CHAPTER 2 READING GUIDE

NAME ______________________________________
DATE _______________________________ PER ___
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
1. What are the four elements that make up 96% of living things?

__________________ ____________________ _____________________ __________________

2. What are the dominant elements of the remaining 4%?

3. a. What are trace elements?

b. List some examples of trace elements.

4. List the three major subatomic particles and provide the additional information for each one.
Subatomic particle location charge mass

__________________________ ________________ _____ __________

__________________________ ________________ _____ __________

__________________________ ________________ _____ __________

5. a. What is the atomic number?

b. What is the atomic mass?

6. What is an isotope?

7. How are radioactive isotopes useful in biology?

8. What are valence electrons?

9. What is the ultimate goal for a given atom during a reaction?

10. List the three ways an atom can obtain stability.

a. _______________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________
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c. _______________________________________________
11. What is a covalent bond?

12. a. What is electronegativity?

b. What are the two elements important in biology that have the highest electronegativity.

13. a. What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

b. Explain why the bond in a hydrocarbon ( C – H ) is nonpolar?

14. a. What is a polar covalent bond?

b. Explain why a H – O bond is polar.

c. Draw a H – O bond below and indicate the regions of partial charging with the correct charge.

15. The following questions are about ionic bonds.

a. Are electrons completely transferred in an ionic bond?

b. What is the electronegative difference between elements that form ionic bonds?

c. How does the environment effect the strength of this type of bond?

16. a. What are the atomic arrangement required for the formation of a hydrogen bond?

b. Draw a schematic of a hydrogen bond between to molecules.

17. What are Van der Waals attractions?

18. What happens to reactant and product molecules in a reaction with regard to bonds?

19. Write the terms reactants, products, and yields (arrow) in their appropriate places in a chemical equation.
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20. What is equal in a chemical system that is in equilibrium?