Edexcel Biology A2 2006 June Ms All

GCE
Edexcel GCE
Biology (9040)
Biology (Human) (9042)
Summer 2006
Mark Schemes
Biology / Biology (Human) (9040/9042)
Edexcel GCE
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Summer 2006
Publications Code UA017732
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Edexcel Ltd 2006
Contents
General Introduction p ii
Unit Codes and Unit Titles p iii
General Information p iv
Mark Schemes
Unit 1 6101 Molecules and cells p1
Unit 2B 6102 Exchange, transport and reproduction p 10

Unit 2H 6112 Exchange, transport and reproduction in humans p 18
Unit 3 6103/02* Written alternative to coursework* p 26

6103/03 Energy and the environment P 30
Unit 4 Core material Respiration and coordination p 35

Option A Microbiology and biotechnology p 40
Option B Food science p 44
Option C Human health and fitness p 48
Unit 5B 6105 Genetics, evolution and biodiversity p 52

Unit 5H 6115 Genetics, human evolution and biodiversity p 61
Unit 6 6106/02 Written alternative to coursework p 70

6106/03 Synoptic Paper p 74
* 6103/02 W1 (written alternative to coursework) is only available to International centres
i
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiners and revised, together with the
relevant questions, by a panel of senior examiners and subject teachers. The schemes
are further amended at the Standardisation meetings attended by all examiners. The
Standardisation meeting ensures as far as possible that the mark scheme covers the
candidates' actual responses to questions and that every examiner understands and
applies it in the same way.
The schemes in this document are the final mark schemes used by the examiners in this
examination and include the amendments made at the meeting. They do not include
any details of the discussions that took place in the meeting, nor do they include all of
the possible alternative answers or equivalent statements that were considered to be
worthy of credit.
It is emphasised that these mark schemes are working documents that apply to these
papers in this examination. Every effort is made to ensure a consistent approach to
marking from one examination to another but each marking point has to be judged in
the context of the candidates' responses and in relation to the other questions in the
paper. It should not be assumed that future mark schemes will adopt exactly the same
marking points as this one.
Edexcel cannot under any circumstances discuss or comment informally on the

marking of individual scripts. Any enquiries about the marks awarded to individual
candidates can be dealt with only through the official Enquiry about Results
procedure.
ii
Unit Codes and Unit Titles
These Mark Schemes cover the units offered in this examination for Advanced
Subsidiary Biology and Biology (Human) (8040 and 8042) and Advanced Biology and
Biology (Human) (9040 and 9042). The units available in this examination series for the
complete qualifications are listed in the table below.
Level Unit Biology Biology (Human)

AS 1 6101 Molecules and cells 6101
Exchange, transport and Exchange, transport and
2 6102 6112
reproduction reproduction in humans
3 6103 Energy and the environment and Practical Assessment 6103
A2 4 6104 Respiration and coordination and Options 6104

Genetics, evolution and Genetics, human evolution
5 6105 6115
biodiversity and biodiversity
6 6106 Synoptic and Practical Assessment 6106
Cashing in
The following tables show the units that must be taken in order to obtain an award for
AS or Advanced GCE Biology, or for AS or Advanced GCE Biology (Human).
Advanced Subsidiary
Level Unit 8040 Biology 8042 Biology (Human)

AS 1 6101 6101
2 6102 6112
3 6103 6103
Advanced GCE
Level Unit 9040 Biology 9042 Biology (Human)

AS 1 6101 6101
2 6102 6112
3 6103 6103
A2 4 6104 6104
5 6105* 6115*
6 6106* 6106*
* Only available in Summer examination series.
iii
GENERAL INFORMATION
The following symbols are used in the mark schemes for all questions:
Symbol Meaning of symbol

; semi colon Indicates the end of a marking point
Indicates that credit should be given for other correct
eq alternatives to a word or statement, as discussed in
the Standardisation meeting
Words or phrases separated by an oblique are
/ oblique
alternatives to each other
Indicate the beginning and end of a list of alternatives
{} curly brackets (separated by obliques) where necessary to avoid
confusion
Words inside round brackets are to aid understanding
() round brackets of the marking point but are not required to award
the point
Words inside square brackets are instructions or
[] square brackets
guidance for examiners
[CE] or [TE] Consecutive error / transferred error
Crossed out work
If a candidate has crossed out an answer and written new text, the crossed out work can
be ignored. If the candidate has crossed out work but written no new text, the crossed
out work for that question or part question should be marked, as far as it is possible to do
so.
Spelling and clarity
In general, an error made in an early part of a question is penalised when it occurs but
not subsequently. The candidate is penalised once only and can gain credit in later
parts of the question by correct reasoning from the earlier incorrect answer.
No marks are awarded specifically for quality of language in the written papers, except
for the essays in the synoptic paper. Use of English is however taken into account as
follows:
• the spelling of technical terms must be sufficiently correct for the answer to be
unambiguous
e.g. for amylase, ‘ammalase’ is acceptable whereas ‘amylose’ is not
e.g. for glycogen, ‘glicojen’ is acceptable whereas ‘glucagen’ is not
e.g. for ileum, ‘illeum’ is acceptable whereas ‘ilium’ is not
e.g. for mitosis, ‘mytosis’ is acceptable whereas ‘meitosis’ is not
• candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark.
• a correct statement that is contradicted by an incorrect statement in the same part

of an answer gains no mark – irrelevant material should be ignored.
iv
Summer 2006 6101 Unit 1 Mark Scheme
Unit 1 (6101)
Question 1 Maximum marks
Statement DNA mRNA
Double stranded 9 8
Adenine and uracil 8 9
Pentose sugar 9 9
Phosphodiester 9 9
[Any 2 correct = 1 mark]
Total 4 marks
Page 1 6101 June 2006

1 Energy store ;
2 Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy / energy store ;
3 Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy /energy store ;
4 Waterproof/eq ;
Total 4 marks
Page 2 6101 June 2006

Diagram mark (cell wall, no nucleus, slime capsule, pili or membrane-bound

organelles, genetic material or flagellum) ;
Any 3 labelled structures:
Cell wall ;
Invaginations / mesosome ;
Flagellum ;
Bacterial chromosome / circular DNA ;
Plasmid ;
70s ribosomes
Total 4 marks
Page 3 6101 June 2006

(a) A Granum / (stack of) thylakoids ;
B Stroma ;
C Starch grain ;
3 marks
(b) Correct width measured (mm / cm) ;
Width / 5000 ;
Correct conversion into µm ;

3 marks
(c) Palisade (mesophyll cells) ;
Spongy (mesophyll cell) ;
Guard (cells) ;
[“Mesophyll” unqualified = 1 mark]

2 mark
Total 8 marks
Page 4 6101 June 2006

(a) Peptide bond drawn correctly ;
Rest of both amino acids drawn correctly ;

2 marks
(b) (i) Reference to α-helix / β-pleated sheet ;
Reference to hydrogen bonds ;

2 marks
(ii) 1. The primary structure is the same length at both temperatures ;
2. The secondary structure is shorter at 25 °C ;
3. Length decreases from primary to secondary at both temperatures ;
4. Correct manipulation of figures ;

2 marks
(iii) 1. Reference to increase in kinetic energy at (55 °C) ;
2. (More) vibrations within molecule ;
3. Therefore hydrogen bonds (holding α-helix / β-pleated sheet together)

break/eq;
4. (Molecule) starts to unwind ;
2 marks
Total 8 marks
Page 5 6101 June 2006

(a) 1. Tendency of water molecules to move/ to be lost / to be gained ;
2. Determined by the {solute potential / concentration of solute / eq} ;
3. Reference to units ;
2 marks
(b) (i) (Increase in mass) due to uptake of water / eq ;
Idea of {water potential of potato is less than (0.2 mol dm-3) sucrose solution /
lower water concentration in potato cell than in sucrose solution / eq} ;
2 marks
(ii) 0.74 ± 0.01 (mol dm-3) ;

1 mark
(iii) No difference in water potentials / eq ;
So no net movement of water molecules / eq ;

2 marks
(c) 1. Reference to cellulose ;
2. Reference to hydrogen bonds (between chains) ;
3. Reference to microfibrils ;
4. Reference to criss-cross arrangement (of microfibrils)/ eq ;
5. Embedded in matrix/ Reference to {pectin / hemicellulose} ;

3 marks
Total 10 marks
Page 6 6101 June 2006

(a) (i) 4;
(ii) 4;
2 marks
(b) 1. Idea of using a short length of root tip ;
2. Ref. to acidification ;
3. Add {acetic orcein / acetocarmine / Feulgens stain / Schiffs reagent / Toluidine

Blue / Lactoproprionic Acid} ;
4. Warm / heat ;
5. Break open tip (with mounted needle / eq) ;
6. Mount/ eq in {stain / acid / water} ;
7. (Gently) squash under coverslip or slide ;
8. Warm slide (to intensify staining) ;

5 marks
(c) (i) Metaphase /prophase ;

1 mark
(ii) Spindle is made during prophase ;
(If there is no spindle) {there is nothing for the chromosomes to attach to (in
metaphase)} / {chromatids cannot be pulled apart (in anaphase)} ;
2 marks
Total 13 marks
Page 7 6101 June 2006

(a) (i) 1. (Due to) inhibitor/eq having similar shape/eq to substrate ;
2. {Attach to / block} active site ;
3. Therefore substrate cannot bind / eq. ;
4. Reference to competition ;
5. Reference to reversible and irreversible (inhibition) ;
6 Reduces {rate of reaction / enzyme activity} / stops the reaction (in correct
context);
3 marks
(ii) All molecules {have COO- / same charge/ same groups} at each end / eq /similar
chemical structure ;
1 mark
(iii) 1. Not similar shape to substrate / eq ;
2. Does not compete with substrate ;
3. Binds to {a different site / allosteric site / eq} ;
4. Changing the shape of the active site ;

2 marks
Page 8 6101 June 2006

Question 8 continued Maximum marks
(b) (i) Increases as substrate concentration increases up to 29/30 mg cm -3;
Linear between 0 -15 mg cm-3 or 15 -25 mg cm-3 ;
Remains {constant / eq} after 29/30 mg cm-3 ;

2 marks
(ii) All active sites are occupied / eq ;
At any given time / eq ;
Enzyme concentration is limiting / substrate concentration is not limiting / V max

;
2 mark
(iii) Rate of reaction is slower ;
Reaches a lower maximum rate of reaction ;
Correct manipulation of data ;

2 marks
Total 12 marks
Page 9 6101 June 2006

Summer 2006 6102 Unit 2B Mark Scheme
Unit 2B (6102)
Question 1 Maximum mark
External ;
Contract ;
Increase / eq ;
Decreases / eq ;
Total 4 marks
Page 10 6102 June 2006

(a) Cell A Neutrophil / polymorph /granulocyte ;
Cell B Lymphocyte / agranulocyte ;
2 marks
(b) Produces antibodies ;
In presence of antigens / attach to antigens/ Correct reference to function of

antibody (e.g. clumping of bacteria)/ reference to the formation of memory cells;
2 marks
(c) 1 Contain haemoglobin which {combines/eq} with carbon dioxide ;
2 To form carbaminohaemoglobin/eq ;
3 Presence of carbonic anhydrase ;
4 Formation of {carbonic acid / correct equation} ;
5 Formation of {hydrogencarbonate / correct equation} ;

3 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 11 6102 June 2006

(a) Reference to {blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure} ;
Forces out {water (and solutes)/plasma minus the protein} ;
Of capillaries ;
Reference to {basement membrane / pores} ;

3 marks
(b) (i) Protein (molecules) are large / eq ;
Cannot pass through {cell membranes / capillary (walls) / eq} ;

2 marks
(ii) 1. Sodium ions are small ;
2. Membrane is permeable to sodium ions / sodium ions can {diffuse / pass through}
{cell membrane / capillary (walls) / pores} / eq ;
3. No net diffusion / movement ;

2 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 12 6102 June 2006

(a) (i) Microvillus/ microvilli ;

1 mark
(ii) Reference to membrane-bound enzymes/eq ;
Named example of enzyme (sucrase, lactase, maltase);
Reference to correct substrates and products / enzymes that convert

disaccharides to monosaccharides / eq ;
2 marks
(b) 1. Membrane of {epithelial cell / microvillus} ;
2. Has carrier proteins ;
3. Reference to sodium co-transport ;
4. Reference to active transport ;
5. Reference to facilitated diffusion ;
6. Diffusion (of glucose) into {blood / capillary} from epithelial cell ;
7. Reference to blood flow maintains {diffusion / concentration} gradient ;

4 marks
(c) Bread contains starch ;
White bread digested more quickly than wholemeal / eq ;
Jam contains {sugars / glucose} ;
Which are absorbed directly/eq ;

3 marks
Total 10 marks
Page 13 6102 June 2006

(a) Number of stomata = 13 ; [check with final picture]
÷ 0.102 ;
Answer = 127 (per mm2) ;

3 marks
(b) (i) It increases / eq ;
By 0.35 mol dm-3 / eq ;

2 marks
(ii) (Increase in potassium concentration) reduces solute potential / eq ;
Water moves into cells ;
Down water potential gradient / by osmosis ;
Results in an increase in turgor (of guard cells) / describe change in shape of

guard cells ;
3 marks
Total 8 marks
Page 14 6102 June 2006

(a) Pollen tube ;

1 mark
(b) One male nucleus fuses with egg cell / eq ;
Forms zygote ;
Which is {diploid / eq} ;
One male nucleus fuses with {polar nuclei / fusion nucleus} ;
Forms endosperm ;
Which is {triploid / eq} ;

4 marks
(c) (i) 21 to 22 (%) ;

1 mark
(ii) {Rises / 21- 24% figs. Given} from 10 to 15 % ;
Reaches {a peak /eq} at 15 % ;
Decreases from 15 to 25 % ;
2 marks
Total 8 marks
Page 15 6102 June 2006

(a) Stage Prophase I / metaphase I / diplotene /diakinesis;
Reason Chromosomes paired / bivalents present / synopsis ;
Reference to {chiasmata formation / crossing over} ;

3 marks
(b) (i) 180 ;
(ii) 360 ;
2 marks
(c) Halves the number of chromosomes /eq ;
Reference to genetic variability / eq ;
Diploid number restored at fertilisation / eq ;

2 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 16 6102 June 2006

(a) Corpus luteum / yellow body ;

1 mark
(b) {Maintenance / eq} of {endometrium / uterus lining} ;
Inhibits secretion of {FSH / LH} ;
Inhibits secretion of {FSH / LH} releasing hormone ;
Inhibits ovulation ;
Inhibits prolactin secretion ;
Inhibits contraction of uterus ;

2 marks
(c) Line drawn from peak of curve towards RHS ;
Continuing at the same level as peak / rising (towards RHS) ;

2 marks
(d) 1 Stimulates contraction of {uterine muscle / uterus} ;
2 Pushing {fetus / baby} out ;
3 Ref to delivery of placenta ;
4 Stimulates contraction of cells in breast ;
5 Propels milk into ducts / eq ;

4 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 17 6102 June 2006

Summer 2006 6112 Unit 2H Mark Scheme
Unit 2H (6112)
Question 1* Maximum mark
* common with 6102
External ;
Contract ;
Increase / eq ;
Decreases / eq ;
Total 4 marks
Page 18 6112 June 2006


* common with 6102
(a) Cell A Neutrophil / polymorph /granulocyte ;
Cell B Lymphocyte / agranulocyte;

2 marks
(b) Produces antibodies ;
In presence of antigens / attach to antigens/ Correct reference to function of

antibody (e.g. clumping of bacteria)/ reference to the formation of memory cells;
2 marks
(c) 1 Contain haemoglobin which {combines/eq} with carbon dioxide ;
2 To form carbaminohaemoglobin/eq ;
3 Presence of carbonic anhydrase ;
4 Formation of {carbonic acid / correct equation} ;
5 Formation of {hydrogencarbonate / correct equation} ;

3 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 19 6112 June 2006


* common with 6102
(a) Reference to {blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure} ;
Forces out {water (and solutes)/plasma minus the protein} ;
Of capillaries ;
Reference to {basement membrane / pores} ;

3 marks
(b) (i) Protein (molecules) are large / eq ;
Cannot pass through {cell membranes / capillary (walls) / eq} ;

2 marks
(ii) 1. Sodium ions are small ;
2. Membrane is permeable to sodium ions / sodium ions can {diffuse / pass through}
{cell membrane / capillary (walls) / pores} / eq ;
3. No net diffusion / movement ;

2 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 20 6112 June 2006


* common with 6102
(a) (i) Microvillus/ microvilli ;

1 mark
(ii) Reference to membrane-bound enzymes/eq ;
Named example of enzyme (sucrase, lactase, maltase);
Reference to correct substrates and products / enzymes that convert

disaccharides to monosaccharides / eq ;
2 marks
(b) 1. Membrane of {epithelial cell / microvillus} ;
2. Has carrier proteins ;
3. Reference to sodium co-transport ;
4. Reference to active transport ;
5. Reference to facilitated diffusion ;
6. Diffusion (of glucose) into {blood / capillary} from epithelial cell ;
7. Reference to blood flow maintains {diffusion / concentration} gradient ;

4 marks
(c) Bread contains starch ;
White bread digested more quickly than wholemeal / eq ;
Jam contains {sugars / glucose} ;
Which are absorbed directly/eq ;

3 marks
Total 10 marks
Page 21 6112 June 2006

(a) {Sequence / series / eq} of events each time heart beats ;
Atrial systole ;
Followed by ventricular systole ;
Then diastole ;
3 marks
(b) (i) R wave correctly indicated ;

1 mark
(ii) Allows atria to contract (fully) ;
Before ventricles contract ;
Correct reference to {atrial emptying / ventricular filling} ;

3 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 22 6112 June 2006

(a) Air pressure decreases (as altitude increases) ;
Quantitative comment ;
2 marks
(b) (87 – 5 =) 82 (%) ;

1 mark
(c) Reference to low pO2 at high altitudes ;
Above 3000 m haemoglobin is less saturated with O2 (when breathing air) ;
Difference (in saturation) between breathing air and breathing oxygen increases as
altitude increases /breathing O2 increases % saturation ;
Reference to oxygen needed to maintain consciousness ;
Prevent altitude sickness/ named symptom of altitude sickness / eq;
4 marks
Total 7 marks
Page 23 6112 June 2006

(a) 4;
1 mark
(b) B A D C E;
[correct sequence = 2 marks, one error = 1 mark]

2 marks
(c) Halves chromosome number / diploid to haploid / 2n to n ;
Diploid restored at fertilisation ;
Reference to genetic variation ;
Four {sperm / gametes} produced ;
From each spermatogonium / eq ;

4 marks
(d) Very few sperm reach the ovum / eq ;
Reference to some sperm not motile / eq ;
Therefore large number needed / eq ;
Reference collective activity / eq ;

2 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 24 6112 June 2006


* common with 6102
(a) Corpus luteum / yellow body ;

1 mark
(b) {Maintenance / eq} of {endometrium / uterus lining} ;
Inhibits secretion of {FSH / LH} ;
Inhibits secretion of {FSH / LH} releasing hormone ;
Inhibits ovulation ;
Inhibits prolactin secretion ;
Inhibits contraction of uterus ;

2 marks
(c) Line drawn from peak of curve towards RHS ;
Continuing at the same level as peak / rising (towards RHS) ;

2 marks
(d) 1 Stimulates contraction of {uterine muscle / uterus} ;
2 Pushing {fetus / baby} out ;
3 Ref to delivery of placenta ;
4 Stimulates contraction of cells in breast ;
5 Propels milk into ducts / eq ;

4 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 25 6112 June 2006

Summer 2006 6103/02 Unit 3 W1 Mark Scheme
Unit 3 W1 (6103/02)
(International only)
(a)
Time (days) Number of (dead) insects (per 96 cm2)
0 17
14 27
28 6
42 22
56 24
70 20
OR
Time (days) Number of (dead) insects per 16 cm2)

0 2.8
14 4.5
28 1.0
42 3.7
56 4.0
70 3.3
Suitable table with time and totals ;
Correct rows and columns with headings and units ;
Totals correct ;;
[All correct = 2 marks, 1 error = 1 mark, 2 errors = 0 marks]
4 marks
(b) F Line graph drawn ;
A Axes correct orientation and labelled with units using half paper ;
P All points plotted correctly ;
L Straight line joins points or good curve through all points ;

4 marks
Page 26 6103/02 W1 June 2006

Question 1 continued Maximum mark
(c) {Day 28 / eq} measurements much lower than others ;
Comment on wide spread of results even on the same day ;
Individual counts range from 0 - 7 ;
Suggests some other variable(s) not controlled ;

3 marks
(d) Journeys not in same geographical location / eq ;
Weather conditions vary / rain may wash off insects ;
(Average) speeds will vary ;
{Length /time} of journeys will vary ;
Use of different vehicles / different positions of number plates / type of number

plate ;
3 marks
Total 14 marks
Page 27 6103/02 W1 June 2006

(a) 1. Selection of minimum of five fit and five unfit people ;
2. Definition of {fit and unfit} (for this investigation) ;
3. Two inherent variables controlled (e.g. same sex, same stated age, same mass,
same height, smoker / non smoker ;
4. Two external variables controlled (e.g. time of day, before a meal, before other
exercise) ;
5. Breathing rate measured at rest ;
6. Measured as {number of exhalations / breaths / eq} in {30 seconds / 1 minute} ;
7. Exactly how breathing measured (e.g. touching rib cage / use of bellows sensor/
spirometer) ;
8. Specific exercise type (e.g. exercise bike, step ups) ;
9. Better control of exercise rate (e.g. number of steps per minute / constant speed
of exercise bike) ;
10. Exercise for specific time – minimum 3 minutes ;
11. Breathing rate immediately after exercise measured ;
12. Same stated time for breathing rate to return to normal (before new exercise) ;
13. Record breathing for different exercise rates ;
14. Repeat each exercise for each individual at least twice more ;
FOR PULSE RATE: NOT 5, 6 or 7 to a max of 7 marks

9 marks
(b) Suitable table of raw data, with correctly labelled rows and columns (including
units) to match the method ;
Line graph / bar chart / class frequency histogram ;
Correctly orientated and labelled axes (including units) ;
Reference to method of calculating percentage increase ;

3 marks
Page 28 6103/02 W1 June 2006

(c) Limitations:
Difficult to define fit and unfit accurately ;
Difficult to ensure that exercise rate remains constant ;
Difficult to ensure that rest period (between each exercise) is sufficient recovery
time ;
Difficult to ensure that exhalations are {involuntary / not artificially induced} /

eq ;
Further work:
Find breathing rates for a gradation of {fit / unfit} individuals ;
Investigate effect of exercise on breathing rates in different sexes/ ages/non

smoker or smoker;
Investigate {tidal volume / percentage carbon dioxide} OR percentage oxygen in

exhaled air as a result of exercise ;
Investigate the effect of a {training programme / eq} on an individual’s breathing

rate after exercise ;
6 marks
Total 18 marks
Page 29 6103/02 W1 June 2006

Summer 2006 6103/03 Unit 3 Mark Scheme
Unit 3 paper 3 (6103/03)

(a) 1. Reference to {saprobiont / saprophytic} ;
2. {Digests/eq} {dead / non-living / eq} material ;
3. {By secreting/eq} {proteases / eq} ;
4. Reference to {hyphae / rhizoids} {absorb /eq} amino acids ;

2 marks
(b) 1 Reference to {mutualism / symbiosis} ;
2. {Fixes nitrogen / reduces nitrogen / reference to nitrogen fixation} to form {ammonia

/ ammonium / amines} ;
3. Reference to nitrogenase ;
4. {Ammonia / ammonium / amines / product of N-fixation} used to form amino acids ;
2 marks
(c) 1. Reference to parasitism / Lives in {{small intestine / ileum / duodenum} of {host /

living organism / named e.g.}} ;
2. Host’s {enzymes digest proteins / proteases} (in food) ;
3. Amino acids absorbed through {body surface / eq} ;

2 marks
Total 6 marks
Page 30 6103/03 June 2006

(a) (i) 1. Gases {dissolve / eq} ;
2. Ref. to water in {atmosphere/eq} ;
3. pH 5.5 or lower / more acidic / lower than normal / named acid} ;
2 marks
(ii) 1. Readings allow C.E for 2 or more d.p. from graph: {6.7 ± 0.1} and {3.4 ± 0.1} ;
2. Suitable correct working e.g. (3.3 / 6.7) x 100 ;
3. Correct answer e.g. 49(.3) ;
[penalise 2 or more d.p once but allow CE]

3 marks
(iii) 1. Ref to {legislation/named example};
2. Desulphurisation / removal of {sulphur / sulphur dioxide} ;
3. Increased {natural gas / biogas / low sulphur fuel} ;
4. CAT converters ;
5. Ref to {alternative energy source / renewable} ;
6. More use of {public transport/eq} ;

2 marks
Page 31 6103/03 June 2006

(b) 1. {Both /eq} increase mortality ;
2. High aluminium mortality lower than low pH mortality / converse ;
3. Idea of low pH and high aluminium have greater effect than sum of the
individual effects / eq ;
4. Manipulated data ;
3 marks
(c) 1. {Fewer trout (larvae) survive / trout population falls / eq} ;
2. {Less food / fewer trout to eat / eq} for herons ;
3. Herons {die /move to another area} ;
4. Heron population falls/eq ;
5. Herons eat more {frogs / toads /eq} ;
6. Ref {bioaccumulation /eq} / toxicity of aluminium ;

4 marks
Total 14 marks
Page 32 6103/03 June 2006

(a) Producer ;
Primary consumer /herbivore ;

2 marks
(b) (i) [Allow marking points if describe chondrus in B & C & Enteromorphia in B & C]
Rock pool B had {40-45%} Chondrus and no Enteromorpha ;
Rock pool C had {95-99%} Enteromorpha and no Chondrus ;

2 marks
(ii) 1. In Rock pool A, Enteromorpha remains {low / none little change} ;
2. But in Rock pool B it increases {after 4 months/ between 4 and 10 months} and then
levels off ;
3. In Rock pool C it falls {after / from} 2 months (through the rest of the period) ;
3 marks
(iii) In Rock pool A the periwinkles eat all of the Enteromorpha ;
In Rock pool B the removal of the periwinkles has removed the grazing, so the
Enteromorpha can increase in cover / in Rock pool C the Enteromorpha has decreased
because the periwinkles have been added to the rock pool ;
2 marks
(iv) (No Enteromorph) so periwinkles switch to eating Chondrus/ new consumer / ref to
specified environmental change ;
1 mark
Page 33 6103/03 June 2006

(c) 1. Maximum number of algal species at periwinkle density of 150 periwinkles per m2 /
Up to 150 periwinkles per m2 the number of algal species increases and above 150
periwinkles per m2 algal species decrease ;
2. Number of species increase because periwinkles are eating {particular species /

Enteromorpha} / periwinkle grazing stops faster growing algae out competing other
species ;
3. Number of species decrease because {periwinkles eat all species / periwinkles eating
algae faster than they can grow/inedible ones survive / faster growing ones survive} ;
2 marks
(d) (i) 1. (Raw) sewage ;
2. Fertiliser(s) ;
3. Detergents(s) ;
2 marks
(ii) 1. (Excess nutrients) {stimulates / increases} {algae growth / eq} ;
2. Reference to eutrophication in correct context (as excess nutrients) ;
3. {Algae / plants} die ;
4. {Bacteria / decomposers} increase in number ;
5. {Bacteria / decomposers} use up oxygen / oxygen level falls / BOD increases ;
6. Death of {fish / other animals} /increase in {animals/named e.g.} that are adapted to
low oxygen conditions;
4 marks
Total 18 marks
Page 34 6103/03 June 2006

Summer 2006 6104 Core Unit 4 Mark scheme
Unit 4 Core (6104)

(a) Leaves / seeds/ roots/ stems/ petioles/ flowers/ fruits/ shoots/ coleoptiles
/ buds ;
1 mark
(b) (in dark) slow conversion in darkness (PFR) to PR ;
(Infar red light) fast conversion (PFR) to PR ;

2 marks
(c) Exposure to {red light / 660 to 700nm / daylight / white light} ;

1 mark
Total 4 marks
Page 35 6104 Core June 2006

(a) (i) Type: Effector / motor / multipolar ;
Role: {Transmit / eq} impulses to {effectors / muscles / glands /

named eg.} ;
2 marks
(ii) Arrow drawn points down from cell body to synaptic knob;
1 mark
(b) Where: Grey matter ;
Importance: {link/eq} with {sensory / relay} neurone / reference to

summation ;
2 marks
(c) 1. Gap in the myelin sheath /eq ;
2. Enables {depolarisation/action potential/eq} (of axon) ;
3. Causes impulse to jump from node to node / saltatory conduction ;
4. Speeds up (transmission of )impulse ;
3 marks
Total 8 marks

(a) 1. Both rise in first half hour ;
2. {Greater/ faster} increase in diabetic men (in first half hour) / converse ;
3. (between 30 to 60 minutes) decreases in non-diabetic men and increases in

diabetic men ;
4. {After one hour/eq} the non-diabetic bgl is lower than the original and diabetic is
higher;
5. Manipulation of comparative figures to support any of above ;

3 marks
(b) (i) Insulin causes fall in blood glucose levels ;
Blood glucose does not decrease in diabetic men / decrease only seen in non-
diabetic men / allow converse;
2 marks
(ii) 1. Correct reference to effect on respiration ;
2. Osmotic effect of glucose / eq ;
3. Reference to oedema/dehydration of {cells / tissues} / eq ;
4. Reference to change in blood {pressure / pH} ;
5. Coma / death /fainting / nausea / kidney damage ;

2 marks
(c) 1. Low level detected by pancreas / islets of Langerhans / α cells ;
2. Glucagon secreted / eq;
3. By α cells ;
4. {Glycogenolysis / gluconeogenesis / eq} stimulated ;
5. (Results in) the release of glucose {into blood / from liver} ;

3 marks
Total 10 marks

Maximum 3 marks if no reference to “at these sites”

(a) 1. electrons lose energy
2. H+ pumped into intermembrane space ;
3. H+ accumulate / reference to concentration gradient ;
4. Reference to {ATPase / H+ channel /stalked particle} (inner membrane) ;
5. H+ flow (through ATPase) back into matrix ;
6. {Phosphorylation of ADP / ADP + Pi } to ATP ;
4 marks
(b) 1. 1 x reduced FAD and 1 x reduced NAD produced / eq ;
2. (1 x) reduced NAD gives 3 ATP molecules ;
3. (1 x) reduced FAD gives 2 ATP molecules ;
4. Because reduced FAD donates {H+ / electrons} after site 1 / eq ;
3 marks
(c) Cytoplasm ;
Matrix of mitochondria ;
Matrix of mitochondria ;
3 marks
Total 10 marks

Gross structure:
1. Reference to renal artery and renal vein ;
2. Reference to ureter qualified ;
3. Reference to outer cortex and inner medulla ;
4. Reference to pelvis as a cavity /eq ;
Nephron structure:
5. Reference to nephron;
6. Consisting of Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and

distal convoluted tubule in correct sequence;
7. Reference to glomerulus located inside Bowman’s capsule ;
8. Details of Bowman’s capsule e.g. basement membrane / podocytes ;
9. Reference to wide afferent and narrow efferent arterioles ;
10. Cells of PCT have {microvilli / brush borders / lots of mitochondria;
11. Details given for loop of Henle eg location, relative width of limbs ;
12. Reference to vasa recta ;
13. Details of collecting ducts eg connect to lots of nephrons, location ;
[Allow marks from well-labelled diagram]
Total 8 marks

Summer 2006 6104/01 Unit 4 Option A Mark Scheme
Unit 4A (6104/01)
Endotoxin Exotoxin
Released once {bacteria have died /

1. Released from living bacteria ;
cell wall damaged}
Delay between infection and {release / {Released soon after infection /
2.
symptoms} symptoms appear quickly} ;
Part of the bacterial cell wall /
3. Protein / enzyme ;
lipoplysaccharide
Needed in high concentrations to have
4. Effective in very small concentrations ;
an effect
Example: salmonella / Gram negative Example: staphylococcus / Gram
5.
only negative and positive;
3 marks
λ phage HIV
1. DNA RNA ;
2. No reverse transcriptase Reverse transcriptase ;
3. Complex Polyhedral / icosahedral ;
4. No {envelope / membrane} Enveloped / with membrane;
5. Tail pins/no GP proteins No tail pins / GP proteins;
3 marks
Total 6 marks
Page 40 6104 Option A June 2006

(a) Fungus / Ascomycetes / Ascomycota/ mould ;

1 mark
(b) (i) 1. All nutrients added at beginning of culture / none added during ;
2. Waste products not removed ;
3. Product harvested at end/ eq;
4. pH not adjusted ;
2 marks
(ii) 1. (Penicillin is) a secondary metabolite ;
2. Produced {at end of growth phase / during stationary phase} ;
3. Microorganisms {stop growing / enter stationary phase} when {nutrients are

depleted / waste products build up / pH falls / anaerobic} ;
2 marks
(c) Culture fluid / fraction 2;
Because penicillin is secreted /eq ;

2 marks
Total 7 marks

(a) 12 x 106 (cells added in the 2 cm3) ;
Total volume (22cm3) ; [CE]
÷ 22 = 5.45 x 105 (cells cm-3) ; [CE]

3 marks
(b) (i) 1. Neither species of bacteria survive at pH 9 ;
2. The optimum pH for growth of E. coli is pH 8 and for pH 6 for L. bulgaricus ;
3. E. coli cannot survive/eq pH 4, 5(& 9), L. bulgaricus cannot survive 8 (& 9) ;
4. E. coli can survive pH 6 & but L. bulgaricus can survive pH4 ;
5. E. coli can grow at pH 7(& 8), L. bulgaricus can grow at pH 5;(6) & 7 ;
6. L. bulgaricus can tolerate a wider range of pH values than E. coli ;
7. E.coli {grows better/eq} in alkaline conditions but L Bulgaricus {grows better/eq}

in acidic conditions ;
3 marks
(ii) 1. pH affects enzyme (activity)/protein ;
2. They have different enzymes/proteins ;
3. Reference to L. bulgaricus {needing to tolerate {low pH / acidic conditions} / are

acidophilic};
4. Because of lactic acid fermentation ;
5. Enzymes needed for {DNA replication / protein synthesis / cell wall synthesis} /
proteins needed for cell transport/eq;
3 marks
Total 9 marks

(a) (i) Dilution plating / use of a counting chamber with an exclusions dye (e.g.
methylene blue);
1 mark
(ii) Mix bacteria / sterile technique/eq ;

1 mark
(b) (i) 1. Lag phase shown ;
2. Exponential phase shown;
3. Line for exponential phase steeper than that given for glucose ;
3 marks
(ii) 1. (Second lag phase / delay before new growth) due to {synthesis/secretion} of
{enzymes/sucrase} ;
2. Time taken to {break down/absorb}{sucrose/products};
3. More growth due to addition of carbon source / eq ;
4. Growth rate is faster than for glucose because sucrose is a disaccharide / eq ;
5. (Stationary phase results) when sucrose all used up/eq ;
6. Reference to diauxic growth ;

3 marks
Total 8 marks

Summer 2006 6104/02 Unit 4 Option B Mark Scheme
Unit 4B (6104/02)
(a) Fungi / ascomycetes / ascomycota/ eq ;

1 mark
(b) In {anaerobic respiration / fermentation} ;
Ethanol is produced ;
2 marks
Respiration produces CO2 ;
Causing dough to rise/eq ;

2 marks
Total 5 marks
Page 44 6104 Option B June 2006

(a) 74 – 57 (= 17) ;
(17) ÷ 74 ;
x 100 = {22.97 / 23.0} (%) ;

3 marks
(b) Scurvy / Anaemia ;

1 mark
(c) 1. Storage {in modified atmosphere / with low oxygen} ;
2. {Packaging / qualified example} (to prevent bruising) ;
3. Coat with wax (to reduce respiration / oxygen entry) ;
4. Keep cool /eq ;
5. Keep out of light/eq ;

2 marks
Total 6 marks

(a) {Incubate / eq} at 35 – 40 °C ;
For stated time (10 min – 60 min) ;

2 marks
(b) 1. Pasteurised sample has failed the test / Pasteurisation not effective ;
2. Indicates bacteria still {active / alive} ;
3. Idea that there are bacteria respiring ;
4. And this causes the colour change ;
5. Reference to redox reactions ;

3 marks
(c) 1. No {lactase / β galactosidase} ;
2. Lactose not {digested / eq} ;
3. (Undigested) lactose fermented ;
4. by intestinal bacteria ;
5. Causing {diarrhoea / nausea / abdominal pain / colic / flatulence / eq} ;
6. Reference to osmotic effect of (undigested) lactose in gut ;

4 marks
7. Lactose-reduced milk contains glucose and galactose;
8. Which can be absorbed / whereas lactose cannot be absorbed ;
Total 9 marks

(a) (i) Very overweight ;
BMI 30 / or above ;
Due to excessive {adipose tissue / fat} ;

2 marks
(ii) {Relationship between / eq} (body) mass and height ;
(A measure of) overweight / underweight ;
[BMI = mass (kg) ÷ height (m)2 = 2 marks]

2 marks
(b) (i) 1. Overweight increases in children ;
2. But in boys slightly more than in girls ;
3. Obesity increases in children ;
4. Particularly in boys ;
5. Any quantitative comparative figure ;

3 marks
(ii) Eating more junk food / eq ;
Increased advertising of junk food / eq ;
Higher {fat / calorie / carbohydrate} intake ;
{More sedentary life style / watching more TV / less exercise} eq ;

2 marks
(c) Increased risk of {fractures / high blood pressure / diabetes / (coronary) heart
disease}/eq ;
1 mark
Total 10 marks

Summer 2006 6104/03 Unit 4 Option C Mark Scheme
Unit 4C (6104/03)
Cardiac Striated
1. In heart Attached to {bones / skeleton} ;

No intercalated discs / no gap
Intercalated discs / gap junctions /
2. junctions sacromeres regularly
sacromeres irregularly arranged
arranged ;
3. Branched Not branched ;
One nucleus per cell / individual

4. Multinucleate / fibres /eq ;
cells
5. Myogenic / involuntary / eq Neurogenic / voluntary/eq ;
6. Does not fatigue /eq Does fatigue /eq ;
3 marks
Myoglobin Haemoglobin
1. Muscle Red blood cells/eq ;
2. Stores oxygen {Transports/eq} oxygen ;
3. Higher affinity / eq Lower affinity / eq ;
4. One sub-unit/eq Four sub-units/eq ;
5. One {oxygen molecule/ haem} Four {oxygen molecules/haem groups} ;
6. Cannot {carry /eq} CO2 Can {carry/eq} CO2 ;
3 marks
Total 6 marks
Page 48 6104 Option C June 2006

(a) (i) B;
1 mark
(ii) Mitosis ;
1 mark
(iii) (Plasma cells) {secrete / produce} antibodies ;
(Memory cells) respond to a second {exposure/eq} (to the same antigen) /faster
response to infection / eq ;
2 marks
(b) 1. Receptors on cell surface bind to {antigen / cell / opsin/ particle / named
example} ;
2. Cells engulf {pathogen / eq} / pseudopodia extend around the {pathogen / eq} /
reference to endocytosis ;
3. {Phagosome / (phagocytic) vesicle} is formed (inside the cell) ;
4. Lysosomes fuse with vesicle membrane /eq ;
5. {Secrete/ release} (hydrolytic) enzymes into vesicle ;
6. {Pathogen / antigen} is {digested / destroyed} ;

3 marks
Total 7 marks

(a) (i) 1. (oxygen uptake) increases up to 60dm3 min -1

and
then levels off;
2. linear relationship up to 30 dm3 min-1 /fastest up to {20/30} dm3 min-1 ;
3. 30 – 60 dm3 min-1 the increase is less ;
4. credit manipulation of figures ;
3 marks
(ii) 2.5 – 0.40 / 2.10 ;
÷ 0.40 ;
x 100 = 525(%) ;
answer : 525 %
3 marks
(b) 1. Increased numbers of capillaries {around alveoli / in lungs} / increased cardia

muscle /increase stroke volume ;
2. Greater blood flow through the lungs ;
3. Increased numbers of red blood cells ;
4. Increased haemoglobin ;
5. Steeper diffusion gradient / eq ;

3 marks
Total 9 marks

(a) 1. Both increase up to the age of 30 and then decrease ;
2. After 30 years of age decrease variable for women but linear decrease in men ;
3. Fastest decrease is between the ages 45 and 55 years for women ;
4. Credit use of comparative figures ;
3 marks
(b) (i) Osteoporosis ;

1 mark
(ii) 1. Mean bone density is lower in women ;
2. Bone density decreases below {fracture level / (4 a. u.)} ;
3. Faster decline in bone density / lose calcium faster ;
4. Reference to {menopause / less oestrogen} ;
3 marks
(iii) Increased {calcium intake / weight bearing exercise} / HRT / regular exercise
when younger/ glucosamine / chondrotinsulphate / bisphosphonates;
1 mark
Total 8 marks

Unit 5B (6105/01)
Plantae / Plants;
Prokaryota / Monera / bacteria ;
Fungi / Fungus ; [ref to moulds = 0]
Animalia / animals ; [ref. to mammals = 0]
Total 4 marks
Page 52 6105 June 2006

(a) (gene) {length / eq} of DNA that codes for {polypeptide / protein /eq};
(allele) form of gene /eq ;
2 marks
(b) (i) dominant ;
if recessive not possible to produce child D or G, (as all offspring in second generation
would have to be Dd)/eq explantion ;
2 marks
(b)(ii) B - Dd
F - dd
J - Dd
[ 2 correct = 1, 3 correct = 2 ]
2 marks
Must use D and d (allow CE for other letters used in (b)(ii))
(b)(iii) 50% / 1 in 2 / 0.5 / ½ ;

(parental genotypes) dd x Dd ;
Clearly indicated gametes ;
offspring genotypes /(at least Dd and dd) ;
3 marks
(c) 1. mutation ;
2. occurs during meiosis /suitable cause of mutation /ref to non-disjunction;
3. causes faulty {protein /polypeptide/eq} to be produced /might not be produced ;
4. recessive/ both parents could be carriers /eq;
5. offspring inherit recessive(allele) from both parents ;
2 marks
Total 11 marks
Page 53 6105 June 2006

a) ref. to shape described gives {increased/eq} / surface area ;

1 mark
b) 1. active {uptake / transport} ;
2. {up / against / eq} {concentration gradient / eq} ;
3. {energy /ATP} used ;
4. idea of selective uptake ;
5. by cell membrane ;
6. ref. to ion pumps / carrier protein / channel protein ;
7. ref. to diffusion /facilitated diffusion ;

4 marks
c) reduced NADP / eq +
+
ATP ;
1 mark
d) 1. suitable plant material ; [e.g. maize seedling, duckweed] ;
2. ref. to {culture solution / Sach’s solution} with phosphate missing and ref. to
complete / control with all minerals ;
3. control of specified variable / eq;
4. description of suitable apparatus set up / simple diagram ;
5. left to grow for appropriate time/eq ;
6. ref. to how measured result assessed ;

3 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 54 6105 June 2006

a) 1. addition of phosphate to ADP / eq ;
2. idea of {redox / oxidation} reactions ;

2 marks
b) 1. ref. to phospholipids in membranes ;
2. ROS react with fatty acids in phospholipids ;
3. {damage / disrupt /eq} membrane of {mitochondria / cristae} ;
4. {etc / H+ pumps /stalked particles} {in /across} inner membrane (of

mitochondria;
5. {etc / H+} not possible in damaged membrane / eq ;

3 marks
c) 1. {deletion / substitution / addition} of {a / single} {nucleotide/ base}

in a DNA;
2. (triplet) codes for different amino acid / ref to frame shift ;
3. sequence of amino acids (in enzyme) altered ;
4. {shape / tertiary structure} of {enzyme / superoxide dismutase / active

site} altered ;
5. {substrate / superoxide} {no longer fits / unable to bind with} {enzyme /

superoxide dismutase / active site} / ref. enzyme-substrate complex cannot
form ;
6. (therefore) superoxide {not removed / eq};

4 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 55 6105 June 2006

(a) 1. {long / pointed} canines for {stabbing prey / holding prey / eq} ;
2. {premolars / molars/ carnassials} have {sharp edges / eq} for {shearing/eq} ;
3. incisors for nibbling meat off bones ;

2 marks
(b)(i) 1. correct comparison of rodents in the diet ;
2. correct comparison of {small pets / human food /berries} in the diet ;
3. general comparison of the diet
[Note: not essential to use figures, but if used must be correct]

2 marks
(b)(ii) diet would provide more energy ;
need to eat a smaller quantity of food ;
less time spend {hunting /eq} ;

2 marks
(c)(i) 1. more territories in a given area ;
2. greater carrying capacity ;
3. Population would be greater/population density greater ;
2 marks
(c)(ii) any ONE from the following list: disease, predation, climate / weather, water
supply, stress, availability of dens / shelter, pest control, road kill ;
1 mark
Page 56 6105 June 2006

(d) 1. Interruption of gene flow between rural and urban foxes / rural and urban
populations become separated /no breeding between rural and urban foxes ;
2. by a barrier / behavioral differences ;
3. different environmental conditions either side of barrier ;
4. different selection pressures / different alleles selected for ;
5. formation of two different gene pools ;
6. difference in physical characteristics / dentition ;
7. correct ref to {allopatry /sympatry}

4 marks
Total 13 marks
Page 57 6105 June 2006

a) 1. {malathion/inhibitor} similar shape to {substrate /acetylcholine} ;
2. blocks active site;
3. prevents {entry I eq} of {acetylcholine / substrate};

2 marks
b) 1. acetylcholine allows impulse to pass across gap/eq;
2. acetylcholine binds to receptor on post synaptic membrane ;
3. (causes) depolarisation/ action potential ;
4. malathion {inhibits I prevents action of} acetylcholinesterase;
5. (therefore) acetylcholine not {hydrolysed I broken down} ;
6. (results in) idea of {further I continued I over} stimulation of post-synaptic

membrane /{more I too many} impulses transmitted;
7. idea of over-stimulation of {muscles I glands I eq} / idea of loss of coordination;
5 marks
Page 58 6105 June 2006

c) 1. (chemicals) {rapid I quicker result} / easier to apply;
2. idea of storage only temporary I cannot establish long-term balance of organisms

used in biological methods;
3. difficult to remove control organisms from fruit etc;
4. ref. to reliability /kills all the insects ;
2 marks
d) 1. (biodegrade organophosphates are not being used) so percentages fall ;

2. (non-biodegradable) {do not break down I persist / accumulate in
environment};
3. (therefore) remain on {fruit I vegetables I grains};
4. so other {detectable/non biodegradable} residues/eq will increase;
3 marks
Total 12 marks
Page 59 6105 June 2006

(a) {chemical energy / carbohydrates stored} / {energy fixed/ eq} ;

in {producers / green plants/ by {photosynthesis / autotrophic nutrition} ;
2 marks
(b)(i) 180 - 145 = 35;

(5 / 35) x 100 or other intermediate stage ;
= 14.3 (%) ;
3 marks
(b)(ii) 1. {decompose / breakdown / rot /eq} {dead bodies / remains/eq} ;

2. using external digestion ;
3. to release {nutrients / nitrates / eq} / recycling of nutrients ;
2 marks
(b)(iii) 1. temperature lower ;

2. lower enzyme activity ;
3. shorter growing season / less sunlight / less suitable wavelength of light ;
4. less photosynthesis ;
5. less water ;
2 marks
(c) 1. replanting after harvesting trees ;
2. selective felling of timber trees, leaving rest of forest intact ;
3. {pollarding/ coppicing} / harvesting/eq on rotation ;
4. (coppicing)trees cut at ground level and allowed to regrow /(pollarding)
cut leaving short trunk idea and regrow;
5. for 4 -25 years and then harvested ;
6. plant fast growing species of trees ;
3 marks
Total 12 marks
Page 60 6105 June 2006

Unit 5H (6115/01)
Apes humans / hominoids ;
New world monkeys /eq ;
Lemurs /lemuroidae /prosimians ;
Old world monkeys/eq ;
Total 4 marks
Page 61 6115 June 2006

Question 2* Maximum marks

* common with 6105
(d) (gene) {length / eq} of DNA that codes for {polypeptide / protein /eq};
(allele) form of gene /eq ;
2 marks
(e) (i) dominant ;
if recessive not possible to produce child D or G, (as all offspring in second generation
would have to be Dd) /equivalent explantion;
2 marks
(b)(ii) B - Dd
F - dd
J - Dd
[ 2 correct = 1, 3 correct = 2 ]
2 marks
Must use D and d (allow CE for other letters used in (b)(ii))
(b)(iii) 50% / 1 in 2 / 0.5 / ½ ;

(parental genotypes) dd x Dd ;
Clearly indicated gametes ;
offspring genotypes /(at least Dd and dd) ;
3 marks
(f) 1. mutation ;
2. occurs during meiosis /suitable cause of mutation /ref. to non-disjunction ;
3. causes faulty {protein /polypeptide/eq} to be produced /might not be produced;
4. recessive/ both parents could be carriers /eq;
5. offspring inherit recessive(allele) from both parents ;
2 marks
Total 11 marks
Page 62 6115 June 2006

a) sagittal {crest / ridge} /eq ;

1 mark
b) 1. {shape/angle} of {hip joint /pelvis};
2. structure of foot / e.g. arching , lack of opposable toe ;
3. fossil footprints ;
4. {s-shaped/eq} spine ;
5. position of spine in relation to skull ;

2 marks
c) 1. ref. to ice age ;
2. less rainfall ;
3. reduction of forest areas ;
4. increase in {grasslands / savannah} ;
5. (hominid) could walk upright ;
6. (therefore) able to survive on grasslands / less dependent on forests ;
3 marks
d) 1. ref. to PCR to increase / amplify sample ;
2. ref. to {temperature increase/heat} to break H-bonds ;
3. strands separate ;
4. ref. to cooling {anneals / joins / eq} two strands from different

samples;
5. temperature increased ;
6. higher temperature needed to separate strands, closer the relationship / eq ;
4 marks
Total 10 marks
Page 63 6115 June 2006


* common with 6105
b) 1. addition of phosphate to ADP / eq ;
2. idea of {redox / oxidation} reactions ;

2 marks
b) 1. ref. to phospholipids in membranes ;
2. ROS react with fatty acids in phospholipids ;
3. {damage / disrupt /eq} membrane of {mitochondria / cristae} ;
4. {etc / H+ pumps /stalked particles} {in /across} inner membrane (of

mitochondria;
5. {etc / H+} not possible in damaged membrane / eq ;
3 marks
d) 1. {deletion / substitution / addition} of {a / single} {nucleotide/ base}

in a DNA;
2. (triplet) codes for different amino acid / ref to frame shift ;
3. sequence of amino acids (in enzyme) altered ;
6. {shape / tertiary structure} of {enzyme / superoxide dismutase / active

site} altered ;
7. {substrate / superoxide} {no longer fits / unable to bind with} {enzyme /

superoxide dismutase / active site} / ref. enzyme-substrate complex cannot
form ;
6. (therefore) superoxide {not removed / eq};

4 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 64 6115 June 2006

(a) 1. {long / pointed} canines for {stabbing prey / holding prey / eq} ;
2. {premolars / molars/ carnassials} have {sharp edges / eq} for {shearing/eq} ;
3. incisors for nibbling meat off bones ;

2 marks
(b)(i) 1. correct comparison of rodents in the diet ;
2. correct comparison of {small pets / human food /berries} in the diet ;
3. general comparison of the diet
[Note: not essential to use figures, but if used must be correct]

2 marks
(b)(ii) diet would provide more energy ;
need to eat a smaller quantity of food ;
less time spend {hunting /eq} ;

2 marks
(c) 1. Interruption of gene flow between rural and urban foxes / rural and urban
populations become separated /no breeding between rural and urban foxes ;
2. by a barrier / behavioral differences ;
3. different environmental conditions either side of barrier ;
4. different selection pressures / different alleles selected for ;
5. formation of two different gene pools ;
6. difference in physical characteristics / dentition ;
7. correct ref to {allopatry /sympatry}

4 marks
Page 65 6115 June 2006

(d) 1. docile / easy to handle /non-aggressive /eq;
2. easy to feed / care for ;
3. herding (in grazing animals);
4. loyalty / desire to live close to humans (dogs) ;

2 marks
Total 12 marks
Page 66 6115 June 2006


* common with 6105
a) 1. {malathion/inhibitor} similar shape to {substrate /acetylcholine} ;
2. blocks active site;
3. prevents {entry I eq} of {acetylcholine / substrate};

2 marks
b) 1. acetylcholine allows impulse to pass across gap/eq;
2. acetylcholine binds to receptor on post synaptic membrane ;
3. (causes) depolarisation/ action potential ;
4. malathion {inhibits I prevents action of} acetylcholinesterase;
5. (therefore) acetylcholine not {hydrolysed I broken down} ;
6. (results in) idea of {further I continued I over} stimulation of post-synaptic

membrane /{more I too many} impulses transmitted;
7. idea of over-stimulation of {muscles I glands I eq} / idea of loss of coordination;

5 marks
Page 67 6115 June 2006

Question 6* continued Maximum marks

* common with 6105
c) 1. (chemicals) {rapid I quicker result} / easier to apply;
2. idea of storage only temporary I cannot establish long-term balance of organisms

used in biological methods;
3. difficult to remove control organisms from fruit etc;
4. ref. to reliability /kills all the insects ;
2 marks
d) 1. (biodegrade organophosphates are not being used) so percentages fall ;

2. (non-biodegradable) {do not break down I persist / accumulate in
environment};
3. (therefore) remain on {fruit I vegetables I grains};
4. so other {detectable/non biodegradable} residues/eq will increase;
3 marks
Total 12 marks
Page 68 6115 June 2006


* common with 6105
(b) {chemical energy / carbohydrates stored} / {energy fixed/ eq} ;

in {producers / green plants/ by {photosynthesis / autotrophic nutrition} ;
2 marks
(b)(i) 180 - 145 = 35;

(5 / 35) x 100 or other intermediate stage ;
= 14.3 (%) ;
3 marks
(b)(ii) 1. {decompose / breakdown / rot /eq} {dead bodies / remains/eq} ;

2. using external digestion ;
3. to release {nutrients / nitrates / eq} / recycling of nutrients ;
2 marks
(b)(iii) 1. temperature lower ;

2. lower enzyme activity ;
3. shorter growing season / less sunlight / less suitable wavelength of light ;
4. less photosynthesis ;
5. less water ;
2 marks
(c) 1. replanting after harvesting trees ;
2. selective felling of timber trees, leaving rest of forest intact ;
3. {pollarding/ coppicing} / harvesting/eq on rotation ;
4. (coppicing)trees cut at ground level and allowed to regrow /(pollarding)
cut leaving short trunk idea and regrow;
5. for 4 -25 years and then harvested ;
6. plant fast growing species of trees ;
3 marks
Total 12 marks
Page 69 6115 June 2006

Unit 6 W2 (6106/02)
(a)
Systolic pressure kPa Numbers of 20 year olds Numbers of 50 year olds
13–13.9 1 0
14–14.9 3 0
15–15.9 6 1
16–16.9 6 4
17–17.9 3 6
18–18.9 1 7
19–19.9 0 2
OR
Systolic pressure kPa Numbers of 20 year olds Numbers of 50 year olds

13–14.9 4 0
15–16.9 12 5
17–18.9 4 13
19–19.9 0 2
Tally chart with suitable size classes (minimum 3) ;
Table of values with correct headings and units ;
Correct totals for each group ;

3 marks
(b) A Axes correct orientation and scale with units and labels;
F Contiguous histogram with key;
P All points plotted correctly;

3 marks
(c) Calculated value (18.1) is greater that critical value at 5% level (2.02) ;
(Therefore) there is a significant difference between the (means of) blood

pressure of each age group ;
2 marks
Page 70 6106 W2 June 2006

(d) Variability comments:
Simple comment on range of data / 13.9 – 18.2 kPa for 20 year olds / 15.9 – 19.2
kPa for 50 year olds / eq ;
Reference to overlap of values in both groups ;
Reference to natural variability in living organisms / statistics test shows very low
probability (well below 5%) that these differences could occur by chance ;
Reliability comments:
Results appear to be reliable for human testing / within limitations of sample size
/ eq ;
3 marks
Total 11 marks
Page 71 6106 W2 June 2006

(a) 1. Stated size of area studied/ stated size of quadrat ;
2. Use of random numbers to select sites OR study of minimum of 20 hoverflies ;
3. Reference to time of study e.g. {time of day, time of year, season} ;
4. Two environmental conditions {considered / recorded} e.g. {temperature /

sunlight / wind speed} ;
5. Ref to control of flower colour ;
6. Use of key to identify {flowers / hoverflies / pollen grains} OR pollen grains from
flowers and use for reference ;
7. Visiting defined, e.g. hoverfly wings not beating ;
8. Record number of hoverflies visiting species in {fixed area / stated quadrat size}
{at fixed intervals / stated times} OR record number of visits of one hoverfly to
each species in stated time ;
9. Method of capture of hoverflies – pooter/ (sweep) net ;
10. Method of obtaining gut contents e.g. collect faecal pellets ;
11. (Dissolve each) faecal pellet in {stain / water / alcohol} on a microscope slide /
haemocytometer slide;
12. Count pollen grains using microscope on {high power objective lens / x 400
magnification} ;
13. Return hoverflies to environment / care of plants in wild;

10 marks
Style Account is concise and well organised, there is good use of technical vocabulary
and almost no spelling errors
2 marks
There is some lack of organisation, limited vocabulary and a number of spelling

errors
1 mark
The account lacks organisation, there is little or no technical vocabulary and many
spelling errors
0 marks
Page 72 6106 W2 June 2006

(b) Table of raw data matched to method, with accurately labelled rows and columns
(with units) ;
Suitable graphical format matched to suggested results table ;
Reference to calculation of means OR graph comparative ;
Stated null hypothesis (accept from plan) ;

4 marks
(c) Limitations:
Hoverflies may only visit one type of flower ;
Reference to {too few / too many} hoverflies ;
Difficult to track fast moving hoverflies / difficult to {record / identify} activity of

many individuals at same time / hoverflies may not stay in the area investigated ;
Hoverflies collected by {sweep net / pooter} not same as those observed / ref to
delay between eating and droppings ;
Sub max 3
Further work:
Investigate-
Feeding in different species of hover flies ;
Feeding at (different ages / different time of year) ;
Feeding in different sexes ;
Effect of hoverflies on {seed / fruit} production ;
Feeding in laboratory trials (using laboratory pupated insects) ;
Sub max 3
5 marks
Total 21 marks
Page 73 6106 W2 June 2006

Summer 2006 6106/03 Unit 6 Synoptic Mark Scheme
Unit 6 Synoptic (6106/03)

(a) 1. Combines reversibly/eq ;
2. Has a {high affinity/eq} for oxygen at high {partial pressure of oxygen / eq} ;
3. {Low affinity for /eq} oxygen at low {partial pressures of oxygen / eq} ;
4. {Able to transport / combine with} carbon dioxide /eq ;
5. Each haemoglobin molecule can carry {four molecules / eight atoms of oxygen} ;
6. Bohr effect explained /eq ;

2 marks
(b) (i) Fetal haemoglobin: 1.44 /1.45 /1. 46

AND
Maternal haemoglobin: 1.94 / 1.95 /1.96 ;
1 mark
(ii) 1. Reference to higher affinity for oxygen (than maternal haemoglobin)/converse;
2. At given partial pressure of oxygen ;
3. Oxygen transferred from maternal {haemoglobin/blood/eq} (to fetal haemoglobin)

;
4. In placenta ;
3 marks
(c) Gametes shown clearly ;
Correct genotypes of offspring ;
Probability {0.5 / ½ / 50% / 1 in 2} ;

3 marks
Total 9 marks
Page 74 6106/03 June 2006

(a) 1. An organism which contains {a new gene / new DNA/recombinant DNA} ;
2. Transferred from another species ;
3. (DNA altered) by {gene technology / genetic engineering} ;

2 marks
(b) 1. They {eat/reduce numbers of/eq} {insect / pests / named example} ;
2. Which {eat/eq} the (crop) plants / eq ;
3. Reference to biological control ;
4. Act as pollinators / eq ;
2 marks
Page 75 6106/03 June 2006

(c) 1. (Herbivores) provide {food / energy source} for {carnivores / secondary consumers
/ higher trophic levels/eq} ;
2. Limit growth of {producers / other herbivores /predators/ eq} ;
3. (Decomposers) break down organic remains / eq ;
4. Reference to {recycling / release of} {nutrients / named example} ;

3 marks
(d) (i) 1. Use a quadrat ;
2. Suitable stated size of quadrat (e.g. 0.5 m2) ;
3. Reference to random sampling ;
4. Count number of weeds in quadrat ;
5. Replication ;
6. Density = numbers per (unit) area / explanation of how density calculated ;
4 marks
(ii) (GM) maize ;
Weeds/surface invertebrates increase/ eq ;

2 marks
(e) {Resistance to herbicide in other plants / eq} /
{Adverse effect on food chains / eq} ;

1 mark
Total 14 marks
Page 76 6106/03 June 2006

ESSAY MARK SCHEME

Outline Scheme for Marking Essay Questions 3, 4B and 5H
Total maximum mark available: 15

11 available for Scientific content
2 available for Balance
2 available for Coherence
Scientific content (S)
Scientific
Description
content (S)
The essay demonstrates a sound understanding of the topic, contains a

significant amount of material relevant to two (or more) Units (including A2
11
units) of the specification, and includes suitable examples where appropriate.
(good)
The candidate has clearly and coherently linked together information from
different parts of the specification.
An above average essay, with accurate content. The essay includes a good
9
balance of material from two (or more) Units (including the A2 units), and
(above
examples where appropriate.
average)
There may be some minor factual errors.
The essay includes relevant information from two (or more) Units (including A2
7 units), and the candidate links together some facts and principles.
(average) Some examples are included.
There may be some minor factual errors.
5 The essay includes some generally factually accurate and relevant material,
(below and there is some attempt to link material from more than one Unit.
average) However, the discussion lacks details, particularly of A2 Units.
3 There are some correct facts, but the essay lacks depth and accuracy. Little
(poor) or no relevant information from A2 Units is included.
1 There are very few correct facts. The essay is generally superficial and
(poor) inaccurate.
0
No correct, or relevant, information included.
(poor)
Note: If a scientific content mark of 0, 1, or 3 is awarded, it is very unlikely that a balance

mark of more than 1 is appropriate.
S = 11 marks
Page 77 6106/03 June 2006

Balance (B)
2 Most of the main topic areas outlined are covered

Some discussion of each of the areas chosen, illustrated with suitable examples
where appropriate
Material included is all relevant to the topic and the candidate has linked
information from more than one area of the specification.
Few, if any, errors
1 Some of the main topic areas outlined are covered.

Some discussion of each of the areas chosen.
Some irrelevant material included.
There are some examples which link together different areas of the
specification.
Some errors
0 Very limited account, possibly only one aspect chosen

Material mostly irrelevant
No examples of the candidate linking information from different topics
Large number of errors
B = 2 marks
Coherence (C)
2 Material logically presented, with little or no repetition

Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used
throughout
Essay has an introduction and a conclusion, summing up the main points
Technical terms have been used correctly
Spelling, punctuation and grammar are sound
1 Material is presented in an orderly way and some ideas developed

Continuous prose used throughout
The introduction and conclusion may be present, but brief
Technical terms are used and generally in the correct context
Spelling, punctuation and grammar are generally sound
0 Essay style not used

Material in note form or numbered points
Very poor standard of spelling, punctuation and grammar
C = 2 marks
Page 78 6106/03 June 2006

Introduction could include outline structure and properties of the cell surface membrane –
Specific membrane transport process to include:
Diffusion –
Facilitated diffusion –
Osmosis –
[Unit 1]
Active transport –
Endocytosis –
Exocytosis –
Illustrated with reference to specific examples such as:
Diffusion and gas exchange - [Unit 2 & Unit 5B]
Absorption of monosaccharides - [Unit 2]
Reabsorption of solutes and water in the nephron - [Unit 4]
Movement of ions and release of transmitter substances - [Unit 4]
Scientific content 11 marks

Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
Total 15 marks
Page 79 6106/03 June 2006

Question 4B Maximum mark
Introduction could include reference to the need for the detection of external stimuli –
Detection of light by the mammalian eye –
Structure of the retina –
Rods and cones – [Unit 4]
Retinal pigments –
Rhodopsin and monochromatic light –
Cones and colour perception –
Phytochrome and flowering plants –
PR and PFR in relation to photoperiod – [Unit 5B]
Detection of light direction and auxin –

Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
Total 15 marks
Page 80 6106/03 June 2006

Question 5H Maximum mark
Introduction could include reference to the structures and functions of the male and
female reproductive systems –
Gamete formation involves meiosis –
Oogenesis –
[Unit 2H]
Spermatogenesis –
Transfer of male gametes leading to fertilisation –
Amniocentesis described as removal of amniotic fluid –
Culture of fetal cells –
Preparation of karyotype –
[Unit 5H]
Interpretation of karyotype – e.g. reference to Down’s syndrome –
Possible courses of action –
Social, ethical and legal implications –

Balance 2 marks
Coherence 2 marks
Total 15 marks
Page 81 6106/03 June 2006

Further copies of this publication are available from
Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4LN
Telephone 01623 467467
Fax 01623 450481
Order Code UA 017732 Summer 2006
For more information on Edexcel qualifications please
visit www.edexcel.org.uk/qualifications
Alternatively, you can contact Customer Services
at www.edexcel.org.uk/ask or on 0870 240 9800.
Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales no.4496750

Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH

Edexcel Biology A2 2006 June Ms All

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GCE

Unit 1 6101 Molecules and cells p1

Unit 2B 6102 Exchange, transport and reproduction p 10

Unit 3 6103/02* Written alternative to coursework* p 26

Unit 4 Core material Respiration and coordination p 35

Unit 5B 6105 Genetics, evolution and biodiversity p 52

Unit 6 6106/02 Written alternative to coursework p 70

* 6103/02 W1 (written alternative to coursework) is only available to International centres

Edexcel cannot under any circumstances discuss or comment informally on the

Level Unit Biology Biology (Human)

A2 4 6104 Respiration and coordination and Options 6104

Level Unit 8040 Biology 8042 Biology (Human)

Level Unit 9040 Biology 9042 Biology (Human)

* Only available in Summer examination series.

Symbol Meaning of symbol

Crossed out work

Spelling and clarity

• a correct statement that is contradicted by an incorrect statement in the same part

Statement DNA mRNA

[Any 2 correct = 1 mark]

Page 1 6101 June 2006

Question 2 Maximum marks

2 Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy / energy store ;

3 Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy /energy store ;

Page 2 6101 June 2006

Question 3 Maximum marks

Diagram mark (cell wall, no nucleus, slime capsule, pili or membrane-bound

Any 3 labelled structures:

Bacterial chromosome / circular DNA ;

Page 3 6101 June 2006

Question 4 Maximum marks

(a) A Granum / (stack of) thylakoids ;

(b) Correct width measured (mm / cm) ;

Correct conversion into µm ;

(c) Palisade (mesophyll cells) ;

Spongy (mesophyll cell) ;

[“Mesophyll” unqualified = 1 mark]

Page 4 6101 June 2006

Question 5 Maximum marks

(a) Peptide bond drawn correctly ;

Rest of both amino acids drawn correctly ;

(b) (i) Reference to α-helix / β-pleated sheet ;

Reference to hydrogen bonds ;

(ii) 1. The primary structure is the same length at both temperatures ;

2. The secondary structure is shorter at 25 °C ;

3. Length decreases from primary to secondary at both temperatures ;

4. Correct manipulation of figures ;

(iii) 1. Reference to increase in kinetic energy at (55 °C) ;

2. (More) vibrations within molecule ;

3. Therefore hydrogen bonds (holding α-helix / β-pleated sheet together)

4. (Molecule) starts to unwind ;

Page 5 6101 June 2006

Question 6 Maximum marks

(a) 1. Tendency of water molecules to move/ to be lost / to be gained ;

2. Determined by the {solute potential / concentration of solute / eq} ;

(b) (i) (Increase in mass) due to uptake of water / eq ;

(ii) 0.74 ± 0.01 (mol dm-3) ;

(iii) No difference in water potentials / eq ;

So no net movement of water molecules / eq ;

(c) 1. Reference to cellulose ;

2. Reference to hydrogen bonds (between chains) ;

4. Reference to criss-cross arrangement (of microfibrils)/ eq ;

5. Embedded in matrix/ Reference to {pectin / hemicellulose} ;