Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
c
Table 11.1 Comparison between organic and inorganic carbon compounds
c
Table 11.4 General formulae of homologous series.c
c
Table 11.5 Molecular formulae for the first ten alkane members
c
Table 11.6 Nomenclature of the first ten alkane membersc
Long-chained alkanes can be broken into shorter-chained alkanes and
alkenes via the industrial process of cracking.Alkane is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon compound that has a double bond between two carbons
atoms,C=C.c
c
Table 11.7 Structural formulae of the first ten members of straight-chain
alkanesc
When a mixture of alkene gas and hydrogen,H2,gas is passed over a nickel (or
platinum) catalyst that is heated at 180ºC,an addition reaction(hydrogenation) occurs.
c
Table 11.11 Similar physical properties of alkanes and alkenesc
c
Table 11.12 Alkyl group that is derived from a matching alkane namec
c
Table 11.14 Nomenclature of the first ten alcohol members.c
c
Table 11.16 Some uses of alcoholc
Fats and oil are natural esters formed from the reaction between fatty
acids and glycerol.Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that have a long carbon
atom chain.The functional group of fatty acids is -COOH.Fats can be
classified as saturated and unsaturated fats.c
c
Table 11.18 Importance of oils and fats for the body processesc
Saturated fats is a type of fat produced fromthe reaction between
saturated fatty acids and glycerol.An example of saturated fatty acids are
palmitic acid,CH3(CH2)16COOH.Unsaturated fat is a type of fat produced
from the reaction between unsaturated fatty acids and glycerol.c
c
ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc The structure of oil palm fruitc
Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are, linoleic acid,
CH3(CH2)4CH=CH2CH=CH(CH2)7 COOH and oleic
acids,CH3(CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7COOH.Unsaturated fats from vegetable oils such as palm oil,
can be changed to saturated fats such as margerine through the hydrogenation process. A
big portion of the palm oil comes from oil extracted from its mesocarp.
c
Structure of vulcanised rubberc
Rubber particles are made of rubber molecules that are covered with a
protein membrane that has negative charges on its surface.Acids have
hydrogen ions,H+, with a positive charge of the membrane which causes the
coagulation of latex. c
c
Sequence of changing unvulcanised rubber to vulcanised rubberc