Complex Enzymes

Enzyme Structures and Components Simple Enzymes

Holoenzyme Active form

Protein Residue Or Apoenzyme

Cofactor non-protein molecules ,

Vitamins and their derivatives

Non Vitamins

Metal ions and their complexes

Coenzymes are not covalently attached to an enzyme, but are very tightly bound. During reaction coenzyme chemically changed and released. Initial form of coenzymes is regenerated in second, independent reaction. Since coenzymes are chemically changed as a consequence of enzyme action, it is useful to consider coenzymes to be a special class of substrates, or second substrates, which are common to many different enzymes. , , , . .

Prosthetic groups can be covalently bound to enzyme and does not leave enzyme during reaction. The group which have been bounded to coenzyme is transferred to next substrate or other coenzyme molecule. . , ,

1. Vitamins

a) Lipoic acid

OOC

(CH2)4

CH

CH2

CH2

OOC

(CH2)4

HC

CH2

CH2 S

O HN b) Biotin HC H2C S C NH CH CH

SH SH reduced form O (CH2)4 COO

-

S oxidized form

H2N

(CH2)4

HC S

CH2

CH2 S

2. Phosphoric acid esters of vitamins a) Thiamine pyrophosphate NH2 N H3C N CH2 N

+

Lipoamide - Coenzyme form -

C S C

CH3 CH2 CH2 OH N

NH2 CH2 N
+

C C

CH3

HC

Thiamine - vitamin B1 - B1 b) Pyridoxal phosphate CHO HO H3C N CH2 O O P O

-

CH2 CH2 OO S H3C N O P P O O O Thiamine pyrophosphate (coenzyme form)O ( , ) -

HC

b) Pyridoxamin phosphate CH2 NH2 O P O H3C N

-

HO

CH2 O

O OH N Nicotinic acid, niacine, itamin B5 or itamin PP , , B5 O C O

-

O C O O P O CH2 H H O OH O H H OH N NH2 N N H H OH O O P O
-

NH2

N+

CH2 H H

O H

OH

H OH N

NH2 N

P O

CH2 H H OH

O H

N H OH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, abbreviated NAD + + , O H3C H3C N N N OH HO OH HO OH Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, B2 NH O H3C H3C N N N OH OH O P O NH O

O OH O Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) ()

H OH

Ascorbic acid, commonly known as vitamin ,

H H NH2
-

O C NH2
OP O H O CH2 H N

O O P O CH2 H H + 2e
+ -

O H

N H OH N

O-

H O OH

NH2 N

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADP+ + OH N H2N N N N O NH NH COOCOO-

O-

P O

CH2 H H OH

O H

N H OH

NADH

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9 or folacin, as folate, the naturally occurring form. B9 . -

NH2 O O P O
-

N O CH2 H O H N N

HO

OH H

HO

OH

NH2 O O P O
-

NH2 N N N H H OH N O H2C O H H OH O P OO O
P O

OH OO P O
-

N O CH2 H H OH O H H OH N N

N O CH2 H H OH O H H OH N N

N NH2

O-

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) 5'-Adenylic acid A ( ) N

Adenosine diphosphate (A P) A ( ) NH2 N N N H H OH O H2C O H H OH O P O

-

Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) 5'-Guanylic acid ( ) O O P O O

-

NH2 N O CH2 O P OH H O O H H OH N N N

O P O
-

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) A ( )

O H3C H3C N N N NH O CH2 O O P O Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) ( )

-

cyclo-Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) -A ( )

CH2 (CHOH)3

O-

Metal ions and their complexes

Ion Cupric

Examples of enzymes containing this ion Cytochrome oxidase Catalase Cytochrome (via Heme) Nitrogenase Hydrogenase Glucose 6-phosphatase Hexokinase Arginase Nitrate reductase Urease Glutathione peroxidase Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase DNA polymerase Manganese ( )

Ferrous or Ferric

Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Zinc

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