0, 100.0);
hw.print();
}
140
DiabajmÐseic ston èlegqo thc prìsbashc sta mèlh

miac klshc
'Ena mèloc miac klshc mporeÐ na eÐnai:
private: to ìnom tou mporeÐ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ mìno apì tic
sunart seic -mèlh thc klshc kai filikèc sunart seic kai
filikèc klseic thc klshc.
protected: to ìnom tou mporeÐ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ apì tic
sunart seic -mèlh thc klshc kai filikèc sunart seic kai
filikèc klseic thc klshc kaj¸c kai apì sunart seic
-mèlh paragìmenwn klsewn kai filikèc sunart seic kai
filikèc klseic paragìmenwn klsewn.
public: to ìnom tou mporeÐ na qrhsimopoihjeÐ apì
opoiad pote sunrthsh.
----------------- +
| | |
| PUBLIC | | PUBLIC PART
+---------------+ +
| / PROTECTED / | |
+---------------+ | PRIVATE PART
|////PRIVATE////| |
|///////////////| |
----------------- +
141
Zht mata proc problhmatismì sthn klhronomikìthta
Anaparstash antikeimènwn thc paragìmenhc klshc:

ktÐzontai apì th sunènwsh twn mel¸n -dedomènwn thc
basik c klshc kai twn dik¸n thc.
Jèmata embèleiac:
• P¸c (mèsw poiwn onomtwn) qeirizìmaste ta

antikeÐmena thc paragìmenhc klshc apì ton upìloipo
k¸dika;
Sthn perÐptwsh thc is -a klhronomikìthtac (public
inheritance), pèra apì ta onìmata pou eÐnai dhlwmèna
sto dhmìsio tm ma thc paragìmenhc klshc, mporoÔme
na qrhsimopoi soume kai kje ìnoma pou eÐnai sto
dhmìsio tm ma thc basik c klshc. Sthn perÐptwsh pou
mia sunrthsh -mèloc èqei epanaoristeÐ sthn
paragìmenh, o orismìc pou uprqei sth basik den eÐnai
oratìc (ektìc en èqei dhlwjeÐ rht to antÐjeto mèsw
using)
• P¸c (mèsw poiwn onomtwn) qeirizìmaste ta
antikeÐmena thc paragìmenhc klshc apì to peribllon
thc klshc aut c; (p.q. sta s¸mata twn orism¸n twn
sunart sewn -mel¸n thc paragìmenhc klshc)
'Oson afor klhronomoÔmena onìmata apì th basik
klsh, mporoÔme na qrhsimopoi soume ta onìmata pou
eÐnai dhlwmèna eÐte sto public eÐte sto protected
tm ma thc.
142
• P¸c (mèsw poi¸n onomtwn) qeirizìmaste ta

antikeÐmena thc basik c klshc apì to peribllon thc
paragìmenhc;
'Opwc akrib¸c ja ta qeirizìmastan apì opoiod pote
llo mèroc tou k¸dika, dhlad mèsw tou dhmìsiou
tm matìc touc.
ArqikopoÐhsh - katastrof twn antikeimènwn thc
paragìmenhc klshc:
• 'Otan dhmiourgeÐtai èna antikeÐmeno miac paragìmenhc
klshc, mia sunrthsh kataskeu c thc basik c klshc
prèpei na klhjeÐ gia na arqikopoi sei ekeÐna ta mèlh tou
stigmiotÔpou pou proèrqontai apì th basik klsh.
• Stic sunart seic kataskeu c thc paragìmenhc klshc
prèpei na prosdiorÐzetai h sunrthsh kataskeu c thc
basik c pou eÐnai na qrhsimopoihjeÐ kai na perastoÔn oi
timèc sta orÐsmat thc (autì gÐnetai me thc qr sh
initializer list). Diaforetik kaleÐtai h default
sunrthsh kataskeu c thc basik c klshc.
• Oi sunart seic kataskeu c de klhronomoÔntai.
• Kat thn kataskeu enìc antikeimènou, pr¸ta kaleÐtai
h sunrthsh kataskeu c thc basik c klshc kai met
thc paragìmenhc thc.
• Kat thn katastrof h seir eÐnai anpoda.
Antigraf (ArqikopoÐhsh mèsw antigraf c - anjesh metaxÔ
antikeimènwn thc paragìmenhc klshc): me seir antÐstoiqh
me th seir kl shc twn sunart sewn kataskeu c, gÐnetai
bitwise copy eÐte kaloÔntai oi (epana)orismènec
sunart seic apì to qr sth an uprqoun.
143
Klhronìmhsh klhronomic: Ti klhronomeÐtai stouc

apogìnouc miac paragìmenhc klshc apì aut pou
klhronìmhse apì th basik thc; (bl. dhl¸seic
klhronomikìthtac).
Ta parapnw isqÔoun anadromik gia kje bjoc ierarqÐac.
144
Seir kataskeu c - katastrof c: genik morf

Kataskeu :
bmcs
bc
dmcs
dc
Katastrof :
dd
dmds
bd
bmds
'Opou:
bmcs: constructors of base class data members
(me th seir pou emfanÐzontai ston orismì
thc klshc)
bc: constructor of base class
dmcs: constructors of derived class data members
(me th seir pou emfanÐzontai ston orismì
thc klshc)
dc: constructor of derived class
dd: destructor of derived class
dmds: destructors of derived class data members
(me thn antÐstrofh seir pou emfanÐzontai
ston orismì thc klshc)
bd: destructor of base class
bmds: destructors of base class data members
(me thn antÐstrofh seir pou emfanÐzontai
ston orismì thc klshc)
145
PeiramatisteÐte se jèmata oratìthtac kai anaparstashc me

to paraktw:
//: C14:Inheritance.cpp + Useful.h
// Simple inheritance
#include <iostream>
class X {
int i;
public:
X() { i = 0; }
void set(int ii) { i = ii; }
int read() const { return i; }
int permute() { return i = i * 47; }
};
class Y : public X {
int i; // Different from X’s i
public:
Y() { i = 0; }
int change() {
i = permute(); // Different name call
return i; }
void set(int ii) {
i = ii;
X::set(ii); } // Same-name function call
};
int main() {
cout << "sizeof(X) = " << sizeof(X) << endl;
cout << "sizeof(Y) = "
<< sizeof(Y) << endl;
Y D;
D.change();
// X function interface comes through:
D.read();
D.permute();
// Redefined functions hide base versions:
D.set(12);
} ///:~
146
'Ena aplì pardeigma klhronomikìthtac: “Metaptuqiakìc

Foitht c” san upoklsh tou “Foitht ” thc selÐdac 113.
PeiramatisteÐte me th sumperifor twn sunart sewn
kataskeu c, bgzontac ta sqìlia apì th sunrthsh main.
#include "/home/users/cpp/public_html/mathima14/student_constr.h"
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class PGStudent : public Student {
int gyear; // Graduation year
public :
PGStudent(const char* nam, int gy=0) : Student(nam), gyear(gy)
{ cout << "The Graduation year was :" << gyear
<< endl; }
int get_year() { return gyear; }

};
main()
{
PGStudent pgs1("FN1");
// PGStudent pgs2("FN2",2004);
// PGStudent pgs3(pgs2); // copy constructor invoked:
// - copy constructor of Student is used
// to copy the Student subobject
// - bitwise copy for the rest
cout << "Printing from Main:" << pgs1.get_year() << endl;

// cout << "Printing from Main:" << pgs2.get_year() << endl;
// cout << "Printing from Main:" << pgs3.get_year() << endl;
// Inherited functions:
pgs1.set_no(123);
cout << pgs1.get_no() << endl;
}
147
Pardeigma (sunèqeia): TropopoÐhsh tou “MetaptuqiakoÔ

Foitht ” ¸ste na peiramatisteÐte me paragìmenh klsh pou
èqei mèlh dedomèna pou an koun se klsh (kataskeu
-katastrof , oratìthta).
class Date {
int day;
int month;
int year;
public:
{

}
~Date() {
}
void print() {
};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Date gdate; // The graduation date
public :
PGStudent(const char* nam) : Student(nam) {}
148
PGStudent(const char* nam, int gd, int gm)

: Student(nam), gdate(gd,gm)
{ cout << "The Graduation date was :" << endl;
this -> gdate.print(); }
Date get_date() { return gdate; }

};
main()
{
PGStudent pgs1("FN");
PGStudent pgs2(pgs1);
PGStudent pgs3("FN", 22, 5);

pgs3.get_date().print(); // Careful:
// invoces copy-contructor and
// destructor of Date for the
// temporary return object of get_date
}
149
Klhronomikìthta - SÔnjesh - Pèrasma paramètrwn -

Epistrof tim c: Kataskeu - katastrof . Aitiolog ste ta
apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc tou paraktw progrmmatoc.
class A1 {
public:
A1() { cout << "constructing an A1" << endl; };
A1(int i) { cout << "constructing an A1 with :"
<< i << endl; };
~A1() {cout << "destroying an A1" << endl; }; };
class A2 {
public:
A2() { cout << "constructing an A2" << endl; };
A2(int i) { cout << "constructing an A2 with :"
<< i << endl; };
~A2() {cout << "destroying an A2" << endl; }; };
class B1 {
public:
B1() { cout << "constructing a B1" << endl; };
~B1() {cout << "destroying a B1" << endl; }; };
class A {
A1 a1;
A2 a2;
public:
A() { cout << "constructing an A" << endl; };
A(int i, int j) : a2(i), a1(j)
{ cout << "constructing an A" << endl; };
~A() {cout << "destroying an A" << endl; }; };
class B : public A {
B1 b1;
public:
B() { cout << "constructing a B" << endl; };
B(int i, int j) : A(i,j)
{ cout << "constructing a B" << endl; };
~B() {cout << "destroying a B" << endl; }; };
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
150
void bloo(B* b)
{ cout << "Printing in bloo" << endl; }
void bla(B b)
{ cout << "Printing in bla" << endl;
bloo(&b); }
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
main()
{
B object1;
B object2(5,15);
cout << "First printing in main " << endl;
bla(object1);
bloo(&object2);
cout << "Last printing in main " << endl;

}
Al jeia, ti na shmaÐnei ken klsh; Ektelèste to paraktw:

class A {};
main()
{
A a;
cout << sizeof(a) << endl;
A b;
cout << &a << ’\n’ << &b << endl; // different addresses
}
151
DeÐktec se antikeÐmena ierarqÐac klsewn

• Den epitrèpetai h anjesh stigmiotÔpou (klp...) thc
basik c klshc se stigmiìtupo (klp...) thc paragìmenhc
klshc diìti paramènoun mh orismèna ta upìloipa mèlh thc
paragìmenhc klshc.
• Autì mporeÐ na parakamfjeÐ eÐte epanaorÐzontac ton
telest anjeshc eÐte/kai orÐzontac sunrthsh
metatrop c.
• PROSOQH : H qr sh deikt¸n sth basik klsh (èstw ki
an se autìn èqei anatejeÐ ènac deÐkthc se paragìmenh
klsh) parapèmpei sth prìsbash twn sunart sewn-mel¸n
thc basik c klshc. Autì, ìmwc, pollèc forèc den eÐnai
epijumhtì (⇒ qr sh sunart sewn virtual).
• Me rhtì cast mporoÔme na metatrèyoume ènan deÐkth se
basik klsh se deÐkth se paragìmenh. Tìte mporoÔme na
tou knoume dereference mìno ìtan deÐqnei prgmati se èna
antikeÐmeno thc paragìmenhc klshc.
152
TropopoÐhsh tou “MetaptuqiakoÔ Foitht ” ¸ste na

peiramatisteÐte me anajèseic anmesa se (deÐktec se)
antikeÐmena klsewn diaforetikoÔ epipèdou miac ierarqÐac.
Bglete èna -èna ta sqìlia apì tic anajèseic thc sunrthshc
main. (DieukrÐnish: to tm ma VARIOUS anafèretai sth sumperifor
sunart sewn kataskeu c -katastrof c memonwmènhc klshc ki ìqi
ierarqÐac. Apl¸c, den eÐqe suzhthjeÐ nwrÐtera)
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int gyear;
char* first_degree; // We also include the
// first degree of PGStudent
public :
PGStudent(const char* nam, const char* fd, int gy=0)
: Student(nam), gyear(gy)
{
first_degree = new char[strlen(fd)+1];
strcpy(first_degree,fd);
cout << "I just constructed a PGstudent " << endl; }
~PGStudent()
{
cout << "Deleting postgraduate student with name "
<< get_name() << endl ;
delete[] first_degree;
}
// Many member functions are missing but are not required

// for testing the functionality of copying
};
main()
{
PGStudent pgs("FN1","FDEGR");
153
cout << "Printing from Main:" << endl;
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// VARIOUS:
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Pointer to Student:
// Student* ps = new Student("TheNew");
// delete ps; // otherwise the destructor of Student is not called
// Array of Student:
// Student ss[100]; // Problem: no default constructor is
// provided for Student
// Student* pss = new Student[100]; // Same as above
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student s("FirstLast");
Student* ps;
PGStudent* ppgs;
// pgs = s; // error
// s = pgs; // Student redefinition of operator = is called
// ppgs = ps; // error

// ps = ppgs; // ok
}
154
Polumorfismìc kai sunart seic virtual

• Mac bohjoÔn na sqedizoume kai na ulopoioÔme sust mata
pou eÐnai eÔkola epektsima.
• Mia lÔsh sthn prìsbash sto swstì orismì sunrthshc
-mèlouc an èqoume deÐktec se uperklsh:
– qr sh pedÐou tÔpou sthn uperklsh kai
– periptwsiologÐa stic sunart seic gia ìlec tic timèc twn
pedÐwn tÔpou
• H lÔsh sth C++: qr sh sunart sewn virtual.
• H d lwsh miac sunrthshc wc virtual sth basik klsh
epitrèpei na epanaorÐzoume th sunrthsh stic paragìmenec
klseic kai na epitugqnoume thn prìsbash sth “swst ”
sunrthsh (orismì) sthn kje perÐptwsh.
• Pardeigma:
virtual void draw() const;
virtual void draw() const = 0; ← pure virtual
• 'Apax kai mia sunrthsh dhlwjeÐ virtual, paramènei
virtual gia ìlh thn ierarqÐa.
• MporeÐ kai na mhn epanaorÐzetai se kpoia paragìmenh
klsh.
• 'Otan h kl sh se mia sunrthsh virtual gÐnetai mèsw tou
onìmatoc tou antikeimènou kai tou telest ., tìte h
anafor epilÔetai se fsh metagl¸ttishc kai h sunrthsh
(orismìc) pou kaleÐtai eÐnai aut pou orÐzetai (
klhronomeÐtai) sthn klsh tou antikeimènou.
• De mporoÔme na èqoume virtual sunart seic kataskeu c
155
antikeimènwn (mporoÔme na èqoume virtual sunart seic

katastrof c).
• STL: de qrhsimopoioÔn virtual sunart seic.
• 'Otan mia klsh èqei sunart seic virtual apokt, apì to
metaglwttist , ènan “pÐnaka sunart sewn virtual” kai ta
antikeÐmen thc apoktoÔn èna deÐkth ston pÐnaka autì.
156
'Ena aplì pardeigma qr shc sunart sewn virtual.

SugkrÐnete ta apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc twn paraktw dÔo
programmtwn.
qwrÐc qr sh sunart sewn virtual:
//: C15:Instrument2.cpp
// Inheritance & upcasting
#include <iostream>
enum note { middleC, Csharp, Eflat }; // Etc.
class Instrument {
public:
void play(note) const {
cout << "Instrument::play" << endl;
}
};
// Wind objects are Instruments
// because they have the same interface:
class Wind : public Instrument {
public:
// Redefine interface function:
cout << "Wind::play" << endl;
}
};
void tune(Instrument& i) {
// ...
i.play(middleC);
}
int main() {
Wind flute;
tune(flute); // Upcasting
} ///:~
157
me qr sh sunart sewn virtual:

//: C15:Instrument3.cpp
// Late binding with the virtual keyword
#include <iostream>
enum note { middleC, Csharp, Cflat }; // Etc.
class Instrument {
public:
virtual void play(note) const {
cout << "Instrument::play" << endl;
}
};
// Wind objects are Instruments
// because they have the same interface:
class Wind : public Instrument {
public:
// Override interface function:
cout << "Wind::play" << endl;
}
};
void tune(Instrument& i) {
// ...
i.play(middleC);
}
int main() {
Wind flute;
tune(flute); // Upcasting
} ///:~
158
Ac jumhjoÔme ton “Metaptuqiakì Foitht ” thc selÐdac 152.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int gyear;
char* first_degree;
public :
{
~PGStudent()
{ cout << "Deleting postgraduate student with name "
}

};
main()
{
PGStudent pgs1("FN1","FDEGR");
cout << "Printing from Main:" << pgs1.get_year() << endl;
// Inherited functions:
pgs1.set_no(123);
cout << pgs1.get_no() << endl;
}
159
Ac anajewr soume t¸ra ton orismì thc klshc Student thc

selÐdac 113 prosjètontac kai mia sunrthsh print.
student constr.h:
class Student {
private:
char* name;
int no;
public:
Student(const char*);
Student(const Student&);
// ~Student();
virtual ~Student();
Student& operator=(const Student& s);

void set_no(int);
char* get_name();
int get_no();
// void print();
virtual void print();
};
student constr.cc:
#include <string.h>
void Student::print()
{
cout << "Student’s name is: " << name << endl;
}
160
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
{
delete[] name;
strcpy(name,nam);
}
void Student::set_no(int n)
{
no = n;
}
void Student::set_year_of_studies(int y)
{
year_of_studies = y;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
char* Student::get_name()
{
return name;
}
int Student::get_no()
{
return no;
}
int Student::get_year_of_studies()
{
return year_of_studies;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student::~Student()
{
cout << "Deleting student with name " << name
<< endl ;
delete[] name;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student::Student(const char* nam)
{
strcpy(name,nam);
161
cout << "I just constructed a student " << endl;

}
Student::Student(const Student& s)
{
no = s.no;
cout << "I just created a student by copying ... "
<< endl;
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Student& Student::operator=(const Student& s)
{
if (this != &s) // Careful not to assign to itself
{
delete[] name;
no = s.no;
cout << "I just performed a student ASSIGNMENT ... "
<< endl;
}
return *this;
}
162
Ac epaux soume ton orismì thc klshc PGStudent ¸ste na

epanorÐzei th sunrthsh -mèloc print. PeiramatisteÐte
bgzontac ta sqìlia apì th sunrthsh main tou paraktw
progrmmatoc, bgzontac tautìqrona kai ta sqìlia apì ton
orismì thc klshc Student. Se kje perÐptwsh, o destructor
thc klshc Student prèpei na èqei dhlwjeÐ virtual gia na
èqoume swst apodèsmeush kat thn katastrof tou deÐkth se
Student pou sthn pragmatikìthta deÐqnei se antikeÐmeno thc
PGStudent.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
int gyear;
char* first_degree;
public :

{
~PGStudent()
{
cout << "Deleting postgraduate student with name "
}
void print()
{ Student::print();
cout << "First degree is: " << first_degree << endl; }
};
163
main()
{
// PGStudent pgs("FN1","FDEGR");
cout << "Printing from Main:" << endl;
// Student s("FirstLast");
// s.print();
// pgs.print();
// pgs.Student::print();
/////////////////////////////////////////////
// Student* ps=&s;
// PGStudent* ppgs=&pgs;
// ps->print();
// ppgs->print();
/////////////////////////////////////////////
// Student* ss[2];
// ss[0] = &s;
// ss[1] = &pgs;
// ss[0]->print();
// ss[1]->print();
// ss[0] = new Student("TestSt");

// ss[1] = new PGStudent("TestPSt","FDeg");
// delete ss[0];
// delete ss[1];
/////////////////////////////////////////////
// Student* p1 = new Student("TestSt");

// Student* p2 = new PGStudent("TestPSt","FDeg");
// delete p1;
// delete p2; }
164
Afhrhmènec klseic (Abstract base classes) 'Otan mia klsh

èqei mia ( perissìterec) pure virtual sunart seic, tìte:
• den mporoÔme na èqoume antikeÐmena aut¸n twn klsewn
• autèc oi klseic lègontai Afhrhmènec Klseic (Abstract
Base Classes)
• autèc oi klseic qrhsimeÔoun mìno gia klhronomikìthta
upograf¸n (signatures) kai ulopoÐhshc.
• Pardeigma
Shape <--- ABC
|
|
+
TwoDimShape <--- ABC
/ | \
/ | \
+ + +
Square Circle Triangle
• An mia paragìmenh klsh den orÐzei mia pure virtual

sunrthsh, tìte kai h klsh aut eÐnai afhrhmènh.
• Parìlo pou den mporoÔme na orÐsoume antikeÐmena miac
afhrhmènhc klshc mporoÔme na orÐsoume deÐktec se
afhrhmènec klseic kai anaforèc se afhrhmènec klseic
gia na petÔqoume polumorfikì qeirismì se antikeÐmena
paragìmenwn klsewn.
165
• H klsh Shape:
class Shape
{
// ...
virtual void print() const = 0;
// ...
};
166
Pollapl Klhronomikìthta
Employee Student
\ /
\ /
\ /
+ +
WorkingStudent
class WorkingStudent : public Student, public Employee

{
// ...
}
• Mia klsh mporeÐ na pargetai apì parapnw apì mia

basikèc klseic mesa.
• S’ aut n thn perÐptwsh, klhronomeÐ ta mèlh apì ìlec tic
klseic.
• Se perÐptwsh sÔgkroushc onomtwn, gÐnetai qr sh tou
telest ::
167
PROTUPA (templates)
• Sunart sewn
• Klsewn
168
Prìtupa Sunart sewn
• Genik morf :
template< class T >
• p.q. antÐ,
void printArray(const int* array, const int count);
void printArray(const double* array, const int count);
// ...
knoume
template < class T >
void printArray(const T* array, const int count)
{
for (int i=0; i < count; i++)
cout << array[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
• tìte prèpei na knoume:

main()
{
const int aCount=5, bCount=7, cCount=6;
int a[aCount];
double b[bCount];
char c[cCount];
// ...
printArray(a, aCount);
printArray(b, bCount);
printArray(c, cCount);
}
169
Parathr seic sta prìtupa sunart sewn

• Epitugqnoun polumorfismì.
• Ta prìtupa epitrèpoun na orÐsoume èna sÔnolo
sqetizìmenwn sunart sewn ( èna sÔnolo apì
sqetizìmenec klseic).
• Grfoume ènan orismì gia th sunrthsh, perilambnontac
paramètrouc tÔpwn.
• Kat th metagl¸ttish, anloga me touc tÔpouc pou
emfanÐzontai sthn kl sh miac tètoiac sunrthshc,
pargetai k¸dikac gia thn kje mia perÐptwsh
• Parmetroi tÔpwn mporoÔn na emfanÐzontai:
– sta tupik orÐsmata thc sunrthshc
– ston tÔpo pou epistrèfei h sunrthsh
– mèsa sto s¸ma thc sunrthshc
• Oi parmetroi tÔpwn prèpei na eÐnai monadikoÐ sta prìtupa.
170
Prìtupa Klsewn
• ParametrikoÐ tÔpoi.
• GenikoÐ orismoÐ klsewn me sugkekrimenopoÐhsh (ìqi
exeidÐkeush) me bsh sugkekrimènouc tÔpouc.
• Sthn epikefalÐda miac klshc mporoÔn na qrhsimopoihjoÔn
kai parmetroi pou den eÐnai tÔpoi, p.q.
template<class T, int elements>
class Stack
{
// ...
}
tìte,
Stack<double,100>
• MporeÐ na oristeÐ mia klsh gia èna sugkekrimèno tÔpo.

• Z thma: klhronomikìthta kai prìtupa klsewn.
171
Pardeigma: orismìc enìc protÔpou klshc, twn sunart sewn

mel¸n thc kai qr sh thc
Orismìc tou protÔpou:
class Stack
{
public:
Stack(int=10);
~Stack() { delete [] stackPtr; }
bool push(const T&);
bool pop(T&);
private:
int size;
int top;
T* stackPtr;
bool isEmpty() const { return top == -1 }

bool isFull() const { return top == size - 1 }
};
Orismìc sunart sewn -mel¸n:
Stack<T>::Stack(int s)
{
size = s>0?s:10;
top = -1;
stackPtr = new T[size];
}

bool Stack<T>::push(const T& pushValue)
{
if (!isFull())
{
stackPtr[++top] = pushValue;
return true;
}
return false;
}
// ...
172
Qr sh tou protÔpou:

main()
{
Stack<double> dStack(5); \\instantiation
Stack<int> iStack(20); \\instantiation
}
173
ALLES GLWSSIKES DOMES THS C++ (krÐsimec

gia tic klseic)
Klseic (perÐlhyh prohgoumènwn)
• H dom pou eisgetai me th desmeumènh lèxh class (
struct).
• Diaqwrismìc private/public epitugqnei apìkruyh
plhroforÐac.
• DhmiourgÐa stigmiotÔpwn (antikeimènwn) pou “ktÐzontai”
apì ta mèlh -dedomèna (data members) thc klshc sthn
opoÐa an koun.
• DhmiourgÐa stigmiotÔpwn mèsw sunart sewn kataskeu c.
• Katastrof stigmiotÔpwn mèsw sunrthshc katastrof c.
• Qeirismìc antikeimènwn mèsw sunart sewn -mel¸n
(member functions).
• Prìsbash sto antikeÐmeno gia to opoÐo kaleÐtai h
sunrthsh -mèloc me qr sh tou deÐkth this.
• Kataskeu dia antigraf c.
• Qr sh telest anjeshc.
174
AntikeÐmena const kai Sunart seic -mèlh const

• Gia thn efarmog thc arq c tou “elqistou aparaÐthtou
dikai¸matoc”.
• Kpoia antikeÐmena den jèloume na metablhjoÔn kat th
dirkeia thc “zw c” touc.
• H qr sh thc lèxhc -kleidioÔ const dhl¸nei ìti to
antikeÐmeno den ja metablhjeÐ (kai kje enèrgeia proc to
antÐjeto dhmiourgeÐ suntaktikì ljoc).
• Pardeigma:
class Time
{
public:
Time(int=0, int=0, int=0);
void settime(int, int, int);
// ...
private:
int hour;
int minute;
int second;
};
// ...
const Time noon(12,0,0);

S’ aut n thn perÐptwsh, oi mìnec sunart seic pou mporoÔn
na efarmostoÔn se aut ta antikeÐmena eÐnai ekeÐnec oi
sunart seic -mèlh pou èqei dhlwjeÐ ìti den metabloun ta
antikeÐmena sta opoÐa efarmìzontai.
• To parapnw epitugqnetai me th qr sh thc lèxhc
175
-kleidioÔ const tìso sth d lwsh ìso kai ston orismì thc
sunrthshc -mèlouc (jètontc to met tic paramètrouc thc
sunrthshc).
class Time
{
public:
// ...
int getHour() const;
int getMinute() const;
int getSecond() const;
// ...
};
// ...
int Time::getHour() const

{ return hour; }
int Time::getMinute() const

{ return minute; }
int Time::getSecond() const

{ return second; }
• Mpor¸ na èqw uperfìrtwsh gia tic const sunart seic

-mèlh me non -const ekdoqèc touc.
• H epilog gia th qr sh miac const non -const ekdoq c
miac sunrthshc -mèlouc gÐnetai apì to metaglwttist me
bsh to en efarmìzetai se const antikeÐmeno ìqi.
176
Filikèc Sunart seic kai Filikèc Klseic

• Mia klsh mporeÐ na dhl¸sei mia sunrthsh pou den eÐnai
sunrthsh -mèloc thc wc filik (me th qr sh thc lèxhc
-kleidioÔ friend).
• H sunrthsh aut parìlo pou den eÐnai sthn embèleia thc
klshc, èqei dikaÐwma na èqei prìsbash sto idiwtikì mèroc
thc klshc.
• Autì eÐnai idiaÐtera qr simo sthn perÐptwsh orismoÔ
telest¸n kai sunart sewn epanlhyhc (iterators).
• San filikèc mporoÔn na dhlwjoÔn kai olìklhrec klseic
(pli me th qr sh thc lèxhc -kleidioÔ friend). p.q.
class NewClass
{
// ...
friend class FriendClass;
// ...
};
177
Pardeigma qr shc filik¸n sunart sewn

class Count
{
friend void setX(Count&, int); // friend declaration
public:
Count() { x= 0}
void print() const { cout << x << endl; }
private:
int x;
};
void setX(Count& c, int val)

{
c.x = val; // Access to private part
}
int main()
{
Count counter;
counter.print();
setX(counter,8);
counter.print();
return 0;
}
178
Parathr seic sth “filÐa”

• Oi filikèc sunart seic den apoteloÔn sunart seic -mèlh
thc klshc (apl¸c tuqaÐnei na paÐrnoun èna antikeÐmeno
thc klshc stic paramètrouc touc).
• Dhl¸seic friend mporoÔn na emfanistoÔn opoud pote
mèsa ston orismì miac klshc (den ephrezei an eÐnai mèsa
sto private sto public mèroc touc)
• H filÐa den eÐnai oÔte summetrik oÔte metabatik metaxÔ
twn klsewn, oÔte klhronomeÐtai.
179
Statik Mèlh Klsewn

• Kje antikeÐmeno miac klshc èqei to dikì tou antÐgrafo
gia kje mèloc -dedomèno thc klshc (“qtÐzetai” apì
aut).
• Uprqoun peript¸seic pou jèloume ìla ta antikeÐmena na
moirzontai to Ðdio antÐgrafo gia mia metablht .
• Autì epitugqnetai me th qr sh thc lèxhc -kleidioÔ static
kat th d lwsh thc metablht c ston orismì thc klshc.
• H embèleia twn statik¸n mel¸n miac klshc eÐnai h klsh
kai mporoÔn na dhlwjoÔn wc private public ( protected).
• Ta statik mèlh klsewn prèpei na arqikopoioÔntai (kai
mìno mia for) se epÐpedo embèleiac arqeÐou.
180
Pardeigma:
D lwsh statik¸n mel¸n:
// employee.h
class Employee
{
public:
Employee(const char*, const char*);
~Employee();
const char* getFirstName() const;

const char* getLastName() const;
static int getCount(); // <- static member function
private:
char* firstName;
char* lastName;
static int count; // <- static variable

};
Orismìc kai arqikopoÐhsh:
// employee.cc
# ...
#include employee.h
int Employee::count = 0; // <- Initialization
int Employee::getCount() { return count; }
Employee::Employee(const char* first, const char* last)

{
firstName = new char[strlen(first) + 1];
strcpy( firstName, first );
lastName = new char[strlen(last) + 1];

strcpy( lastName, last );
++count // <- Usage within class

}
181
Employee::~Employee()
{
delete [] firstName;
delete [] lastName;
--count; // <- Usage within class

}
// ...
Qr sh statik¸n mel¸n:

// test.cc
# ...
#include employee.h
int main()
{
// Access with class scope:
cout << Employee::getCount() << endl;
Employee* e1 = new Employee( "FN1", "LN1" );

Employee* e2 = new Employee( "FN2", "LN2" );
// Access via a class object:

cout << e1->getCount();
delete e1;
delete e2;
// No problem if no class object exits,

// access with class scope, again:
cout << Employee::getCount() << endl;
return = 0;
}
182
Parathr seic sta statik mèlh klsewn

• MporoÔme na èqoume prìsbash sta public static mèlh miac
klshc
– eÐte mèsw enìc antikeimènou thc klshc
– eÐte me qr sh tou onìmatoc thc klshc kai tou telest
::
• 'Exw apì thn klsh mporoÔme na èqoume prìsbash sta
static private ( protected) mèlh mèsw public sunart sewn
-mel¸n filik¸n sunart sewn.
• Ta statik mèlh twn klsewn èqoun upìstash anexrthta
apì th dhmiourgÐa ìqi antikeimènwn thc klshc.
• Sthn parapnw perÐptwsh, mporoÔme na èqoume prìsbash,
èxw apì thn klsh sta public static mèlh thc,
qrhsimopoi¸ntac to ìnoma thc klshc kai ton telest ::
• 'Otan den èqoun dhmiourghjeÐ antikeÐmena miac klshc, gia
na èqoume prìsbash se private ( protected) static mèlh
thc klshc, èxw apì thn klsh, prèpei na èqei oristeÐ mia
public static sunrthsh -mèloc thc klshc kai na klhjeÐ me
to ìnoma thc klshc kai qr sh tou telest ::
• De mporoÔme na qrhsimopoi soume to deÐkth this se mia
static sunrthsh -mèloc miac klshc.
• De mporoÔme na dhl¸soume mia static sunrthsh -mèloc
san const.
• Ta statik mèlh -dedomèna kai oi statikèc sunart seic
-mèlh miac klshc uprqoun kai mporoÔn na
qrhsimopoihjoÔn akìma ki an den èqoun dhmiourghjeÐ
antikeÐmena thc klshc.
183
METATROPES TUPWN
• MporeÐ na qreiasteÐ na metatrèyoume rht mia tim , pou
eÐnai kpoiou tÔpou, se kpoion llo tÔpo. p.q.
float r = float(1);
metatrèpei ton akèraio 1 ston pragmatikì 1.0f gia na
dojeÐ san tim ston pragmatikì r.
• Uprqoun dÔo trìpoi na to sumbolÐsoume:
1. (à la C): cast, me th qr sh parenjèsewn, p.q.
(double) a
2. “sunarthsiak ” graf :
double(a)
den mporeÐ ìmwc na qrhsimopoihjeÐ gia tÔpouc pou
èqoun sÔnjeto sumbolismì. p.q.
OQI char*(0777);
MONO (char*) 0777;
• Sth C++ den uprqei tìso èntonh angkh gia rht
metatrop tÔpwn, antÐjeta me th C.
• Stouc deÐktec, anjesh apì/se void* den qreizetai rht
metatrop tÔpou.
• Autìmath metatrop tÔpwn, orismènh apì ton qr sth:
– mèsw orismoÔ sunart sewn kataskeu c (tou tÔpou
-proc me ìrisma tou tÔpou -apì)
– mèsw orismoÔ telest¸n (tou tÔpou -proc pou
efarmìzontai ston tÔpo -apì)
• Rht metatrop tÔpwn (gia na agno soume teleÐwc tic
metatropèc à la C):
184
static cast : gia “asfaleÐc” metatropèc pou ja èkane

oÔtwc llwc o metaglwttist c ligìtero asfaleÐc
all kal orismènec
const cast : gia na parabisoume d lwsh const (
volatile)
reinterprete cast : EPIKINDUNO: ermhneÔei to
antikeÐmeno san na tan akoloujÐa apì bits. (Prèpei na
to “epanafèroume” prin to xanaqeiristoÔme omal)
dynamic cast : “asfal c” metbash se qamhlìterh
klsh sthn ierarqÐa.
185
BibliografÐa
• Bjarne Stroustrup, “H Gl¸ssa ProgrammatismoÔ C++”
(TrÐth Ameriknikh 'Ekdosh), ekdìseic “Kleidrijmoc”,
1999
• Bruce Eckel, “Thinking In C++” (Second Edition),
Volume One: Introduction to Standard C++, Prentice
Hall, 2000
• ISO International Standard: Programming Languages —
C++, 1998
• Stanley B. Lippman, Josee Lajoie, “C++ Primer” (3rd
Edition), Addison-Wesley, 1998
• Stanley B. Lippman, “Inside the C++ Object Model”
Addison-Wesley, 1996
• Herbert Schildt, “C++: The Complete Reference” (2nd
Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1995
• Till Jeske, “C++ Nitty Gritty”, Addison-Wesley, 2000
(Pearson Education, 2002)
• The Standard Template Library:
http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl
• Bertrand Meyer, “Object -Oriented Software
Construction” (2nd Edition), Prentice Hall, 2000
• Russel Winder, Graham Roberts, “Developing Java
Software” (2nd Edition), John Wiley and Sons, 2000
186

Shmeiwseis Antikeimenostrafous Programmatismou

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Shmeiwseis Antikeimenostrafous Programmatismou

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EJNIKO KAI KAPODISTRIAKO

Perieqìmeno tou maj matoc

B mata kat thn Exèlixh tou (AntikeimenostrafoÔc)

Diadikastikìc Programmatismìc (procedural

• estizei sth sqedÐash twn diadikasi¸n

Programmatismìc me StoiqeÐa (modular programming)

• estizei sthn orgnwsh twn dedomènwn kai twn

AfaÐresh Dedomènwn (data abstraction)

• perissìterh èmfash sta dedomèna

Antikeimenostraf c Programmatismìc (Object oriented

• èkfrash “koin¸n” qarakthristik¸n metaxÔ tÔpwn mèsw

"Shape" (color, surface, rotation)

• Gl¸ssec: Simula, C++, Java k.a.

Gl¸ssec me Qarakthristik AntikeimenostrafoÔc

Upost rixh AntikeimenostrafoÔc ProgrammatismoÔ

OnomatologÐa gia tic Klseic

Klseic kai Afhrhmènoi TÔpoi Dedomènwn

• “Object Oriented Design is the construction of software

To Elqisto C++ Prìgramma

Gia na èqoume kai kpoia èxodo

cout << "Hello World!" << endl;

H d lwsh #include <iostream.h> dhl¸nei sto

Metfrash kai ArqeÐa-epikefalÐdec

-E Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the com-

Knte dokimèc metagl¸ttishc qrhsimopoi¸ntac ta paraktw

Diadikastikìc Programmatismìc me/se C++

Dhl¸seic - OrismoÐ - Anajèseic arqik¸n tim¸n

Dhl¸seic (declarations) (POLLES EMFANISEIS)

OrismoÐ (definitions) (MIA EMFANISH) Dèsmeush enìc

Anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n Anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n sthn

Metablhtèc kai sunart seic: Dhl¸seic - OrismoÐ

string s; <---- DEFINITION

const double pi = 3.14159265;

extern int error_number; <---- DECLARATION ONLY !!!!!

const char* Name = "TheName";

const char* season[] =

int day(Date* pd) { return pd -> d; } <---- DEFINITION

double sqrt(double); <---- DECLARATION ONLY !!!!!

Sunduste kajèna apì ta arqeÐa f1.cpp, f2.cpp kai f3.cpp

cout << x << endl;

cout << x << endl; // prints inner x = 2

cout << x << endl; // prints local x

cout << ::x << endl; // prints global x

int x = 2; // defines a new local x

cout << x << endl ; // prints new x

cout << y <<endl ; // prints y which has the value of global x

Sunduste kajèna apì ta arqeÐa f1.cpp, f2.cpp kai f3.cpp

cout << "1st output of f() "

cout << "2nd output of f() "

static int x = ::x;

Q¸roi Onomtwn (Namespaces)

• Ena namespace “paketrei” dhl¸seic kai sto “pakèto”

using namespace Example;

• H epÐdrash tou using isqÔei èwc to tèloc thc trèqousac

• To using mporeÐ na anafèretai se olìklhro to namespace

Epiplèon dunatìthtec gia touc q¸rouc onomtwn

Pardeigma qr shc namespace

int myInt = 100000000;

cout << myInt << endl;

cout << Example::E << endl;

using namespace Example;

cout << myInt << endl;

cout << E << endl;

B mata kat thn Exèlixh tou (AntikeimenostrafoÔc)

• estizei sth sqedÐash twn diadikasi¸n

• estizei sthn orgnwsh twn dedomènwn kai twn

Gl¸ssec me Qarakthristik AntikeimenostrafoÔc

OnomatologÐa gia tic Klseic

Klseic kai Afhrhmènoi TÔpoi Dedomènwn

To Elqisto C++ Prìgramma

Gia na èqoume kai kpoia èxodo

Metfrash kai ArqeÐa-epikefalÐdec

Knte dokimèc metagl¸ttishc qrhsimopoi¸ntac ta paraktw

Anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n Anjesh arqik¸n tim¸n sthn

Sunduste kajèna apì ta arqeÐa f1.cpp, f2.cpp kai f3.cpp

Sunduste kajèna apì ta arqeÐa f1.cpp, f2.cpp kai f3.cpp

Q¸roi Onomtwn (Namespaces)

• Ena namespace “paketrei” dhl¸seic kai sto “pakèto”

Epiplèon dunatìthtec gia touc q¸rouc onomtwn

Pardeigma qr shc namespace

Pardeigma qr shc an¸numou namespace

O q¸roc onomtwn thc kajierwmènhc biblioj khc

'Alla jèmata sqetik me touc tÔpouc

• Uprqei kal orismènh proteraiìthta telest¸n, p.q. oi

– H èkfrash selector pargei mia tim akeraÐou

Entolèc Epanlhyhc (iteration)

– H èkfrash expression apotimtai prin apì kje

– Pardeigma qr shc while kai switch - case

• Epanlhyh for, sun jhc morf :

– 'Otan mpaÐnei o èlegqoc sto for gia pr¸th for,

• Epanlhyh do-while, sun jhc morf :

– To statement ekteleÐtai toulqiston mia for, ìtan o

• Kat thn kl sh miac sunrthshc, h antimet¸pish eÐnai Ðdia

Uperfìrtwsh onomtwn sunart sewn

Default timèc orismtwn

Gia pardeigma, an jèlame kti tètoio:

me qr sh sunrthshc me default timèc orismtwn mporoÔme na

Pardeigma gia parenèrgeiec thc #define - Asfal c qr sh me

aitiolog ste ta apotelèsmata thc ektèleshc tou parapnw

UpenjÔmish apì th C: OrÐsmata sth sunrthsh main.

to perieqìmeno tou a den mporeÐ na allxei

'Ara, èqoume difora endeqìmena:

• D lwsh stajerc gia to deÐkth

Gia na peiramatisteÐte, ektelèste to paraktw prìgramma:

Pèrasma paramètrwn se sunart seic pou allzoun to

MporoÔme na persoume deÐkth: se aut n thn perÐptwsh

• Megla antikeÐmena kalì eÐnai na ta pernme mèsw

opìte, sto s¸ma thc f apagoreÔetai na allxei h tim tou

Pèrasma paramètrwn se sunrthsh: paradeÐgmata