Bed Zed Total Energy Strategy Jan 2000

BeddingtonZeroEnergy Development
TotalEnergyStrategy
includingGreenTransportPlan
BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup,November1999 BedZEDCentre,24HeliosRoad,Wallington,Surrey,SM67BZ,UK www.bioregional.com
BedZEDTotalEnergyStrategy
CONTENTS
Chapters1and2containanoverviewofthisreport.Chapters3to9containadditional informationontopicscoveredinthesummary. 1. 2. 2.1
INTRODUCTION SUMMARY
3 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 15 17 19 55 62 64 70 76 78 80
Totalenergybalance
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2.1.1 Buildingenergyconsumption 2.1.2 Transportenergyconsumption 2.1.3 Greentransportplan 2.1.4 Onsiterenewableenergyproduction 2.1.5 Siteenergybalance 2.1.6 Conclusions Greentariffelectricity Consumerbehaviourtowardsenergyefficienthousingandtransport Reducedrunningcostsofenergyefficienthousingandtransport Encouragingenergyefficientdevelopments:Recommendationsfor policymakers ENERGYANALYSIS
PREDICTEDENERGYUSE(OVEARUPANDPARTNERS,1999) TRANSPORTENERGYCONSUMPTION GREENTRANSPORTPLAN
8. 9. 10.
CONSUMERBEHAVIOURTOWARDSENERGYEFFICIENT HOUSINGANDTRANSPORT ANNUALSAVINGSONENERGYBILLSFORABEDZED HOMECOMPAREDWITHACONVENTIONALHOME
PRIVATECARVERSUSPOOLCAR:ACOSTCOMPARISON REFERENCES
ForthelatestinformationontheworkoftheBioRegionalDevelopmentGroupvisitourwebsite www.bioregional.com.
BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup January2000
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ThisworkhasbeenmadepossiblebyfinancialassistancefromtheMarkLeonardTrust,theJJ CharitableTrustandtheDETRsEnvironmentalActionFund. BioRegionalDevelopmentGroupwouldliketothankChrisTwinnandJacobKnightofOveArup andPartnersforpermissiontoreproducetheirworkonpredictingenergyuseatBedZED. InadditionthanksareduetoGrahamDean,LondonBoroughofSuttonandTomBrake,MPfor discussingtheirthoughtsonopportunitiesforpolicydevelopmenttoencouragefutureenergy efficientdevelopments.
3 1.
INTRODUCTION BeddingtonZero(fossil)EnergyDevelopment(BedZED)isanenergyefficientdevelopment comprising78homes,1500m2ofofficespaceandashop,caf,healthylivingcentreand childcarefacility.BedZEDwillbebuiltonadisusedsewageworksinHackbridge,London BoroughofSutton. TheBedZEDdesignconceptisdrivenbythedesireforanetzero(fossil)energydevelopment i.e.onewhichwillproduceatleastasmuchenergyfromrenewablesourcesasitconsumes. Onlyenergyfromrenewablesourceswillbeusedtomeettheenergyneedsofthe development.BedZEDwillthereforebeacarbonneutraldevelopmentresultinginnonet additionofcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere. ThebuildingsatBedZEDwouldachieveaSAPrating(thegovernmentsStandardAssessment ProcedureforEnergyRatingofDwellings(1998Edition)BRECSU)equivalentto150anda60% reductioninenergydemand,includinga90%reductioninheatdemand.Buildingswillbe constructedfromthermallymassivematerialsthatstoreheatduringwarmconditionsand releaseheatatcoolertimes.Inaddition,allbuildingswillbeenclosedina300mminsulation jacket. BedZEDhousesarearrangedinsouthfacingterracestomaximiseheatgainfromthesun, knownaspassivesolargain.Eachterraceisbackedbynorthfacingoffices,whereminimalsolar gainwillreducethetendencytooverheatandtheneedforenergyhungryairconditioning. Duetothebuildingconstruction,heatfromthesun,andthatgeneratedbyoccupantsandevery dayactivitiessuchascookingissufficienttoheatBedZEDhomestoacomfortable temperature.Theneedforspaceheating,whichaccountsforasignificantpartoftheenergy demandinconventionalbuildings,isthereforereducedoractuallyeliminated. BedZEDhomesandofficeswillbefittedwithlowenergylightingandenergyefficient appliancestoreduceelectricityrequirements. BedZEDwillbepoweredbyasmallscalecombinedheatandpowerplant(CHP).In conventionalenergygeneration,theheatthatisproducedasabyproductofelectricity generationislost.WithCHP,thisheatcanbeharnessedandputtouse.AtBedZED,theheat fromtheCHPwillprovidehotwater,whichwillbedistributedaroundthesiteviaadistrict heatingsystemofsuperinsulatedpipes.Shouldresidentsorworkersrequireaheatingboost, eachhomeorofficehasadomestichotwatertankthatcandoubleasaradiator. TheCHPplantatBedZEDwillbepoweredbyoffcutsfromtreesurgerywastewhichwould otherwisegotolandfill.WoodisacarbonneutralfuelbecausetheCO2releasedwhenthe woodisburnedisequaltothatabsorbedbythetreeasitgrew. Toenableresidentsandworkerstokeeptrackoftheirheatandelectricityuse,meterswillbe mountedineachhomeandofficekitchen. Transportenergyaccountsforalargeproportionoftheenergyconsumptionofany development.Thereforeanenergyefficientdevelopmentmustaddresstransportenergy demands.TheBedZEDprojectintroducesthefirstlegallybindingGreenTransportPlanasa conditionofplanningpermission.TheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanaimsto
reduceprivatefossilfuelmileageby50%.Thiswillbeachievedthroughanumberof initiativesincludingacarpoolandthepromotionofelectricvehicles.Agrantfromthe EU5thFrameworkfundhasbeensecuredtoinstalla777m2photovoltaicsolararraywhichwill generateenoughenergytopower40electricvehicles. Embodiedenergyisameasureoftheenergyrequiredtomanufactureaproduct.Aproduct thatrequireslargeamountsofenergytoobtainandprocessthenecessaryrawmaterialsora productthatistransportedlongdistancesduringprocessingortomarketwillhaveahigh embodiedenergy.ToreducetheembodiedenergyofBedZED,constructionmaterialshave beenselectedfortheirlowembodiedenergyandsourcedwithina35mileradiusofthesite, wherepossible.Theenergyexpendedintransportingmaterialstothesiteistherefore minimised. ThisreportlooksatBedZEDinitslivingphasequantifyingtheenergycostsofrunningthe buildingsandtransportassociatedwiththedevelopment.Quantifyingtheenergyembodiedin theconstructionofBedZEDisoutsidethescopeofthisreport. Thisreportcanbereadintwopartschapters1and2containanoverviewofthereportand chapters3to9containadditionalinformationontopicscoveredinthissummary.Thereport quantifiesthepredictedenergyconsumptionofthebuildings(section2.1.1,chapters3,4)and transport(sections2.1.2,2.1.3,chapters5,6)atBedZEDandsetsouthowrenewableenergy sourceswillbeharnessedtomeettheseenergydemands(section2.1.4).Thesiteenergy balanceforBedZEDiscalculatedinsection2.1.5.Theopportunitiesforbuyingatpeaktimes andsellingattimesoflowconsumptionenergytoagreentariffaccountaredescribedin section2.2. Section2.3andchapter7examineconsumerperceptionsofenergyefficienthousingand transportandsection2.4andchapters8and9quantifythecostsavingsassociatedwithan energyefficientBedZEDlifestyle. Lastly,recommendationsaremadeonreviewingcentralandlocalgovernmentpolicyto encouragefutureenergyefficientdevelopments(section2.5). TheUKgovernmentiscommittedtoa20%reductionin1990CO2emissionlevelsby2010.The UKgovernmentcurrentlyexpectstosurpassthistarget,largelyduetoreductionsinCO2 emissionsfrompowergeneration,manufacturingindustryandcommerce.Incontrast,the latesteditionofUKEnergyandtheEnvironment(CambridgeEconometrics,1999)forecastsa 13%increaseinhouseholdCO2emissionsfrom1990levelsby2010anda1%riseinemissions fromtransport.TheBedZEDTotalEnergyStrategydemonstratesthat,withanimaginative approach,theUKcansuccessfullytackleCO2emissionsfromhousingandtransport. Inadditiontoitsowntargets,thegovernmenthascommitteditselftoalegallybinding12.5% reductiontargetforallgreenhousegasesby200812,agreedundertheKyotoProtocoltothe FrameworkConventiononClimateChange,inDecember1997. ThegovernmentconsultationpaperUKClimateChangeProgramme(October1998)details howthegovernmentconsiderstheUKcouldmeetthe20%reductiontarget.Measures outlinedinthereportinclude:10%ofelectricitygenerationfromrenewables;efficiencygainsin householdsandtheservicesector;andtheincreaseduseofCHPtomeetfinalenergydemand. TheBedZEDTotalEnergyStrategyincorporatesallofthese
measuresaspartofacomprehensiveapproachtominimisingCO2emissionsandrelianceon fossilfuels. InordertoreversethetrendforincreasingCO2emissionsfromhousingweneedanimaginative reappraisalofthewayourhomesarebuilt.BedZEDdemonstratesthatcomfortable,desirable, affordable,energyefficientbuildingsarethehomesandworkplacesofthefuture.
6 2. 2.1 TotalEnergyBalance
SUMMARY
Thischapterquantifiesthepredictedenergyconsumptionofthebuildingsandtransportat BedZED.Itthensetsouthowrenewableenergysourceswillbeharnessedtomeetthese energydemandsandcalculatesthesiteenergybalance. 2.1.1 Chapter3,EnergyAnalysis,predictstheelectricalenergyrequirementsofeachhousetypeat BedZEDassumingtheuseofenergyefficientappliancesandlowenergylighting.Theelectrical energyconsumptionofeachhousetypeiscalculatedforthreescenarios.Theworstcase scenarioisbasedonfrequentuseofappliancesperformingatthelowerendoftheenergy efficiencyspectrum.Thebestcasescenarioisbasedonlessfrequentuseofthemostenergy efficientappliancesonthemarket.Thesescenariosreflectthedifferentlifestylesandenergy consumptionof,forinstance,acouplewithachildandasinglepersonlivinginasimilar2 bedroomflat.Furtherinformationaboutthescenariosonwhichthesecalculationsarebased canbefoundinChapter3,EnergyAnalysis.
Housetype 1bedroomflat 2bedroomflat 3bedroommaisonette 3/4bedroomtownhouse Worstcasescenario (kWh/year) 4343 4867 5863 6137 Typicalscenario (kWh/year) 1723 2028 2657 2882 Bestcasescenario (kWh/year) 989 1189 1663 2449
BuildingEnergyConsumption
Table1:ThepredictedannualelectricalenergyrequirementsforeachhousetypeatBedZED Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse(OveArupandPartners,1999)addstheelectricalenergy requirementsforoffices,communityfacilitiesandservicessuchasstreetlightingandhotwater pumps.Theelectricalenergyrequirementsoftheofficesandcommunityfacilitiesarebasedon DETRbestpracticefiguresforeachbuildingtype(DETR,1998).Thepredictedheatenergy requirementsacrossthesitearealsocalculated.

Residential Offices Communityfacilities CHP Othere.g.streetlighting Totaldailyenergy(kWh) Totalannualenergy(kWh) Heatenergy (kWh/winterday)1 1270 300 396 850 n/a 2816 882,9772 Electricalenergy (kWh/day)1 723 189 456 51 251 1670 640,0283 Totalenergy (kWh/winterday)1 1993 489 852 51 251 3585 1,212,7554
Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999 Adjustedtoallowforreducedsummerheatingdemandsand20%lossesindistribution 3 Adjustedtoallowfor5%lossesindistribution 4 Adjustedtoallowforreducedsummerheatingdemandsanddistributionlosses

2
Table2:ThepredicteddailyandannualheatandelectricalenergyrequirementsatBedZED
7 2.1.2
TransportEnergyConsumption Transportofpeopleandgoodsconsumes,typically,onethirdofacountrysenergy requirements(Wackernageletal,1993).Theconstructionoftransportinfrastructureand vehiclesandtravelitselfusehugeamountsofresourcesinmaterial,land,energyandtime. Anenergyefficientdevelopmentmustthereforeaddresstransportenergydemands.AGreen TransportPlanhasbeendevisedtoreducetheenergyconsumptionoftravelbyBedZED residentsandworkers. ItispredictedthattransportenergyconsumptionatBedZEDwillchangeovertimeasthe compositionofvehiclesonsitechanges.Transportenergyconsumptionwillfallas: residentsandworkersreducecaruseinfavourofpublictransport,walkingandcycling residentsgiveuptheircarorforegothepurchaseofafirstorsecondcartojointhecarpool Ashiftfromfossilfueltoelectricvehicleswillalsoreduceenergyconsumption.
Scenario Equivalentconventional development BedZEDyear1 BedZEDyear5 BedZEDyear10 Transportenergy consumption(kWh/year) 963,098 709,589 527,679 244,746 %oftotaltransportenergygenerated fromonsiterenewablesources 0 2 6 34
Table3:Thepredictedtransportenergyconsumptionandpercentageoftotaltransportenergy generatedfromonsiterenewablesforBedZEDandanequivalentconventionaldevelopment Fromtable3itcanbeseenthatannualtransportenergyconsumptionatBedZEDinyear1is predictedtobe75%ofanequivalentconventionaldevelopment.Thisfigureispredictedtofall to55%inyear5andjust30%inyear10.Byyear10,itispredictedthatathirdofthetransport energydemandatBedZEDwillbemetfromonsiterenewables. Thereductionintransportenergyconsumptionandshifttotransportpoweredbyrenewable energywillbeachievedbyimplementingtheBedZEDGreenTransportPlan. TheGreenTransportPlantargetofreducingprivate,residentialfossilfuelmileageby50% comparedtoanequivalentconventionaldevelopmentismetinthescenariopredicted foryear5.
8 2.1.3
GreenTransportPlan BedZEDresidentsandworkerswillbeofferedacomprehensivepackageoftransportoptions whichwillenablethemtoretaintravelflexibilitywhilstreducingdependenceonprivate,fossil fuelcars.ThesetransportinitiativesarebroughttogetherinalegallybindingGreenTransport Plan. TheGreenTransportPlansetsatargetofreducingBedZEDresidentialfossilfuelcarmileageby 50%comparedtoanequivalentconventionaldevelopment. TheGreenTransportPlanaimstoreducecaruseandcarownershipatBedZEDby: i. Reducingtheneedtotravel BedZEDisamixedusedevelopment,offeringtheopportunityforresidentstoliveandwork onsite,thereforeeliminatingtheneedtocommutetowork. Toreduceshoppingrelatedtravel,residentswillbeencouragedtoordershoppingoverthe internet.Regular,coordinateddeliveriesofBedZEDorderswillreduceshoppingdelivery miles. BedZEDincorporatesashop,caf,childcarefacilityandhealthylivingcentrereducingthe needforresidentsandworkerstotraveloffsiteforthesefacilities. ii. Promotingpublictransport Informationaboutlocalpublictransportserviceswillbewidelyavailable. Discountedseasonticketswillbenegotiatedforresidentsandworkers Aminibusservicetothenearestrailwaystationwillbeofferedatpeaktimes Wherethereissufficientdemand,existingpublictransportserviceswillbesupplemented bySuttonCommunityTransport iii.Offeringalternativestoprivatecartravel BedZEDwillencouragecyclingbyofferingdesignatedcyclestorageforresidentsand workers,workspaceshoweringfacilitiesandanonsitecyclerepairfacility.Thesitewillbe linkedintotheexistingcyclenetwork. Acarpoolwillbeestablishedonsite,offeringtheopportunitytohirearangeofvehiclesby thehour.Residentswillbeencouragedtogiveuptheircarsandusethecarpool. Residentswhoarekeentoretaintheuseofaprivatecarwillbeencouragedtochangetoan electricvehicle.
9 2.1.4
OnSiteRenewableEnergyProduction ElectricityandheatatBedZEDwillbegeneratedbyawoodfiredcombinedheatandpower plant(CHP)usinggasification.Thewoodgasfiresasparkignitionenginewhichrunsa generatortoproduceelectricityforlightingandrunningappliances.Heatfromtheexhaustand fromtheengineradiatoristappedandusedtoprovidehotwaterandtopupheating. EachhouseatBedZEDisfrontedbyasouthfacingconservatorytomaximisepassivesolargain. HeatfromthesunmakesasubstantialcontributiontowardsheatingBedZEDhousestoa comfortabletemperature,thereforereducingtheneedforcentralheating. Photovoltaicsolarpanelswillbebuiltintotherooffabricofthesouthfacingconservatories. TheelectricitygeneratedfromthePVpanelswillbesufficienttopower40electricvehicles.
kWh/year1 682,550 949,365 134,116 97,000 1,863,031
Energysource CHPelectricityoutput CHPheatoutput Passivesolar PVsolar Total
Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999 Table4:TheannualenergyproductionfromonsiterenewablesourcesatBedZED
Fromtable4itcanbeseenthatpassivesolargaincontributestheequivalentof134,116kWhper yeartowardsheatingthebuildingsatBedZED.Asallofthisenergyiseffectivelyconsumedfor heating,thepassivesolarenergybalanceiszero.Passivesolaristhereforenotincludedinsite energybalancecalculations.
10 2.1.5 SiteEnergyBalance
TheBedZEDdesignconceptisdrivenbythedesireforazero(fossil)energydevelopmenti.e. onewhichwillproduceatleastasmuchenergyfromrenewableresourcesasitconsumes.In addition,BedZEDisdesignedtobeacarbonneutraldevelopment,resultinginnonetaddition ofCO2totheatmosphere. 2.1.5.1 BuildingEnergyBalance

Electricity Heatenergy Energyproduction (kWh/year)1 682,550 949,365 Energyconsumption (kWh/year) 640,028 882,977 Buildingenergybalance (kWh/year) +42,522 +66,388
Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999
Table5:PredictedbuildingenergyproductionandconsumptionatBedZED Fromtable5itcanbeseenthatthereisapredictedexcessofelectricalandheatenergy generationoverconsumption.ExcessheatenergygeneratedbytheCHPisprimarilyusedfor woodchipdrying(soimprovingthegasificationefficiency)andtheremainderwillbelosttothe atmosphere.Excesselectricitywillbeexportedtothegrid,onagreentariffaccount.Many regionalelectricitycompaniesnowofferagreentariffwhereenergygeneratedfromrenewable sourcesisboughtfromsuppliersandsoldtocustomersatapremiumrate. 2.1.5.2 TransportEnergyBalance

Scenario Year1 Year5 Year10 PVsolarelectricity production(kWh/year)1 97,000 97,000 97,000 Electricityconsumption (kWh/year) 14,548 33,929 83,229 Electricitybalance (kWh/year) +82,452 +63,071 +13,771
Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999
Table6:PredictedtransportelectricityproductionandconsumptionatBedZEDforyears1,5 and10 Fromtable6itcanbeseenthatineachpredictedscenariothereisanexcessofelectricity generationoverelectricityconsumption.Thispositiveelectricitybalancewillbeexportedto thegridonagreentariff.
11
Scenario Year1 Year5 Year10 Fossilfuelenergyconsumption (kWh/year) 695,041 493,750 161,517
Table7:PredictedfossilfueltransportconsumptionatBedZEDforyears1,5and10 Fromtable7itcanbeseenthattheuseoffossilfuelvehiclesatBedZEDrepresentsanenergy deficitineachofthepredictedscenarios.
2.1.5.3 Siteenergybalance
Scenario Year1 Year5 Year10 Siterenewableenergybalance (kWh/year) +124,974 +105,593 +56,293 Sitefossilfuelenergybalance (kWh/year) 695,041 493,750 161,517
Table8:ThepredictedsiteenergybalanceforBedZEDforyears1,5and10. Table8showsareductioninthepredictedsiterenewableenergybalancefromyear1toyear10 asanincreasingproportionofelectricitygeneratedbyPVsolarisusedtopowerelectric vehicles.Itispredictedthatthenegativefossilfuelenergybalancewilldecreasefromyear1to year10asthenumberofpetrolanddieselvehiclesonsitefalls. Theuseoffossilfuelvehiclesonsiteandinservicingthesitecannotbemetdirectlybyonsite renewableenergygeneration,hencetheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanfocusesonthe minimisationoffossilfuelvehicleuse. ExcesselectricitygeneratedatBedZEDbytheCHPplantandPVpanelswillbeexportedtothe grid.Thiswillreducetheamountofelectricitythatneedstobegeneratedfromfossilfuel sourceselsewhere,resultinginreducedCO2emissionsfromelectricitygeneration.These savingsinCO2emissionscanbeoffsetagainstCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelvehiclesat BedZED.

Year CO2emissionsfrom fossilfuelvehicles(tonnes)5 202 143 47 CO2savingsfromexcess electricitygeneration(tonnes) 6 62 53 28 NetCO2emissionsfrom transportatBedZED (tonnes) 140 90 19
1 5 10
5 6
ForeachkWhenergyusedbyafossilfuelvehicle,0.29kgCO2isemittedtotheatmosphere. ForeachkWhelectricityused,0.5kgCO2isemittedtotheatmosphere(DETR,1998).
Table9:PredictednetCO2emissionsresultingfromtransportatBedZEDinyears1,5and10.
12
TransportassociatedwithBedZEDwillnotbecarbonneutraluntilallprivateandcarpool vehicles,allvehiclesthatservicethesiteandallpublictransportusedbysiteresidentsare poweredfromcarbonneutralsources.However,duetothemeasuresintheGreenTransport Plan,thepredictedyear10CO2emissionsfromBedZEDtransportwillbereducedtojust4%of theCO2emissionsresultingfromanequivalentconventionaldevelopment. ThenetCO2emissionsfromtransportatBedZEDcouldbeoffsetthroughtheClimateCare schemerunbytheCarbonStorageTrust.ClimateCareoffsetsgreenhousegasesbyinvesting inpresentlyunviableorotherwiseblockedinvestmentsinenergyefficiency,renewableenergy andforestrestoration,for5.45pertonneofCO2. TheenergydemandsofBedZEDtransportcannotbecarbonneutralintermsofbeingwholly metfromonsiterenewables.However,ifminimalCO2emissionsareoffsetthroughthe ClimateCareschemetherewillbenonetadditionofCO2totheatmosphereasaresultof transportatBedZED.
13
2.1.6 Conclusions 2.1.6.1 Buildings TheBedZEDCHPwillgeneratesufficientheatforspaceheating,hotwateranddryingtheCHP woodchipfuel.Thesmallexcessingenerationislosttotheatmosphere.Inaddition,theCHP willgeneratesufficientelectricitytomeetthebuildingenergydemandofthesiteandexporta predicted42,522kWhperannumtothegrid. TheenergydemandofthebuildingsatBedZEDwillthereforebemetwhollyfromrenewable energysources,withinthesitesfootprint. 2.1.6.2 Transport ThePVpanelswillgenerateenoughelectricitytopower40carsandexportapredicted 13,771kWhperannumtothegrid(year10scenario). Aslongasprivateandcarpoolvehicles,vehiclesthatservicethesiteandpublictransportused bysiteresidentsarepoweredbyfossilfuelstherewillbeanegativefossilfuelenergybalanceat BedZED.However,itispredictedthatbyyear10,thenegativefossilfuelenergybalancewillbe reducedto161,517kWhperyear,justonesixthoftheenergyconsumedbypetrolanddiesel vehiclesinanequivalentconventionaldevelopment.
14 2.2 GREENTARIFFELECTRICITY
ItisnoteconomictosizetheBedZEDCHPunittomeetthepeakelectricitydemandofthe development.Therefore,aconnectiontothenationalgridwillenableenergytobedrawninona greentariffduringtimesofpeakdemandandsurplusenergytobesoldtothegridattimeswhen supplyexceedssitedemand. Sincethederegulationoftheenergycompanies,thenumberofregionalenergycompanies offeringgreentariffshasincreasedrapidly.Greentariffenergyisenergygeneratedfrom renewablesourceswhichisboughtfromsuppliersandsoldtocustomersatapremiumrate.
Allofthegreentariffscurrentlyavailableinvolvepaymentofapremium.Greentariffsareeither renewabletariffs,whereforeachunitofelectricityusedbythecustomeronthisscheme,the supplierwillbuyaunitofelectricityfromarenewablesource;orecofundswheretheadditional customerpremiumisinvestedinnewrenewableenergyprojects.

Greentariff
Centrica Eastern EastMidlands Electricity London Electricity Manweb Planned EcoPower/EcoPowerPlus (Ecofund) Planned Planned GreenEnergy (Ecofund)
Quarterlyincrease inaveragebill 3.45and7.04 respectively 3.51
Otherinformation EasternEnergywillmatchthemoneyraised,poundfor pound,uptoamaximumof1millionover2years Fundswillbeusedtopurchasenewgreenelectricityatthe marketrateortofinancenewrenewableprojects. Companiesinvolvedwillmatch,atleastpoundforpound, themoneyraised. Alsooffersdiscountvouchersforpurchaseof ecofriendlyproducts Fundswillbeusedtosupportthecostofnewrenewable generation,orcarbonoffsetprojectssuchasreforestation. Customerscanchoosehowtheirsurchargeisused.The tariffwillalsoofferanintroductoryenergyefficiency package(e.g.lowenergylightbulbsordiscounted insulation) Fundswillbeusedtopurchasenewgreenelectricityatthe marketrateortohelpfinancenewrenewableprojects. Companiesinvolvedwillmatch,atleastpoundforpound, themoneyraised. Freelowenergylightbulbgiventocustomerssigningup tothetariff.
Northern Ireland Northern
EcoEnergy (Ecofund) Planningtolaunchinmid99 (Renewabletariff/ecofund)
1.04,5.20,or 7 10.40 2.88
Norweb Renewable EnergyCo. ScottishHydro Electricity ScottishPower
Nodomesticgreentariffplanned Ecotricity (availableend1999) Acorn (Renewabletariff) GreenEnergy (Renewabletariff)
2.73 3.81
Seeboard Southern Electricity SWEB Unit[e] Yorkshire
Plannedformid2000 (Ecofund) Acorn (Renewabletariff) GreenElectron (Renewabletariff) Renewabletariff GreenElectricity (Renewabletariff)
2.73 7.30 4.21
Customerscanchoosetohave10%,50%or100%oftheirenergysuppliedfromEcoEnergy
Table10:Thecurrentrangeofgreentariffsavailabletodomesticconsumers (FriendsoftheEarth,October1999)
15 2.3
CONSUMERBEHAVIOURTOWARDSENERGYEFFICIENTHOUSINGANDTRANSPORT Questionnairesexaminingattitudestowardsenvironmentallyfriendlyhousingweredistributed toarandomsampleof500addresseswithintheM25andinsertedin500copiesofthemagazine Permaculture. 189responsestothequestionnairewerereceived,49responsesfromhouseholdswithintheM25 (M25sample)and140responsesfromreadersofPermaculturemagazine(Permaculturesample). ThequestionnaireincludedanumberofquestionsrelatingtotheBedZEDenergystrategy,the responsestowhichwereanalysedforthisreport. Respondentswereaskedtoratetheimportanceofvariousfeaturesofenvironmentallyfriendly houses.Energyefficiencyandtheuseofrenewableenergywereidentifiedasthemostpopular featuresofanenvironmentallyfriendlyhousebybothsamples. Respondentswereaskedhowlikelytheyweretoconsidergettingridofoneormoreoftheircars ifacarpoolingschemewasavailable.64%ofthePermaculturesampleand35%oftheM25 samplethoughtitextremelyorquitelikelythattheywouldtakeupthisoption.IntheM25 sample,mostofthosewhowereunlikelytotakeadvantageofacarpoolingscheme(41%)felt verystronglythattheywouldnotgiveuptheircar. EvenamongsttheM25sample,whoarelikelytobelessenvironmentallymotivatedthanthe Permaculturesample,athirdofrespondentswerewillingtogiveupaprivatecarinfavourofa poolcar.ThissuggeststhattheGreenTransportPlantargetof8%ofBedZEDresidentsgiving upaprivatecarinyear1isachievable. Furtherinformationonconsumerbehaviourtowardsenergyefficienthousingandtransportcan befoundinchapter7. REDUCEDRUNNINGCOSTSFORENERGYEFFICIENTHOUSINGANDTRANSPORT Energyefficienthousingandtransportoffersignificantbenefitstotheenvironmentintermsof reducedCO2emissions.Inaddition,BedZEDresidentswillbenefitfromlowerhouseholdbills andresidentswhogiveupaprivatecartojointhecarpoolwillbefinanciallybetteroff.Basedon theexperienceofmembersoftheirCityCarClubcarpoolinEdinburgh,BudgetCarandVan Rentalsuggestthatamemberwithanannualmileageof11,00013,000kmcouldsaveupto 1,500peryearontheirmotoringcosts. Ahouseholdlivingina3bedroomBedZEDmaisonettecouldsaveupto240peryear,134on electricityand106onspaceandwaterheating,comparedtoahouseholdlivinginanequivalent housebuiltto1995buildingregulations.ThesesavingsaredespitethefactthatBedZED householdswillpayapremiumratefortheirgreenelectricity.
2.4
ABedZEDresidentgivingupaprivatecarinfavourofapoolcarcouldrunawellservicedbike andtake5localbusortraintripsperweek,25minicabjourneysperweekand 1daycarhireperweekfromalocalfirmforthesamepriceasrunningaprivatecar.Forshorter journeys,hiringacarpoolbythehourwillbecheaperthanhiringacarbytheday,offering residentsgreaterflexibilityatalowerprice.
16
ThiscalculationdoesnottakeintoaccountthecommutingcostsforBedZEDresidents whoworkinLondon.ItisassumedthatresidentswillcommuteintoLondonbytrainregardless ofwhethertheyownacarornot,asthenearbyHackbridgeandMitchamJunctionstationsoffer regular,directtrainsintoLondon. Furtherinformationonthepotentialannualsavingsonenergybillsandcarrunningcostsfor BedZEDhouseholdscanbefoundinchapters8and9respectively.
17 2.5
ENCOURAGINGENERGYEFFICIENTDEVELOPMENTS: RECOMMENDATIONSFORPOLICYMAKERS
Therearemanyopportunitiesforlocalandcentralgovernmenttoreformanddeveloppoliciesto encouragefutureenergyefficientdevelopments. 2.5.1 Planningpolicyguidance TheUnitaryDevelopmentPlan(UDP)ofasympatheticlocalauthoritycanincludepoliciesthat offeranopendoortogreendevelopers.However,localauthoritieshavetowaitforsuch developerstoapproachthemratherthanhavingthepowertoinfluencemoreconventional developers. Localauthorityplanningpolicyguidance,suchasPPG1whichsetsoutnationalsustainable developmentguidelines,isissuedfromcentralgovernment.PPG1currentlyfocusesprimarilyon sustainabledevelopmentinrelationtolanduse,withlittleguidanceonachievingsustainable developmentintermsofbuildingdesign. ItisrecommendedthatPPG1isextendedtogiveamorecomprehensivecoverageofissues relevanttogreenhousingdevelopments.Inaddition,specific,enforceablepolicieswouldenable localauthoritiestoimposetargetsforgreenerbuildingsondevelopers. Therearesomepolicyareas,suchascarparking,wherelocalauthoritieshavethepowertoset theirownstandards.AsinthecaseofBedZED,whereitcanbedemonstratedthatparkingneeds willbelowerthanusual,thelocalauthoritycanreducethenumberofparkingspacesrequired. Incaseswherelocalauthoritieshavegreaterflexibility,theopportunityshouldbetakento developpoliciesfavourabletosustainablehousingdevelopments. Localauthoritieshavesomescopetoringfencerevenueforspecificuses.Thisenables expenditureonsustainabledevelopmentwithoutincreasingspending.Forinstance,income fromcarparkingchargescanbeusedtosubsidisepublictransport.Localauthoritiesshouldbe encouragedtousethesepowerscreativelytoencouragesustainabledevelopment. 2.5.2 EnvironmentalBudgeting Localauthoritieshavetraditionallybeenobligedtoselllandtothehighestbidder.However,the landforBedZEDwassoldtoPeabodyTrustbyLondonBoroughofSuttonatalowercashprice thanthatofthehighestbidderforthesite.Thiswaspossiblebecauseastudywascommissioned toattachaneconomicvaluetotheenvironmentalbenefitsofBedZEDoveraconventional development.OncetheenvironmentalbenefitsofBedZEDwerevaluedinmonetaryterms,the Peabodybidwasinlinewiththerivalbid.Asaresult,alocalauthoritywasabletotakethe environmentalbenefitsofadevelopmentintoaccountforthefirsttime.Certainbenefits,such asreducedCO2emissionswererelativelyeasytopricebutotherbenefits,suchasreductionsin waterconsumptionandcaruse,wereimpossibletovalueeconomically. InDecember1998localauthoritiesweregrantedageneraldisposalconsentenablingthemto accepttendersupto20%(landvalue1millionorless)or10%(inthecaseofhighervalues)lower thanthelandvalue.Localauthoritiesarethereforenolongerrequiredtomaximiseincomefrom landsales,butcanconsiderlowerbidswithinacertainrange.Itisrecommendedthatthis changebebroughttotheattentionoflocalauthoritiesalongwithinformationregardingthe opportunitiesforusingthisasamechanismfor
18
encouraginggreenhousingdevelopments.Localauthorityattentionshouldalsobedrawn toexistinggovernmentguidanceonattachingmonetaryvaluestoenvironmentalbenefits, publishedinTheGreenBookAppraisalandEvaluationinCentralGovernment.This informationcouldbeincorporatedintotheappropriateplanningpolicyguidelines. 2.5.3 BuildingRegulations ApprovedDocumentPartLoftheBuildingRegulationswhichdealswithenergyefficiencyis currentlyunderreview.ItisrecommendedthatimprovedstandardsforUvalues,airtightness andventilationaresetasaresultofthisreviewprocess.Theintroductionofguidanceontheuse ofrenewableenergytomeetbuildingenergydemandsisalsorecommended. 2.5.4 ClimateChangeLevy TheClimateChangeLevyonbusinessuseofenergywillbeintroducedfromApril2001.The governmentaimstoachievesavingsof1.5milliontonnesofCO2peryearby2010viathislevy. Thecostofthelevytobusinesswillbeoffsetbya0.5%cutintherateofemployersnational insurancecontributions.Energyintensiveuserswillbeofferedareducedrateoflevyinreturnfor signinganegotiatedagreementthatsetstargetsforreducingenergyuse. ThelevydoesnotapplytoenergygeneratedfromrenewablesourcesorCHP.Inaddition,150 millionoftherevenuefromthelevywillbeinvestedinrenewables.TheClimateChangeLevy beginstotipthebalanceinfavourofrenewablesandwillsendaclearmessagetobusinessthat energyisnowataxtarget.Thisshouldaddweighttoenergyefficiencymeasureswhen businessesareassessingenergyoptions. 2.5.5 VATonenergysavingproducts IntheNovember1998budget,thegovernmentreducedtheVATratingonenergyefficiency productsusedingovernmentsponsoredprojectsfrom17.5%to5%inlinewiththeVATratingon energyitself.However,energyefficientproductsusedingovernmentsponsoredprojects accountforonlyasmallpercentageofallenergyefficientproductssold.Itistherefore recommendedthatallenergyefficiencyproductse.g.insulation,lowenergylightbulbs,triple glazingareVATratedat5%toreducethecostdisparitybetweenconservingandusingenergy. 2.5.6 Generationofrenewables ItisrecommendedthattheUKgovernmenttranslatestheUKnationaltargetforenergy generationfromrenewablesintoindividualtargetsforenergygeneratingcompanies. AsimilarDutchschemehasencouragedenergygeneratingcompaniestoidentifynew,cost effectivewaysofgeneratingfromrenewables.Inoneinitiative,residentsarebeingofferedfree installationofPVpanelsanda2wayelectricitymetersothatelectricitygeneratedfromtheir roofoffsetstheelectricitytheyuse.
19 3. ENERGYANALYSIS
20
CONTENTS
Pagenumber 1.SUMMARY 2.DOMESTIC 2.1TotalEnergyConsumption 2.1.1Energyefficiencyassessmentmethods 2.1.1.1NHER 2.1.1.2SAP 2.1.2TotalDomesticEnergyConsumption 2.2DetailedBreakdownofEnergyConsumption 2.2.1WaterHeating 2.2.2Cooking 2.2.3Lighting 2.2.4ElectricalAppliances 2.2.4.1ColdAppliances 2.2.4.2EnergyLabels 2.2.4.3WetAppliances 2.2.4.4AudiovisualAppliances(browngoods) 2.2.4.5MiscellaneousAppliances 2.3DomesticElectricityConsumptionatZED 2.3.1ApplianceUsageTables 2.3.2PredictedApplianceEnergyConsumption 2.3.3TotalElectricalEnergyConsumption 3.REFERENCES AppendixA ConversionofenergydatafromtheSutherland AssociatesComparativeDomesticHeatingCostsreport. AppendixB Calculationoftotalhouseholdenergyconsumption fromUglow,1982data. AppendixC Spreadsheetofenergyconsumptionofappliances onthemarketaverageappliances 21 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 26 27 27 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 45 46 49
51
52
53
21 1. SUMMARY The Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts granted funding to BioRegional Development Group to carry out a total energy analysis of ZED. The analysis will quantify the energy demands at ZED, including transport,andtheenergythatcanbesuppliedfrombiomassandsolarsourcesonsite.Thestudywill calculatethenetsiteenergybalanceandidentifyrenewablesourcestomakeanydeficit. Thisfirstreportsummarisestypicalenergydemandsofdomestichouses.Itthengoesontopredictthe electrical energy consumption of ZED residents on the basis that energy efficient appliances will be installed throughout the development. The report presents existing data on energy consumption in offices and lastly it summarises the current situation with respect to trading green electricity (i.e. electricityfromrenewablesources). *** Total energy consumption in typical domestic houses is between 150 and 288 kWh per square metre floor area per annum (kWh / m2 pa). This compares with a predicted total energy consumption of 75 kWh/m2paatZED.Thedifferenceisaccountedformainlybyeliminatingthespaceheatingdemand. There is also a predicted 10% reduction in electrical demand due to energy efficient electrical appliancesandsomereductioninwaterheatingdemandduetowellinsulatedcylindersandshorthot waterpipeworklengths. Totalenergyconsumptioninatypicalhouseholdismadeupofapproximately5060%spaceheating, 2030%waterheating,5%cookingand15%electricalappliances. Lighting accounts for 17% of typical household electrical consumption, but by using low energy compactfluorescentlightbulbs(CFL),thehouseholddemandcanbereducedfromanaverageof750 kWhpato300kWhpa.InstallationofpinbasedlightfittingsatZEDwouldensuretheuseofCFLsin fixedlightsbutnotinportablelampsthataccountforsome20%ofthelightingenergydemand. Of all the household electrical appliances, cold appliances i.e. fridges and freezers are typically the biggest energy consumers (24% of lights and appliances). Choice of energy efficient fridges and freezers can save 1020% of their energy consumption. Frost free cold appliances increase energy consumptionby45%andarenotrecommendedforZED.Vacuuminsulationpanelsincoldappliances arenewlybeingintroducedandclaimtoreduceenergyconsumptionby80%.Thesemaybeaffordable bythetimeZEDresidentsmovein. Energylabelsonapplianceshavebeenshowntobemorethanoneclasslessefficientthanthatclaimed ontheirlabel.AlternativesourcesofinformationsuchasWhich?AndScottishHydroElectricsdatabase willbeusedtoselectappliancesforZED. It is recommended that no tumble dryers are installed at ZED but water and energy efficient dishwashersareallowedfor.EnergyefficientTVsandVCRsarenowavailableonthemarket.Optional energy efficient appliances will be available to residents at a bulk discount rate and residents will be encouraged and informed as to why they should choose energy efficient appliances. There could be conditionsintheleaseholdstatingthatnewlypurchasedappliancesbeenergyefficient. ***
22 Section2.3ofthisreportpredictstheelectricalenergydemandforthedomesticcomponentsofZED. For each unit type, various occupant family types are considered. Different appliance usage patterns areusedtoderiveworst,typicalandbestcasescenarios. Tablesandgraphsshowthepredictedelectricaldemandforeachapplianceforeachscenarioandthe total predicted electrical demand for each unit type for each scenario. The following summarises the latter: 1bedflat 9004,500kWhpa typical1,700kWhpa 2bedflat 9005,900kWhpa typical1,900kWhpa 3bedmaisonette 1,4006,500kWhpa typical2,700kWhpa 3/4bedtownhouse 1,4006,700kWhpa typical2,800kWhpa Theresultsofthissectioncanbeusedtopredictheatgainsfromelectricalappliances.
23 2. DOMESTIC 2.1 TotalEnergyConsumption Thissectionbrieflypresentsexistingmethodsofassessinghouseholdenergyefficiency.Itthengoeson topresentexistingdataforthetotalenergyconsumptionofconventionaldomesticdwellingsintheUK, andcompareswiththeestimatesforZEDdwellingsprovidedbyOveArup&PartnersConsulting Engineers. 2.1.1 Energyefficiencyassessmentmethods Duetorisingawarenessoftheneedforenergyefficiency,assessmentmethodshavebeendesignedto ratetheenergyefficiencyofdomesticbuildings.TwoofthemostcommonlyusedareNationalHome EnergyRating(NHER)andStandardAssessmentProcedure(SAP)ratings. 2.1.1.1 NHER TheassessmentprocedurefortheNHERindexisbasedonaBuildingResearchEstablishmentDomestic EnergyModel(BREDEM)computerprogram.TheNHERindexisa110nonlinearscale.Thehigher thenumberthemoreenergyefficientthebuilding(NES,1999). TheaverageBritishhousehasaratingof3.5(Boardman,1998).Housesbuilttothe1990Building Regulationshaveanindexofbetween6and7.Theindexscore,however,doesnotgiveaquantitative measureofhowmuchenergythebuildingwilluse.Thisdependsonmanyfactorsincludingthe occupancypatternsthatcanaffectthefuelusedinidenticalhousesbyuptoaratioof5:1.TheNHER indexiscalculatedprimarilyusingfuelcostsbutisindependentofbuildingsizeandincorporatesthe heatingsystemsandinsulationlevelsinthebuilding.Theindexaimstogivethesamevaluestohouses withthesameheatingappliances,levelofinsulationandfuelconversionefficiency(NES,1999). Table2.1FuelcostsfortheNHER(NationalHomeEnergyRating)indexassociatedwiththreetypical housesizes.40m2representsatypicalonebedroomflat,80m2anaverage3bedroomhouseinthe UK,and120m2a4bedroomdetachedhouse(Boardman,1998). Fuelcostsforagivenfloorarea(/pa) NHER 40m2 80m2 120m2 0 1000 1800 2700 1 750 1325 1900 2 610 1050 1500 3 520 875 1225 4 460 750 1025 5 410 650 900 6 370 580 775 7 340 520 690 8 340 460 640 9 280 400 530 10 260 350 450 2.1.1.2 SAP SAP ratings are based on annual energy costs for space and water heating. A standard occupancy patternisassumed,whichisderivedfromthefloorareaandastandardheatingpattern.Theratingis thennormalisedforfloorarea.Theratingisonascalefrom1100,thehigherthenumber,themore energy efficient the house. As with the NHER index, SAP ratings depend on many things, including thermalinsulation,efficiencyandcontroloftheheatingsystem,ventilationcharacteristics,solargain characteristicsandthepriceoffuel.Itisnotaffectedbythingswhichdonotaffectthefabricofthe
24 building, for example, the size, geographical location and occupancy lifestyles (Building Regulations ApprovedDocumentL). Thesetworatingindicesshowhowenergyefficiencyhasbeenmeasuredandunderstoodtodate,but donotquantifytheenergydemand. 2.1.2 TotalDomesticEnergyConsumption Fromavarietyofsourcesithasbeenfoundthatdomestichousescanhaveatotalenergyconsumption ofbetween150and288kWh/m2pa(perannum)(Uglow,1982;BRE,Shorrock,1999;Jones,1998; Uglow,1981;DETR,1998)withanaveragevalueof227kWh/m2pa.Figures2.1and2.2showtotal energydemandofdomestichouses.Figure2.1issubdividedintodifferenthousetypes.
350 Energy consumption (kWh pa m2) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Terrace house Semidetached house Detached house Detached bungalow Flat ZED A B C D E F G H
House Type
Figure2.1TotalenergyconsumptionofdifferentdomesticdwellingsintheUK.Thelegendshowsthe sourceofthedata. A, Uglow,1982,astudyof42BuildingResearchEstablishment(BRE)employeeslivinginthe Watfordarea. B, Jones,1998,acomparativestudyofdomesticheatingcostsintheSouthEastofEngland. C, Shorrock,1999,BREtypicalvalueforanaverageUKsemidetachedhousewithpoorinsulation. D, DETR,1998,BREvalueforatypicalsemidetachedhousebuiltto1995buildingregulations. E, BuildingResearchEstablishmentEnergyAssessmentMethod(BREEAM)1993,housesbuiltto thethencurrentbuildingregulations. F Uglow,1981,averagehousewithnoinsulationandsingleglazing. G, Uglow,1981,averagehousewith50mmofloftinsulationandsingleglazing. H, Uglow,1981,averagehousewith100mmofloftinsulation,cavitywallinsulation,double glazingandheavycurtains. ZED Knight,1999. AppendicesAandBshowtheenergycalculationsforthisdata.
25
300
250 Energy consumption (kWh pa m2)
200
150
100
50
0 ZED Typ ical H ouses
Figure2.2EnergyconsumptionofaZEDhouseandconventionaldomestichousesintheUK(Uglow, 1981;Uglow,1982;Jones,1998;Knight,1999;DETR,1998;Shorrock,1999).Nodistinctionhasbeen madebetweendifferenttypesofhouses. 2.2 BreakdownofEnergyConsumption Energyinthehomeisusedformanydifferentthings.Atypicalhouseholdfuelbillcanbe approximatelybrokendownintotheamountspentonthedifferentclassesofenergyconsuminggoods andfacilitiesinthehome(DoE,1996). Spaceheating 46.4% Waterheating 17.6% Lightsandappliances 25.5% Cooking 2.8% Standingcharge 7.7%
Total household energy consumption (kWh pa 25000
20000
Lighting & appliances Cooking Pump & fans
15000
10000
Hot water Space heating
5000
0 Typical 1985 Building Regulations Typical 1995 Building regulations ZED
Figure2.3Breakdownoftotalhouseholdenergyconsumption(Shorrock,1999;DETR1998;Knight, 1999).
House type
26 Thegreatestreductioninenergyconsumptionfrom1985to1995(fig.2.3andtable2.3)isinthespace heatingrequirement.Thisisduetoincreasedlevelsofinsulationandmoreefficientboilers.Thereare smallreductionsinwaterheatingandcooking.Waterheatingwillbeaccountedforbybetterinsulating jacketsonwatertanks(Shorrock,1999).Thereductionincookingislikelytobeduetouseofthe microwave(DECADE,1997a)andareductionintheamountofhomecooking. AZEDhousewillonlyuseapproximately7460kWhpa(75kWh/m2pa)(Twinn,1998bandKnight,1999), lessthanonethirdthatofa1985conventionalhouse.Thisreductionismainlyduetoreducingthe spaceheatingdemandtozerowhenfullyoccupied.Thehousesaredesignedtoutilisebetween600 and1100kWhpaofpassivesolarandincidentalheatgainsfrompeople,cooking,lightingand appliances.Anallowanceof500kWhpa(5kWh/m2pa)forspaceheatinghasbeenusedasa contingencyestimatetoaccountfortimeswhenthepropertiesarenotfullyoccupied(Knight,1999), seetable2.2. Table2.2Annualenergyconsumption(kWhpa)fortypicalthreebedroomsemidetachedhouses (Shorrock,1999;BREEAM1993;DETR,1998;Knight,1999). *contingencyspaceheating. Typical1985 Typical1993 Typical1995 ZED1999 17760 Spaceheating 14483 7926 500* Hotwater 5350 4548 3650 Pump&fan 175 20 4750 Cooking 1067 656gas 590 Lighting&appliances 2445 3000 2700 Total 23345 22510 16305 7460 OveArupestimatethatZEDhouseswilluselessenergyforwaterheatingthanatypical1995housedue towellinsulatedcylindersandshorthotwaterpipeworklengths.Duetopassivewinddrivenventilation andtheabsenceofheatingpumps,theenergydemandforpumpsandfansisalsoreduced.Cooking demandsareestimatedtobelowerthanforatypical1995duetooccupantawarenessofenergysaving techniques. Thenextfoursectionswilllookindetailatexistingtypicalenergyconsumptiondatafordifferent componentsofthetotalenergydemandofdomestichouses. 2.2.1 WaterHeating Anderson,1978,foundthattheenergyrequiredforawaterheaterincreaseswiththenumberofpeople inthehousehold.Thebasicdemandwas10001100kWhpa,towhichanextra600700kWhperperson wasrequired.ThefollowingBREdata(seefig.2.4)illustratesthisfinding.
27
4500 4000 Energy consumption (kWh pa) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 F lo o r a r e a ( m 2 )
Figure2.4Energyconsumptionforheatingwaterrelativetothesizeofthedwelling(Building RegulationsApprovedDocumentL). 2.2.2 Cooking Thefourmajortypesofcookingappliancearetheoven,hob,kettleandmicrowave.Theotherminor cookingappliances,includingtoasters,deepfatfryersandfoodprocessors,etc.accountforonly6%of totalcookingenergyconsumption(DECADE,1997a). Annualcookingconsumptionhasreducedfrom630kWhin1992to530kWhin1996perhouseholdpa. Thisisduetodeclininghouseholdsizeandincreasingmicrowaveownership(DECADE,1997a).The annualenergydemandforcookinghasdecreasedevenmoredramaticallysince1981,whenitwas1190 kWhpaforelectriccookingand2380kWhforgas(Uglow,1981).Itispossiblethatthisislargelydueto areductioninhomecookingandbakingandanincreaseduseofmicrowaves.Amicrowavedisplaces around150200kWhpaofcookerenergyconsumption(DECADE,1997a).Ifthistrendcontinues,then thefigurescalculatedforcookingenergyconsumptionatZEDmayalsodecrease. TheBillsavers1and2projectsfoundtheratioofenergyconsumptionbetweenelectricovensandhobs tobebetween50:50and60:40. IntheDECADE2MtCreport(1997a),itwasfoundthatsingleparentsusedalmosttwicetheelectricity forcookingasasingleperson,butonly75%asmuchascoupleswithchildren.Surprisingly,theyalso foundthattwopersonhouseholdsusedtwiceasmuchelectricityforcookingasasingleperson household. 2.2.3 Lighting Totaldomesticlightingconsumptioninthe15EuropeanUnion(EU)memberstatesrepresents17%of allresidentialelectricityuse(DELight,1998).InatypicalUKthreebedroom,uninsulatedsemi detachedhouse,thelightingconsumes1015%oftotalelectricaldemand(EnergySavingsTrust,1999). TheElectricityAssociation,1998,foundthisproportiontobe17%.Theaveragehouseholdlighting consumptionintheEUrangesfrom240kWhpato920kWhpa(DELight,1998)butintheUKthe averagelightingconsumptionisapproximately750kWhpa. Largeenergysavingscanbemadefromlighting.Only30%ofhouseholdsownalowenergycompact fluorescentlightbulb(CFL).CFLsuseatleast60%lesselectricitythannormalincandescentbulbs.
28 Replacingthefourmostusedbulbsinanaveragehousewouldsaveapproximately200kWhpa (Palmer,1998). TheElectricityAssociation(1998)carriedoutasurveyofthelightingandtotalelectricityconsumption in100homesinthreeregionsoftheUK;SoutheastEngland,NorthEastEnglandandCentralScotland (seeTable2.3).Averageannuallightingconsumptionwas758kWh,ofwhichnearly20%wereportable pluginlamps.Lightingusagewashighlyseasonal,withthepeakconsumptionmonthbeingDecember, whenconsumptionwasover3timesthatofJune(lowestdemand). Table2.3Breakdownoflightingenergyconsumptionintomainlightsandlampsinthethree monitoredareas(ElectricityAssociation,1998). Southof Northof Central Average England England Scotland Annualconsumption LightingCircuit 606 683 467 594 (kWh) Mainportablelights 79 179 263 164 Totallighting 685 862 730 758 Lightingshareoftotal 15.5 19.1 16.6 17 electricity(%) Maximumdemand Lightingcircuit 0.39 0.41 0.24 0.3 (kW) Mainportablelights 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.08 Totallighting 0.43 0.49 0.37 0.38 IntheenergycalculationsforlightingatZED,ithasbeenassumedthat100%oflightsarefittedwith CFLbulbs.Ifnewoccupantsbringtheirownportablelampswithincandescentbulbstheyshouldbe encouragedtoreplacetheirincandescentbulbswithCFLs. PinbasedfittingsforCFLswouldensuretheuseoflowenergylightbulbsatZED. (DELight,1998). TheElectricityAssociationstudy,1998,foundthattherewasawidevariationinaveragelighting consumption.Table2.4showsthatlightingconsumptionwasstronglyassociatedwithincome, numberofroomsandthenumberofpeopleinthedwelling.Lifestyledifferencesappearedtohave littleeffectonlightingusage,withtheexceptionofthosecategorisedingroupF(striving,peoplein multiethnicand/orlowincomeareas),whichusedlesselectricitythanothers,particularlyduringthe morningpeakandovertheevening.Householdswith8ormoreroomshaveanaverageannual consumptionof80%morethanthosewith5roomsandtendtousemoreelectricityforlightingover mostwinterweekdays.
29 Table2.4Trendsfoundfordifferinglightingenergyconsumption(ElectricityAssociation,1998). Socioeconomiccategoriesaredefinedas: A,Thrivinge.g.wealthyachievers,suburbanareas B&C,ExpandingandRisinge.g.affluentexecutives,familyareas D,Settling,e.g.Skilledworkers,homeowningareas E,Aspiring,e.g.newhomeowners,nativecommunities F,Striving,e.g.peopleinmultiethnic,lowincomeareas %oftotal Averageannual consumption No.insample kWh %oftotal load AnnualIncomerange 020,000 54 631 14.4 Over20,000 46 900 19.2 No.ofmainrooms 5orless 25 527 14.9 6 21 631 15.4 7 25 732 17.7 8ormore 29 951 17.9 Dwellingtype Detached 24 841 15.0 Semidetached 35 794 18.0 Flat/maisonette 18 583 15.7 No.ofpersons 1 19 505 13.1 2 21 552 16.8 3 17 701 14.6 4ormore 43 930 18.7 Socioeconomic A 30 769 15.2 Category B&C 19 763 17.2 D 20 757 19.0 F 26 729 18.3 Lowenergylighting Installed 27 691 15.3 Noneinstalled 73 749 17.3 Otherapplianceson Customerswith 12 497 11.5 lightingcircuit Customers 88 781 17.4 without Roomsalwaysrequiring Customerswith 16 754 15.5 artificiallighting Customers 84 725 16.9 without Thelightingdemandofdetachedandsemidetachedhouseswasgreaterthandemandinflatsand maisonettes. Lightingdemandinoneortwopersonhouseholdsshowsalesspronouncedeveningpeakthanin householdswiththreeormorepersons(ElectricityAssociation,1998). Outsideandinsidesecuritylightingisbecomingmorepopular(50%ofpeoplesurveyedusedlighting forsecurityoftenoralways,ElectricityAssociation,1998)andasyetnoprovisionhasbeenmadein energybudgetsforsecuritylightingatZED.
30 2.2.4 ElectricalAppliances Applianceconsumptionhasalmostdoubledinthelast25years(DECADE,1997a)duetotheincrease ofaffordableelectricalgoodsonthemarket.Table2.5showsenergyconsumptiondataforthe presentmarketbestandworstappliances.AppendixDshowsconsumptiondataformostaverage householdappliances.Formosthouseholdsthelargestcontributorstoapplianceconsumptionarethe coldappliances. Table2.5Annualenergyconsumptionvaluesforproductsonthemarketin1998(Boardman,1998). Marketbest(kWhpaper Marketworst(kWhpaper household) household) Fridgefreezer 330 970 Dishwasher 260 530 Oven 150 350 Tumbledryer 210 250 Washingmachine 140 510 2.2.4.1 ColdAppliances Electricityconsumptionforcoldapplianceshasfallensincethe1980sasresearchhasenabled reductionintheelectricaldemandoftheseappliancesandthenewimprovedproductshavebecome availableatcompetitiveprices(DECADE1997a). In1996,domesticcoldappliancesused24%ofelectricityconsumedbyUKdomesticlightsand appliances,and6%oftotalUKelectricityconsumption(morethanalltheelectricityconsumedin officesintheUK).Theaveragehouseholdowns1.4coldappliances(1.2inlowincomehomes),of whichmostarereplacedafter14years.Therefore,2.3millionhouseholdspurchaseanewcold applianceeachyear(DECADE,1997b).Ownershippercentagesandaverageelectricityconsumption forcoldappliancescanbefoundintable2.6. Table 2.6 Percentage of households in the UK owning cold appliances and the average energy consumptionvaluesfortypicalnewappliancesandolderstockappliances(DECADE,1997a). Ownership% NewapplianceskWh StockapplianceskWh pa pa Refrigerator 43 270 320 Fridgefreezer 60 590 640 Uprightfreezer 24 420 500 Chestfreezer 18 420 510 Frostfreeappliancesarehavinganincreasingshareofthemarket(28%offridgefreezersand11%of uprightfreezers).Thefacilityincreasesenergyconsumptionby45%andthepriceisalsosignificantly higher.Atpresent,themethodofcalculatingtheefficiencyoftheappliance,forboththelabelandfor minimumstandards,allowsaconcessionforfrostfree(DECADE,1997b). 65%oflowincomehouseshaveworkingbutfaultycoldappliances,whichareoverconsuming electricity.Therefore,thelowenergyfridgestobeofferedatZED,willreducetheenergy consumptionfurtherforlowincomehouseholdsthanforaverageincomehouseholds,thusreducing therunningcostsmore. Vacuuminsulationpanels(VIPs)arecurrentlybeingintroducedintocoldappliances.Thistechnology reducesenergyconsumptionby80%comparedtotheaverage1992coldappliance(DECADE,1997a). ItishopedthatbythetimeZEDresidentswillchoosetheircold
31 appliances,theseVIPswillbecheapenoughtoberecommendedtolowincomefamiliesaswellas higherincomefamilies. 2.2.4.2 EnergyLabels Energylabelsprovidethecustomerwithawaytoratedifferentappliancesontheirenergyefficiency. Asurveyof100purchasers,discoveredthat35usedtheenergylabelandboughtappliancesthatwere, onaverage,20%moreefficientthanthoseboughtbypeoplenotinfluencedbythelabel. However,manufacturesareallowedanerrorof15%ontheirenergydemandvaluesand3%on volume.Whencombined,theefficiencyindexcanbe17.25%differenttotheactualvalue/index, whichisequivalenttotwoclassesoftheenergylabel.Onlyalittleoverathirdofappliances independentlytestedwereshowntobeintheenergyclassdeclaredontheirlabel.Aquarterofthe testedappliancesshowadiscrepancyoftwo,threeorfourclassesonthelabelalwaystowardshigher efficiency.In41%ofcasesthediscrepancywasgreaterthan15%,oneinfivetestedbyconsumer groupsshowedconsumptiontobegreaterthan25%outfromthatstatedonthelabel(DECADE, 1997b). Therefore,althoughenergylabelsgiveaguidetotheenergyperformanceoftheappliance,further researchmustbedoneinordertoensurethatZEDresidentsgetthemostenergyefficientonthe market.Which?magazineandEthicalConsumerhavecarriedoutstudiesintoelectricalappliances. TheELDAdatabasecanprovideinformationtohelpcustomersrankmodelsaccordingtotheir prioritiesandenablelifecyclecoststobecalculated.TheELDAdatabaseisacomprehensive databaseofdomesticelectricalappliancescontainingallrelevantproductinformationincluding energyefficiencyandperformance.ThedatabasewasdevelopedinDenmarkandisusedbyDanish utilitiestoadviseconsumersonthemostsuitableappliancefortheirneeds.ScottishHydroElectricis currentlyinvolvedinaprojecttoadaptthedatabaseforuseintheirshopsbyenteringdataon appliancesavailableintheUK(DECADE,1997a). Boardman,1998givesageneralideaoftherangeofefficienciesofappliances.Ifanaverage refrigeratorisgivenanefficiencyindexof100units,thenanaveragenewversionwouldbe84units, thebestavailableonthemarketintheUKwouldbe44units,thebestinstockavailableanywhere wouldbe26units.Inmanycasestheappliancesbetween84and44canbeboughtfornoextracost. SomeEUMemberStatesandsomeutilitiesofferrebatesonefficientcoldappliances.Consumersin highsocioeconomicgroupsaremorelikelytoconcentrateontheenergyuseofdifferentappliances whenmakingapurchase,whilstlessaffluentconsumersconcentratemoreonprice.TheEnergy SavingsTrusthasfundstoprovidearebatesolowincomehouseholdswithaninefficient,old refrigeratorcanobtainamoreenergyefficientone(labelB/C)(Boardman,1997).Grantsmaybe availabletosubsidisethecostsofnewappliancesforthesocialhousingatZED. 2.2.4.3 WetAppliances Wetappliancesarealsoamajorcontributortotheenergyconsumptionofahousehold.AtZEDitis recommendedthatoccupantswillnothavetumbledryers,astheyhaveahighelectricitydemand. Convenientdryingfacilitieswillbeprovided.However,dishwashershavebeenincorporatedinthe energycalculations. Forwashingmachines,thisreporthasassumedanenergyconsumptionof0.6kWhpercycle.Thisis thelowestfigurefoundinmanufacturesbrochures,foracycleat60oC.Energyconsumptionof washingmachines,anddishwasherscanvarygreatlydependingonownerusagepatterns,e.g.a40oC washusesonly70%oftheelectricityusedbya60oCwash(DECADE,1997a).
32 2.2.4.4 AudiovisualAppliances(browngoods) Televisions(TVs)andvideorecorders(VCRs)areresponsiblefor84%oftheenergyconsumptionof householdbrowngoods.VCRshavenotbeenincludedintheenergycalculationsforZEDdwellings, butasageneralguide,theyuseasimilaramounttotheTV. Table2.7AverageenergyconsumptionfiguresforTVsandVCRsfor1996.Newreferstothenew productsonthemarket,averagetotheaverageapplianceinstock(DECADE,1997a). %own New(W) AveragekWhpa TV Onmode 179 69 118 Standby 7 VCR Onmode 89 25 104 Standby 9 Browngoodsonaverageconsumearound12.5%ofalltheelectricityusedforUKdomesticlighting andappliances.Consumptionbytelevisionsisexpectedtoincreaseassurroundsoundandlarger screensconsumemoreelectricity.Cableandsatellitedecodersuseasignificantamountofelectricity intheirstandbymode(DECADE,1997a)andagainhavenotbeenincorporatedinthisstudy.Bythe year2000standbywattageshouldbereducedto7.5Wand9.5WforTVsandVCRsrespectively, accordingtoavoluntaryagreementproducedbytheEuropeanAssociationofConsumerElectronics Manufacturing(EACEM),andthereafterby1Wperyearforthenext3years.HoweverTVsandVCRs havealreadybeendevelopedwith0.1WpowerdemandswithTVsat0.5WandVCRsat1.0Wbeing costeffective(DECADE,1997a).Therefore,itwillbewellworthresearchingthemostenergyefficient televisionsandVCRs(aswellaswhitegoods)torecommendtothefutureZEDoccupants. 2.2.4.3 MiscellaneousAppliances Ownershipofelectricpowershowersisincreasingandtheyareamajorconsumerofelectricityinthe miscellaneousgroupofappliances(ie.excludingwhitegoods,browngoods,lightingandcooking appliances)(DECADE,1997a).PowershowersarenotrecommendedforZEDbutshowerdesign should,therefore,begoodenoughtomeanthatoccupantsdonotwishtoreplacetheinstalledshower withanelectricpowershower.
33 2.3 DomesticElectricityConsumptionatZED Occupancypatternsandlifestylescanaffecttheelectricityconsumptioninidenticalbuildingsbyupto 4or5times(Twinn,1999andNES,1999).InordertopredictelectricalenergyconsumptionatZED, worst,typicalandbestcasescenarioshavebeenconsidered. Allenergydemandshavebeencalculatedusingdatafromcompanybrochuresforenergyefficient appliancessuchasthosethatwillberecommendedforinstallationatZED.Forsomeappliances,such askettles,thereisnoenergyefficientoptionsotypicalenergyconsumptionvalueshavebeenused. ForeachunittypeavailableatZED,variouspossiblefamilytypeshavebeenconsidered.Inthe followingpages,tablesofpredictedusagepatternsforeachappliance,foreachfamilytypeandfor eachscenariogivepredictedelectricalenergyconsumptionvalues.Theseenergydemandsare summarisedtoshowpredictedelectricityconsumptionforeachapplianceandpredictedtotal electricityconsumptionbyeachfamilytypeforeachscenario. 2.3.1 ApplianceUsageTables ThefollowingTables2.82.28showthepredictedenergyconsumptionforlighting,cookingand majorappliancesbythedifferentfamilytypeslivingineachhousetype.Eachtableshowsadifferent appliance. Table2.8 Fridgeworstcasescenario Table2.9 Fridgetypicalscenario Table2.10 Fridgebestcasescenario Table2.11 Fridgefreezerworstcasescenario Table2.12 Fridgefreezertypicalscenario Table2.13 Fridgefreezerbestcasescenario Table2.14 Freezerworstcasescenario Table2.15 Freezertypicalscenario Table2.16 Freezerbestcasescenario Table2.17 Washingmachines Table2.18 Dishwasher Table2.19 Microwave Table2.20 Oven Table2.21 Hob Table2.22 Kettle Table2.23 Toaster Table2.24 Hairdryer Table2.25 Computer Table2.26 Television Table2.27 Iron Table2.28 Lighting
34 Table2.8Fridgeworstcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Fridgetype Make 1bedflat
Model
Youngsingleperson Freezebox Miele K1357S6 Oldsingleperson Freezebox Miele K1357S7 Youngcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S8 Oldcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S9 2bedflat Singleperson Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G Youngcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S11 Oldcouple Freezebox Miele K1357S12 Family,1child Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G Family,2children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 3bed Family,1child Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G maisonette Family,2children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G Family,3children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G 3/4bedtown Family,1child Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G house Family,2children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G Family,3children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G Family,4children Freezebox Whirlpool ART592/G Table2.9Fridgetypicalfamilies. Unittype Familytypes Fridge Make Model type 1bedflat Youngsingleperson larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Oldsingleperson Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Youngcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Oldcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 2bedflat Singleperson Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Youngcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Oldcouple Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Family,1child Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Family,2children Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK 3bed Family,1child Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK maisonette Family,2children Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Family,3children Larder Whirlpool ART590/G 3/4bed Family,1child Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK townhouse Family,2children Larder AEG OKOSANTO1643TK Family,3children Larder Whirlpool ART590/G Family,4children Larder Whirlpool ART590/G
Volume(fridge/ freezeboxl) 131/18 131/18 131/18 131/18 200/22 131/23 131/23 200/22 200/22 200/22 200/22 200/22 200/22 200/22 200/22 200/22
kWhpa 255.5 255.5 255.5 255.5 230 255.5 255.5 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230
Volume(l) 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 245 143 143 245 245
kWhpa 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 146 193 146 146 193 193
35 Table2.10Fridgebestcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Fridge Make Model Volume type (l) 1bedflat Youngsingleperson larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Oldsingleperson larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Youngcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Oldcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 2bedflat Singleperson larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Youngcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Oldcouple larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Family,1child larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Family,2children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 3bed Family,1child larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 maisonette Family,2children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Family,3children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 3/4bedtown Family,1child larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 house Family,2children larder AEG OKOSANTOsuper1673TK 150 Family,3children larder Siemens KI26R40GB 220 Family,4children larder Siemens KI26R40GB 220 Table2.11Fridgefreezerworstcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) kWhpa 1bedflat Youngsingleperson Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 Oldsingleperson Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 Youngcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 Oldcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 2bedflat Singleperson Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 Youngcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 Oldcouple Zanussi ZFD50/17R 136/42 358 Family,1child Hotpoint RF14 164/60 394 Family,2children Hotpoint RF15 164/61 394 3bed Family,1child Hotpoint RF64 163/106 449 maisonette Family,2children Hotpoint RF65 163/106 449 Family,3children Hotpoint RF66 163/106 449 3/4bedtown Family,1child Siemens KG31V04GB 193/103 456 house Family,2children Siemens KG31V04GB 193/103 456 Family,3children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 438 Family,4children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 438
kWhpa 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 127.75 146 146
36 Table2.12Fridgefreezertypicalfamilies. Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) 1bedflat Youngsingleperson Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 Oldsingleperson Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 Youngcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 Oldcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 2bedflat Singleperson Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 Youngcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 Oldcouple Whirlpool ART507/G 145/42 Family,1child AEG OKOSANTO2942i 210/70 Family,2children AEG OKOSANTO2942i 210/70 3bed Family,1child Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 maisonette Family,2children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 Family,3children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 3/4bedtown Family,1child Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 house Family,2children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 Family,3children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 Family,4children Siemens KG33E01GB 190/126 Table2.13Fridgefreezerbestcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) 1bedflat Youngsingleperson Zanussi ZO25 196/44 Oldsingleperson Zanussi ZO25 196/44 Youngcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 Oldcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 2bedflat Singleperson Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross Youngcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 Oldcouple Zanussi ZO25 196/44 Family,1child Zanussi ZO25 196/44 Family,2children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross 3bed Family,1child Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross maisonette Family,2children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross Family,3children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross 3/4bedtown Family,1child Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross house Family,2children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross Family,3children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross Family,4children Electrolux vacuumpanel 198/115gross
kWhpa 347 347 347 347 347 347 347 401 401 438 438 438 438 438 438 438
kWhpa 274 274 274 274 252 274 274 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252 252
37 Table2.14Freezerworstcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Make 1bedflat youngsingleperson Hotpoint oldsingleperson Hotpoint youngcouple Hotpoint oldcouple Hotpoint 2bedflat singleperson Hotpoint youngcouple Hotpoint oldcouple Hotpoint family,1child Miele family,2children Miele 3bed family,1child Miele maisonette family,2children Siemens family,3children Siemens 3/4bedtown family,1child Miele house family,2children Siemens family,3children Siemens family,4children Siemens Table2.15Freezertypicalfamilies. Unittype Familytypes Make 1bedflat Youngsingleperson Electrolux Oldsingleperson Electrolux Youngcouple Electrolux Oldcouple Electrolux 2bedflat Singleperson Electrolux Youngcouple Electrolux Oldcouple Electrolux Family,1child AEG Family,2children AEG 3bed Family,1child Electrolux maisonette Family,2children Electrolux Family,3children AEG 3/4bedtown Family,1child AEG house Family,2children AEG Family,3children AEG Family,4children AEG
Model RZ64 RZ65 RZ66 RZ67 RZ70 RZ69 RZ70 F3425S06 F3425S06 F3425S06 GT37KO4 GT37KO4 F3425S06 GT37KO4 GT37KO4 GT37KO4
Volume(l) 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 186 186 186 368 368 186 368 368 368
kWhpa 292 292 292 292 292 292 292 343 343 343 398 398 343 398 398 398
Model EU0562C EU0562C EU0562C EU0562C EU0562C EU0562C EU0562C ARCTIS1244iU ARCTIS1244iU EU0562C EU0562C ARCTISsuper2773GS ARCTISsuper2773GS ARCTISsuper2773GS ARCTISsuper3673GS ARCTISsuper3673GS
Volume(l) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 228 228 228 307 307
kWhpa 248 248 248 248 248 248 248 233 233 233 233 277 277 277 328 328
38 Table2.16Freezerbestcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Make Model Volume(l) 1bedflat Youngsingleperson AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Oldsingleperson AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Youngcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Oldcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 2bedflat Singleperson AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Youngcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Oldcouple AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Family,1child AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Family,2children Miele GT260E6chest 245 3bedmaisonette Family,1child AEG ARCTISsuper2073GS 96 Family,2children Miele GT260E6chest 245 Family,3children Miele GT260E6chest 245 3/4bedtownhouse Family,1child Miele GT260E6chest 245 Family,2children Miele GT260E6chest 245 Family,3children Miele GT260E6chest 245 Family,4children Miele GT260E6chest 245 Table2.17Washingmachine BasedonanySiemens0.6kWhper60oCcycles. (DECADE,1997a,foundtheaveragehouseholdsdemandwas270washesperyearin1996) Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWh Bestcase pa 1bedflat Youngsingleperson everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk Oldsingleperson everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk Youngcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk Oldcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk 2bedflat Singleperson everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk Youngcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk Oldcouple everyday 219 twiceawk 62 onceawk Family,1child twiceaday 438 fiveawk 156 fourawk Family,2children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fourawk 3bed Family,1child twiceaday 438 fiveawk 156 fourawk maisonette Family,2children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk Family,3children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk 3/4bedtown Family,1child twiceaday 438 fiveawk 156 fourawk house Family,2children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk Family,3children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 fiveawk Family,4children twiceaday 438 everyday 219 everyday
kWhpa 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 204 193 204 193 193 193 193 193 193
kWhpa 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 125 125 125 156 156 125 156 156 219
39 Table2.18Dishwasher Basedona1.4kWhnormalcycle. Unittype Familytypes 1bedflat youngsingleperson oldsingleperson youngcouple oldcouple singleperson youngcouple oldcouple family,1child family,2children family,1child family,2children family,3children family,1child family,2children family,3children family,4children
2bedflat
3bed maisonette 3/4bedtown house
Worstcase kWh pa everyday 438 everyday 438 everyday 438 everyday 438 everyday 438 everyday 438 everyday 438 everyday 438 twiceaday 876 everyday 438 twiceaday 876 twiceaday 876 everyday 438 twiceaday 876 twiceaday 876 twiceaday 876
Typical kWhpa case threeawk 187 threeawk 187 threeawk 187 threeawk 187 threeawk 187 threeawk 187 threeawk 187 fourawk 250 fourawk 250 fourawk 250 fourawk 250 fiveawk 312 fourawk 250 fourawk 250 everyday 438 everyday 438
Bestcase twiceawk onceawk twiceawk onceawk onceawk twiceawk onceawk twiceawk twiceawk twiceawk threeawk fourawk twiceawk threeawk fourawk fiveawk
kWhpa 125 62 125 62 62 125 62 125 125 125 187 250 125 187 250 312
Table2.19Microwave Basedonan800Wappliance. Unittype Familytypes 1bedflat Youngsingleperson Oldsingleperson Youngcouple Oldcouple Singleperson Youngcouple Oldcouple Family,1child Family,2children Family,1child Family,2children Family,3children Family,1child Family,2children Family,3children Family,4children
2bedflat
3bed maisonette 3/4bedtown house
Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa (mins/day) (mins/day) 60 292 10 49 60 292 10 49 60 292 10 49 60 292 10 49 60 292 10 49 60 292 10 49 60 292 10 49 75 365 15 73 75 365 15 73 75 365 15 73 75 365 20 98 90 438 20 98 75 365 15 73 75 365 15 73 90 438 20 98 90 438 20 98
Bestcase (mins/day) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 10 10
kWhpa 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 24 24 24 24 49 24 24 49 49
40 Table2.20Oven Basedona2.5kWoven. DECADE,1997a,foundin1996theaverageUKhouseholdused277kWhofelectricitybyusingthe oven. Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa Bestcase kWhpa (mins/day) (mins/day) (mins/day) 1bedflat Youngsingle 18 274 15 228 10 152 person Oldsingleperson 18 274 15 228 10 152 Youngcouple 18 274 15 228 10 152 Oldcouple 18 274 15 228 10 152 2bedflat Singleperson 20 304 18 274 12 183 Youngcouple 20 304 18 274 12 183 Oldcouple 20 304 18 274 12 183 Family,1child 20 304 18 274 12 183 Family,2children 20 304 18 274 12 183 3bed Family,1child 25 380 20 304 15 228 maisonette Family,2children 25 380 20 304 15 228 Family,3children 25 380 20 304 15 228 3/4bedtown Family,1child 30 456 25 380 20 304 house Family,2children 30 456 25 380 20 304 Family,3children 30 456 25 380 20 304 Family,4children 30 456 25 380 20 304 Table2.21Hob Basedonasetoffourringstotalling6.6kW. Theaveragehouseholdconsumed270kWhofelectricityusingthehobin1996(DECADE,1997a). Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa Bestcase kWhpa (mins/day) (mins/day) (mins/day) 1bedflat Youngsingle 20 201 15 151 10 100 person Oldsingleperson 20 201 15 151 10 100 Youngcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151 Oldcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151 2bedflat Singleperson 20 301 15 151 10 100 Youngcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151 Oldcouple 25 251 20 201 15 151 Family,1child 30 301 23 231 18 181 Family,2children 35 351 27 271 20 201 3bed Family,1child 30 301 23 231 18 181 maisonette Family,2children 35 351 27 271 20 201 Family,3children 40 402 30 301 25 251 3/4bedtown Family,1child 30 301 23 231 18 181 house Family,2children 35 351 27 271 20 201 Family,3children 40 402 30 301 25 251 Family,4children 45 452 32 321 28 281
41 Table2.22Kettle Basedonanaveragekettleboiling12pintsofwaterfor1kWh. Unittype Familytypes Worstcase Typicalcase Bestcase Pints/day kWhpa Pints/day kWhpa Pints/day kWhpa 1bedflat Youngsingleperson 18 547 4 122 2 61 Oldsingleperson 18 547 4 122 2 61 Youngcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61 Oldcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61 Singleperson 18 547 4 122 2 61 2bedflat Youngcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61 Oldcouple 18 547 6 183 2 61 Family,1child 18 547 6 183 2 61 Family,2children 18 547 8 243 4 122 3bed Family,1child 18 547 6 183 2 61 maisonette Family,2children 18 547 8 243 4 122 Family,3children 18 547 10 304 5 152 3/4bedtown Family,1child 18 547 6 183 2 61 house Family,2children 18 547 8 243 4 122 Family,3children 18 547 10 304 5 152 Family,4children 18 547 10 304 6 183 Table2.23Toaster Basedon1kWhgiving60slicesoftoast(ElectricityAssociation,1993). Unittype Familytypes Worstcase Typicalcase Bestcase Slices/day kWhpa Slices/day kWhpa Slices/day kWhpa 1bedflat Youngsingleperson 6 36.5 2 12 1 12 Oldsingleperson 6 36.5 2 12 1 12 Youngcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12 Oldcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12 2bedflat Singleperson 6 36.5 2 12 1 12 Youngcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12 Oldcouple 12 73 4 24 2 12 Family,1child 18 109.5 6 36.5 3 24 Family,2children 24 146 8 49 4 24 3bed Family,1child 18 109.5 6 36.5 3 24 maisonette Family,2children 24 146 8 49 4 24 Family,3children 30 182.5 10 61 5 36.5 3/4bedtown Family,1child 18 109.5 6 36.5 3 24 house Family,2children 24 146 8 49 4 24 Family,3children 30 182.5 10 61 5 36.5 Family,4children 36 219 12 73 6 36.5
42 Table2.24Hairdryer Basedona500Whairdryer(ElectricityAssociation,1993). Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa (mins/day) (mins/day) 1bedflat youngsingleperson 20 61 10 30 oldsingleperson 20 61 5 15 youngcouple 20 61 10 30 oldcouple 20 61 5 15 2bedflat Singleperson 20 61 10 30 youngcouple 20 61 10 30 oldcouple 20 61 5 15 Family,1child 20 61 10 30 Family,2children 30 91 10 30 3bed Family,1child 20 61 10 30 maisonette Family,2children 30 91 10 30 Family,3children 40 122 1 46 3/4bedtown Family,1child 20 61 10 30 house Family,2children 30 91 10 30 Family,3children 40 122 15 46 Family,4children 50 152 20 61 Table2.25Computer Basedona75WCompaqPresario2282(Compaq,1999). Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa (hrs/day) (hrs/day) 1bedflat youngsingleperson 16 438 2 55 oldsingleperson 16 438 0 0 youngcouple 16 438 2 55 oldcouple 16 438 0 0 2bedflat singleperson 16 438 2 55 youngcouple 16 438 2 55 oldcouple 16 438 0 0 family,1child 16 438 2 55 family,2children 16 438 2 55 3bed family,1child 16 438 2 55 maisonette family,2children 16 438 3 82 family,3children 16 438 4 110 3/4bedtown family,1child 16 438 2 55 house family,2children 16 438 3 82 family,3children 16 438 4 110 family,4children 16 438 5 137
Bestcase (mins/day) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 5 8
kWhpa 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 15 6 6 15 24
Bestcase (hrs/day) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kWhpa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
43 Table2.26Television Basedon1kWhgiving69hoursviewing(ElectricityAssociation,1993). Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa Bestcase kWhpa (hours/day) (hours/day) (hours/day) 1bedflat Youngsingleperson 16 779 3 146 1 49 oldsingleperson 16 779 5 243 1 49 Youngcouple 16 779 4 195 1 49 oldcouple 16 779 5 243 1 49 2bedflat Singleperson 16 779 3 146 1 49 Youngcouple 16 779 3 146 1 49 oldcouple 16 779 5 243 1 49 Family,1child 16 779 5 243 3 146 Family,2children 16 779 5 243 3 146 3bed Family,1child 16 779 5 243 3 146 maisonette Family,2children 16 779 5 243 3 146 Family,3children 16 779 5 243 3 146 3/4bedtown Family,1child 16 779 5 243 3 146 house Family,2children 16 779 5 243 3 146 Family,3children 16 779 5 243 3 146 Family,4children 16 779 5 243 3 146 Table2.27Iron Basedon12hoursusefor1kWh(ElectricityAssociation,1993). Unittype Familytypes Worstcase kWhpa Typicalcase kWhpa Bestcase kWhpa (mins/day) (mins/day) (mins/day) 1bedflat youngsingleperson 30 137 5 23 2 9 oldsingleperson 30 137 5 23 2 9 youngcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18 oldcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18 2bedflat singleperson 30 137 5 23 2 9 youngcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18 oldcouple 60 273 10 46 4 18 family,1child 90 411 15 68 6 27 family,2children 120 548 15 68 8 37 3bed family,1child 90 411 15 68 6 27 maisonette family,2children 120 548 20 91 8 37 family,3children 150 684 25 114 10 46 3/4bedtown family,1child 90 411 15 68 6 27 house family,2children 120 548 20 91 8 37 family,3children 150 684 25 114 10 46 Family,4children 180 821 30 137 12 55
44 Table2.28Lighting Basedon1kWhsupplyinga20WCFLlowenergylightbulbfor40hours.(ElectricityAssociation, 1993).AlsobasedondatafromElectricityAssociation,1998,givingdataonmonitoredelectrical demandforlightingrelativetonumberofroomsinthehouseandnumberofpeople. Unittype Familytypes Worstcase Typicalcase Bestcase (kWhpa) (kWhpa) (kWhpa) 1bedflat Youngsingleperson 252 202 152 Oldsingleperson 252 202 152 Youngcouple 271 221 171 Oldcouple 271 221 171 2bedflat Singleperson 262 202 142 Youngcouple 281 221 161 Oldcouple 281 221 161 Family,1child 340 280 220 Family,2children 432 372 312 3bedmaisonette Family,1child 363 293 223 Family,2children 442 372 302 Family,3children 442 372 302 3/4bedtownhouse Family,1child 360 280 200 Family,2children 452 372 292 Family,3children 460 380 300 Family,4children 460 380 300
45 2.3.2 PredictedApplianceEnergyConsumption Figure2.5showsenergyconsumptionforcooking,lightingandmajorappliancesfortheworst,typical andbestcasescenariohouseholdslivinginZEDhouses.

1000 900 Energy cosumption (kWh pa) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
Cold appliances Fridgefreezer Microwave Television Dishwasher Washing machine Computer Hairdryer Kettle Oven Lighting Toaster Hob Iron
Worst Typical Best
Figure2.5Predictedannualenergyconsumptionforlighting,cookingandmajorappliancesfora worst,typicalandbestcasescenariofamiliesoffourinaZEDthreebedroommaisonette. Coldappliancesrepresentaseparatefridgeandfreezer.Afamilywouldeitherhaveafridgefreezeror separatecoldappliances..
46 2.3.3 TotalElectricalEnergyConsumption Thissectionshowstotalpredictedelectricitydemand.Inallfigures,Arepresentsaonebedroomflat,B atwobedroomflat,CathreebedroommaisonetteandDathreeorfourbedroomtownhouse. Thefollowingthreefigures2.6,2.7and2.8showthebreakdownofpredictedannualelectricity consumptionforallfamilytypesinallunittypesforlighting,cookingandmajorappliances.Separate coldapplianceshavebeenassumedfortheworstcasescenarioandfridgefreezersfortypicalandbest casescenarios.

8000 Electricity consumption (kWh pa) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
A Young single person B Family, 2 children C Family, 2 children C Family, 3 children D Family, 2 children D Family, 3 children D Family, 4 children A Young couple B Young couple B Family, 1 child C Family, 1 child A Old single person D Family, 1 child B Single person A Old couple B Old couple hob oven lighting Iron TV Computer Hairdryer T oaster Kettle Microwave Dishwasher W ashing machine Freezer Refridgerator
Fam ily types
Figure2.6Worstcasescenario
3500
Electricity consumption (kWh pa)
3000
2500
Hob Oven Lighting Iron TV Computer Hairdryer Toaster Kettle Microwave
2000
1500
1000
500
Dishwasher Washing machine A Young single person Fridgefreezer C Family, 2 children C Family, 3 children D Family, 2 children D Family, 3 children D Family, 4 children B Family, 2 children A Young couple B Young couple C Family, 1 child A Old single person D Family, 1 child B Family, 1 child B Single person A Old couple B Old couple
Family type
Figure2.7TypicalScenario
47
2500
2000
Hob Oven Lighting
1500
Iron TV Computer Hairdryer Toaster Kettle Microwave
1000
500
Dishwasher Washing machine Fridgefreezer A Young single person B Family, 2 children C Family, 2 children C Family, 3 children D Family, 2 children D Family, 3 children D Family, 4 children A Young couple A Old single person B Young couple C Family, 1 child D Family, 1 child B Family, 1 child B Single person
A Old couple
B Old couple
Figure2.8BestCaseScenario Table2.29PredictedenergyconsumptionfordifferentfamilyandhousetypesatZEDforcooking, lightingandmajorappliances.Figuresassumeseparatecoldappliancesfortheworstcasescenario andfridgefreezersfortypicalandbestcasescenarios. Unittype Familytype Worst Typical Best KWhpa KWhpa KWhpa 1bedflat Youngsingle 4222 1615 981 Oldsingle 4222 1642 918 Youngcouple 4463 1828 1060 Oldcouple 4463 1806 997 2bedflat Singleperson 4336 1660 917 Youngcouple 4503 1825 1081 Oldcouple 4503 1825 1018 Family,1child 5105 2280 1374 Family,2children 5888 2548 1557 3bedmaisonette Family,1child 5203 2360 1422 Family,2children 6029 2690 1685 Family,3children 6356 2922 1884 3/4bedtownhouses Family,1child 5277 2424 1475 Family,2children 6115 2741 1751 Family,3children 6451 3132 1958 Family,4children 6704 3229 2162
Family types
48
8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

A Young single person
W o rs t T y p ic a l S C A T y p ic a l F F B e st S C A B e st F F
A Old single person
B Single person
A Young couple
B Young couple
A Old couple
B Old couple
C Family, 2 children
C Family, 3 children
D Family, 2 children
F a m ily a n d h o u s e ty p e s
Figure2.9Predictedtotalenergyconsumptionforallfamilytypesandhousetypesfor lighting,cookingandmajorappliances.SCAreferstoseparatecoldappliances,FFreferstoa fridgefreezer
B Family, 2 children
C Family, 1 child
D Family, 1 child
B Family, 1 child
49
3.REFERENCES Anderson,B.R.,1978.Fieldstudiesontheeffectofincreasedthermalinsulationinsomeelectrically heatedhouses.HeatingandVentilationEngineer,52,612. Boardman,B.,1997.ColdlabellingtheUKexperienceofEnergyLabels.ProceedingsoftheEuropean CouncilforanEnergyEfficiencyEconomy(ECEEE).Summerstudyintheenergyefficiency,June1997, pub.DanishEnergyAgency,Copenhagen,Denmark. Boardman,B.,1998.Energy,efficiencyandequity.EnergyWorld263,812.EditedversionofInstitute ofEnergyMelchettlecture. BREEAMI/93,fromTwinn,C.facsimile28/06/98 BuildingRegulationsApprovedDocumentL,Conservationoffuelandpower. Compaq,1993.http://www.compaq.co.uk DECADE,1997a.DECADE:2MtC.EnergyandEnvironmentProgramme,EnvironmentalChangeUnit, UniversityofOxford,UK. DECADE,1997b.DECADE:TransformingtheUKColdMarket.EnergyandEnvironmentProgramme, EnvironmentalChangeUnit,UniversityofOxford,UK. DECADE,1994.DECADE:Domesticequipmentandcarbondioxideemissions,firstyearreport. EnergyandEnvironmentProgramme,EnvironmentalChangeUnit,UniversityofOxford,UK. DECADE,1995.DECADE:Domesticequipmentandcarbondioxideemissions,secondyearreport. EnergyandEnvironmentProgramme,EnvironmentalChangeUnit,UniversityofOxford,UK. DELight,1998.DELightExecutiveSummary.http://www.ecu.ox.ac.uk/eep/delightexec.htm DepartmentoftheEnvironment,1993.EnergyEfficiencyInBuildings.EnergyAppraisalofExisting Buildings:AHandbookforSurveyors.EnergyEfficiencyOffice. DepartmentoftheEnvironment,1996.Ahomeownersguidetoaffordableheating,4. DETR,1997.BusinessGuidetoEnergyCostsinBuildings.DepartmentoftheEnvironment,Transport andtheRegions DETR,1998a.EnergyConsumptionGuideECON19Energyuseinoffices.Departmentofthe Environment,TransportandtheRegions, DETR,1998b.GeneralInformationReport53:Buildingasustainablefuture,Homesforan autonomouscommunity.DepartmentoftheEnvironment,TransportandtheRegions. DUKES,1978.DigestofUKEnergyStatistics.DepartmentofTradeandIndustryHMSO,London. DUKES,1996,DigestofUKEnergyStatistics.DepartmentofTradeandIndustry,HMSO,London. ElectricityAssociationandLoadResearchGroup,1998.DomesticLightingintheUK:AnAnalysisof ElectricityUsage.ElectricityAssociationServicesLimited,London.
50
Electricity Association, 1993. Electricity and You: A guide to running costs. Electricity Association ServicesLtd.EA1368/7.93 EnergySavingsTrust,1999.Nocostandlowcostwaystohelpyousaveenergyandmoney. Everett,R.,1982.Personalcommunication.Datafrom1982,communication1999. Everettetal.,1985.LinfordLowEnergyHouses,ERG054.EnergyResearchGroup,OpenUniversity. Everett, R., 1995. Domestic microCHP and the greenhouse effect. EERU 072. Energy and EnvironmentUnit,OpenUniversity. Jones,N.1998.ComparativeDomesticHeatingCostsUnitedKingdomandtheRepublicofIreland. SutherlandAssociatesBuildingServicesandEnergyConsultants. Knight,J.1999.OveArupandPartners,ConsultingEngineers.Personalcommunication. National Energy Foundation, 1992. Milton Keynes Energy Capital UK. The official guide to low energyhousingprojectsinMiltonKeynes. NationalGridCompany,1998.1998SevenYearStatement. NES,1999.DefiningtheNHER.NationalEnergyServicesLtd.Version3.30. Palmer,J.andBoardman,B.,1998DELight,DomesticEfficientLighting.EnergyandEnvironment Programme,EnvironmentalChangeUnit,UniversityofOxford,UK. Shorrock,L.1999.BuildingResearchEstablishment.Personalcommunication. Twinn,C.1998a.OveArupandPartners,ConsultingEngineers.Facsimile01/06/98. Twinn,C.1998b.OveArupandPartners,ConsultingEngineers.Facsimile28/07/98. Twinn,C.1999.OveArupandPartners,ConsultingEngineers.Personalcommunication. Uglow,C.E.,1981.Thecalculationofenergyuseindwellings.BuildingServicesEngineerResearchand Technology2,114. Uglow, C.E., 1982. Energy use in dwellings. An exercise to investigate the validity of a simple calculationmethod.BuildingServicesEngineerResearchandTechnology3,3539. Wilson,K.,1995.Anexaminationofsomeenergyconsumptionaspectsofdomesticcookingpractices. InProceedingsofXVthInternationalHomeEconomicsandConsumerStudiesResearchConference,Part 1,7287.
51
AppendixA ConversionofenergydatafromtheSutherlandAssociatesComparativeDomesticHeatingCosts report. ThereportwasdesignedtocomparedomesticheatingcostsinsevenregionsoftheUnitedKingdom and the Republic of Ireland. These heating cost tables have been published every year from 1976. Their intended use is tocompare different domestic fuels and the costs ofusing them under similar conditions.Inordertocalculatetheheatingdemandsofhouses,electricalenergyconsumptionwas assumedfordifferenttypesofhouses. ZED is in South East England so figures for this region were used. Three different types of houses werestudied;terrace,semidetachedanddetached.Assumedenergyvaluesfromthereportwereas follows(seetableA): TableADataforcalculatingthetotalenergyconsumptionofdifferentsizedhousesintheSouthEast ofEnglandin1998.SpaceandwaterheatingdatatakenfromSutherland,1998.Cookingdatafrom Wilson,1998andDECADE,1997a.LightingandappliancedatawastakenfromDECADE,1995.Floor areasfromBuildingResearchEstablishment,(Shorrock,1999)andBoardman,1998. SutherlandReport Addons(kWhpa) Totals Figures(kWhpa) Space Water Cooking Lightingand kWhpa Floorarea TotalkWh heating heating appliances m2 pam2 Terrace 9500 2000 600 3000 15100 60 252 (2bedrooms) Semidetached(3 13000 2500 600 3000 19100 85 225 bedrooms) Detached 20000 3000 600 3000 26600 120 222 (4bedrooms) The cooking, lighting and appliance data were added on to give a total energy consumption for the household. Thefloorareasusedintheoriginalreportcouldnotbeobtained,thereforeaveragefloorareaswere assumed,asshowninthetable,togainafigureperm2.Thisenabledcomparisonwithotherdatafrom differingsizedhouses.Theassumptionswerebasedon: Boardman,1998: 40m2representsaonebedroomflat, 80m2representsanaveragehouse 120m2representsadetachedhouse. Shorrock,199985m2isanaverageUKhouse. BREcalculations85m2foranaveragehouse.
52
AppendixB CalculationoftotalhouseholdenergyconsumptionfromUglow1982data. Thepapertestsasimplemethodofestimatingtheseasonalenergyrequirementsforspaceandwater heatingoverathreeyearperiod.Theheatingseasonlastsfor212daysoverwhichtimetheamountof mainfuelusedwasmeasured.Themainfuelisthatwhichisusedforthemajorityoftheheating. Estimatesofhowmuchofthisfuelwasusedforthevariouscomponents(spaceheating,waterheating, cookingandmiscellaneous)weremade. The majority of the houses used gas as their main fuel, for which there were no estimates for miscellaneousitemswhichwouldbepoweredbyelectricity.Thosehousesusingelectricityastheirmain fuelhadestimatesforallthecomponentparts.Usingtheestimatedvaluesforheatingwater,cooking andmiscellaneousitems,energyconsumptionwascalculatedfortheremaining153daystomakeafull year.ThiswasaddedtotheactualvalueforthemainfuelandconvertedfromGJtokWh.Thefinaltotal wasdividedbythefloorareaforeachdwellingandthenmeanswerecalculatedforeachdwellingtype. Forexample:Semidetachedhouseoffloorarea101.6m2usinggasasthemainfuel. Estimatedenergyconsumptionover212dayheatingseason,GJ. Spaceheating 74.9 Waterheating 10.9 Cooking 5 Misc.uses 3(electricity) Actualmainfuel =76 Actualmainfuel+estimatedvaluesforelectricity=76+3=79 Energynotincludingspaceheating =10.9+5+3 =18.9 for212days =13.64 for153days Totalenergyforthewholeyear =79+13.64=92.64GJpa =25,733.36kWhpa 2 Totalenergyperm =25,733.36/101.6 =253.28kWh/m2pa
53
AppendixC Spreadsheetofenergyconsumptionofappliancesonthemarket Averageappliances 1unit(1kWh)unlessotherwisestatedequatesto Batterycharger(12V) 30hours Blankets, Singleoverblanket Allnightfor12weeks Doubleoverblanket Allnightfor13weeks Singleunderblanket 1.5hrs7nights Doubleunderblanket 1.5hrs7nights Blender >700pintsofsoup Canopener 1460cans Carvingknife 208joints CFLlightbulb(20W) >40hours Coffeemill >100kgofcoffee Coffeepercolator 75cups Cooker 1weeksmealsforfamilyof4,~15units Hob Baconandeggbreakfastfor4>unit RadiantBoilingRing Chickenstewfor4>unit Conventionaloven 24scones Fanoven 48meringues,1units Cookergrill 2lbporksausages CookerHood >10hours Crepemaker 135crepes Deepfatfryer 3lbchips Dishwashercoldfill 1load,2units Extractorfan 24hours Facialsauna 10hours Floorpolisher 1week Fluorescentstriplight(40W) >20hours Foodmixer >52cakes Freezer 12unitsaday Fridge/freezer ~2unitsaday Haircurlingtongs 60,30minsessions Hairdryer(500W) 12,10minsessions Hairrollers >14hairdos Fanheater(2kW) 30mins Infraredheater(1kW) 1hour Kettle 12pints Oilfilledradiator(500W) 2hours Panelheater(1.5kW) 40mins Portablecomputer 10hours Radiantheater(3kW) 20mins Heatingpad(30kW) >30hours Headgetrimmer 2hours Hotfoodtrolley >1hour Hottray 2hours Instantwaterheater >3gallons Iron 12hours Knifesharpener 12,000knifes Lamp(60W) 16hours Lawnmower Cylinder 3hours Rotary 1hour
54
Lightbulb(100W) Microwave Multipurposecooker Powerdrill RefrigeratorLarder Refrigeratorwithfreezebox Rotisserie Sandwichtoaster Shaver Shower(7kW) Slowcooker Spindryer Stereosystem Taperecorder Teamaker Toaster Towelrail(250kW) Tumbledryer TV22inchcolour Vacuumcleaner Cylinder Upright Washingmachine Automatic Twintub Wastedisposer Yoghurtmaker ElectricityAssociationServicesLtd.1368/7.93. 10hours 6,20minmeals 2lambchopcasserolesfor4 4hours >1day ~1day <1hours 613sessionsforfamilyof4 everydayfor5years 35minshowereveryday,24units 8hours 5weeksuse 10hours >24hours 35cups 60slices 4hours 812lbsheets/towels,4units 69hrs everydayforaweek 2hours weeklywashfor4,89units weeklywashfor4,1112units 50lbrubbish 70yoghurts
55
4.
BedZED Total Energy Strategy
PREDICTEDENERGYUSE(OVEARUPANDPARTNERS,1999)
BioRegional Development Group January 2000
56
PREDICTEDENERGYUSE
Predictingabuildingsenergyusewithgreataccuracyisproblematicsinceitdependstoalargedegreeonhowtheoccupantusesthebuilding. Energyuseinidenticaldwellingscanvarybyafactorofupto5dependingonoccupancyetc.SincethedevelopmentatBeddingtonisnotverylarge, theseeffectswillnotbeentirelyaveragedoutoverthesite.However,werequireestimatesonwhichtobaseourdesignfortheCHP(combinedheat andpower)unit,andthatisthepurposeofthisaudit.
C1.
SITEELECTRICITYREQUIREMENTS
OuraimistosizetheCHPplantsuchthatovertheyearweproduceatleastasmuchelectricityasisconsumed.Wedonotaimtocoverforpeaksin demandatpeaktimesgreenelectricitywillbeimportedfromthegrid,andanequivalentamountexportedtothegridatoffpeaktimes.Forsizing theCHP,ourestimatesforelectricityuseshouldtendtothegeneroussidesothatwearesureofmakingthesitezeroenergy.Ontheotherhand, thereisatpresentaninbalanceinmostelectricitycompaniesimportandexporttariffswhichmakeitunprofitabletoexportelectricitytothegrid. ThismeansweshouldavoidgreatlyoversizingtheCHPunit.However,theelectricitycompaniespositionischangingandwewillcontinuetomonitor itsincelargerCHPunitsaremoreeconomictobuyandrunintermsofperkWoutput. BioRegionalDevelopmentGrouphaveresearchedandproducedareportwithestimatesofelectricaluseinthevariousbuildingtypesatBeddington (primarilythedwellings)i.Thereportgivesannualenergyusageforthreecasesworst,typicalandbestcalculatedbasedonheavy,reasonable andinfrequentuseofappliances.Thereportisusefulinhighlightingwhichappliancesarethebiggestelectricityusersovertheyear.However,it shouldbenotedthatalltheestimatesarebasedontheoccupantsusingenergyefficientappliances,soinasensetheyareallidealscenarios.Itis impossibletoguaranteethatalloccupantswilluseenergyefficientapplianceseveniftheyareofferedatattractiveprices.Whilethereportgoesinto gooddetailonthemainappliancesfoundinthedwellings,itmightbeprudenttoincludeanadditionalallowanceformiscellaneousitemssuchas foodprocessors,vacuumcleaners,hifisystems,answeringmachines,electronicmusicalinstrumentsetc,etc.Itshouldalsobeborneinmindthat oneworstcasefamilywillcanceloutaboutfourbestcasefamilies,sothesitewidemeanislikelytobemorethatthetypicalfigures. Bearingtheseissuesinmind,wehaveusedthefollowingfiguresforestimatingelectricalenergyuse.Wehaveassumedthatalltheoptionsfor residentsinthehouseholdsasgivenbyBioRegionalareequallylikely,i.e.therewillberoughlyequalnumbersofflatswithsingleyoungpeople/ singleoldpeople/youngcouples/elderlycouples.
57
UnitType BioRegional worst average kWh/annum 4343 4867 5863 6137 BioRegional typical average kWh/annum 1723 2028 2657 2882 BioRegional best average kWh/annum 989 1189 1663 2449 Suggestedfigurefor CHPsizing (1worst+4typical5) kWh/annum 2247 2596 3298 3533
1bedflat 2bedflat 3bedmaisonette 3/4bedtownhouse
Thisgivesreasonableagreementwithouroriginalestimateof11.8GJor3290kWh/annumforthemaisonette. Fortheofficeswehavetakenarateof54kWh/m2/annum,basedontheDETRgoodpracticerateforanaturallyventilatedofficeii.Fortheshopwe haveestimated396kWh/m2(smallfoodshopgoodpractice)iii.Shopenergyuseisgenerallyveryhighduetodisplaylighting,refrigerationandsoon theBedZEDshopwouldbeagoodplacetotryandtacklethis.Forthenursery20kWh/m2andhealthylivingcentre44kWh/m2.Severalunknowns remain,suchaswhetherfloodlightingistobeinstalledonthefootballpitchandtheexactfunctionsoftheclubhouseandhealthylivingcentre. ForthesplitofunitsasproposedbyBillDunsterArchitectsatthedesignteammeetingon27thMay1999,andtakingintoaccountsiteinfrastructure suchasstreetlighting,thisgivesasitewideaveragedailyelectricalenergyuseof5.8GJ(1,600kWh).Allowingfor5%lossesindistribution,anda10% designmargin,thiscouldbegeneratedbya110kWeCHPunitrunning17hours/dayeveryday. Therewillbesomeseasonalvariationinelectricaldemand(lightsareonforlongerinwinter,etc)butthesearenotexpectedtobeverygreat,as illustratedintheBioRegionalreport.
C2.
SITEDISTRICTHEATINGREQUIREMENTS
HeatfromtheCHPisusedprimarilytoheatdomestichotwater.Itisalsousedforsomesupplementaryheatingviathetowelrailsandbyheatingair viatheairingcupboards. Withelectricity,itisstraightforwardtoimportandexportelectricityfromtheNationalGridtocaterforpeakdemands.Withheatthereisnosuch simplesolution.OneoptionwouldbetoinstallaboilernexttotheCHPplanttocoverpeakheatdemands,butthiswouldbeanexpensivesolution, withtheboilerrarelybeingused.WewouldrecommendthatthebuildingsaredesignedsothattheCHPsizeiscapableofmeetingpeakdemands, andthesystemcarefullydesignedwiththeaimofspreadingtheheatingrequirementovertheday.Installingverylargehotwatercylindersinallthe
58
propertieswhichcangraduallywarmupoverthedaytocovertheheavyeveninghotwaterdemandwillhelpthisisthesameprincipleasusedbyoff peak(Economy7)electricallyheatedwatercylinders. Formaximumefficiency,thewoodchipsfortheCHPneedtobedriedoutbeforebeinggasifiedintheCHP.Ideally,thiswouldbeonalowpriority heatingcircuitwhichcantakeheatwhenitisavailablebutbeshutoffwhendemandelsewhereishigh.Thiswouldrequireappropriatedesignofthe CHPinstallationtoprovideastoragespacefordrywoodchips. Whiletheheatrequiredforhotwatersupplyisnotexpectedtovarygreatlyovertheyear,thesupplementaryheatingrequirementwillbegreatestin winter.Forthisreason,ourestimatesofheatrequirementsarebasedonawinterday. Typicaldesignfiguresforhotwaterusageareasfollowsiv Numberofoccupantsin dwelling HWuseper day(litres) equivalent heatdemand over24hours (W) 348 377 441 500 annual equivalent heatdemand (kWh) 3045 3302 3864 4380
1person 2people 3people 4people
130 141 165 187
WaterusemaybeslightlyloweratBeddingtonZEDifpeopleuseshowersratherthanbathsandaretryingtoconservewater,thoughthisisbalanced bythefactthatweareencouragingtheuseofhotwaterforwashingmachinesanddishwashersinsteadofelectricalwaterheating. Foroffices,typicalhotwaterenergyrequirementsare0.043kWh/m2/annum,forasmallshoparound0.1kWh/m2/annumandforahealthclinic0.2 kWh/m2/annumv.Fortheclubhousewehaveassumedonaverage25showersperdayeach6minuteslong.Thisisapreliminaryestimatewhichmay needtoberevisedwhenthefunctionandlayoutoftheclubhousehavebeenmorefullydefined. Thisgivesadailysitewideenergyrequirementforhotwaterof3.9GJ(1070kWh). Therequirementforadditionalheatingisdifficulttoquantify.Insummertheamountswillbesmall,thoughheatwillstillbeusedtodryclothesetc andoncoolerevenings.Ourthermalmodellingshowsthatifthehighinsulationandlowinfiltrationtargetsareachievedtogetherwith40%heat
59
reclaimontheventilationsystem,noadditionalheatingisrequiredeveninwinterifthedwellingsareoccupied.Ifthedwellingsareunoccupied, around500W(12W/m2)backgroundgainsareallthatisrequiredtomeetheatlosses.Theheatgainsrequiredinunoccupiedhousesarepartially balancedbythefactthatwhenthehouseisunoccupiedthereisnohotwaterdemand,savingaround400W(8.2W/m2).Wewouldestimatethe outputfromastandardheatedtowelrailtobearound50to100W. Tocovertheadditionalheatinginsparselyoccupiedorunoccupieddwellings,wehaveallowedextragainsof3.5W/m2inalldwellings. Fortheoffices,theheatlossesamounttoaround900W(11W/m2)at0.5ach(airchangesperhour)with50%heatreclaim.Sincethereisnooccupancy atnight,wehaveallowedforinternalheatgainsof8W/m2over24hours,equivalentto11W/m2for18hoursaday(allowingforsomeunoccupied offices). Thesefiguresgiveadailysitewidedemandforadditionalheatingonawinterdayasaround3.2GJ(890kWh),andincludingthehotwaterthisgivesa totaldailysiteheatdemandof7.1GJ(1960kWh). DuetothelargedistancebetweentheCHPandthedwellings,distributionlossesarelikelytobesubstantial.Byroutingpipeworkinsidebuildings wherepossible,wehopetolimitthesetoaround20%.Thiscompareswithabout5%foramoderndistrictheatingsystemandreflectsthelowheat demanddensityneededinalowenergydevelopment.Pipelineheatlossesinsidebuildingswillofcoursehelptokeepinternalspaceswarm. Allowinga10%designmargin,theaverageheatoutputrequiredonawinterdayfromtheCHPifitoperatesfor17hours/dayis153kW.
C3.
CALCULATIONSPREADSHEET
unit floor predicted total total floor HEATING 1person 2people 3people 4people office shop nursery clubhouse 130 141 165 187 0.67 1.6 1.6 25 litrehotwater/day litres/m2 litres/m2 litres/m2 shower@6min W kWh/annum 348 3045 377 3302 441 3864 500 4380 0.043 kWh/m2 0.103 0.103 810 litres/day extra heat ELECTRICITYUSE 1personflat 2personflat 3personmais 4personhouse office shop nursery clubhouse healthy
BasedonareaschedulefromBillDunsterreceived27thMay1999 CHPruns 17 hours/day Heatdistlosses 20 % Elec.distlosses 5 % additionalgains(flat) 3.5 W/m2 additionalgains 8 W/m2 (office) maximum predicted
2247 kWh/annum 2596 3298 3533 54 kWh/m2/annum 396 20 74
number
healthy 3.1 litres/m2 0.199 deltaT 55 C extraheatfromtowel Hotwater rail+HWcylin perday Hotwater Energy +pipeworketc
44 Electric kWhannual
60
DWELLINGS BLOCKA people 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 7.1 7.1 7.1 people 1 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 area m2 48.5 75.5 48.5 75.5 ofunits 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 82 6 6 3 15 1 1 1 1 4 W W W W 101 units people 6 18 12 24 area m2 291 453 291 453 291 453 242.5 377.5 248 302 300 300 300 377.5 377.5 220.5 5278 510 510 255 1275 342 170 110 440 1062 7615 area perunit litres 130 165 141 187 130 165 141 187 141 165 141 165 141 165 187 165 57 57 57 547 272 810 1364 perday perday over24hours litres MJ W/m2 W 780 180 3.5 170 990 229 3.5 264 846 195 3.5 170 1122 259 3.5 264 780 990 705 935 564 660 705 825 705 825 935 495 341.7 341.7 170.85 547.2 272 810 1364 180 229 163 216 130 152 163 191 163 191 216 114 2971 79 79 39 197 126 63 187 315 691 3860 7071 115.5 kW 115.5 kW 23.1 kW 13.9 kW 153 kW 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 170 264 170 264 217 264 210 210 210 264 264 257 680 680 680 2736 1360 880 3520 + MJ 88 137 88 137 88 137 73 114 75 91 91 91 91 114 114 67 1596 353 353 176 881 236 118 76 304 734 3211 perunit allunits kWh kWh 2596 15574.8 3533 21198 2596 15574.8 3533 21198 2596 15574.8 3533 21198 2596 12979 3533 17665 3298 13192.8 3533 14132 3298 16491 3298 16491 3298 16491 3533 17665 3533 17665 3533 10599 4590 27540 4590 27540 4590 13770 135432 135432 3400 3400 8140 8140 19360 19360 overCHPhours TOTALELEC losses 10%designmargin CHPELECREQD output MJ 153.6 209.1 153.6 209.1 perday
BLOCKB
Flat Maisonette Flat Maisonette Flat Maisonette Flat Maisonette Maisonette Maisonette Flat Flat Flat Maisonette Maisonette Flat Unit Unit Unit
BLOCKC BLOCKD 48.5 75.5 48.5 75.5 62 75.5 60 60 60 75.5 75.5 73.5 85 85 85 342 170 110 440 400 5000 500 500 TOTALS 6 18 10 20 8 12 10 15 10 15 20 9 213 42.5 42.5 21.3 106 20 20 10 30 80 14 hours/day 1 2 17 399 people 153.6 209.1 128.0 174.2 130.1 139.4 162.7 162.7 162.7 174.2 174.2 104.5 2601 271.6 271.6 135.8 679 1335.8 33.5 80.3 190.9 1641 706 144 22 31 5822 MJ/day 95.1 kW 95.1 kW 4.8 kW 10.0 kW 110 kW
BLOCKE
BLOCKF
BLOCKG
OFFICES BLOCKA BLOCKB BLOCKC
OTHER SHOP NURSERY CLUBHOUSE HEALTHYLIVINGCENTRE Streetlights Floodlights RWpumps Heatingpumps
35 number 8 6 1
totalheat overCHPhours TOTALHEAT losses 10%designmargin CHPHEATREQD fromheatexchanger
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PROPORTIONSOFELECTRICALENERGYUSE
Beddington ZED - Electrical Use

infrastructure (street lights etc) 15%
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
dwelling
workspace
shop etc
Electric energy / floor area 82 dwellings 45%
shop, healthy living etc (12 units) 28%
15 workspaces 12%
C4.
REFERENCES
BeddingtonZEDEnergyAnalysisCarolineBakewell,BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup,April1999 DETREnergyConsumptionGuide19EnergyUseinOffices,1998 iii BusinessguidetoenergyuseinbuildingsDeptoftheEnvironment1996 iv ArupBuildingServicesConceptDesignGuide v Estimatesbasedonref4

ii
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5.
TRANSPORTENERGYCONSUMPTION ItispredictedthattransportenergyconsumptionatBedZEDwillchangeovertimeasthe compositionofvehiclesonsitechanges.Transportenergyconsumptionwillfallasresidentsand workersreducecaruseinfavourofpublictransport,walkingandcyclingorgiveuptheircarto jointhecarpool.Theshiftfromfossilfueltoelectricvehicleswillalsoreduceenergy consumption. Aspreadsheetmodelwascreatedtopredictchangesintransportenergyconsumptionat BedZED.Themodeladdressesresidentialtransportonly.Itisassumedthattheenergy consumptionrelatingtotraveltoworkandtravelinthecourseofworkatBedZEDisbalancedby theenergyconsumptionofBedZEDresidentstravellingtoworkandinthecourseofwork outsidethedevelopment.

Scenario Fossil fuel 88 74 49 11 Electric 0 5 10 28 No.ofprivatevehicles No.ofpoolcar vehicles Fossil fuel 0 3 4 3 Electric 0 2 6 12 Transportenergy consumption (kWh/year) 963,098 709,589 527,679 244,746
Equivalentconventional development BedZEDyear1 BedZEDyear5 BedZEDyear10
Table1:ThepredictedenergyconsumptionoftransportatBedZEDbasedondifferentscenarios ofvehiclesonsite. Thefiguresshownintable3aregeneratedfromamodelbasedonanumberofassumptions. 5%oftheprivatefossilfuelmileageintheyear1scenariohasbeenaddedtothefossilfuel mileageineachscenariotoaccountforenergyconsumptionbyservicestothesitee.g.internet shoppingdeliveries,refuseandrecyclingcollections. Itisassumedthattheaveragemileageofafossilfuelcaris18,000kmperyear(RAC,1999)and thatanaverageelectriccarwillcover15,000kmperyear(OveArupandPartners,1999).A privatecaroccupancyrateof1.2peoplepercarisassumed(NationalTravelSurvey,1992/94). ItisassumedthatprivatecardriversatBedZEDwillreducetheirannualmileageby20% comparedtotheaverage.Ofthis20%reductioninmileage,17%willbetransferredtowalkingor cyclingand83%topublictransport(NationalTravelSurvey,1992/94). Poolcarsareassumedtocovertheaverageannualmileagesforfossilfuelandelectriccars.Early indicationsfromtheEdinburghCityCarClubrunbyBudgetsuggestthatannualmileagesmaybe lowerthanthis.TheaveragerentaldurationforCityCarClubvehiclesiscurrently2.8hourswith anaveragejourneylengthof23miles.
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Itisassumedthateachcarinthecarpoolreplaces4privatecars(BudgetRentaCar,1999). Theefficiencyachievedbyeachmodeoftransportisassumedtobe1.7km/kWhfossil fuelcar,2.5km/kWhpublictransport,(Wood,1995),6.2km/kWhelectriccar(OveArupand Partners,1999).Theenergyconsumedperkmforwalkingandcyclingisassumedtobezeroas theenergyexpendedishumanratherthanfossilfuelorelectricity. TherateofcarownershiponaconventionaldevelopmentisassumedtobetheLondonBorough ofSuttonaverageof0.44carsperperson(LondonBoroughofSutton,1998). Thescenariosforyears1,5and10arebasedaroundtheadditionof5vehiclesperyeartothecar poolandashiftovertimefromfossilfueltoelectricvehicles.Thesedevelopmentsarethoughtto bethelikelyoutcomeoftheimplementationoftheGreenTransportPlan. ThePVpanelswillproduceenoughelectricitytopower40electricvehicles.Thepredicted scenarioforyear10showsthefull40electricvehiclesonthesite.Thismayappearanoptimistic predictiongiventhecurrentstatusofelectricvehiclesintheUK.However,BedZEDisaforward lookingdevelopmentwhichaimstodemonstratehowrealstepstowardsreducingfossilfuel consumptionandairpollutioncanbetaken.AstheLondonBoroughofSuttonrunsafleetof electricvehicles,thelocalelectricvehicleinfrastructureisfurtheradvancedthaninmanyareas. Afree,publicelectricvehiclechargingpointisalreadyavailableinatowncentrecarpark.
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6.
6.1
BedZEDGREENTRANSPORTPLAN
Introduction BedZEDtheBeddingtonZeroEnergyDevelopmentisanenvironmentallyfriendly,energy efficientmixofhousingandworkspacetobebuiltonthelandeastofLondonRoadin Hackbridge,Sutton.BedZEDwillbeanaffordable,attractiveandviableexampleofsustainable urbanliving. TheBedZEDschemeincludesaGreenTransportPlanthatwillmakeiteasyandpossiblefor peoplelivingorworkingatBedZEDtoreducetheircaruseandcarownership,without sacrificingmobility,flexibilityorfreedom.AssetoutintheBedZEDschemespecification incorporatedinthelandpurchasecontract,thisGreenTransportPlanaimstoreduceprivate fossilfuelcarusemilesby50%,ascomparedwithtypicalmileage. Theresulting,relativelycarfreeenvironmentatBedZEDwillbesaferforchildren,pedestrians andcyclists,andresidentsandworkerswillbenefitfromlowerlevelsofairandnoisepollution. ToformalisethecommitmenttominimisingtheenvironmentalimpactoftravelbyBedZED residents,thePeabodyTrustwillenterintoalegallybindingagreementwiththeLondon BoroughofSutton.ThisdocumentoutlinestheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanthatwillform thebasisofthisagreement. The1998GovernmentTransportWhitePaper,Anewdealfortransport:betterforeveryone, identifiedGreenTransportPlansasavaluabletoolforbusinessesinreducingtheenvironmental impactoftraveltoworkandbusinesstravel.TheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanwillextendthis concepttoofferanintegratedpackageoftraveloptionstoBedZEDresidentsandworkers.It incorporatescurrentbestpracticeingreentransportplanningincludingthegreentransport measuresrecommendedintheDETRadvisorydocumentPreparingyourorganisationfor transportinthefuture:Thebenefitsofgreentransportplans. BioRegionalDevelopmentGrouphasconductedadetailedsurveyofthetravelpatternsof90 currentHackbridgehouseholds.Theinformationgatheredinthesurveyissummarisedinthe BioRegionaldocumentofApril1999,TransportSurveyResultsandhasbeenusedtoinform thisGreenTransportPlan.
6.2
AimsoftheBedZEDGreenTransportPlan TheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanaimstoreducecaruseandcarownershipatBedZEDby: reducingtheneedtotravel promotingpublictransport offeringalternativestoprivatecartravel Itisintendedthatallfacilitiesshouldbeinplacewhenthesiteopensandusers movein.
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6.3 Reducingtheneedtotravel 6.3.1 Mixedusedevelopment Alongsideresidentialunits,BedZEDwillofferworkspaceforsome125employees.Some residentswillhavetheopportunitytoliveandworkonsite,eitherintheworkspaceorfrom home,thusreducingcommutingtraffic. Inordertoencourageresidentstopursuealive/workarrangement,BedZEDwillbe speciallydesignedforeasyinstallationofISDNlinksthroughoutthedevelopmentandtele suitesandtelecottagingfacilitiesinworkspaceunits. 6.3.2 Internetshopping ThemostcardependentactivityintheHackbridgeareaiscurrentlyshopping2.Initiativesto reduceshoppingrelatedcarjourneysarethereforeahighpriority. BedZEDresidentswillbeabletoplaceorderswithlocalsupermarketseitherfromhomeor viaacentralinternetaccesspoint,providedbythePeabodyTrust.Thisisaimedat reducingshoppingtripsbycar. Target: 20%ofBedZEDhouseholdstobeusingsupermarketdeliveryservicesoneyear afterBedZEDopens Ratherthanhavingeachoftheseindividualordersdeliveredseparately,PeabodyTrustwill seektonegotiateregulardeliveriesofallBedZEDorders.Thiswillminimisemileageby supermarketdeliveryvehicles. 6.3.3 Onsitefacilities Incorporatinganumberoffacilitiesincludingintothedevelopmentwillreducetravelnotonly forBedZEDresidents,butalsoforBeddingtonCornerresidentswhocurrentlytravelfurther afieldforthesefacilities2. BedZEDwillincludebuildingsandinfrastructuretoaccommodateashop,caf,childcare facilityandaHealthyLivingCentre.Thesewillbeavailableforfacilityproviderswhen BedZEDopens. PeabodyTrustintendstoestablishaBedZEDgroceryshopwithinoneyearofBedZED opening,stockingeverydaysuppliesincludingfreshorganicproduce. InpartnershipwiththeNorthernWardsHealthyLivingTaskforceandlocalhealthcare providers,PeabodyTrustwill,subjecttofundingandmanagementarrangements, establishaHealthyLivingCentreatBedZEDwithinayearofBedZEDopening. InpartnershipwiththeLondonBoroughofSutton,PeabodyTrustwill,subjecttofunding andsatisfactorymanagementarrangements,establishachildcarefacilityatBedZED withinoneyearofBedZEDopening. 6.4 Promotingpublictransport OneofthebarrierstopublictransportuseintheHackbridgeareaisaperceivedlackof informationabouttheservicesavailable2. PeabodyTrustwillprovidedetailsofbus,train,coachandtramlinksthatservethe developmenttoBedZEDresidentsandworkers.Thesedetailswillbeupdatedasservices change.Inaddition,thisinformationwillbedisplayedatcentralpoints. PeabodyTrustwillnegotiatewithpublictransportcompanies,seekingtoobtaindiscounts forbulkpurchaseoftravelcardsforBedZEDresidentsandworkers. AnumberofcurrentHackbridgeresidentsdonotusethetrain,astheyperceivethatthe distancetoMitchamJunctionstationistoofartowalk2. Subjecttosufficientdemand,PeabodyTrustwilllooktoprovideapeoplecarrierserviceto MitchamJunctionstationatpeaktimes.
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6.4.1
SuttonCommunityTransport OngoingmonitoringoftransportpatternsofBedZEDusersmayidentifygapsintransport provision.PeabodyTrustwillworkwithSuttonCommunityTransporttoprovideservices thatmeettheseneeds.
6.5
Offeringalternativestoprivatecartravel Target: CarownershipofBedZEDresidentswillnotexceedanaverageofonecarper householdatanytime.
6.5.1 Cycling 45.5%ofalljourneysinSuttonarebetween1kmand5kmlong,yetonly2%ofthesejourneys aremadebycycle3.Increasingtheproportionofshortjourneysmadebycycleisthereforeakey componentoftheBedZEDGreenTransportPlan. 6.5.1.1 Cyclestorageprovision Cyclingisahealthy,cheapandflexiblemodeoftransport.However,thelackofconvenient, securecyclestorage,leavingcyclesopentotheft,vandalismandtheweathercandiscourage wouldbecyclists. PeabodyTrustwilldemonstratebestpracticeincyclestorageprovisionatBedZED. PeabodyTrustwillprovidesecure,groundfloorcyclestorageforresidentsattherateof1 spaceperflat,2spacespermaisonetteand3spacespertownhouse(basedonguidelines takenfromLondonBoroughofSuttonUDPReviewandtheNationalCyclingStrategy). Inaddition,PeabodyTrustwillprovide30outdoorlockablecyclespacesforBedZED workersandvisitors(basedonNationalCyclingStrategyguidelines). 6.5.1.2 Workspaceshowerfacilities Employeescanbediscouragedfromcyclingtoworkifappropriatefacilitiesforshoweringand changingoutofcyclingclothesarenotavailable1. WorkspacesatBedZEDwillincludeshoweringfacilities. 6.5.1.3Onsitecyclerepairfacility PeabodyTrustwillseektoensuretheprovisionofapermanentorvisitingcyclerepair serviceatBedZEDordiscountedservicesatalocalcycleshop. 6.5.1.4 Linkstoexistingcyclenetwork PeabodyTrustwillseektoestablishlinksfromBedZEDtoexistingcycleroutes. SubjecttonegotiationswithRailtrack,PeabodyTrustwillseektoestablishalinkacrossthe adjacentrailwaybridge,intothenewnorthsouthcycleroute. PeabodyTrustwillopendiscussionswithRailtrackandlandownersbyFebruary2000. PeabodyTrustwillassessprogressinFebruary2001and,ifnecessary,discussalternative improvementstocycleaccesswithLondonBoroughofSutton. 6.5.2 Carpool Manyjourneyscanbeundertakenbyfoot,cycleorpublictransportbuttherearesomejourneys forwhichacaristheonlyrealoption.Peoplebuycarsformobilityinsuranceandthenuse themformostjourneysbecauseofconvenience.Havingpaidforthecarsfixedcosts,itmakes financialsensetousethecarforasmanyjourneysaspossible. AtBedZED,acarpoolwilloffermobilityinsurancewithoutthefixedcosts.Userspaybythe hour.Thiswillmakeitpossibleforpeopletowalk,cycleandusepublic
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transportmostofthetimebutstillhaveaccesstoacarforthosejourneysthatneedone. CarpoolsarealreadysuccessfullyoperatinginanumberofEuropeancountries.Forinstance, theMobilityschemeinSwitzerlandhas18,000memberssharing800vehiclesthroughoutthe country,whilstBerlinsStattautocompanyhas5,000memberssharing150vehicles.A numberofschemeshaverecentlybeenlaunchedintheUK,includingEdinburghsCityCar ClubrunbyBudgetCarandVanRental. Carpoolsofferusersanumberofadvantagesoverprivatecarownership.Theexperienceof Europeancarpoolssuggeststhatcarpoolmemberswithanannualmileageof78,000miles cansaveupto1500ayearontheirmotoringcosts.Inaddition,carpoolmembersbenefit fromaccesstoarangeofvehicles,fromsmallcars,topeoplecarrierstovans,atshortnotice. Thisgivescarpoolmembersimprovedflexibilityovercarownerswhoonlyhaveimmediate accesstoonetypeofvehicle. Actingasfacilitators,PeabodyTrustwillendeavourtoestablishacarpool,ZEDCars,at BedZED,offeringbothfossilfuelandelectricvehicles,includingavanandapeoplecarrier, withinoneyearofBedZEDopening. Target: 25%ofpotentialcarownersatBedZEDtohavejoinedthecarpooltwoyears afterZEDCarsopens Intheeventofthecarpoolbeingfullybooked,thecarpoolwillofferaminicabordering serviceasanalternative. 6.5.3 Promotingelectricvehicles Electricvehicles,whichproduceminimalairandnoisepollution,areidealforshorturban journeys. PeabodyTrustwill,subjecttoreceiptofmatchingEUTHERMIEfunding,equipBedZED withroofmountedphotovoltaicsolarpanelstoprovidearenewable,carbonneutral sourceofelectricitysufficienttopower40electricvehicles. Subjecttofunding,BedZEDcarpoolwillinitiallyincludetwoelectricvehicles.Peabody Trustintendstoaddfurtherelectricvehiclesastheservicegrows. PeabodyTrustwillequipfiveparkingbaysatBedZEDwithrechargingpointsforelectric vehicles. A2,000subsidyperelectricvehicleisavailablefromPowershift,aschemerunbytheEnergy SavingTrust. PeabodyTrustwillencourageBedZEDresidentsandworkerstoconsiderprivate ownershipofelectricvehicles. Target: 10BedZEDresidentswillexchangetheirfossilfuelvehiclesforelectricvehicles withinoneyearofBedZEDopening Electricvehicleshavearangeofapproximately60miles.Forlongerjourneys,BedZEDelectric vehicleownerscanusefossilfuelvehiclesfromthecarpool. 6.6 ParkingProvision StandardparkingrequirementsfortheBedZEDscheme,basedontheSuttonUDP(1999) wouldbeaminimumof121residentialspacesandamaximumof79nonresidentialspaces. However,thecalculationsbelowshowthat,duetothetransportinitiativesdescribedandthe likelynatureofBedZEDresidents,thisnumbercanbesignificantlyreduced. Exceptforcarpoolspaces,allparkingspacesatBedZEDwillbenonallocated,therefore residentialandnonresidentialspacescandoubleup.
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6.6.1 Residentialparking SurveyssuggestthatcarownershiplevelsamongstBedZEDresidentswillbelowerthan averagelevelsinSuttonforanumberofreasons. Atleast15homesatBedZEDwillbeallocatedforsocialhousing.Carownership amongstsocialhousingresidentsis50%lowerthantheaveragelevelsinSutton4.The standardallocationof19.5spacesforthesocialhousingunitscanthereforebereducedby 50%to10spaces. BioRegionalhasconductedasurveyof30householdsthatincludeapersonworkingfor Suttonbasedenvironmentalorganisations.Carownershipamongsttheseenvironmentally awarehouseholdsis50%lowerthantheSuttonaverage. ItisconservativelyassumedthatcarownershipamongstnonsocialhouseholdsatBedZED willbeatleast25%belowtheSuttonaverage,duetoenvironmentalawareness.Therefore, nonsocialresidentialparkingprovisioncouldbereducedfrom101.5to76spaces. AccordingtoBudgetCarandVanRental,whooperateacarpoolinEdinburgh,eachpoolcar replacestheneedfor4to6privatecars.Therefore,ifjust1in12ofallpotentialcarownersat BedZEDgiveupcarownershipandusethecarpool,thentotalresidentialparkingprovision canbefurtherreducedto79spaces. Thecarpoolwillinitiallyrequire5spaces,takingtheparkingrequirementto84spaces. PeabodyTrustwilloffer84parkingspacesatBedZED. Inordertoestimatethenumberofresidentscarsthatwillbeoutduringtheday,parkedcars havebeencountedin3residentialstreetsintheLondonBoroughofSuttonbothduringoffice hoursandlateatnight.Theresultsbelowareexpressedasa%ofcarsabsentduringtheday, comparedwithnighttime: FoxgloveWay/PoppyClose 38% BloxworthClose 56% StJamesRoad 39% Ifjust36%ofBedZEDresidentscarsgooutduringtheday,thiswouldreleasespacefor30non residentialcars. 6.6.2 Nonresidentialparking Themixedusedevelopmentmeansthatsomeoftheworkerswillliveonsiteandwilltherefore notbringadditionalcars.Byencouragingcyclists,useofpublictransportandgreentransport plansforbusinesses,weaimforcaruseamongstbusinessestobereducedby50%.Businesses willhaveaccesstothecarpool,sostaffwillnothavetobringintheirowncarsforshort businesstrips.Eachpoolcarreplacestheneedfor46privatecars.Allfacilitiessuchasthecaf, theshopandthehealthylivingcentrewillbetargetedatservinglocalresidentswithinwalking distance. Takingthesefactorsintoaccount,thefollowingestimateshavebeenmadefornonresidential parkingspaceprovision.
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Workspace Healthylivingcentre Childcarefacility Caf/shop Clubhouse/sportsfacility Total
14 10 2 2 2 30
Ifourpoliciesaremoresuccessfulthananticipated,itispossiblethatresidentswhoowncars willnotusethemmuchandtherefore,willnotreleasespacesforofficeworkersduringtheday. Ontheotherhand,ifourpoliciesaresuccessful,numbersofworkerscarswillalsobeverylow. ThisbalancewillneedtobemonitoredandresultscanbereportedtotheBedZEDTransport Forum(see6.9below). 6.7 ParkingControl ResidentsandworkerswillbeabletopurchaseBedZEDannualparkingpermits. Thenumberofresidentialpermitsissuedwillbelimitedtothenumberofspacesavailable. Visitorstothesitewillparkfreeforperiodsofupto2hours.Ifparkingforover2hours, visitorswillpurchaseprepaidparkingpermitsfromtheBedZEDshoporcaf.Businesses canmakethesepermitsavailabletotheirvisitors. TheseparkingrestrictionswillbecontrolledbyaParkingEnforcementContractor. PeriodicassessmentswillbeundertakenoftheparkinghabitsofBedZEDresidentsin surroundingstreets. RevenuefromthesaleofcarparkingpermitswillbeusedtosupportfacilitiesatBedZED.
6.8 AnIntegratedSolution Asfacilitators,PeabodyTrustwillestablishaBedZEDTravelClubtoadministerthe packageoftraveloptionsdescribedaboveandtonegotiatetraveldiscountsforresidents andworkers.
6.9
StrategyDevelopment PeabodyTrustwillmonitorthisGreenTransportPlanonanannualbasisinconjunction withaforumconsistingofBedZEDresidents,membersofthesurroundingcommunity, representativesofPeabodyTrustandCouncilmembersandofficers. PeabodyTrustwillreviewthisGreenTransportPlaneveryfiveyears,inconsultationwith BedZEDresidentsandworkers,toensureservicesaremeetingtheirtransportneeds. TwoyearsafterBedZEDopens,PeabodyTrustwillproducedisseminationmaterialsto promotetheresultsofthisGreenTransportPlantoawideraudience.
Preparingyourorganisationfortransportinthefuture:Thebenefitsofgreentransport plans,DETR,1999 2 BeddingtonZeroEnergyDevelopmentTransportSurveyResults,BioRegional DevelopmentGroup,1999 3 LondonBoroughofSuttonSustainableTransportStrategy,1998 4 MORIpollforPeabodyTrust,1997

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7. 7.1
CONSUMERBEHAVIOURTOWARDSENERGYEFFICIENTHOUSINGANDTRANSPORT Introduction In1997/98,MaraJosCarrascoSnchez,anMAstudentatKingstonBusinessSchool,carried outastudyofConsumerbehaviourtowardsenvironmentallyfriendlyhousesusingthetheoryof plannedbehaviour.Thequestionnairewhichformedthebasisofthisresearchwasdesignedin conjunctionwithBioRegional. BioRegionalsaiminparticipatinginthisstudywastocollectdataonconsumerperceptionsof environmentallyfriendlyhouses.Thisinformationwillbeusedtoinformthemarketingstrategy forBedZED. ThequestionnairesincludedanumberofquestionsrelatingtotheBedZEDenergystrategy,the responsestowhichwereanalysedforthisreport. Method Dataforthestudywascollectedviaaquestionnairedistributedtoarandomsampleof500 addresseswithintheM25andinsertedin500copiesofthemagazinePermaculture. ThefollowingquestionsinthequestionnairerelatedtotheBedZEDenergystrategy: 1. Wouldyoubewillingtobuyanenvironmentallyfriendlyhousewhichsavesyoumoneyin thelongterm? 2. Assumingthatyouareconsideringbuyinganenvironmentallyfriendlyhouse,howwould youratetheimportanceof: a. energyefficiency? b. useofenergyfromrenewablesources? 3. Howwouldyouratetheimportanceoflivinginanareawithaccesstopublictransport? 4. Wouldyouconsidergettingridofoneormoreofyourcarsifacarpooling/sharingscheme wasavailable?
7.2
5. Iftherewasrentedofficeworkspacewithinthedevelopmentwouldyouuseit? Respondentswereaskedtoanswereachquestionona7pointscaleindicatinge.g.howthey ratedtheimportanceofacertainfeatureinahouseorhowlikelytheyweretouseacertain facilityinthedevelopment.
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7.3
Results Intotal,189responsestothequestionnairewerereceived,49responsesfromhouseholdswithin theM25and140responsesfromreadersofPermaculturemagazine. 1. Wouldyoubewillingtobuyanenvironmentallyfriendlyhousewhichsavesyoumoneyin thelongterm?

% respondents from each sample Households within M25 Readers of Permaculture magazine
100 80 60 40 20 0
el y lik el y el y y er y el ei th el lik lik li k li k Q ui te el ht un un N un y ly lik el y
Sl ig
Ex t
Sl ig
Q ui
Fig.1:Likelihoodthatrespondentswouldbuyanenvironmentallyfriendlyhousethatwouldsave themmoneyinthelongterm Fromfig.1,itcanbeseenthatonaveragebothsampleswouldbewillingtobuyan environmentallyfriendlyhousethatsavesthemmoneyinthelongterm.Householdswithinthe M25areslightlylessenthusiasticaboutthisconcept. 2. Assumingthatyouareconsideringbuyinganenvironmentallyfriendlyhouse,howwould youratetheimportanceof: a. energyefficiency? b. useofenergyfromrenewablesources? Theapprovalratingsforeachofthesefeatureswereanalysedincomparisontoapprovalratings forfiveotherfeatures:waterrecycling,wasterecycling,useoflocalbuildingmaterials,useof naturalbuildingmaterialsanduseofanongreenfieldsite.
Ex
tre
m el y
re
ht
ly
te
72

Households within M25 Readers of Permaculture magazine
7 6
Approval rating
En er gy
5 4 3 2 1
ie Re nc ne y wa bl e en er W gy at er re cy cl in W g as te re cy cl in Lo g ca ls ou rc Na in g tu ra lm at er ia G ls re en fie ld si te ef fic
Fig.2: Medianapprovalratingsforvariousfeaturesofenvironmentallyfriendlyhousing.The medianisanestimateoftheaverageapprovalratingforeachfeature.Forinstance, although,onaverage,readersofPermaculturemagazinethinkthatwaterrecyclingisvery important;householdswithintheM25onlyratewaterrecyclingasimportant. Theverticallinesoneachbarofthechartareerrorbars.Theseerrorbarsshowtherangeof approvalratingsforeachfeature,leavingoutthetopandbottom5%ofrespondents.Thisis knownasa90%confidenceinterval.Thelongertheerrorbar,thegreatertherangeof approvalratingsforafeature.Forexample,theratingsforlocalsourcingbyhouseholds withintheM25rangefromveryimportanttounimportant,whereasthesamesamplerates energyefficiencynolowerthanimportant. Approvalratingsrepresent1veryunimportant;2unimportant;3quiteunimportant;4 neutral;5quiteimportant;6important;7veryimportant. Withinbothsamples,therewasstatisticallysignificantvariationbetweenlevelsofapprovalfor differentfeaturesofanenvironmentallyfriendlyhouse(Statisticaltestresults:KruskalWallis tests:HouseholdswithinM252=61,df=6,p<0.0001;ReadersofPermaculturemagazine2 =126,df=6,p<0.0001).Thisresultshowsthatitcanbestatisticallyproventhatthepeople questionedratesomefeaturesofenvironmentallyhousingmorehighlythanothers. Forbothsamples,themedianapprovalratingsforallfeatureswereatthepositiveendofthe approvalscalei.e.quiteimportantorabove. Thepatternsofapprovalaresimilarforthetwosamplesbutoveralllevelsofapprovalare consistentlyhigherinreadersofPermaculturemagazine.Thisgroupgiveenergyefficiencyand renewableenergythegreatestimportance.Waterandwasterecyclingandthesourcingoflocal andnaturalmaterialsarerankedonlyslightlylower.Onlyforgreenfieldsiteconsiderationsis thereaminoritywhichattacheslittleimportancetothisissue.
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HouseholdswithintheM25alsoshowedstrongapprovalforenergyconsiderations.However,for allotherfeaturestherewereminoritieswhorankedimportanceasneutralorbelow.Thelowest approvalratingsweregiventowasterecycling,greenfieldsitesandlocalsourcing.Thisgroup rankedlocalsourcingastheleastimportantfeature,incontrasttoPermaculturereaders,who attachedrelativelyhighimportancetothisissue. 3. Howwouldyouratetheimportanceoflivinginanareawithaccesstopublictransport?

% respondents from each sample Households within the M25 Readers of Perm aculture m agazine
100 80 60 40 20 0
ta nt po rta nt ui te im po rta nt po rta nt im po r un im
Im
un im
Ve ry
U ni m
Fig.3:Importanceattachedtoaccesstopublictransportbyrespondents Fromfig.3,itcanbeseenthataccesstopublictransportisgivenhighimportanceregardlessof sample. 4. Wouldyouconsidergettingridofoneofmoreofyourcarsifacarpooling/sharingscheme wasavailable?

Hous eholds within M25 % respondents from each sample Readers of Perm aculture m agazine 100 80 60 40 20 0
er un lik el Q y ui te un Ex lik tre el m y el y un lik el y N o an sw er lik el y lik el y lik el y N ei th
el y
Q ui te
ht ly
Ex
Fig.4:Likelihoodthatrespondentswouldgetridofoneormorecarsifacarpoolingschemewas available
Sl
ig ht ly
tr e m
Sl ig
Q ui te
Ve ry
po rta nt
po rta nt
eu tra l
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Fromfig.4,itcanbeseenthatthemajorityofPermaculturereaderswouldconsidergettingridof oneormoreoftheircarsifacarpoolingschemewasavailable.Amongsthouseholdswithinthe M25,opinionissplitonthisissue.Inthisgroup,mostofthosewhowereunlikelytotake advantageofacarpoolingschemefeltverystronglythattheywouldnotgiveuptheircar. 5. Iftherewasrentedofficeworkspacewithinthedevelopmentwouldyouuseit?
% respondents from each sample
Households within M25
Readers of Permaculture magazine
100 80 60 40 20 0
y el y y el y er y y y un el lik el te un an sw er el lik el ei th lik lik l ik un y ly lik el
m el
ui
ht
ly
ht
Q ui
tre
Sl
Sl ig
Ex
Fig.5:Likelihoodthatrespondentswoulduserentedofficeworkspaceonthedevelopment Fromfig.5,itcanbeseenthat,inbothsamples,theoptionofrentingofficeworkspacereceiveda broadspreadofresponses.Therearemanypeoplewhowillhavenochoiceregardingwherethey work.Thisoptionwillonlybeopentothosewhoregularlyworkfromhomee.g.theself employed.Permaculturereadersareslightlymorelikelytotakeadvantageofthisfacility. 7.4
Conclusions Acrossbothsamples,responsestotheenvironmentallyfriendlyfeaturesofthehousesand developmentarelargelypositivesuggestingthatconsumerswouldrespondtomarketingof thesefeatures. Aswouldbeexpected,readersofPermaculturemagazinearemoreenthusiasticaboutthe environmentallyfriendlyfeaturesthanrandomlyselectedhouseholdswithintheM25.This suggeststhatenvironmentallymotivatedpeoplearelikelytobemorereadilyattractedto BedZEDandthefeaturesandfacilitiesitoffers. Energyefficiencyandrenewableenergywereidentifiedasthemostpopularfeatures.Marketing ofthedevelopmentshouldthereforestressthesefeatures. Respondentsinbothsampleswereinterestedinbuyingahousethatsavedmoneyinthelong term,thereforemarketingshouldemphasiseanypotentiallongtermsavingsofferedbyenergy efficientbuildings.
Ex
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ig
te
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Itisinterestingthatrespondentsratedtheprovisionofrecyclingfacilitiesasonlyas importantaslowerprofileenvironmentalissuessuchaslocalsourcingofconstruction materialsanddevelopingbrownfieldsites.Manylocalauthoritiesnowprovidekerbside recyclingschemesandachievehighparticipationrates.Itispossiblethatrespondentsfeltthat thereisalreadygoodprovisionforrecyclingthereforefurtherfacilitiesarenotsoimportant. AmongsthouseholdswithintheM25thereisasignificantminoritywhoconsiderthemselvesvery unlikelytorelinquishtheircarsevenwhenofferedapoolcarasan alternative.AsthecarpoolisarelativelynewconceptintheUKthismaybeduetoalackof informationabouttheservicesacarpooloffers.However,manypeopledoleadacarbased lifestyle,thereforegivingupacarisseenasalargesteptotake.ReadersofPermaculture magazine,whoarelikelytobemoreenvironmentallyawareappearmorecomfortableintaking thisstep.Inordertopersuadepeopletogiveuptheircarsweneedtoofferaconvenientpackage ofoptionswhichresidentsareconfidentwillnotrestricttheirmobility.Thisshouldbe complementedbyexamplesofthefinancialbenefitsofmovingovertoapoolcar. 55%ofPermaculturereadersand40%ofhouseholdswithintheM25expressedaninterestin rentingofficespaceinthedevelopment.Apackageofferingacombinationofpurchasing/ rentingahouseandrentingofficespacecouldbeofferedtoencouragethisoption.Wecould alsodeveloptelesuitesatBedZED,enablingresidentswhoseworkisnottiedtoaspecific locationtoworkfromaBedZEDtelesuiterathertravellingtothecompanyofficeeachday.
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8.
8.1
ANNUALSAVINGSONENERGYBILLSFORABEDZEDHOMECOMPAREDWITHA CONVENTIONALHOME Energyefficienthousingandtransportoffersignificantbenefitstotheenvironmentintermsof reducedCO2emissions.Inaddition,BedZEDresidentswillbenefitfromlowerhouseholdbills. Lightingandappliances

3bedroomBedZEDmaisonette1 Typical3bedroom,semidetachedhousebuiltto1995 buildingregulations2 Annualhouseholdenergyuse(kWh) 1663 3831
Chapter3,EnergyAnalysis Eachenergyconsumptionscenarioisbasedonacombinationofapplianceperformanceandoccupierusage patterns. 2 DETR,1998
Table1:Annualenergyuse(kWh)forlightingandappliancesina3bedroomBedZEDmaisonette andatypical3bedroom,semidetachedhousebuiltto1995buildingregulations
3bedroomBedZEDmaisonette Typical3bedroom,semidetachedhousebuiltto1995 buildingregulations Costofannualenergyuse() 1553 2902
2 3
SouthernElectricityStandardDomesticElectricityTariff:standingcharge9.39perquarter,unitrate6.22pperkWh SouthernElectricityAcorntariff(greentariff):standingcharge9.39perquarter,unitrate6.53pperkWh
Table2:Annualcostofenergyuseforlightingandappliancesina3bedroomBedZED maisonette(standardandgreentariffs)andatypical3bedroom,semidetachedhousebuiltto 1995buildingregulations Therefore,ahouseholdlivingina3bedroomBedZEDmaisonettewillsave134peryearon electricitycostsforlightingandappliancescomparedwithahouseholdlivinginatypical3 bedroomhousebuiltto1995buildingregulations.Thesesavingsaredespitethefactthat BedZEDhouseholdswillpayapremiumratefortheirgreenelectricity. ThemajorityofelectricityatBedZEDwillbesuppliedfromtheCHP.Attimesofpeakdemand, energywillbedrawninfromthegridonagreentariff.Thesecalculationsassumethattheunit rateforelectricityfromtheCHPwillbesimilartothegreentariffratesofferedbyregional electricitycompanies.
77
8.2
Spaceandwaterheating
3bedroomBedZEDmaisonette3 Typical3bedroom,semidetachedhouse builtto1995buildingregulations1 Annualequivalentheatdemand(kWh)for spaceandwaterheating 4380 12474
1 3
Chapter3,EnergyAnalysis Chapter4,PredictedEnergyConsumption,OveArupandPartners,1999
Table3:Annualequivalentheatdemand(kWh)forspaceandhotwaterheatingina3bedroom BedZEDmaisonetteandatypical3bedroom,semidetachedhousebuiltto1995building regulations
3bedroomBedZEDmaisonette Typical3bedroom,semidetachedhousebuiltto1995building regulations
Annualcostofspaceand hotwaterheating() 954 2014
BasedonSEEBOARDStandardCreditDomesticGasTariff(DualFuelcustomers):BandA(first1465unitsperquarter) 2.167p/kWh,BandB(allfurtherunits)1.127p/kWh.Itisassumedthatthefirst5860kWhperyearischargedatthe BandArate.
Table4:Annualcostsofspaceandhotwaterheatingfora3bedroomBedZEDmaisonette (standardgastariffandgreenelectricitytariff)andatypical3bedroom,semidetachedhouse builtto1995buildingregulations Therefore,aBedZEDhouseholdwillsave106peryearonspaceandwaterheatingcomparedto ahouseholdlivinginanequivalenthousebuiltto1995buildingregulations. Ahouseholdlivingina3bedroomBedZEDmaisonettewillthereforesaveupto240peryearon householdenergycostscomparedtoahouseholdlivinginanequivalenthousebuiltto1995 buildingregulations. ThesecalculationsassumethattheheatenergygeneratedbytheBedZEDCHPwillbesoldata similarunitratetostandardgastariffs. ItshouldbenotedthatinordertoensurethattheBedZEDCHPisfinanciallyviable,itmaybe necessarytochargehigherunitratesforbothheatandelectricity.
78
PRIVATECARVERSUSPOOLCAR:ACOSTCOMPARISON
9.
ResidentsatBedZEDwillbeencouragedtogiveuponeormorecarsandjointhecarpool.With rentbythehourflexibility,acarpooloffersmembersmobilityinsurancewithoutthefixedcosts ofowningacar.Onceyouhavepaidfortheoverheadsofowningacar,itmakessensetouseit formostjourneys.However,asacarpoolmemberyouonlypayforthecarwhenyouuseit, thereforethereisagreaterincentivetowalk,cycleandusepublictransport. BasedontheexperienceofmembersoftheirCityCarClubcarpoolinEdinburgh,BudgetCar andVanRentalsuggestthatamemberwithanannualmileageof11,000to13,000kmcouldsave upto1500peryearontheirmotoringcosts. ThefinancialbenefitsofusingapoolcarratherthanaprivatecarwillbeevengreateratBedZED wheretheannualcostofparkingwillbe500. Carownership
Cost 685 150 28 70 250 500 104 717 250 2,754
Item Depreciation Roadtax MoTtestfee Roadrescueservice Insurance AnnualBedZEDparkingpermitfee Netlossofinterestoncashusedtobuycar Fuel Tyres,servicingandmaintenance Totalannualcost
Table1:Theannualcostsofrunningacar,assuminganannualmileageof16,000kmat40miles pergallon(TheCarClubKit,1998)
Alternativestocarownership
Item Runningabike Capitalcost300depreciatingover3years 2innertubes,lubricant,brakeblocks Annualservice 5localtripsbybus/trainperweek@2pertrip 2minicabjourneysperweek@5pertrip 1daycarhireperweek@28.95perday TotalAnnualCost

Cost 100 20 50 520 520 1,505.40 2,715.40
Table2:Theannualtravelthatcanbeachievedforthesamepriceasrunningacar Tables1and2demonstratethataBedZEDresidentgivingupaprivatecarcouldrunawell servicedbikeandtravelregularlybypublictransport,taxiandhirecarforthesamepriceas runningaprivatecar.

79
Carpoolrateswillbelowerthancommercialcarhirefirmsduetointernalisedcostsandtransfer paymentsfromparkingrevenue.1,505.40willthereforecoveragreaternumberofdaysofcar poolcaruse. Thecostsoutlinedintable1areatthecheaperendofthescaleforrunningacar.Residents givingupalarger,newercarwouldbenefitevenmore. ThiscalculationdoesnottakeintoaccountthecommutingcostsforBedZEDresidentswhowork inLondon.ItisassumedthatresidentswillcommuteintoLondonbytrainregardlessofwhether theyownacarornot,asthenearbyHackbridgestationoffersregular,directtrainsintoLondon. ThecostofanannualseasonticketfromHackbridgetoLondonis1,040.
80
10.
REFERENCES
BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup,1999.BeddingtonZeroEnergyDevelopmentTransport SurveyResults CambridgeEconometrics,1999.UKEnergyandtheEnvironment.CambridgeEconometrics DETR,1994.NationalTravelSurvey1992/4.DepartmentoftheEnvironment,Transportandthe Regions DETR,1998.EnergyConsumptionGuideECON19Energyuseinoffices.Departmentofthe Environment,TransportandtheRegions DETR,1998.GeneralInformationReport53:Buildingasustainablefuture,Homesforan autonomouscommunity.DepartmentoftheEnvironment,TransportandtheRegions DETR,1999.Preparingyourorganisationfortransportinthefuture:Thebenefitsofgreen transportplans.DepartmentoftheEnvironment,TransportandtheRegions LondonBoroughofSutton,1998.SustainableTransportStrategy:BackgroundReporta transportauditoftheBorough.LondonBoroughofSuttonEnvironmentalServices Noonan,B.andCousins,S.,1998.TheCarClubKit.CarClubPublications OveArupandPartners,1999.BeddingtonZEDConceptStageReportEngineeringAppendices, AppendixCPredictedEnergyUse Wood,C.,1995.EnergyUsebyDifferentPassengerModes

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BeddingtonZeroEnergy Development

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

PREDICTEDENERGYUSE(OVEARUPANDPARTNERS,1999) TRANSPORTENERGYCONSUMPTION GREENTRANSPORTPLAN

CONSUMERBEHAVIOURTOWARDSENERGYEFFICIENT HOUSINGANDTRANSPORT ANNUALSAVINGSONENERGYBILLSFORABEDZED HOMECOMPAREDWITHACONVENTIONALHOME

Chapter4,PredictedEnergyUse,OveArupandPartners,1999 Adjustedtoallowforreducedsummerheatingdemandsand20%lossesindistribution 3 Adjustedtoallowfor5%lossesindistribution 4 Adjustedtoallowforreducedsummerheatingdemandsanddistributionlosses

Energysource CHPelectricityoutput CHPheatoutput Passivesolar PVsolar Total

Fromtable4itcanbeseenthatpassivesolargaincontributestheequivalentof134,116kWhper yeartowardsheatingthebuildingsatBedZED.Asallofthisenergyiseffectivelyconsumedfor heating,thepassivesolarenergybalanceiszero.Passivesolaristhereforenotincludedinsite energybalancecalculations.

TheBedZEDdesignconceptisdrivenbythedesireforazero(fossil)energydevelopmenti.e. onewhichwillproduceatleastasmuchenergyfromrenewableresourcesasitconsumes.In addition,BedZEDisdesignedtobeacarbonneutraldevelopment,resultinginnonetaddition ofCO2totheatmosphere. 2.1.5.1 BuildingEnergyBalance

Table6:PredictedtransportelectricityproductionandconsumptionatBedZEDforyears1,5 and10 Fromtable6itcanbeseenthatineachpredictedscenariothereisanexcessofelectricity generationoverelectricityconsumption.Thispositiveelectricitybalancewillbeexportedto thegridonagreentariff.

Table7:PredictedfossilfueltransportconsumptionatBedZEDforyears1,5and10 Fromtable7itcanbeseenthattheuseoffossilfuelvehiclesatBedZEDrepresentsanenergy deficitineachofthepredictedscenarios.

Quarterlyincrease inaveragebill 3.45and7.04 respectively 3.51

Northern Ireland Northern

EcoEnergy (Ecofund) Planningtolaunchinmid99 (Renewabletariff/ecofund)

1.04,5.20,or 7 10.40 2.88

Norweb Renewable EnergyCo. ScottishHydro Electricity ScottishPower

Nodomesticgreentariffplanned Ecotricity (availableend1999) Acorn (Renewabletariff) GreenEnergy (Renewabletariff)

Seeboard Southern Electricity SWEB Unit[e] Yorkshire

Plannedformid2000 (Ecofund) Acorn (Renewabletariff) GreenElectron (Renewabletariff) Renewabletariff GreenElectricity (Renewabletariff)

2.73 7.30 4.21

250 Energy consumption (kWh pa m2)

0 ZED Typ ical H ouses

Hot water Space heating

0 Typical 1985 Building Regulations Typical 1995 Building regulations ZED

34 Table2.8Fridgeworstcasescenariofamilies. Unittype Familytypes Fridgetype Make 1bedflat

Volume(l) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100 50 50 228 228 228 307 307

3bed maisonette 3/4bedtown house

3bed maisonette 3/4bedtown house

45 2.3.2 PredictedApplianceEnergyConsumption Figure2.5showsenergyconsumptionforcooking,lightingandmajorappliancesfortheworst,typical andbestcasescenariohouseholdslivinginZEDhouses.

Worst Typical Best

Figure2.5Predictedannualenergyconsumptionforlighting,cookingandmajorappliancesfora worst,typicalandbestcasescenariofamiliesoffourinaZEDthreebedroommaisonette. Coldappliancesrepresentaseparatefridgeandfreezer.Afamilywouldeitherhaveafridgefreezeror separatecoldappliances..

Fam ily types

Electricity consumption (kWh pa)

Hob Oven Lighting Iron TV Computer Hairdryer Toaster Kettle Microwave

Electricity consumption (kWh pa)

Hob Oven Lighting

Iron TV Computer Hairdryer Toaster Kettle Microwave

8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

Electricity consumption (kWh pa)

A Old single person

BedZED Total Energy Strategy

BioRegional Development Group January 2000

1bedflat 2bedflat 3bedmaisonette 3/4bedtownhouse

1person 2people 3people 4people

130 141 165 187

2247 kWh/annum 2596 3298 3533 54 kWh/m2/annum 396 20 74

OFFICES BLOCKA BLOCKB BLOCKC

OTHER SHOP NURSERY CLUBHOUSE HEALTHYLIVINGCENTRE Streetlights Floodlights RWpumps Heatingpumps

totalheat overCHPhours TOTALHEAT losses 10%designmargin CHPHEATREQD fromheatexchanger

Beddington ZED - Electrical Use

Electric energy / floor area 82 dwellings 45%

shop, healthy living etc (12 units) 28%

BeddingtonZEDEnergyAnalysisCarolineBakewell,BioRegionalDevelopmentGroup,April1999 DETREnergyConsumptionGuide19EnergyUseinOffices,1998 iii BusinessguidetoenergyuseinbuildingsDeptoftheEnvironment1996 iv ArupBuildingServicesConceptDesignGuide v Estimatesbasedonref4

BedZED Total Energy Strategy

Equivalentconventional development BedZEDyear1 BedZEDyear5 BedZEDyear10

BedZED Total Energy Strategy

BioRegional Development Group January 2000

BedZED Total Energy Strategy

AimsoftheBedZEDGreenTransportPlan TheBedZEDGreenTransportPlanaimstoreducecaruseandcarownershipatBedZEDby: reducingtheneedtotravel promotingpublictransport offeringalternativestoprivatecartravel Itisintendedthatallfacilitiesshouldbeinplacewhenthesiteopensandusers movein.

BioRegional Development Group January 2000

BedZED Total Energy Strategy

BedZED Total Energy Strategy

SuttonCommunityTransport OngoingmonitoringoftransportpatternsofBedZEDusersmayidentifygapsintransport provision.PeabodyTrustwillworkwithSuttonCommunityTransporttoprovideservices thatmeettheseneeds.

Offeringalternativestoprivatecartravel Target: CarownershipofBedZEDresidentswillnotexceedanaverageofonecarper householdatanytime.