ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION NEEDS IN AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN & PACIFIC (ACP) STATES SOUTHERN AFRICA

Country Study: South Africa Final Report Prepared by: Craig Morris Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

on behalf of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA)

Project: 4-7-41-209-6/d

21 September 2007

ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION NEEDS IN AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN & PACIFIC (ACP) STATES Africa

Country Study: South Africa Report prepared by Craig Morris Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

on behalf of the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA)

Project: 4-7-41-209-6/d

21 September 2007

Disclaimer

This report has been commissioned by the CTA to enhance its monitoring of information needs in ACP countries. CTA does not guarantee the accuracy of data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of CTA. CTA reserves the right to select projects and recommendations that fall within its mandate.

(ACP-EU) Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) Agro Business Park 2 6708 PW Wageningen The Netherlands Website: www.cta.int E-mail: cta@cta.int

Acknowledgements
Jaclyn Tennent and Sian Theron collected information for Annex 2.1-2.2 and Annex 3.1, respectively, while Ernne Verster (PRAIS) provided useful information on agricultural radio programmes in the Free State. Clemence Namponya (the Regional Study Coordinator) provided helpful editorial support. Most importantly, the interviewees are thanked for their patience and useful input.

List of Acronyms
ACP ADSL AGIS AgriBEE AgriSA AgriSETA AIDS AKIS AMT ARC ASNAPP AVUP BBBEE BEE CABI Casidra CASP CATNIP CCFD CD-ROM CEAD CEO CIDA CPATIK CPO CSIC CSIR CST CTA DFID DLA DoA DORA DSS DVD DWAF EC EC-DA EED email EMG EU FAO FED FET FS FSC African, Caribbean and Pacific [countries] Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System Black Economic Empowerment in the Agricultural Sector South African Agricultural Union Agricultural Sector Education Training Authority Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Agricultural Knowledge and Information System AgriMark Trading [Trading name of AGINFO TRADING] Agricultural Research Council Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plants Products Association for Vegetables under Protection Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment see BEE black economic empowerment Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International Cape Agency for Sustainable Integrated Development in Rural Areas Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme Cataloguing Network in Pietermaritzburg Comit Catholique contre la Faims et pour le Dvelopment compact disc read only memory Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development Chief Executive Officer Canadian International Development Aid Community Participation, Appropriate Technology and Indigenous Knowledge Citizen Post Office Consejo Superiro De Investigaciones Cientificas Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Community Service Telephone / Terminal Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation Department for International Development [UK] Department of Land Affairs [National] Department of Agriculture see NDA Distribution of Reference Books on Agriculture decision support system digital video disc Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Eastern Cape [province] Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst electronic mail Environmental Monitoring Group European Union Food and Agricultural Organisation [of the United Nations] Forestry Enterprise Development Further Education and Training Free State [province] Forest Stewardship Council
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FSG GADI GCIS GDP GIS GMO GNP GPS GWK HIV HSDPA HSRC HST IAALD IAC ICASA ICCO ICFR ICM ICT IDC ILISA IM ISO ISPA IT IWMI KFC KM KWV KZN KZN-DAEA LAN LED LP LRAD MAFISA MAP MDTP MEA&T MP MPCC MPCC NAD NAFU NAMC NC NCT NDA NDA-EU NERPO NFAC NGO NIL NRM Nufarmer NW NWGA NWU OMG

Farmers Support Group Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute Government Communication and Information System gross domestic product geographic information system genetically modified organism gross national product global positioning system Griqualand Wes Ko-op Human Immunodeficiency Virus High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Human Science Research Council Health Systems Trust International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists International Agricultural Centre Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Interchurch Organisation for Development Cooperations Institute for Commercial Forestry Research information and communication management information and communication technology Industrial Development Corporation Integrated Library & Information Services for Agriculture information management International Organization for Standardization Internet Service Providers Association information technology International Water Management Institute Kentucky Fried Chicken knowledge management [A South African wine company] KwaZulu-Natal [province] KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs local area network Local economic development Limpopo [province] Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development Micro Agricultural Finance in South Africa mean annual precipitation Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Programme Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Mpumalanga [province] multi-purpose community centre Multi-purpose Community Centre National Agricultural Directory National African Farmers Union National Agricultural Marketing Council Northern Cape [province] NCT Forestry Cooperative National Department of Agriculture National Development Agency National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation National Forests Advisory Council non-governmental organisation NERPO Investments Ltd natural resource management Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur North West [province] National Wools Growers Association North West University Okhombe Monitoring Group
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OPAC PAIA PC PDA PDS PG PGWC PIT PLAAS PRAIS PROLINOVA QAS QB Rainbow RDP RIA RPO RSG SA Cat SABC SACU SADC SAFFEX SAGIS SAMIC SANA SANLIC SANPAD SAQA SASRI SDC SDI Senwesko SFAC SFM SFRI SITA SMS SPP SSI StatsSA SUN U.K. U.S.A. UCC UFH UFS UKZN UN UNIZUL UP USAID USDA VoIP WAN WC WCDA Web

online public access catalogue Promotion of Access to Information Act personal computer Provincial Department of Agriculture Publication Distribution Service Parliamentary Grant [to the ARC] Provincial Government of the Western Cape Public Internet Terminal Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies Programme for Agricultural Information Services PROmoting Local INNOVAtion in ecologically-oriented agriculture and natural resource management Question and Answer Service The Quota Board Rainbow SA Reconstruction and Development Programme Research Development, Information and Advocacy [of SPP] Red Meat Producers Organisation Radio Sonder Grense South African National Catalogue South African Broadcasting Corporation Southern African Custom Union Southern African Development Community South Africa Financial Futures Exchange South African Grain Information Service South Africa Meat Industry Company South African Nursery Association South African National Library and Information Consortium South African-Netherlands Programme on Alternatives in Development South African Qualifications Authority South African Sugar Research Institute Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Selective Dissemination of Information [South African animal feed company] Sea Fisheries Advisory Council sustainable forest management Sea Fisheries Research Institute State Information Technology Agency short message service The Surplus People Project Smallholder System Innovation Statistics South Africa Stellenbosch University United Kingdom United States of America United Church of Canada University of Fort Hare University of the Free State University of KwaZulu-Natal United Nations University of Zululand University of Pretoria United States Agency for International Development Unites States Department of Agriculture Voice over Internet Protocol wide area network Western Cape [province] Western Cape Department of Agriculture The World Wide Web
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WRC YAEDP

Water Research Commission Young Agribusiness Entrepreneurial Development Programme

Currency conversion rate: 1 ZAR = 0.103783 EUR 1 EUR = 9.63545 ZAR From: http://www.xe.com/, accessed on 17 April, 2007, 10:50 am.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................................i List of Acronyms...................................................................................................................................i Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................v Executive summary ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Country Profile............................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Livestock ....................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Agriculture 5 2.1.2 Fisheries... 7 2.1.3 Forestry. 7 2.2 Brief Description of the Status of ICT Infrastructure and Recent Developments in the Sector .................................................................................................................................... 7 3. Status of Information and Communication for Agriculture and Rural Development........................ 9 3.1 Institutional and Regulatory Policy Framework ...................................................................... 9 3.2 Operational Aspects ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2.1 Description of agricultural information and services 10 3.2.2 Information sources.. 11 3.2.3 Information products and services provided. 12 3.2.4 Information and communication management capacity. 13 3.3 Interventions Supporting Information and Communication for Agriculture and Rural Development ....................................................................................................................... 15 4. Institutional Needs Analysis......................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Information Needs ............................................................................................................... 16 4.2 Capacity-building Needs (IC Policies & Strategies, Sensitisation, Networking, Skills, Training, Media, ICT, Equipment)....................................................................................................... 19 5. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................................... 23 5.1 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 23 5.1.1 Information needs. 23 5.1.2 Capacity building needs...24 5.1.3 Potential partners and beneficiaries.. 24 5.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................... 25 5.2.1 Information needs. 25 5.2.2 Capacity building needs.. 26 5.2.3 Potential Strategic Partner institutions.. 26 6. Proposed CTA Intervention Strategy and Action Plan ................................................................. 27 Annexes Annex 1. Terms of Reference.......................................................................................................... 32 Annex 2. Country Profile South Africa .......................................................................................... 37 2.1 General agricultural profile ...................................................................................................... 37 2.1.1 Size of agricultural population (male / female / youth) 37 2.1.2 Farmed land, forests, fishing areas.. 38 2.1.3 Agricultural systems 40 2.1.4 Agriculture in the economy (percentage GDP)... 41 2.1.5 Main agricultural produce and secondary products41 2.1.6 Main export markets. 42 2.1.7 Trade agreements that include agriculture.. 44 2.1.8 Sectoral policy related to agriculture, fisheries and forests.. 44 2.1.9 Institutional, regulatory and policy framework for information and communication.. 51 2.2 Socio-economic profile................................................................................................. ....53 2.2.1 Demographics.. 53 2.2.2 Literacy level and languages..54 2.2.3 Access to services... 55 2.2.4 Ruralurban drift.. 56 2.3 Media and telecommunications ........................................................................................... 58 2.3.1 Newspapers, periodicals and broadcast media.. 58 2.3.1.1 Print media newspapers, periodicals and journals...................................... 58 2.3.1.2 Electronic media television and radio ......................................................... 68 2.3.2 Telecommunication services..75 2.3.3 Computers and the Internet77 Annex 3. Profile of institutions ......................................................................................................... 85 3.1 List of all institutions ............................................................................................................ 85 3.2 Select list of key institutions................................................................................................113 4. List of Persons Interviewed .........................................................................................................181 5. Bibliography.................................................................................................................................183
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Executive summary
Introduction The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), established in 1983 under the Lom Convention between the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union Member States, aims to develop and provide services that improve access to information for agricultural and rural development, and to strengthen the capacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in this area. CTA works primarily through intermediary public and private partners (research centres, extension services, libraries, NGOs, farmers organisations, regional organisations and networks, etc) to promote agriculture and rural development by increasing the number of organisations with capable of developing their own ICM strategies and capacity to generate or acquire and manage and communicate useful information to their beneficiaries. The main purpose of this study on the information and communication management (ICM) capacity and needs of organisations in South Africa (SA) was to identify and recommend possible partner organisations for CTA to work with to broaden the availability of and access to their information services and products in the country. Objectives of the study To provide an overview of main agricultural services and actors existing in the country (information supply side) in terms of their strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for collaboration with CTA; To identify agricultural information and ICM capacity building needs of key actors / key strategic partners for CTA products and services; To identify potential strategic partners for CTA activities and; To develop some baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in the country to facilitate subsequent monitoring and updating activities. Methodology A desktop study was conducted to obtain data and information for an overview of the agricultural sector in SA and a description of the status of and recent developments in information and communication technology in the country (not necessarily confined to agriculture). Fourteen organisations, ranging from a rural peoples organisation, through local and national farmer associations, provincial Government agricultural departments, a national agricultural research organisation, to the agricultural print media, were visited to interview 28 key personnel involved in ICM and related programmes. Data were obtained on the current ICM operations, resources, and constraints, as well as their main information sources and information and capacity-building needs. Expected results Status of infrastructure, information services and ICM capacity of institutions involved in agriculture and rural development described and analysed; Information and capacity building needs in the area of ICM identified for key institutions and potential CTA partners involved in agriculture and rural development; Baseline data on the status of ICM and ICT in agriculture and rural development compiled for monitoring purposes and improved outreach. Findings The most common means used by organisations to communicate with beneficiaries is through extension personnel and at meetings and training courses. Print materials (particularly newsletters, magazines & research reports) are also widely used to provide information, and broadcast media (television & radio) are employed by some organisations to reach a wide audience. The Internet is not used by many organisations to disseminate
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farming information because few farmers and rural inhabitants have access to the Internet, either directly or via a collective access point (e.g. telecentre). The availability of mobile phones in rural areas has increased markedly in recent years and text messaging is a promising means of providing information to inhabitants of remote rural areas. Internal information resources (in libraries, personal collections, databases) and external print and electronic information sources (agricultural magazines, journal articles, the Internet) are frequently used to obtain information but information exchange and knowledge sharing between colleagues within or outside the organisation - with whom they interact through email and at meetings, conferences, workshops, etc is the predominant means of obtaining useful information to support work programmes or for beneficiaries. It appears that CTA is virtually unknown in SA and none of the organisations visited use any of its products to obtain information or its services for training and capacity building. Organisations can generally meet their needs for specialised types or a broad range of information by using multiple sources but the market and production economic information needed especially by emerging commercial farmers is not easy to obtain and supply. Organisations have to produce their own print, visual and audio-visual information materials for selective or mass distribution because these are not readily available in local languages. Large (provincial or national) organisations have a division with specialised staff responsible for ICM and providing IT support whereas in smaller organisations, research and management personnel have to be multi-skilled and have individual competencies in ICM. Communication, public-relations and clerical staff also provide useful ICM support. In most cases, insufficient personnel rather than a lack of skills or equipment for ICM is the main constraint to undertaking existing or new ICM programmes. The most important identified ICM training needs (which probably cannot be met by local service providers) are for specialised training in: (1) the development of market information systems, (2) information materials development, (3) radio and video production, (4) extension approaches and appropriate communication technologies for small-scale farmers and rural communities, and (5) information auditing and developing and implementing ICM strategies. Conclusions Organisations can strengthen their capacity to acquire, manage, repackage and communicate agricultural and development information by increasing the ICM skills and competencies of existing personnel, acquiring additional staff (depending on finances) and by extending their information exchange networks and collaborative partnerships within the country, regionally and internationally. It is critical that concerted and collaborative effort be directed towards providing appropriate and comprehensive information and training support to individual or group beneficiaries of the Governments Land Reform Programme to help ensure the success of agricultural transformation in South Africa. Recommendations Four key strategic interventions by CTA are recommended: (1) collaborate with the ARC, universities and the agricultural press, specifically Rainbow SA (publisher of the National Agricultural Directory), to more widely publicise the availability of CTAs information services and products, (2) promote increased information exchange and knowledge sharing between agricultural and rural development organisations in the country and with relevant organisations in the southern African or broader region, (3) assist organisations increase their capacity for ICM by facilitating access to appropriate training to meet their identified needs, and (4) provide comprehensive assistance to three identified beneficiary partners (OMG, FSG & SPP), who have a number of critical ICM-related needs, to increase their capacity to develop and implement appropriate ICM strategies and programmes in support of rural people and small-scale, emerging farmers.

1.

Introduction

1. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) aims to develop and provide services that improve access to information for agricultural and rural development, and to strengthen the capacity of African, Caribbean & Pacific (ACP) countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in this area. CTAs programmes are organised around three principal activities: providing an increasing range and quantity of information products and services and enhancing awareness of relevant information sources; supporting the integrated use of appropriate communication channels and intensifying contacts and information exchange (particularly intra-ACP); and developing ACP capacity to generate and manage agricultural information and to formulate information and communication management (ICM) strategies, including those relevant to science and technology. 2. Since 2003, CTA has been systematically conducting needs assessment studies across the Pacific, Caribbean and Africa regions. These studies should assist CTA improve and better target interventions and activities aimed at potential partners and beneficiaries (including women, youth, private sector and civil society organisations) and provide a more informed picture of their needs and aid in the elaboration of a strategy and framework of action. 3. The current round of country information needs studies includes Ghana and the southern African counties of Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa (SA), Zambia and Zimbabwe. One of the main objectives of these studies is to identify potential strategic partners for CTA to work with to improve the availability and effectiveness of their information and services to beneficiaries in each country. 4. In the South African study, fourteen organisations, ranging from small farmer associations to regional and national research organisations and the agricultural media (Table 1), were visited to conduct interviews, using a standardised semi-structured questionnaire, with key personnel involved in ICM in each organisation (28 people in total). The National Department of Agriculture (NDA) was also on the list of selected organisations to visit but the Director of Agricultural Information Services of the NDA did not make himself available to be interviewed, nor were attempts to obtain information by email successful, so the current information activities and needs of the NDA were not established in the current study. Table 1. List of organisations visited and number of people interviewed (No. int.)
Organisation 1. AGINFO trading as AMT 2. Agricultural Research Council 3. Casidra 4. Farmers Support Group 5. Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute 6. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs 7. National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation 8. National Wool Growers Association 9. NCT Forestry Cooperative 10. Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur* 11. Okhombe Monitoring Group 12. Rainbow SA* 13. Surplus People Project 14. Western Cape Department of Agriculture * Agricultural media / press. Acronym AMT ARC Casidra FSG GADI KZN-DAEA NERPO NWGA NCT Nufarmer OMG Rainbow SPP WCDA Type Private Statutory Private NGO Government Government Farmers association Farmers association Farmers association Private Farmers association Private NGO Government Location Pretoria Pretoria Paarl Pietermaritzburg Middelburg Pietermaritzburg Pretoria Port Elizabeth Pietermaritzburg Pretoria Bergville Johannesburg Cape Town Stellenbosch No. int. 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2

2.

Country Profile

5. The Republic of South Africa (RSA hereafter SA), located at the southern end of the African continent with northern neighbours of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, Swaziland to the east and Lesotho in the interior, has a land area of approximately 1.219 km2 (121.9 million hectares) and a coastline of about 2 500 km. The inland plateau is separated from the coastal plain, which is narrowest in the west and south and widest in the east, by a mountainous escarpment (reaching elevations of >2 500 m a.s.l. in places). 6. Overall the climate is semi-arid (MAP of 400500 mm) and rainfall is the most limiting natural resource. Rainfall increases from the arid desert and semi-desert regions in the west (MAP < 200 mm) to the moister eastern regions where MAP usually exceeds 600 mm and occasionally 1 000 mm. The rainfall pattern also changes from occurring predominantly in the winter in the west to a summer rainfall regime in the east. The gradient of a Mediterranean climate in the south-west (winter rainfall), through the temperate interior plateau (which receives winter frosts) to the moist, warm and productive subtropical regions in east and south-east of the country dictates the nature, range and productivity of agricultural activities that take place (see section 2.1.1). 7. The national economy has moved away from the being based primarily upon natural and mineral resources (mining and agriculture) towards greater reliance on value-added manufacturing, service sectors and the burgeoning tourism industry. Although SA is often referred to as the economic powerhouse of Africa by virtue of its steadily increasing economic output (more than 25% of the total continents GDP) and relatively welldeveloped manufacturing, electrical, transport and telecommunications infrastructure, it has a duel economy characterised by highly-developed nodes of economic activity in the major cities and towns and undeveloped and impoverished rural areas and peripheral urban townships with relatively limited access to adequate health, telecommunication, education and other vital services (Annex Tables 16, 17, 29 & 35). 8. Income disparities among population (racial) groups are similarly pronounced, owing to the legacy of Apartheid favouring Whites and largely excluding non-Whites (Blacks, Indians & Coloureds) from full participation in the mainstream economy. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) projects and other initiatives of the post-Apartheid, democratic Government since 1994 have, however, made significant advances in reducing poverty, widening access to services and socially, politically and economically empowering previously disadvantaged sectors of society. 9. The total population of South African in mid 2006 was approximately 47.4 million, of which about 43% (20.1 million) are below the age of 20 and 7.8% older than 60 (Annex Table 2). Black South Africans make up almost 80% of the population at 37.7 million followed by the White and Coloured population groups (4.4 million & 4.2 million respectively) and the Indian / Asian group (1.2 million) (Annex Table 1). Most people (>55%) live in urban areas and there has been a steady decline in the number of rural inhabitants (from 44.9% in 1996 to 42.5% in 2001; Annex Table 18) because of increased economic and declining agricultural opportunities in urban and rural areas, respectively. 10. There are 11 official languages in the country: Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda and Xitsonga. The three most widely spoken first home languages are isiZulu (9.2 million), isiXhosa (7.2 million) and Afrikaans (5.8 million) but the most commonly accepted language for business, science, education and many other formal activities is English. 11. South African is governed by a parliamentary democracy with a centralised national government and decentralised provincial and local (municipal) spheres of government within the nine provinces of: Eastern Cape (EC), Free State (FS), KwaZulu-Natal (KZN),

Limpopo (LP), Gauteng (GAU), Mpumalanga (MP), North West (NW), Northern Cape (NC) and Western Cape (WC).

2.1

Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry and Livestock

12. The key feature of the agricultural, fishing and forestry sectors in SA is the dichotomy between well-resourced, productive, profit-oriented private or corporate commercial enterprises and poorly-resourced subsistence farmers or fisherfolk who do produce significant surplus produce for local sale or export. Most commercial farmers are still from the White population group and subsistence farmers are predominantly Black Africans or Coloureds (in the WC province). The post-Apartheid Government has initiated programmes, such as Land Reform and AgriBEE (Black Economic Empowerment in the Agricultural Sector), to redress past inequalities by providing access to land and support to emerging commercial farmers (most of whom are still engaged in small-scale enterprises). The nature and impact of such structural changes in agriculture, fisheries and forestry and key actors driving or involved in the process are briefly described below. 2.1.1 Agriculture 13. Agriculture is an important part of the SA economy because, although primary agriculture comprises only about 3% of GDP, related agro-food industries contribute about a further 12% to GDP. Approximately 50 000 commercial farmers and 240 000 small-scale farmers make a livelihood from agriculture, the former employing, in some years, over a million farm workers who live on the land. A further three million people live in rural areas, supporting themselves through subsistence farming and/or pensions, social grants (disability, child support) or remittances from family members working in urban areas. 14. About 10.6% of the total labour force in the country is employed in the broad agricultural sector (including forestry, hunting and fishing), of which the large majority are Black Africans (81.1%) and 41.8% are women (>500 000) (Annex Table 3). 15. Most of the agricultural land (83%) is used for livestock and/or wildlife grazing; only 17% is cultivated for cash crops; high-potential arable land comprises about 22% of the total arable land and about 1.3 million hectares is under irrigation. Commercial forestry plantations make up less than 2% of the land with about 12% reserved for conservation. Agricultural activities range from intensive crop and horticultural production and mixed farming systems along the coastal and hinterland areas and in parts of the inland plateau to livestock ranching and wildlife systems (reserves, ranches) in the drier grasslands and wooded rangelands, with extensive sheep and goat farming in the semi-arid western regions. Dryland cropping and livestock production are constrained by periodic droughts. 16. The total value of agricultural products in 2005 was approximately R68 899 million (7 150 million). In terms of total tonnage, sugar cane followed by maize are the top two crops in the country but the gross value of poultry and livestock products (especially cattle and milk) exceeds that of horticultural produce (notably deciduous fruits and vegetables) and field crops (Annex Tables 7 & 8). Being largely self-sufficient, SA is a net exporter of agricultural products, which contribute about 8% of all export earnings. Top export earners are wine, table grapes, citrus fruit, sugar and maize, which is exported to neighbouring countries in the SADC region (Annex Tables 10). Primary and secondary agricultural produce is exported to many countries, including those in the EU (particularly the U.K.), Japan, the U.S.A. and to a number of other African countries (Annex Table 11). 17. The National Department of Agriculture (NDA or DoA), through its various Directorates and programmes, is the primary Government body responsible for directing, structuring, regulating and supporting the agricultural sector in SA. The core strategies outlined in The Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture (2001), developed by the NDA in collaboration with organised agriculture, aim to achieve: (1) equitable access and participation, (2) global competitiveness and profitability, and (3) sustainable resource management. The nine Provincial Departments of Agriculture (PDAs) are tasked with
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implementing this strategy in their respective provinces, working in close partnership with organised agriculture (unions and farmer groups), agribusinesses, research organisations and farmer co-operatives. 18. The Agricultural Research Council (ARC) is the national statutory body responsible for agricultural research while research is also conducted by PDAs, commodity research organisations, universities and NGOs. Universities in all provinces provide tertiary and post-graduate training in agriculture, rural development and related disciplines while agricultural colleagues linked to certain PDAs offer tertiary qualifications (diploma level) and further education and training (FET) courses. 19. There are more than 1 000 agribusinesses and centralised or local agricultural cooperatives that promote the interests of and/or supply input resources to their members. Numerous (>100) NGOs work closely with farmers or are involved in rural development. The two main central farmer unions (each with provincial branches) are AgriSA (South African Farmers Union), which promotes the interests of commercial farmers, and NAFU (the National African Farmers Union) which supports Black farmers who were previously excluded from mainstream agriculture. 20. The National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) deals with national strategic marketing issues and supports the development of international and national marketing chains. The Land Bank and the major commercial banks (e.g. ABSA, FNB, Standard Bank) are main sources of mortgage finance and credit for farmers along with agricultural co-operatives and agribusinesses. 21. Agriculture and agribusinesses in SA are benefiting from increased access to regional and international markets through a number of trade agreements with, amongst others, EU and SADC counties, China, India, and the U.S.A. SA is also a signatory to a number of international agreements related to or impacting on agriculture, including Agenda 21, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention to Combat Desertification. 22. Two major structural transformations of agriculture in SA in the last decade or so have been the deregulation of markets in 1996 and implementation of agricultural land reform through the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development programme (LRAD) in 2001. 23. Deregulation of markets through the closing of commodity marketing boards and the elimination of subsidies and tariff protection of local markets have increased risks and uncertainties to some extent but have had a net positive effect on the welfare of commercial agriculture in the country. 24. The broader Land Reform Program consists of three main components: restitution of land unjustly taken from people and communities; land redistribution; and land tenure reform. Previously, only about 14% of the total land and 15.2% of the potentially arable land in the country was available to non-White farmers, mostly in the former Black homelands (Annex Table 5). The target of the Land Reform programme is to redistribute 30% of all agricultural land to previously disadvantaged people (individuals or groups) by 2014. By 2006, about 4% of the land had been redistributed (>200 0000 ha transferred and >30 000 ha leased with an option to purchase) to emerging farmers and communities, benefiting approximately 23 000 rural inhabitants (DLA, 2007). The LRAD programme aims to provide previously disadvantaged farmers and groups access to agricultural land in order to improve their food security and/or incomes from agricultural activities. 25. Closely allied to LRAD is the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) which is aimed at providing post-settlement support to land reform beneficiaries and others involved in value-added agricultural enterprises in the following priority areas: (1) information and knowledge management, (2) advisory and regulatory services, (3) training and capacity building, (4) finance, (5) on/off-farm infrastructure, and (6)
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marketing. The NDA disburses CASP funds to PDAs for implementation. However, under-spending of the allocated budget R300 million (31.1 million) in 2006/07, R350 million for 2007/08 (36.3 million) and lack of capacity has limited the effectiveness of the programme. Recent prominent failures of group farming enterprises on redistributed land have highlighted the crucial need for skills training and knowledge transfer (e.g. through on-farm and FET training and mentoring) and the provision of good information support to resettled communities and emerging farmers and agribusiness entrepreneurs. 2.1.2 Fisheries 26. The fishing industry in SA is worth R2.63 billion (0.273 billion), contributing about 1% of GDP and formally employing approximately 27 000 people, with recreational fishing (~500 000 sport fisherman) also making a substantial indirect economic contribution. Deep-sea hake trawling followed by pelagic seine fishing (anchovy & pilchard) are the two largest fishery sectors and are both controlled by a small number of large companies that effectively control most of the supply, processing and marketing value chain. Fishing for rock lobster, linefishery (tuna, squid) and inshore trawling, especially in the productive Atlantic waters off the West Coast, also provide significant employment for small-scale operators. Subsistence and artisanal fishing for shell fish and rock lobster occurs mostly along rural coastal areas. 27. Allocation of medium-term fishing rights (quotas) to historically disadvantaged people, under the new fishing policy, has transformed the fishing industry and created new opportunities for BEE companies to enter the export fishery market. Declining catches through over-fishing has, however, made the fishing industry a risky business particularly for individual fisherfolk. 2.1.3 Forestry 28. Forestry plantations (predominantly pine, eucalyptus and wattle species), covering >1.3 million hectares in the moister regions of KZN, MP and EC provinces, annually produce more than 22 million cubic metres of commercial softwood and hardwood timber, mostly for pulp and paper but also for mining timber, saw-logs and charcoal production. The total output of the commercial forestry industry, including primary and secondary products, exceeded R15 billion (1.6 billion) in 2005, contributing almost 3% to the total value of exports and the formal employment of 67 556 people and contact employment of 30 00 more seasonal workers. The forestry industry as a whole (including direct, downstream and multiplier effects) could be contributing to the livelihoods of over 500 000 people. 29. There are about 1 800 private medium-scale commercial timber farmers and approximately 18 000 emerging (non-White) small-scale (micro) timber growers but the forestry industry is dominated by large commercial companies (Sappi & Mondi) who own almost 50% of the plantations. The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) together with other stakeholders, is developing the Forest Charter which aims to redress inequalities in the forestry industry through a Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) strategy, including, amongst other programmes, the transfer of management of state-owned plantations to communities and BEE partners.

2.2

Brief Description of the Status of ICT Infrastructure and Recent Developments in the Sector

30. South Africa has a well developed telecommunication infrastructure with a transmission network of approximately 156 million circuit-kilometres and about 5 million fixed-line subscribers (~112 lines per 1000 people), which exceeds the average availability of fixed lines in the other African countries in this study (~30 lines per 1000 people) but is still far below the teledensity in developed counties (e.g. USA: >600 lines per 1000 people). Urban areas are well served but few rural inhabitants, most of whom are Black Africans, have access to a land-line telephone. Fixed-line growth in the last few years has been negligible.
7

31. The monopoly of fixed-line services by the national operator, Telkom, has been blamed for the high price of telephone services and the lack of significant developments in landline telecommunications. The imminent entry of a second national operator, Neotel (a BEE consortium), into the market is expected to reduce this monopoly and provide competitive pricing of telephone and Internet services. 32. There has been a phenomenal growth in mobile telephony (cell phones) in SA in the last decade, extending telecommunications to more than 33 million people (~660 cell phones per 1000 people), despite the relatively price of pre-paid mobile services compared to some neighbouring countries (Botswana, Namibia) and other lower middle income countries. Mobile telephony has narrowed the disparities in access to telecommunications among racial, gender and income groups to some extent but high costs probably still limit their extent of use in rural areas. 33. There are over 5 million personal computers and approximately 5.2 million Internet users in SA (10.3% of the population), a level of ICT penetration way above the mean for Africa (3.3%) but far below that of developed countries (e.g. USA: ~70%). Internet access in SA is generally slow (even for broadband) and costly: average cost of 10 hours dial-up access is R328 (34.04); average monthly broadband (ADSL) cost is R611 (63.41). Prices for mobile broadband Internet services offered by the two major mobile operators, Vodacom and MTN, have recently been reduced to offer a competitive alternative to fixed-line broadband access. For example, MTNs HSDPA (3G) monthly connection costs R479 (49.71).

3.
3.1

Status of Information and Communication for Agriculture and Rural Development

Institutional and Regulatory Policy Framework

34. Communication and exchange of information, including agricultural and rural development information, by various media (print & electronic) in SA are not restricted by any Government legislation or policies (although the draft Films and Publications Amendment Bill in its current form might impede the operations of the Media). The main newspapers are owned by a few large private companies but the national Government does not control the content of, and opinions expressed in, newspapers or other publications. Freedom of the press and other media in South Africa is guaranteed by the South African Bill of Rights enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996). 35. Similarly, the broadcast media (television and radio) and telecommunications in SA is regulated by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) in a largely positive way that promotes widespread communication of agricultural and rural development information, for example by licensing of community radio stations and promoting local content. Liberalisation of the telecommunications sector (through the Telecommunications Amendment Act, 2001) to allow increased competition is expected to bring down the price of fixed-line and mobile telephone and Internet services thus furthering the aim to provide universal and affordable telecommunications services. 36. Many Government policies and programmes have influenced the strategic direction and operational practices adopted by many of the organisation visited. Land reform programmes (LRAD & CASP), BEE initiatives and other legislative vehicles aimed at transforming agriculture and society in general have given impetus to most organisations to extend their outreach activities to farmers and rural inhabitants that were particularly disadvantaged under the previous political dispensation. 37. None of the organisations visited in the survey identified any specific Government legislation that directly restricts or promotes their ability to meet their information needs (seeking and acquiring information) or to communicate and exchange information with their target audience. Some did, however, note that Government inefficiencies, lack of collaboration between Government departments and the lack of adequate training1 (and commitment) of Government extension personnel have impinged upon or hindered their ICM activities. 38. The NDA does not have a specific policy on ICM, although the need for information and knowledge management [for emerging / resettled farmers] has been identified as a priority in CASP. Their communication strategy (for 2006/07) also aims to . speed up information dissemination so that those who are in the first economy are able to create a ladder of opportunities to enable those in the second economy to be exposed to the first economy (NDA, 2006a: 2). Key to implementing their communication plan and their overall agricultural strategy is the implementation of Knowledge and Information Management Systems (KIMS) to ensure knowledge and information management in support of the NDAs mission to build a knowledge-based agricultural sector (ibid). 39. None of the organisations visited had a comprehensive policy on or strategic plans for ICM, though some had a strategy for communication (WCDA) or a policy on email usage by their staff (Casidra), or had a strategy to develop and expand ICTs within their
The current rapid survey of information needs did not include a detailed assessment of the capacity and training needs of the extensive PDA extension services. However, some organisations (e.g. SPP) did note that the orientation of the extension personnels training in mainstream agriculture leaves them ill-equipped to advise small-scale farmers on alternative technologies such as permaculture, organic farming and cultivation and marketing of indigenous products.
9
1

organisation (ARC). No person interviewed indicated that the lack of an institutional ICM strategy or the absence of any national (NDA) policy or clear strategic direction on ICM negatively affected their day-to-day activities or their organisations ability to achieve its stated goals. Some organisations (e.g. FSG, SPP, WCDA) did, however, note that an audit of their current ICM activities and subsequent development of a clear and comprehensive ICM strategy could help improve their operations.

3.2

Operational Aspects
3.2.1 Description of agricultural information and services

40. The ARC is the primary body responsible for agricultural research in SA but research is also undertaken by many other kinds of organisations including: universities (in all provinces); the NDA (at GADI); PDAs (e.g. KZN-DAEA, WCDA); commodity research organisations, e.g. South African Sugar Research Institute (SASRI), the Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR); input supply companies; the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); farmer associations (e.g. NERPO); and NGOs (e.g. SPP). Many SA research organisations collaborate extensively with each other and with regional and international research organisations and universities because of their limited (and declining) human and financial resources. 41. Research is published in international journals or in one of the 50 or more local journals (Annex Table 21) available at: libraries of academic2 and tertiary training institutes; the National Agricultural Library in Pretoria and libraries at PDAs in the FS, KZN, MP, NC, NW & EC provinces; libraries of commodity research organisations; and in the limited collections of NGOs. Scientific journals and bibliographic databases are being increasing made available online by publishers or local bibliographic vendors such as Sabinet Online and NISC SA. 42. Research information is repackaged in various formats for publication or presentation. Non-scientific articles are published in the popular agricultural magazines (Landbou Weekblad and Farmers Weekly) or in numerous (>30) other commodity-oriented or general periodicals (Annex Table 20) and in the monthly newspaper, Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur, which is aimed at small-scale farmers. Some other common print and visual / pictorial formats used include: Infopaks (NDA & WCDA); ARCs InfoToons (information cartoons aimed at small-scale farmers and school children); research briefs (e.g. SPP); pamphlets; booklets, manuals (e.g. NWGA); educational support materials (e.g. GADI); posters (e.g. KZN-DAEA); and directories (e.g. Rainbow). 43. Regular programmes of short duration on television (AgriTV on SABC 2) and radio (Radio Sonder Grense, Ukhozi FM and other community radio stations) disseminate news, technical and market information (provided by sundry organisations such as AMT, GADI, KZN-DAEA, NERPO, SPP & WCDA) to a large audience. Agricultural radio programmes have an estimated regular listenership of a few million to as much as eight million listeners. 44. The only dedicated (CTA-supported) agricultural Question and Answer Service (QAS) in SA is PRAIS (Programme for Agricultural Information Services) in Bloemfontein but many organisations (e.g. AMT, NCT), including universities, answer telephonic or email queries. 45. A key link between research organisations and farmers in the Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS) are extension services. The formal Government extension service operates through PDAs, which commonly have extension personnel stationed at district offices distributed through each province and centralised logistic and information support at the head office (e.g. KZN-DAEA). Similarly, many commodity organisations (e.g. SASRI), farmers associations (e.g. NERPO, NWGA) and NGOs (e.g. FSG, SPP) have field staff that advise farmers and communities. The ARC does not
2

The current survey did not include academic libraries.

10

have a dedicated extension cadre but various staff members provide advice and exchange information with farmers and communities through various participative projects. 46. Education and training courses are the most widespread and effective means employed to transfer information, knowledge and skills to target audience. Such training support is absolutely critical to ensure the success of land reform and other agricultural and rural transformation programmes. Courses range from undergraduate (B.Sc. Agric) and postgraduate degrees in agriculture, rural development and related disciplines offered by many universities in SA (e.g. NWU, UFH, UFS, UKZN, UNIZUL, UP, SUN). Other research organisations (e.g. ARC), tertiary institutes (universities of technology) and 11 agricultural colleagues in various provinces offer diploma-level training in agriculture as well as a wide variety of accredited learnerships and skills training programmes registered with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA). Many NGOs (e.g. FSG, SPP) provide field courses, demonstrations, computer training (e.g. for OMG) as well as organize and facilitate horizontal learning exchanges through farmer meetings and cross-visits. 47. The Internet, particularly the Web, is increasingly being used for agricultural information dissemination and exchange. Electronic mail (email) is widely used by organisations across the range from local NGOs to national institutes for internal and external communication with partners and their target audience (e.g. AMT). Bibliographic databases and journals are available online (see above) and organisations make available to the public or to a restricted group of users myriad types of information ranging from news, documents, computer utilities (e.g. GADI), market information, statistical reports, multimedia (e.g. MP3 archives of Radio Elsenburg), etc. Some national Web information systems provide spatial land-use and natural resource information, e.g. NDAs Agricultural Geo-Referenced Information System (AGIS). NDA has recently launched its Web-based Agricultural Marketing Information System which aims to integrate isolated agricultural marketing information on one platform, and to use it as a channel to disseminate basic agricultural marketing information to the farming community across South Africa and even beyond. (See http://www.agis.agric.za/mis/) 3.2.2 Information sources 48. The number of organisations using various internal and external information sources is given in Table 2. 49. Staff interviewed (n=28) of the organisations visited (n=14) make use of various information resources available at their institute (in a library, resource centre, database, personal collection, etc). Many indicated that the personal collections, knowledge and experience of their colleagues within the organisation is a highly valued internal source of information, as are colleagues and personal contacts in other organisations, locally and abroad, with whom they interact through email and at meetings, conferences, workshops, training course, and various other fora. 50. Almost all organisations (except AMT) maintain close contact with beneficiaries through extension staff and meetings to disseminate or obtain information on their needs. 51. International and especially local universities, PDAs and, to a lesser extent, the NDA and ARC, are widely used sources of information because they are frequent partners in collaborative research and development projects and have sought after expertise and information resources (e.g. journals in libraries, electronic bibliographic databases, etc). 52. Agricultural magazines, particularly Landbou Weekblad and Farmers Weekly, are used frequently as are local and international scientific journals (when available) and other print publications in personal collections. 53. Personnel visit agricultural shows / exhibitions and attend workshops, training courses and conferences to obtain general or specific information and skills.
11

Table 2. Internal and external sources used by organisations (count = number of organisations per response category)
Source Internal Colleagues (knowledge & information) Database or DSS Electronic library Intranet Library or information centre Project database Research reports or data External Organisation ARC Banks (agricultural & commercial) Beneficiaries (meetings with) Farmer & commodity associations Input suppliers International organisations NDA NGOs PDAs Professional societies Universities Print Agricultural & other popular magazines NDA Infopaks & publications Newsletters Newspapers Personal collection (books, reports, magazines, etc) Posters Research reports Scientific journals Electronic CD-ROM Electronic bibliographic databases Electronic networks Internet Radio TV Videos Other Agribusiness consultants Agricultural shows/fairs/exhibitions Cross-visits Personal contacts (e.g. colleagues) W orkshops, training courses, conferences Count 10 5 2 2 8 3 4

7 2 13 7 7 2 7 2 10 2 14 7 2 3 5 7 2 5 9 3 4 6 13 2 5 4 6 8 1 13 5

54. CTAs online or print information resources are not used by any of the organisations interviewed because most staff did not know of the existence of CTA. 3.2.3 Information products and services provided 55. The various information services and products provided are listed in Table 3. 56. The most common means of providing information to beneficiaries is through verbal communication by extension personnel and at meetings and training courses. Print materials, particularly newsletters, magazines and research reports, are also extensively used, often in support of oral communication. 57. Broadcast media (TV & radio) are employed to reach a wide audience and most organisations have a website that provides information about the organisation but few use the Web to disseminate information to beneficiaries. Only AMT relies exclusively on email to disseminate market information while NERPO has found SMS (text messaging) to be effective for communicating information (notices of meetings, livestock prices, etc) to its members in remote rural areas.
12

3.2.4 Information and communication management capacity 58. Few organisations, except for the ARC, KZN-DAEA and WCDA, have a division or section that is totally responsible for ICM. In smaller organisations, research, management and clerical personnel have to be multi-skilled and have individual competencies in ICM. Communication, public-relations and clerical staff also provide useful ICM support in outreach and record management activities, respectively. 59. Most large organisations (ARC, GADI, KZN-DAEA, NCT, WCDA) have a section, with sufficiently qualified or skilled personnel, responsible for providing information technology (IT) support (including Internet services) whereas smaller organisations rely on commercial companies to provide and maintain their computers and websites. Generally, most organisations have modern computer facilities (usually connected by a LAN) that are adequate for their purposes, and have dial-up or broadband connection to the Internet. OMG members do not have regular access to functional computer resources or the Internet. 60. Not all organisations have a specific budget for ICM and/or IT. OMG has no budget and the NGOs operate in an uncertain funding environment (FSG, NERPO, SPP) that limits their ability to expand their ICM activities. ICM budgets range from about R1.8 million (0.187 million) to more than R50 million (5.189 million), in the case of the ARC. Current budgets, in most cases, appear to be adequate to maintain existing operations but insufficient to acquire the necessary additional staff and ICTs to expand or develop new ICM and/or education and training programmes. 61. Constraints that limit effective and efficient ICM are listed in section 4.2 (Table 6).

13

Table 3. Information services and products provided by organisations through various communication channels / media (count = number of organisations per response category)
Service / product Conferences, symposiums or workshops Database for beneficiaries Electronic information by SMS Electronic information by Email Extension service Farmer field days or cross-visits Information centre for beneficiaries Meetings with beneficiaries Newsletter, newspaper or magazine Pictorial and/or audio-visual materials Press releases Print information Radio Research reports Telephonic QAS Tertiary agricultural training Training courses for beneficiaries TV Web information system Web site with company information Provided by AMT GADI FSG AMT FSG FSG Casidra FSG ARC GADI GADI FSG AMT AMT AMT GADI ARC AMT GADI AMT KZN-DAEA NERPO KZN-DAEA NERPO NERPO KZN-DAEA GADI KZN-DAEA GADI Casidra KZN-DAEA NERPO GADI GADI ARC NCT KZN-DAEA Casidra GADI KZN-DAEA ARC NWGA KZN-DAEA WCDA KZN-DAEA GADI NWGA SPP KZN-DAEA KZN-DAEA GADI Nufarmer WCDA KZN-DAEA NERPO NWGA Casidra NWGA NCT OMG Count 3 6 2 1 5 WCDA 9 3 WCDA 9 WCDA 9 3 4 7 4 7 4 3 WCDA 9 4 6 Nufarmer Rainbow SPP WCDA 12

NCT WCDA NERPO NWGA NERPO NWGA NERPO NWGA WCDA NWGA Rainbow WCDA NERPO OMG Rainbow

NCT NCT NCT

OMG

SPP

OMG SPP Nufarmer SPP

SPP SPP

WCDA WCDA

NERPO NWGA NCT OMG WCDA NCT Rainbow WCDA GADI KZN-DAEA NERPO NWGA

SPP

NCT

Notes: Databases include text (documents), data, maps, decision-support systems, etc, but not databases of staff, operational or contact details. Extension services include dedicated extension staff or field staff in regular contact with beneficiaries. Information centres (establishment and/or maintenance) for beneficiaries include libraries, multi-purpose community centres, etc. Meetings with beneficiaries include regular local and/or regional meetings. Print information includes leaflets, brochures, Infopaks, training materials, manuals, books, directories, etc. Research reports include periodic (annual) compilation reports, briefs, scientific papers, popular articles, etc, including reports from contracted research. Telephonic QAS refers to answering telephonic queries or supplying information telephonically. Training courses for beneficiaries include technical, business and life skills training. Web information systems refer to those websites that provide information, data or documents to beneficiaries. Website with company information refers to those that are websites that are updated regularly.

14

3.3

Interventions Supporting Information Agriculture and Rural Development

and

Communication

for

62. Black rural farmers in SA have been historically neglected and are still under-serviced by Government and other agricultural extension services. They also have little access to ICTs such as fixed-line telephones, computers or the Internet (Annex Tables 29 & 35). Many interviewees in this survey also noted the limitations of using ICTs to communicate with farmers and communities in rural areas. 63. There have been a number of Government and private sector initiatives to extend ICTs and telecommunication to those beyond the digital divide in rural and urban areas through the establishment of collective access points such as Community Service Telephones (CSTs), cybercafs, telecentres, cyberlabs, Public Internet Terminals (PITs), Citizen Post Offices (CPOs) and Multi-purpose Community Centres (MPCCs) (Annex Table 36). These public access points have increased ICT and telecommunication penetration but currently still serve a large population (within 5 km of their location), and the larger, community-based centres (telecentres, cyberlabs & MPCCs) are costly to establish and maintain in a functional state. 64. Notable among the number of important lessons learned from failed and successful telecentres in South Africa (Etta & Parvyn-Wamahiu, 2003; Parkinson, 2005) are that shared access centres need to be integrated closely with broader rural development strategies and the low demand for ICTs (particularly Internet) and high telecommunication costs still limit their use. There is little useful content for farmers on the Web and almost none of it is in local languages. Langa et al. (2006: 45) also point out that the existing digital divide in SA is not easily bridged because the deep socioeconomic barriers (race, wealth, education) to using new and even old media and technologies are likely to persist in the foreseeable future, thus reinforcing the gap between the included and the excluded. They further note that there are greater development priorities for most rural areas, such as provision of electricity and increasing access to basic services, than the need to provide digital access to information. 65. It is clear from the current survey and numerous other studies that face-to-face contact and verbal communication with farmers and rural communities is the preferred and most effective means of information exchange in rural areas, with print, electronic and other media of lesser but not negligible importance. Effective extension services are key to providing information support to beneficiaries of the Land Reform Programme and in rural development programmes in general. 66. A review of the KZN-DAEA extension service in 2004 identified the need for fundamental shifts in its structure and operations. A participatory learning model of extension is envisaged within which researchers, extensionists, farmers, input suppliers and other stakeholders participate and interact closely to develop locally applicable and innovative solutions to farmers problems. Such transformations are also required in other PDA and private extension services to move from outmoded and ineffective modes of technology development and transfer to a more reflexive approach - characterised by joint inquiry and mutual learning - that is more responsive to the needs of farmers and rural inhabitants. 67. The Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture (adopted in 2001) notes the need to support the agricultural R&D system and the importance of strong linkages between all sectors and stakeholders involved in agriculture. To this end a plan is outlined to raise investment in agricultural research, education and extension from the current low level of just over 1% of agriculture's contribution to GNP to meet the international benchmark of 3% with the strategic goal of ensuring . a globally competitive, profitable and sustainable [and equitable] agricultural sector contributing to a better life for all."

15

4.
4.1

Institutional Needs Analysis

Information Needs

68. Most of the organisations visited need a broad range of information (technical, economic, rural development & training information) to support their own work programmes and to meet the information needs of their target audience. Organisations with a focus on a specific commodity or serving particular kinds of farmers have special information needs, such as: economic and marketing information (AMT); information on and for the small stock industry (GADI), wool farmers (NWGA) or emerging red meat producers (NERPO); silviculture and plantation technology (NCT); and information useful for small-scale and emerging farmers (FSG, Nufarmer, SPP). 69. The operations of large organisations like the ARC and PDAs are complex and varied and their information needs are correspondingly diverse. A rapid appraisal, such as the present survey, can identify the broad information needs of such organisations from their strategic objectives but not their particular requirements or details of their unmet needs. Information needs (and information sources used) are also dynamic, shifting in accordance with the nature and requirements of research and development projects undertaken often as short- to medium-term contracts. Organisations therefore need a flexible ICM strategy to cope with ever changing demands and availability of resources, especially finances. 70. Analysis of the information seeking behaviour of personnel interviewed indicated that most rely on local and wider networks of personal contacts, particularly colleagues in the same institute, to obtain information through consultation and knowledge sharing. This is one reason why organisations work closely with many national (e.g. ARC, NDA) and international partners who provide a source of expertise not always available within the organisation or locally. Universities in SA and abroad were found to be useful partners because they offer access to comprehensive and well-organised print (books & journals) and electronic information resources such as electronic journals and bibliographic databases 71. Organisations need to establish and monitor the information needs of their target audience / clients and they do this through regular meetings with beneficiaries. Local knowledge networks also promote the sharing of indigenous and local knowledge among beneficiaries and their neighbouring communities (e.g. OMG). 72. Most organisations visited were, by-and-large, able to obtain the requisite information to support their current work programmes and outreach activities (section 3.2.3) from the multiple sources they use (section 3.2.2) but some unmet needs that constrain current, planned or envisaged programmes were identified (Table 4). Specific recommendations as to how these needs could possibly be met by CTAs products and services are outlined for each organisation in Annex 3.2. Table 4. Unmet information needs of organisations, by broad category (count = number of organisations per response category)
Information need Technical information Production economics & marketing information Rural development information Information on IM methods & strategies Extension methods & use of ICTs in extension ARC ARC KZN-DAEA ARC KZN-DAEA ARC ARC Required by OMG SPP Casidra FSG WCDA NERPO GADI WCDA NCT WCDA GADI OMG NWGA NCT OMG Count 3 Nufarmer NWGA NERPO SPP OMG OMG 10 7 3 5 16

73. In addition to the above-listed unmet information needs, all organisations emphasised the need to increase efforts to obtain, through research or additional sources, information relevant to emerging farmers and rural communities as well as information on how best to communicate with them. Such information is not readily available because of the historical research focus on the information needs of (White) commercial farmers. 74. Generally, organisations are able to source and acquire technical information they need for their operations or their beneficiaries, or they have research programmes in place to generate such information (e.g. ARC, GADI, KZN-DAEA, NERPO, SPP, WCDA). Local innovation is also increasingly being recognised as an untapped source of local knowledge that might be applicable to other areas (e.g. FSGs involvement in the PROLINOVA programme). 75. There is a clear need to link technical information on appropriate production systems to comprehensive information on production and enterprise economics, irrespective of the scale or focus of the farming operation. Research results and data from local contexts are lacking but some organisations have found data from local individual farmers or groups useful for generating norms, standards and targets for their beneficiaries (KZNDAEA, NWGA). SPP uses the COMBUD Enterprise Economics database from WCDA for budget planning of new and existing farming enterprise but this DSS does not include much-needed data for organic farming systems. 76. There is a critical need (expressed by 10 out of the 14 organisations) to obtain and provide appropriate, timely and accurate marketing information to beneficiaries. Market information needs range from part-time or small-scale farmers who need to know where and how to sell their produce or livestock through to emerging commercial farmers who need comprehensive information on inter alia the availability of credit, identification of markets and their requirements (quantity, quality), transportation options, commodity profiles, etc., which will enable them to compete more effectively with existing commercial farmers in domestic and export markets. 77. Many individual or company commercial farming enterprises as well as Government and private organisations recognise the value of good marketing information and are willing to pay for such information by, for example, subscribing to AMTs market information service. However, deregulation of agricultural markets has created uncertainty among some farmers who were previously well-provided with market information by commodity boards as to exactly what kinds of economic and market information they require and where they might source such information. 78. AMT fills a necessary gap in the commercial market for market information but emerging farmers and small-scale or part-time farmers in rural areas do not have the necessary ICTs and funds to make use of their service. The new Agricultural Marketing Information System will be faced with similar problems if it operates exclusively on a Web platform: rural farmers will not easily be able to access this service. Furthermore, the Operational Director of Casidra noted that market information for emerging farmers and rural communities is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain for free because of the privatisation of market and other economic information by commercial commodity organisations. 79. Most of the organisations visited are involved in some way with rural development and hence require broad information on rural development issues, especially about farmers problems, livelihood strategies and alternative livelihood options, social and political issues affecting their target audience, and funding opportunities for agricultural or general rural development programmes. There is an ongoing need (indicated by half of the organisations interviewed) to work closely with rural communities to establish and service their information and other development needs as well as to continually seek additional information and skills (see section 4.2) to inform and improve their development and outreach programmes.
17

80. The following are some additional unmet specific information needs of organisations: Information on Government programmes, tenders and funding opportunities is often not available when required (e.g. Casidra, FSG, SPP). Many organisations require ongoing information on available courses, workshops and other training opportunities for their staff (section 4.2). Technical information for mainstream agricultural activities can largely be acquired through current sources or research but technical information for alternative farming systems potentially useful to small-scale, resource-poor farmers and rural inhabitants is difficult to find (FSG, SPP). Little research has been done on locally-applicable organic or permaculture farming methods; the value chain for niche markets of indigenous products (e.g. Rooibos, Buchu) is poorly understood; and appropriate crops and sustainable methods for production of biofuels - a priority Government programme for rural communities have not been clearly identified. 81. Some of the information required by organisations is not available in formats useful for disseminating to their target audience. Formats that interviewees noted were difficult to acquire are listed in Table 5. Table 5. Information formats organisations find difficult to obtain (count = number of organisations per response category)
Information format Material suitable for mass distribution Material in appropriate local languages Visual or pictorial information Scientific articles in journals FSG OMG FSG NWGA SPP OMG SPP SPP GADI NCT NERPO NERPO Required by KZN-DAEA NERPO KZN-DAEA OMG KZN-DAEA SPP NWGA Count NWGA NERPO NCT 6 8 6 2

82. Some organisations, especially NGOs (e.g. SPP) do not have the funds to purchase subscriptions to local or international scientific journals or to full-text bibliographic electronic databases. Even relatively well-financed organisations like the ARC find the costs of the former and especially the later, prohibitive. Those organisations that are affiliated to a university (e.g. FSG) or agricultural college, or have joint projects with universities, usually have full access to the library resources of these institutes and can obtain books or journal from their collection or through inter-library loans. It is becoming more common for researchers to obtain reprint copies of scientific articles directly from the authors via email. 83. Many of the interviewees recognised the value of visual information formats for communicating with low literacy audiences. However, pictorial materials are not easy to obtain from current sources and usually have to be developed in-house. Pictures and visual materials, such as posters and drawings to support text, can be powerful communication tools but can also mis-communicate if not carefully constructed and pretested on the intended audience. Staff of the Extension Training Resource Development division of KZN-DAEA pointed out that those involved in developing visual or other agricultural information materials should also have a broad knowledge of agriculture and characteristics and needs of their audience if such materials are to be effective communication tools. Specialised materials development staff would, therefore, probably also need some general agricultural training. 84. Videos were also found to be useful visual materials for training and outreach programmes but are most effective if based on local issues set in a local context (e.g. OMGs video production) Consequently, these usually have to be produced or commissioned by organisations rather can purchased from abroad. 85. Radio is an electronic medium that has the largest potential to reach rural audiences but that potential is yet unfulfilled. Those organisations involved in the development of radio programmes (Radio Elsenburg at WCDA & Extension Resources at KZN-DAEA) do not
18

have personnel with sufficient time (or finances) to travel frequently and widely to conduct interviews with relevant experts and farmers for the radio programmes. 86. Six and eight organisations noted the restricted availability of material suitable for mass distribution and in appropriate local languages, respectively (Table 5). These two issues are interlinked because materials developed for a mass audience have to be in the local language of the intended audience if they are to be effective. 87. Most agricultural publications and print information materials disseminated by NDA, PDAs or other organisations have not been translated into the vernacular. An illustrative example is the Infopak series, comprising short information pamphlets / booklets that aim to present technical farming information in a non-technical style and language. Although written in plain language, only a small proportion of the NDA and WCDA Infopaks are available in languages other than English. 88. The dearth of ICM personnel whose home language is not English or Afrikaans is one reason why organisations have not produced materials in local languages. Perceived low levels of literacy in rural areas3, and hence potential use of translated material, is another reason for the relative non-availability of materials in the vernacular. Translation and repackaging of technical and scientific information into formats useful to the beneficiaries thus requires general agricultural knowledge, proficiency in materials development and specialised skills in the translation of technical content into other languages. None of the organisations visited appear to have this range of skills available and would thus need to plan for extra staffing or to upgrade their current human capacity through appropriate training and skills development courses (section 4.2).

4.2

Capacity-building Needs (IC Policies & Strategies, Sensitisation, Networking, Skills, Training, Media, ICT, Equipment)

89. Of the constraints limiting the ability of organisations to manage and communicate their information resources, effectively and efficiently, the lack of sufficient human capacity for ICM seems most critical (Table 6). In most organisations it is a matter of not having enough personnel to undertake necessary ICM tasks rather than a shortage of skills among the present staff complement, although the need for additional skills training and specialised staff was also noted (see also section 4.1 and training needs below). The current work loads of those involved in the production, repackaging and communication (including education and training) of information are high, leaving little or no time for information seeking activities (e.g. GADI), revision of existing or production of new print extension publications (e.g. FSG, KZN-DAEA, WCDA) or additional training or educational ventures. 90. Some organisations lack funds to fill existing posts for specialised ICM personnel (e.g. graphic artist, radio communication specialist at KZN-DAEA) or to employ additional staff to assist with current ICM activities or to undertake new or expanded work programmes. None of the interviewees emphasised the need for an ICM policy or strategic plan to guide their programmes but they could use such documents to draw the attention of management and planning staff to the value of, and critical need for, a comprehensive, structured and adequately-funded ICM programme. 91. In general, organisations are not limited by the availability of the necessary ICTs to undertake their ICM activities, except for OMG whose members do not have access to necessary computer resources. Personnel from Nufarmer and Rainbow - publishers of a monthly agricultural newspaper and an agricultural directory, respectively have found the capacity of their current computer resources insufficient to efficiently handle large image and document files. They would need to upgrade their computers if and when
3

Group literacy, particularly family literacy, is more important than individual literacy in assessing obstacles to the use of reading materials, such as print agricultural extension materials, by rural inhabitants. 19

funding is acquired to expand their print publications (Nufarmer) or make them available online (Rainbow). 92. All organisations (except OMG) have printing facilities for day-to-day printing or the production of posters and other visual materials. However, they all make use of commercial printing services for the mass production of newspapers, newsletters and magazines. Two organisations, namely NWGA and WCDA, expressed the desire to acquire their own large-format colour printing facilities but others noted that it is easier and more cost-effective to use an outside printing service rather than develop specialised in-house printing capacity, which would require additional staff and technology. For the same reason, the smaller organisations rely on private IT companies to maintain their computer and Web resources and are not planning to acquire such capacity in the near future. Table 6. ICM constraints (human, technical & financial resources) faced by organisations
Constraint Human resources Extension staff lack training in extension methodologies Insufficient experienced staff for education and training programmes Insufficient extension staff with specialist skills Insufficient staff for library / information centre Insufficient staff to develop print publications and visual information Staff have insufficient ICM skills Staff have insufficient time to acquire information or interact with colleagues and/or their target audience Staff lack literacy and numeracy skills Staff lack skills to translate technical information into local languages Staff lack sufficient computer skills Technical resources Insufficient computer resources Limited capacity of computer resources Lack of high volume or large-format colour printing facilities Financial resources Budget insufficient to sustain current operations Insufficient funds for library / information centre resources (print, electronic) and/or infrastructure Insufficient funds to employ additional ICM staff Future funding not secure Limited funds to expand or develop new ICM and/or education and training programmes Other Communication with small-scale farmers and rural inhabitants limited by their access to ICTs Lack of support from Government extension personnel Faced by NWGA GADI NERPO ARC FSG, KZN-DAEA, WCDA OMG, SPP GADI, WCDA OMG KZN-DAEA NERPO, NWGA, OMG, Rainbow OMG Nufarmer, Rainbow, SPP NWGA, WCDA OMG ARC, OMG, SPP KZN-DAEA, SPP FSG, NERPO, OMG, SPP AMT, FSG, NWGA, Nufarmer, Rainbow, SPP AMT, ARC, NERPO, OMG, SPP OMG, SPP

93. Organisations (except OMG) largely have the necessary ICT resources for ICM but the large majority of their beneficiaries in rural areas do not have access to modern ICTs (increasing penetration of mobile telephony is an exception). Consequently, staff at head office and field and extension staff at regional offices cannot use ICTs, such as email, fax or even land-line telephones to disseminate information, notify beneficiaries of meetings and other important events, and generally monitor and service their information needs. 94. The lack of ICTs might constrain communication to some degree but most organisations manage to stay in touch with their target audience through traditional, face-to-face contact at regular meetings, field training events, through mobile training services (e.g. GADI) and through their field (e.g. FSG, SPP) and extension staff (KZN-DAEA, NWGA, WCDA). OMG members use traditional oral means of communication, including drama, to quite effectively share their message with neighbouring communities, school children, traditional authorities and visiting scientists and farmers. But they have also used
20

computer technology to capture, analyse and graph their monitoring data, thus indicating the potential for modern ICTs to complement traditional forms of communication. 95. The training needs of organisations arise directly from their human capacity constraints to effectively undertake their present ICM activities or to develop expanded or new programmes. The specific training needs of organisations are listed in Annex 3.2 and general training needs are presented in Table 7. These needs are those articulated by interviewees and identified from an assessment of their constraints and capacity to fulfil their stated objectives. Table 7. Identified ICM training needs of organisations
Training need Adult and family literacy and numeracy training Assessing (auditing) current ICM practices and developing effective ICM strategies Basic agricultural extension methodologies and appropriate technologies for communication with small-scale farmers and inhabitants of remote rural areas Basic computer skills, including the use of Microsoft Office software and basic spreadsheet operations (including graphing) Basic financial management Designing and maintaining websites, including developing Web-based information delivery systems Developing and maintaining relational and dynamic (Web-linked) electronic databases Developing appropriate print and audio-visual information materials (including displays) for training and extension Developing market information systems for small-scale farmers Developing effective teaching and training support materials Managing (storing , organising) data and print records Organising and conducting district farmer meetings, and basic communication skills Producing radio programmes and assessing audience impact Skills in agricultural journalism (for radio and print) Skills in print publishing, distribution and management Using desktop publishing and design software for developing information materials, newsletters and newspapers Using digital video equipment and audio-visual editing software Required by OMG FSG, SPP, WCDA NWGA ,SPP

Casidra, NERPO, NWGA, OMG, Rainbow OMG NWGA, Rainbow, SPP GADI FSG, KZN-DAEA AMT, FSG GADI OMG NERPO KZN-DAEA KZN-DAEA, Nufarmer Nufarmer KZN-DAEA, NWGA, Rainbow FSG

96. While some training needs are specific to particular organisations, there are some overlapping training requirements, as discussed below. 97. The most common need is for computer-related skills training, specifically: (1) basic training for current and new staff in the basic computer use and the use of common software, such as programs in the Microsoft Office suite, (2) specialised training for current staff in the use of desktop publishing and design software for developing and publishing various information materials, (3) training in the design and maintenance of websites and Web-based information systems, and (4) database development. 98. Some organisations (e.g. NERPO) provide informal in-house basic computer skills training for new staff but there is a general need provide formal and ongoing general basic and intermediate computer training for staff to ensure better and more efficient use of computer resources for ICM. The requisite computer training can be sourced locally from commercial service providers, universities or through national or provincial Government training programmes (e.g. GADI, KZN-DAEA, WCDA). 99. A number of organisations (Casidra, FSG, NWGA, SPP) are considering acquiring Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to capture, analyse, represent and communicate spatial information, such as natural resource data, farm plans, etc. NWGA plans to link spatial data to a database of sheep shed production data through GIS to link levels of productivity to the natural resource base. None of these organisations have yet
21

acquired the necessary hardware, software or staff training required for GIS, or identified potential service providers (GIS training is available to FSG at UKZN). The SPP staff member interviewed indicated they would probably investigate the possibility of opensource GIS software to save costs. 100. Another general need is for training in extension and training materials development. Useful print information materials for farmers, trainers, extensionists and scientists were previously produced by FSG (Vikela magazine), KZN-DAEA (Agri-Update pamphlet series, Agricultural Production Guidelines technical series) and WCDA (Infopaks) but their publication has lapsed because of a lack of staff capacity to edit and oversee their production. New staff have to be employed and trained or existing personnel redeployed to revive these programmes. 101. Some organisations have planned to develop new print information materials in local languages, using a combination of local and scientific knowledge, when they have sufficient staff capacity. Some envisaged publications are: (1) general agricultural and rural development briefs and pamphlets written in isiZulu (FSG), (2) Infopaks for small stock farmers (GADI), (3) Agri-Update and Production Guidelines for emerging farmers, developed in close collaboration with researchers and field staff (KZN-DAEA), and (4) additional Infopaks on a variety of subject, depending on needs (WCDA). 102. Visual, audio and audio-visual media are used by organisations in extension and training programmes, and some organisations aim to improve and/or extend their use of such information materials. For example, current staff of Extension Resources at KZNDAEA have competencies and extensive experience in developing posters, pamphlets and other publications using text and pictures but do not have sufficient time develop new materials. 103. Radio is an important medium for reaching farmers and rural communities and is used by KZN-DAEA and WCDA to provide technical agricultural information. The staff member who runs Radio Elsenburg (WCDA) has extensive experience in radio production (and has done doctoral studies in information systems for emerging farmers) but the two staff members in charge of developing radio programmes at KZN-DAEA are relatively inexperienced and required additional training in rural radio production, including training in methods for editing digital audio materials and monitoring audience impact. FSG intends making greater use of video for farmer training and farmer documentation of practices and innovations, and at least one staff member would require training to make better use of video production technology. 104. An interesting need for materials-development training is at KZN-DAEA where Extension Resource personnel want to revive the defunct Agricultural Resources Exhibit at Cedara to provide an effective education and visual communication tool for visiting schoolchildren, farmers and others (including those with visual impairments). They do not, however, have the necessary skills to develop effective audio-visual displays. 105. Both SPP and NWGA indicated the need for additional training of their advisory staff in appropriate extension and communication methods, including use of ICTs, to improve their outreach program to emerging farmers and rural communities. 106. ICM-related training required by a number of organisations includes: (1) basic numeracy, literacy and financial management skills and introductory records management training for OMG members, (2) basic skills in organising district meetings for NERPO district members, (3) integrated training in all aspects of ICM for the Knowledge Stewards that are to be employed at each ARC institute to coordinate and facilitate IM and KM by organising, amongst other activities, informal KM sharing platforms, research symposia, formal knowledge networks (communities of interest / practice), packaging of information and knowledge for different target audiences, information and knowledge audits and project reviews at each institute, (4) training in methods for auditing ICM practices and developing ICM strategies and plans (required by
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FSG, SPP & WCDA), and (5) best practice for developing and implementing market information systems for emerging farmers. 107. Specific service providers for most of the identified training needs of organisations have not yet been identified. Computer-related training service providers can be sourced locally (at a cost) but there appears, at least from a preliminary overview of the agricultural training sector, to be no local providers for training in rural radio production, appropriate use of alternative communication technologies in extension programmes (in addition to basic extension principles and methods for emerging farmers and rural communities), and methods for developing good agricultural displays. Such training might, therefore, need to be sourced elsewhere in Africa or abroad. One obstacle to using foreign trainers is that some of this training would need to be done in local languages, e.g. for NWGA extension personnel.

5.
5.1

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions
5.1.1 Information needs

108. A striking feature of the information seeking behaviour of individuals interviewed in this survey their reliance on personal contacts with colleagues, both within their organisation and in local and wider networks, to obtain advice, guidance and information they need to undertake their work programmes or to share with beneficiaries. All individuals and organisations would therefore benefit by widening their network of contacts, being exposed to similar or other practices and ways of thinking, and generally strengthening linkages with agricultural organisations locally, nationally, regionally (within Africa) and internationally. 109. Personnel interviewed all use numerous information sources and all (except OMG) use the Internet to obtain information. CTAs online resources (e.g. Anancy) and various portals could be an additional useful information source but are currently not being used by any of the organisations visited because they are unaware of their availability. A strategy is therefore needed increase awareness of CTA products and services. 110. Organisations need to establish and continually monitor the information needs of their target audience and they do this by maintaining regular contact with beneficiaries through meetings, training events, extension and field personnel, and so on. Face-to-face contact and oral communication is still the most effective means of communication and information exchange with people in rural areas because few of them have access` to the Internet. Other ICTs, particularly mobile phones, and electronic forms of communication, particularly radio, could also be used to reach farmers and communities in remote rural areas. 111. The most prevalent and crucial unmet information need of emerging / small-scale farmers is for comprehensive market information (prices, market requirements, commodity profiles, etc). Value chains and associated marketing systems have been well developed for commercial farming enterprises see AMTs service, for example - but not for emerging farmers. The general unavailability of relevant market and economic information coupled with the increasing privatisation of such information, limit the ability of organisations to obtain useful and timely market information for their beneficiaries. Organisations therefore need advice and training on developing appropriate market information systems. 112. Common to all the organisations working with resettled or emerging farmers and rural communities is the ongoing need for broad rural development information as well as information and training for their extension or field personnel in appropriate extension approaches and alternative communication channels (e.g. ICTs) for rural communities and emerging farmers.
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5.1.2 Capacity building needs 113. The current operational effectiveness of the majority of the organisations visited is limited most by a lack of sufficient personnel. High work loads leave little or no time for existing staff to attended to necessary ICM tasks (such as production of print publications) or to initiate new programmes. Employing additional staff will help build human capital and relieve work burdens only if the new employees have the necessary general or specific ICM skills. 114. Increasing the ICM skills of existing personnel through training can also lead to increased work efficiency and effectiveness through better use of existing technical resources. Increasing individual competence in ICM is a necessity for small organisations that do not have a division or specialised staff responsible for ICM in the organisation. 115. Some basic skills training needs (e.g. computer training) can be met by local service providers but organisations might need outside the country to acquire specialised ICM training in inter alia extension methodology, print and audio-visual materials development, rural radio and developing Web-based and market information systems. 116. Very few agricultural or rural development information materials are available in local languages for selective or mass dissemination, thereby severely limiting their usefulness. Organisations need to increase their capacity to develop such materials by training or hiring personnel with technical translation skills in predominant local languages. 117. Organisations might be able to leverage funding for extra staff, training, information materials (e.g. books, journals), equipment or other necessary resources if they develop a clear and comprehensive ICM strategy that clearly outlines for donor agencies or budget allocation committees the importance of ICM within the organisation and how improved ICM programmes can contribute to achieving the organisations strategic objectives. Some organisations indicated a need for assistance in developing such ICM strategies. 118. OMG has no funding to continue operations while other organisations do not have secure medium- or long-term funding (e.g. FSG, SPP, NERPO). These organisations therefore need to obtain information on local or international funding agencies and opportunities for collaborative partnerships to assist them achieve their goals. 5.1.3 Potential partners and beneficiaries 119. Organisations included in the present survey ranged in their information and capacity-building needs from those organisations that are relatively well-resourced and have few critical needs (Casidra, AMT, NCT) to those with quite a number of unmet information needs and whose operations are significantly limited by the availability of financial, human or and/or resources, viz. FSG, OMG and SPP. The other eight organisations have a few information or capacity-building needs that could be met by outside agencies (e.g. CTA) or by increased allocation of funding to ICM but all seem to be largely achieving their stated goals and do not need extensive additional support or assistance. 120. Therefore, the three organisations that could benefit most from general assistance and from CTAs products and services are, in order of increasing priority needs: FSG, SPP and OMG. All three organisations were formed for the direct benefit of farmers and rural communities and work closely with the most marginalised and indigent rural inhabitants, including landless people and farm workers in the case of SPP. OMG is unique in that it is a volunteer organisation of rural people working for the benefit of rural people. 121. OMG works within and around a single valley in the Drakensberg area of KZN while the activities of FSG and SPP are confined particular provinces. In contrast, the NDA and ARC are national organisations working in all provinces of the country. They also interact
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or collaborate with many other types of organisations, locally and abroad. Thirteen of 14 organisations surveyed noted having some form of collaboration (joint-project, funding, information source, etc) with various directorates of the NDA and 11 of the 14 recently had or currently have similar such formal or informal linkages with various institutes or research personnel of the ARC. Strategically, therefore, it would make sense for international organisations (like CTA) to form partnerships with the NDA and ARC to achieve as wide a penetration as possible of the agricultural sector in the country. 122. The Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) has previously focussed on providing financial and infrastructural support to resettled farmers to the neglect of training and extension. The information and knowledge management goals of CASP have not yet been clearly elaborated and there appears to be no overall strategic plan to develop and implement the IM and KM components of CASP. Many different types of organisations (including most visited in this study) are de facto implementing agencies for CASP through the information and extension support they provide to beneficiaries of land reform. All such organisations should contribute towards the development and implementation of a strategic plan for the implementation of CASP, and close collaboration and extensive information and knowledge sharing among these organisations needs to be promoted.

5.2

Recommendations
5.2.1 Information needs

123. It is recommended that CTA assists organisations extend their information networks to other organisations and individuals working in similar agricultural contexts in Africa and other developing countries by facilitating appropriate country study visits, seminars, training courses and other kinds of interactive fora. 124. A second related recommendation is that CTA should assist a national organisation (NDA or ARC) organise a regional conference in South Africa on the theme of developing effective information and knowledge systems for small-scale farmers and rural communities. Such a meeting would provide an opportunity for SA organisations to interact with local and regional institutes and individuals to share knowledge and obtain useful information applicable to developing agriculture. It could also serve as event at which to discuss: (1) the possible formation of a SA or even southern African agricultural information network to promote greater information exchange and access to agricultural and rural development information for all stakeholders, and (2) appropriate means of developing and implementing effective information and training support programmes for emerging farmers and other land reform beneficiaries (viz. in CASP). Such a meeting could also be the platform to initiate further formal discussions between Government agencies (i.e. NDA & PDAs) and the myriad organisations involved directly or indirectly with agrarian land reform on the development of a comprehensive strategy and collaborative approach to providing information and training support to land reform beneficiaries (as intended, but not yet implemented, in CASP). 125. It is recommended that CTA publicise the availability of its various print publications (e.g. Spore), electronic information sources (e.g. Anancy, various portals) and information services (e.g. DORA, PDS, SDI, CD-ROM / Database subscriptions, and PRAIS) more widely among agricultural organisations in SA because the presented limited (and perhaps unrepresentative) survey indicated that these are almost unknown in the country. A number of the organisations could use these CTA sources to meet some of their needs for technical information, rural development information, and information on best practice, strategies and methodologies for effective ICM and extension services, (including the possible use of ICTs) for small-scale farmers. The Agrodok series on small-scale agriculture and other similar publications available electronically via Anancy could be useful for organisations to use or adapt to meet their need to provide technical information written in a non-technical style (with appropriate pictures) to their beneficiaries.

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126. Organisations cannot obtain publications in local languages or useful local market information from international sources (such as CTA) but have to develop these themselves. It is, however, recommended that organisations make use of CTA support services to attend seminars and training courses methods for developing and using appropriate extension materials (including radio and video) and for developing market information systems. 5.2.2 Capacity building needs 127. Organisations can use local service providers to meet their needs for training in basic computer skills, website development and the use of proprietary software for desktop publishing. CTA could, however, assist them meet their more specialised ICM-related training needs by identifying training courses or seminars on the following: Developing appropriate print and visual extension and training support material. Radio and video production. Developing Web-based information systems. Developing market information systems. Developing and implementing ICM strategies and plans. Extension methods and the use of alternative communication technology (ICTs such as mobile phones, email and Web facilities at telecentres, etc) for small-scale farmers and rural communities. 128. A need for timely information on funding and training opportunities was identified in the survey and CTA could help meet this need by regularly distributing (by email), to the selected as well as other agricultural and rural development organisations in SA (see Annex 3.1), information on training courses, seminars, conferences, meetings, etc, as well as information on available funding support (from CTA or others) to attend these events. 129. It is recommended that CTA work closely with the three identified beneficiary partners (OMG, SPP, FSG) to assist them undertake an information audit4 and develop ICM strategies to meet their information and capacity-building needs. 130. WCDA is currently restructuring their Communications Division into a larger Communications Sub-Programme and they require assistance from CTA to advise them on the human capacity (e.g. skills & job descriptions) and strategic planning requirements to develop an effective ICM unit. 5.2.3 Potential Strategic Partner institutions 131. CTA should form a strategic partnership with the ARC to more widely advertise and promote their information products and services within the 11 ARC institutes and to the wide variety of organisations that engage with the ARC in various informal or formal interactions and partnerships. The ICT division of the ARC would be a useful point of contact to initiate discussion towards setting up such a partnership. The head office library and libraries at each institute could make available to researchers and ARC partners various CTA products (e.g. Spore) and inform personnel of the availability of CTA products and services. 132. Rainbow SA produces the National Agricultural Directory (NAD), now in its third edition, which is distributed freely to a wide spectrum of organisations and people involved in the agricultural production and marketing chain, including farmers, extensionists and organisations abroad. It is recommended that CTA seek to form a co4 An information audit would go much further than the current rapid survey and entail a detailed assessment (preferably participatory) of the existing information resources (print, electronic & other), flows (processes, technologies & tools), information products, policies, ICM managerial capacity as well as the information needs of the organization as the first necessary step towards developing an ICM strategy and implementation and monitoring plans. It would examine the internal information architecture of the organisation and its information and knowledge relations (links, exchange) with other people and bodies. 26

publication partnership with Rainbow5 that could potentially be mutually beneficial by providing: (1) greater awareness, through advertising and representation in the NAD, of CTAs services and products in SA; (2) wider distribution of the NAD worldwide through CTAs Publication Distribution Service (PDS); (3) staff training (Table 7); and (4) possible technical and financial support from CTA for specific publication needs such as translation and developing an online version of the Directory as the front to a dynamic database that can be updated regularly by authors. 133. The NDA could potentially also be a useful strategic partner for CTA to increase awareness of their products and services and assist them reach more beneficiaries in the county. The capacity-building and information needs of the NDAs Directorate of Agricultural Information Services were, however, not examined in the current study (because of their unavailability to be interviewed) and their possible role in a partnership with CTA was not established. It is recommended that CTA make further approaches to the NDA to gauge their willingness and capacity to engage in a mutually beneficial strategic partnership with CTA. 134. Although none of the many universities in the country were included in the survey, they interact with and support in various ways many different types of agricultural organisations in the country. CTA could use the extensive network of contacts established by universities to more widely publicise the availability of their products and services. University libraries are the obvious first points of contacts for CTA and should be provided for a start with a subscription to Spore and a clear description of CTAs operations, products and services.

6.

Proposed CTA Intervention Strategy and Action Plan

135. A four-fold strategy is recommended for CTA to increase the availability and delivery of its products and services to beneficiaries in South Africa. The four key objectives would be to: (1) Increase awareness of CTAs operations, services and products within the agricultural and rural development sectors in the country (all sub-sectors and organisations). (2) Promote increased information exchange and knowledge sharing between agricultural and rural development organisations in the country and with relevant organisations in the southern African or broader region. (3) Assist organisations increase their capacity for ICM by facilitating access to appropriate training to meet their identified needs. (4) Provide comprehensive assistance to the identified beneficiary partners to increase their capacity to develop and implement appropriate ICM strategies and programmes to achieve their current organisational objectives and implement future plans. 136. The above-listed objectives 1-3 are in line with CTAs broad strategic objectives for 2007-2010 but their specific application in a South African context is detailed below. A broad plan and schedule of necessary actions to be taken by CTA immediately (within one year) or in the medium (two to three years) to longer term for each of these strategies follows. 1. Increasing awareness of CTAs operations, products and services in South Africa Rationale: None of the organisations included in the current study make use of CTAs various products and services because few of their personnel knew of the existence of CTA and were therefore unfamiliar with its objectives and mission. The CTA-supported QAS service in the country (PRAIS, in Bloemfontein) is also not well-known. CTA therefore needs establish a strategic partner with the ARC, set up a co-publishing agreement with Rainbow SA, and utilise the extensive partnership networks of universities to raise its profile in SA by
5

See Become a Partner at: http://www.rainbowsa.co.za/index.asp?f_partner.asp 27

publicising its activities and the availability of its information products and services to a broad audience throughout the country. Immediate interventions: Contact the ICT Division of the ARC to establish a strategic partnership. Contact Rainbow SA to explore the possibility of a co-publishing partnership (see 5.2.3) for their National Agricultural Directory which should include, at least, advertisement and representation of CTAs products and services in the forthcoming 3rd edition of the NAD (2008). Provide librarians of university and other higher education and training institutions (e.g. agricultural colleagues) with summary documents on CTAs mission, purpose, activities, a catalogue of products and a subscription to SPORE and Agri-Outreach (the bimonthly publication produced by PRAIS). Contact NDAs Directorate of Agricultural Information Services to determine their willingness to support and publicise CTAs activities in the country and to assess their capacity to engage in a strategic partnership with CTA. Medium-term interventions: Create greater exposure for CTA by co-organising a high profile regional conference in SA on information and knowledge systems for small-scale farmers and rural communities (see strategy 2, below). Continue to advertise CTAs services and products in subsequent annual editions of the National Agricultural Directory. Maintain regular contact with organisations surveyed in this study by providing them with information on CTAs activities, new products and services and the availability of training and funding opportunities. Long-term and ongoing interventions: Monitor and regularly evaluate the effectiveness of CTAs publicity programme by assessing the extent of reach and use of their products and services in the county.

137. In addition to the above, CTA could use publicity programmes and interventions found to be effective in other ACP countries as well as the agricultural press in SA (e.g. Landbou Weekblad, Farmers Weekly, Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur) to make their services and products more widely known. 2. Promote increased and more extensive information exchange and knowledge sharing in the country and region Rationale: Individuals obtain useful information for their operations and beneficiaries through their networks of colleagues and contacts within and outside their organisation. Widening personal networks by creating increased opportunity for interactions in various settings should promote information flows. Immediate interventions: Contact the ARC to initiate the planning of a regional agricultural information conference (see below) and to identify potential sponsors and regional partners, such as the African Chapter of the International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD). Medium-term interventions: Co-organise a regional conference in SA on information and knowledge systems for small-scale farmers and rural communities (including appropriate extension approaches and the use of alternative communication technologies). Invite speakers from SA and the region (i.e. key players identified through the current round of African country needs assessment studies). The invitation list for the conference could be developed from Rainbows extensive list of contacts in the agricultural sector in SA and regional contact details collected through the African country information needs studies.
28

Provide guidance and direction to discussions on the possible formation of a southern or South African agricultural information network. Advertise widely, through CTAs website, the ARC and other available local channels, relevant events such as conferences, symposia, seminars, workshops, meetings, etc. Identify, together with beneficiary organisations, personnel that could benefit from study visits to other countries in the region or further abroad to observe and learn about alternative ICM practices and approaches and to widen their contact networks.

Long-term and ongoing interventions: Assist and promote any emerging agricultural networking initiatives in SA and the southern African region.

3. Assist organisations increase their capacity for ICM Rationale: Organisations can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their existing ICM activities and implement planned and envisaged ICM programmes by increasing the specialised ICM skills and competencies of their personnel. CTA can meet these needs by identifying and facilitating access to appropriate training courses. CTA can also provide advice and guidance, where needed, on developing and implementing ICM strategies. Immediate interventions: Contact WCDA to assist them in the planning of a staffing policy and ICM strategy for their newly-restructured Communications Sub-Programme. Medium-term interventions: Identify existing courses or develop new training courses and/or seminars that could serve to meet the identified specialised ICM training needs of organisations (see section 5.2.2). Identify, together with beneficiary organisations, appropriate personnel to receive training support. Long-term and ongoing interventions: Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of training interventions and identify emerging capacity building needs of organisations.

4. Provide comprehensive assistance to identified beneficiary partners to enhance their ICM capacity Rationale: One farmer / community organisation (OMG) and two NGOs (FSG & SPP) require comprehensive training and other capacity-building support from CTA in order to be able to carry out their present ICM programmes and implement new programmes. Immediate interventions: Contact the identified beneficiary organisations to establish partnerships. Advise and assist beneficiary partners to undertake a comprehensive information audit of their existing ICM programmes and resources. Advise and assist beneficiary organisations develop ICM strategies and plans to improve their existing ICM activities and to implement planned and envisaged programmes. Identify interim or long-term funding partners for OMG. Medium-term interventions: Identify existing courses or develop new training courses and/or seminars that could serve to meet their identified training needs. Identify, together with beneficiary organisations, appropriate personnel to receive training support.
29

Identify technology and equipment required by beneficiary partners to implement their current or planned programmes, and identify potential funding sources to acquire and maintain this equipment. Identify possible long-term funding opportunities for beneficiary partners (FSG, SPP).

Long-term and ongoing interventions: Monitor (together with beneficiary partners) progress in the implementation of ICM strategies and identify further interventions required to achieve their long-term objectives. Regularly review the effectiveness of the assistance provided to beneficiary partners and evaluate the necessity for ongoing support.

138. A priority focus of CTAs strategic interventions in SA would be to assist and support organisations (including most organisations in this study and other NGOs and Government organisations listed in Annex 3.1) that provide information and/or training services to farmers and rural communities that are or will be beneficiaries of the land reform programme in the country. Further detailed research is required to identify organisations and people (apart from those noted in this study) that provide information and/or training specifically to land reform beneficiaries and to describe the nature and extent of their activities and assess whether their programs are meeting the information and training needs of their target audience. Provision of information support to emerging farmers and agribusinesses is absolutely critical if agrarian reform and transformation of agriculture is to succeed in South Africa.

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Annexes
Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Terms of reference Country Profile Profile of institutions List of institutions/persons interviewed Bibliography

31

Annex 1

Terms of Reference TERMS OF REFERENCE

ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION NEEDS IN ACP AFRICAN STATES Phase 2: Southern Africa & Ghana
1. Introduction The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was established in 1983 under the Lom Convention between the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union Member States. Since 2000, it has operated within the framework of the ACP-EC Cotonou Agreement. CTAs tasks are to develop and provide services that improve access to information for agricultural and rural development, and to strengthen the capacity of ACP countries to produce, acquire, exchange and utilise information in this area. CTAs programmes are organised around three principal activities: providing an increasing range and quantity of information products and services and enhancing awareness of relevant information sources; supporting the integrated use of appropriate communication channels and intensifying contacts and information exchange (particularly intra-ACP); and developing ACP capacity to generate and manage agricultural information and to formulate information and communication management (ICM) strategies, including those relevant to science and technology. These activities take account of methodological developments in cross-cutting issues (gender, youth, information & communication technologies ICTs, and social capital), findings from impact assessments and evaluations of ongoing programmes as well as priority information themes for ACP agriculture. CTAs activities are currently distributed among three operational programme areas / departments: Information Products and Services; Communication Channels and Services; Information and Communication Management Skills and Systems. These operational departments are supported by Planning Corporate Services (P&CS) which is charged with the methodological underpinning of their work and monitoring the ACP environment in order to identify emerging issues and trends and make proposals for their translation into programmes and activities. This current exercise, therefore, falls within the mandate of P&CS. 2. Background Since 2003, CTA has been systematically conducting needs assessment studies across the Pacific, Caribbean and Africa regions the regions it has been mandated to serve. These studies have been in direct response to calls for CTA, in various evaluations of its products, services and programmes, to be more strategic in its choice regarding the setting of its own agenda and reacting to demand. In putting together its Strategic Plan and Framework for Action 2001 2005, CTA took a pragmatic view and opted to develop a strategy combining the benefits of both approaches, whereby the need to address the expressed demands of its stakeholders and the potential long-term advantages of developing programmes that address future needs were combined. The Centres new strategic plan covering the 2007 2010 period places emphasis on: improving CTAs efficiency and increasing the Centres outreach by addressing the major bottleneck of difficult or insufficient access to information in ACP countries; (ii) honing CTAs profile and further defining the niche where the Centre has a comparative advantage. Consequently, reaching more beneficiaries and further strengthening CTAs partnership networks is key as well as the thrust to make ICTs and ICM strategies more widely available.
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3. Main issues CTA works primarily through intermediary public and private partners (research centres, extension services, libraries, NGOs, farmers organisations, regional organisations and networks, ) to promote agriculture and rural development. Under the new strategic plan, the organisations targeted will be extended to include print media, editors, radio, TV and journalist networks in order to further maximise outreach. Through these partnerships, CTA hopes to increase the number of ACP organisations capable of accessing and combining modern and conventional ICTs, generating and managing information and developing their own ICM strategies. The identification of appropriate partners is therefore of primordial importance, whilst bearing in mind issues such as geographical coverage, decentralisation, regionalisation, thematic orientation and transparent and objective criteria and procedures for partner selection. 4. Overall Objective Collaboration strategies with ACP agricultural organisations and relevance of CTAs support to African ACP countries improved. 5. Scope of the study The study will focus on: providing an overview of main agricultural services and actors existing in the country (information supply side) in terms of their strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for collaboration with CTA; identifying agricultural information and ICM capacity building needs of key actors / key strategic partners for CTA products and services; identifying potential strategic partners for CTA activities and services (paying special attention to e.g. print media, editors, radio, TV and journalist networks); developing some baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in the country to facilitate subsequent monitoring and updating activities. The study should assist CTA to improve and better target interventions and activities aimed at potential partners and beneficiaries (including women, youth, private sector and civil society organisations) to have a more informed picture of their needs and aid in the elaboration of a strategy and framework of action. The study should also highlight where there are specific needs for CTAs products and services thereby enabling improvement in the delivery of the same. 6. Expected results The expected results of the study are as follow: status of infrastructure, information services and ICM capacity of institutions involved in agriculture and rural development described and analysed; information and capacity building needs in the area of ICM identified for key institutions and potential CTA partners involved in agriculture and rural development; baseline data on the status of ICM and ICT in agriculture and rural development compiled for monitoring purposes and improved outreach. The study should therefore also provide updated country profiles on the status agricultural information services, the status of ICM/T in the country, which will allow CTA to make informed decisions re type and mode of intervention as well as partner selection. This will be summarised in one (1) main report per country not exceeding 30 pages excluding annexes (cf. section 8 below).

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7. Methodology The consultant will use a combination of qualitative and quantitative rapid appraisal methods including: the desk review of available literature and information sources including the findings of programme evaluations; the conduct of face-to-face interviews with relevant stakeholders / concerned parties; the limited use of questionnaires. The rapid appraisal approach will allow a general overview of the key issues and company / organisational profiles on a per country basis and may give rise to more in-depth studies as and when needed in the future. 8. Reporting The country reports will not exceed 30 pages (excluding annexes) and is broken down as follows: Main report Acknowledgements List of Acronyms Executive summary 1. Introduction 2. Country profile 2.1 Brief description of agriculture and recent developments in the sector: 2.1.1 Agriculture 2.1.2 Fisheries 2.1.3 Forestry 2.1.4 Pastorialism / Livestock (where applicable) 2.2 Brief description of the status of ICT infrastructure and recent developments in the sector 3. Status of information and communication for agriculture and rural development 3.1 Institutional, regulatory and policy framework Status of national and/or other sectoral policies on information and communication for agriculture and rural development; definition of main strategic focus and principal characteristics; opportunities and threats posed by the political, institutional and regulatory environment 3.2 Operational aspects 3.2.1 Description of agricultural information and services (main actors in the area of information and communication for agriculture and rural development) 3.2.2 Information products and services provided 3.2.3 Information and communication management capacity 3.3 Interventions supporting information and communication for agriculture and rural development Examine the main interventions undertaken, planned or foreseen by the State, donor agencies, private sector (e.g. telecommunications sector) to respond to identified needs paying particular attention to the priorities and means mobilised. Lessons learnt should also be addressed in this section 3.4. Needs analysis (Main bottlenecks and shortcomings) 3.4.1 Information needs 3.4.2 Capacity building needs (IC policies & strategies, sensitisation, networking, skills, training, media, ICT, equipment) 4. Conclusions and recommendations 4.1 Conclusions 4.1.1 Information Needs 4.1.2 Capacity Building Needs 4.1.3 Potential Strategic Partners

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4.2 Recommendations 4.2.1 Capacity Building Needs 4.2.2 Information Needs 4.2.3. Potential Strategic Partner Institutions 5. Proposed CTA Intervention Strategy and Action Plan From the above analysis, establish a link between the needs which are not currently met or for which complementary actions are needed and CTAs supply (products and services). This should lead to an overall and coherent strategy for CTA and an action plan in priorities are identified and an implementation schedule defined. Annexes 1. Terms of reference 2. Country profile 2.1 General agricultural profile (from available documentation) 2.1.2 Size of agricultural population (male / female / youth) 2.1.3 Farmed land, forests, fishing areas 2.1.4 Agricultural systems 2.1.5 Agriculture in the economy (percentage GDP) 2.1.6 Main agricultural produce and secondary products 2.1.7 Main export markets 2.1.8 Trade agreements that include agriculture 2.1.9 Sectoral policy related to agriculture, fisheries and forests 2.2 Socio-economic profile (from available documentation) 2.2.1 Total active population, demographic breakdown 2.2.2 Literacy level and languages 2.2.3 Access to services (health, schools, electricity) 2.2.4 Rural urban drift 2.3 Media and telecommunications (update / check) 2.3.1 Newspapers, periodicals, magazines, radio stations, television channels, 2.3.2 Telecommunication services (fixed, mobile, etc.) 2.3.3 Computers and Internet access 3. Profile of institutions 3.1 List of all main institutions involved in agriculture and rural development activities, including private sector and civil society organisations, with name, contact details, type and role of institution 3.2 Select list of key institutions involved in agriculture and rural development, with extensive data and information on the institution, the problems faced and why it is considered a key actor 4. List of institutions / persons interviewed (to include full contact details) 5. Bibliography 9. Timing The draft final report is to be submitted within three months after contract signature by CTA; the final report is due two weeks after receipt of comments from CTA. 10. Expertise needed The national consultant should have a university degree or equivalent by experience. In addition, he/she should have at least 10 years experience in field of agriculture, rural development or social / economic sciences. He/she must have in-depth knowledge of the agricultural sector in his/her country and be able to identify key players and institutions / organisations active in this area. Some knowledge of information sciences would be an added advantage. The ability to communicate and write clearly in English is essential, while knowledge of at least one of the local languages for communication / interview purposes is an added advantage. In addition to the skills above, the overall coordinator is expected to be fluent in English, have some knowledge of the 9 countries forming the object of this study, have demonstrated
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experience in coordinating studies with several consultants and in producing synthesis reports. The overall coordination of the exercise will be carried out by Ms Christine Webster, Deputy Head, Planning and Corporate Services CTA. 11. Implementation schedule (CTA) Preparation/Finalisation of ToR; Identification/ short-listing of (potential) consultants; Call for offers: July October 2006; Selection of consultants & contractual arrangements: October November 2006 Briefing: December 2006 / January 2007 Start date of contract: 1 December 2006 Implementation period 1 December 2006 31 August 2007 End date of project: 31 October 2007 12. Key documents to be made available to consultants Documents include: Cotonou Framework Agreement Executive Summaries of previous evaluation reports including ITAD, OPM, etc. CTAs Strategic Plan (2007-2010) Annual Reports Examples of reports of previous needs assessment studies Documents on products & services provided by CTA _________________________________

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Annex 2

Country Profile South Africa

2.1 General agricultural profile 2.1.1 Size of agricultural population (male / female / youth)

The total population of South Africa in mid-year 2006 was 47.4 million. Table 1 shows the mid-year population estimates by race and gender and Table 2 the age and gender distribution. Black South Africans make up almost 80% of the population at 37.7 million, followed by the white and coloured population groups (4.4 million & 4.2 million respectively) and then the Indian/Asian group (1.2 million). About 43% (20.1 million) of South Africans are below the age of 20 and 7.8% older than 60. Table 1. Total population of SA by population group and gender, 2006
Population group Male Number Female Number % of total pop 19 104 400 2 138 800 593 700 2 226 400 24 063 300 79.4 8.9 2.5 9.3 100 Total Number % of total pop 79.5 8.9 2.5 9.2 100

18 558 500 African 2 060 000 Coloured 570 200 Indian/Asian 2 138 900 White 23 327 600 Total Source: StatsSA (2006a).

% of total pop 79,6 8,8 2,4 9,2 100

37 662 900 4 198 800 1 163 900 4 365 300 47 390 900

Table 2. Total population by age and gender, mid-2006

Total (1 000s) Age group Total Male Female Total pop. 47 238 23 247 23 986 0-4 5 149 2 692 2 457 5-9 5 015 2 648 2 367 10-14 5 080 2 633 2 447 15-19 4 920 2 545 2 373 20-24 4 641 2 284 2 356 25-29 4 250 2 041 2 209 30-34 3 817 1 897 1 920 35-39 2 809 1 376 1 432 40-44 2 430 1 112 1 318 45-49 2 207 1 012 1 195 50-54 1 804 821 982 55-59 1 443 667 776 60-64 1 257 550 708 65+ 2 416 967 1 447 Source: StatsSA (2006a).

The total labour force, which comprises both those employed and unemployed individuals between the ages of 15 65, was about 16 726 000 in 2006 (StatsSA, 2006a). Of these, 12 451 000 were actively employed at the time of census. About 10.6% of the total working labour force in the country is employed in the broad agricultural sector (including forestry, hunting and fishing), making up only 6.2% of the total male and 4.4% of the total female labour force. The estimated number of paid employees in formal agriculture is 925 000 (a decrease of 13.9% since 1993). Western Province has the highest number of paid employees (22.5%), followed by Free State, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal (13.1%, 12.8% & 12.4% respectively). The large majority of those employed in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing are Black Africans (81.1%) and 41.8% are women (>500 000) (Table 3). Employment opportunities in this sector appear to have declined in the last few years (Table 4), especially for skilled agricultural workers.
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Table 3. Numbers (1 000s) and percentage of people employed in all sectors and in the agricultural (Agric.), hunting forestry and fishing sector, by population group and gender
Population group Total Male Female Coloured Total Male Female Indian/Asian Total Male Female White Total Male Female Total Total Male Female Source: StatsSA (2006a). Black African All sectors 8577 4906 3671 1390 757 632 430 268 162 2038 1169 869 12451 7111 5339 % total 68.9 39.4 29.5 11.2 6.1 5.1 3.5 2.2 1.3 16.4 9.4 7.0 100.0 57.1 42.9 Agric., hunting forestry & fishing % Agric. 1069 599 471 154 99 55 * * * 91 68 23 1318 766 551 81.1 45.4 35.7 11.7 7.5 4.2 * * * 6.9 5.2 1.7 100.0 58.1 41.8

Table 4. Change (2001-2005) in number of people (1 000s) employed in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing in SA
Number of workers Total workers in agric., hunting, forestry & fishing Skilled agricultural workers Total employed in all sectors Source: StatsSA (2006a). 2001 1 178 521 11 181 2002 1 420 706 11 296 2003 1 212 341 11 424 2004 1 063 329 11 643 2005 925 302 12 301

2.1.2

Farmed land, forests, fishing areas

South Africa has an area of 121.9 million ha (NDA, 2006b). Land used for agriculture comprises 81% of the countrys total area, while natural area account for about 9%. Highpotential arable land comprises only 22% of the total arable land. Slightly more than 1.3 million ha of land is under irrigation. Most of the agricultural land (83%) is used for livestock and/or wildlife grazing (i.e. rangeland); only 17% is cultivated for cash crops. Forestry makes up less than 2% of the land with 12% reserved for conservation purposes. Table 5 presents the most recent estimates (1991) of land use in each province, land in the former homeland areas (see below) and land under commercial farming. South Africa has a coastline of about 2 798 km, spanning the warm Indian Ocean in the south and east and the cold but productive Atlantic waters in the west. The national fishing zone (excluding Prince Edward Islands) is 688 926 km2 (FAO, 2005). During the nineteenth century, traditional land tenure system of the Black African population group was dislodged when large parts of the country were expropriated for White settlement (Oosthuizen, 2006). Large numbers of Black South Africans were confined to reserves or homelands and most of those outside the reserves became tenants on White land. During the past century many Blacks were evicted from their traditional land under a variety of acts intended to prevent Black farmers and urban dwellers from holding land in proclaimed White areas, leaving only about 14% of the total land to the majority Black population for settlement and agriculture (Table 5).

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Table 5. Land use in South Africa (2001) in the whole county, in the former Black homeland areas and under commercial farming
Total area Province Total country Western Cape Northern Cape Free State Eastern Cape KwaZulu-Natal Mpumalanga Limpopo Gauteng North West Total (Ta) ha 12 938 600 36 338 900 12 943 700 17 061 600 9 148 100 8 181 600 11 960 600 1 876 000 11 871 000 122 320 100 Farm land ha 11 560 609 89.3 29 543 832 81.3 11 760 100 90.9 14 817 723 86.8 6 529 315 71.4 4 978 827 60.9 10 548 290 88.2 828 623 44.2 10 098 473 85.1 100 665 792 82.3 % Ta Potentially arable land ha 2 454 788 19.0 454 465 1 172 901 1.3 6.9 4 221 423 32.6 1 199 675 13.1 1 734 896 21.2 1 700 442 14.2 438 623 23.4 3 360 459 28.3 16 737 672 13.7 % Ta Arable land used ha * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2 126 342 218 247 3 995 948 601 651 834 637 1 742 601 660 090 405 773 2 314 833 12 900 122 Grazing land ha 9 105 821 70.4 29 089 367 80.1 7 538 677 58.2 13 644 822 80.0 5 329 640 58.3 3 243 931 39.6 8 847 848 74.0 390 000 20.8 6 738 014 56.8 83 928 120 68.6 % Ta Nature conservation ha 730 731 4 295 068 272 500 623 400 1 377 900 2 331 900 1 161 600 228 400 764 500 11 785 999 33 000 100 400 75 800 56 800 127 200 387 000 780 200 730 731 4 295 068 239 500 523 000 1 302 100 2 275 100 1 034 400 228 400 377 500 11 005 799 5.6 11.8 2.1 3.7 15.1 28.5 9.7 12.2 6.4 9.6 14.2 1.9 2.1 8.4 3.5 10.2 4.6 5.6 11.8 1.9 4.4 23.5 30.3 12.4 12.2 4.7 10.5 % Ta Forestry ha 198 938 400 133 520 465 688 549 818 65 410 20 190 1 433 964 400 86 187 140 491 23 130 6 060 256 268 198 938 47 333 325 197 526 688 59 350 20 190 1 177 696 1.5 0.8 5.1 6.7 0.5 1.1 0.0 1.2 0.2 1.7 3.9 3.4 0.2 0.0 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 5.9 7.0 0.7 1.1 0.0 1.1 % Ta Other Ha 448 322 2 500 000 910 700 1 486 957 775 197 321 055 185 300 798 787 1 008 027 8 434 345 10 700 986 957 301 197 105 063 84 622 108 027 1 596 566 448 322 2 500 000 900 000 500 000 474 000 215 992 100 678 798 787 900 000 6 837 779 3.5 6.9 7.0 8.7 8.5 3.9 1.5 42.6 8.5 6.9 4.6 19.1 8.3 15.5 2.3 2.8 9.3 3.5 6.9 7.1 4.2 8.6 2.9 1.2 42.6 11.2 6.5 % Ta

Developing agriculture in former homelands Western Cape Northern Cape Free State Eastern Cape KwaZulu-Natal Mpumalanga Limpopo Gauteng North West Total Commercial agriculture Western Cape Northern Cape Free State Eastern Cape KwaZulu-Natal Mpumalanga Limpopo Gauteng North West Total 232 200 5 175 400 3 607 400 677 500 3 612 400 3 807 900 17 112 800 12 938 600 36 338 900 12 711 500 11 886 200 5 540 700 7 504 100 8 348 200 1 876 000 8 063 100 105 207 300

188 100 81.0 4 001 856 77.3 3 089 912 85.7 492 507 72.7 3 394 518 94.0 3 312 873 87.0 14 479 766 84.6 11 560 609 89.3 29 543 832 81.3 11 572 000 91.0 10 815 867 91.0 3 439 403 62.1 4 486 320 59.8 7 153 772 85.7 828 623 44.2 6 785 600 84.2 86 186 026 81.9

34 900 15.0 529 400 10.2 360 700 10.0 137 898 20.4 530 700 14.7 951 975 25.0 2 545 573 14.9 2 454 788 19.0 454 465 643 501 1.3 5.4 4 186 523 32.9 838 975 15.1 1 596 998 21.3 1 169 742 14.0 438 623 23.4 2 408 484 29.9 14 192 099 13.5

153 200 66.0 3 472 456 67.1 2 729 212 75.7 354 609 52.3 2 863 818 79.3 2 360 898 62.0 11 934 193 69.7 9 105 821 70.4 29 089 367 80.1 7 385 477 58.1 10 172 366 85.6 2 600 428 46.9 2 889 322 38.5 5 984 030 71.7 390 000 20.8 4 377 116 54.3 71 993 927 68.4

Source: NDA (2007).

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2.1.3

Agricultural systems

South Africa has a dual agricultural economy: a well-developed commercial sector and a predominantly subsistence-oriented sector in the traditionally settled rural/homeland areas. About 86% of land ownership in South Africa falls under the statutory tenure system based on freehold or leasehold entitlements, which offers owners exclusive rights of sale, opportunities of rent and to use as collateral for mortgage; thus guaranteeing land tenure security (UNECA, 2003). Only 14% of the country still falls under the customary land tenure system. Governed by unwritten traditional rules administered by traditional leaders or chiefs, active occupation or usage of the piece of land is the main evidence of ownership. In the past, this system had been perceived as anti-developmental with some arguing that customary tenure did not provide sufficient security therefore contributing to low investment levels, inflexible responses to market signals and also inhibiting better farmers access to land. Subsistence farmers in the former homelands fall into this latter category; their main outputs (mostly maize) are consumed directly by the household, there are only a few (if any) purchased inputs and only some produce reaches the formal market (USAID, undated). There are about 45 000 to 50 000 active commercial farming units (individual farmers and corporations) and between 1.3 to 3 million small-scale or subsistence farmers in South Africa (Table 6; GCIS, 2007a). The number of White commercial farmers has declined in recent years in almost all provinces (Table 6). However, agricultural land reform is providing access to land, through land restitution and resettlement programmes, to farmers and groups rural people who previously did not have productive agricultural land, thereby creating a cadre of new or emerging entrants into the commercial farming sector. Table 6. Number of commercial farming units (1996 & 2002) and small-scale farmers in former homelands (1991) in the different provinces
Province Commercial farming units 1996 6,338 11,272 2,342 5,037 7,273 4,675 7,512 6,730 9,759 60,938 2002 4,376 8,531 2,206 4,038 2,915 5,104 5,349 6,114 7,185 45,818 Small-scale farmers 1991 310,400 32,400 * 414,000 299,300 89,100 147,400 * * 1,292,600

Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu-Natal Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Western Cape Total Source: NDA (2007).

Overall the climate of the country is semi-arid (MAP of 400500 mm) and rainfall is the most limiting natural resource. Rainfall increases from the arid desert and semi-desert regions in the west (MAP < 200 mm) to the moister eastern regions where MAP usually exceeds 600 mm and occasionally 1 000 mm. The rainfall pattern also changes from occurring predominantly in the winter in the west to a summer rainfall regime in the east. The gradient of a Mediterranean climate in the south-west (winter rainfall), through the temperate interior plateau (which receives winter frosts) to the moist, warm and productive subtropical regions in the east and south-east of the country dictates the nature, range and productivity of agricultural activities that take place. Agricultural production systems range from intensive crop and horticultural production and mixed farming systems along the coastal and hinterland areas and in parts of the inland plateau to livestock ranching and wildlife systems (reserves, ranches) in the drier grasslands
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and wooded rangelands, with extensive sheep and goat farming in the semi-arid western regions. Dryland cropping and livestock production are constrained by periodic droughts. 2.1.4 Agriculture in the economy (percentage GDP)

In 2004, the primary economic output of agriculture was estimated at R37.946 billion (3.938 billion), comprising approximately 3.3% of total GDP (GCIS, 2007a). In total, the agroindustrial sector comprises contributes about 15% to GDP. Although the farming industry has had a declining share of the GDP over the last decade, it is still vitally important to the economy. Agricultural exports in 2004 contributed about 7.6% of South Africas total export market and approximately 40 000 - 50 000 commercial farmers make a livelihood from agriculture, employing, in some years, over a million farm workers who live on the land. Agriculture, ranging from small garden plots to small-scale farming enterprises, is part of the lifestyle of many of the more than 19 million people living in rural areas in the county. The total output of the commercial forestry industry, including primary and secondary products, exceeded R15 billion (1.6 billion) in 2005, contributing almost 3% to the total value of exports and the formal employment of 67 556 people and contact employment of 30 000 more seasonal workers. The forestry industry as a whole (including direct, downstream and multiplier effects) could be contributing to the livelihoods of over 500 000 people (GCIS, 2007a). The fishing industry in SA is worth R2.63 billion (0.273 billion), contributing about 1% of GDP and formally employing approximately 27 000 people, with recreational fishing (~500 000 sport fisherman) also making a substantial indirect economic contribution (FAO, 2005). 2.1.5 Main agricultural produce and secondary products

The most important field crops (in terms of total production) produced in the country are sugar cane followed by maize and wheat (Table 7). Maize meal is the staple diet of a large proportion of the population. Vegetables, citrus fruit and other horticultural products, grown mostly in the moist, warm eastern interior and south to south-eastern coastal areas, also contribute significantly to the total agricultural production in the country (especially export output), as do meat, eggs and other livestock produce, such as wool, mohair, ostrich products, and milk. Livestock owned by subsistence farmers and rural inhabitants comprise about 40% of the total herd but do not contribute significantly to the formal meat or livestock produce markets. Table 7. Production of important field crops and horticultural and animal products (2005)
Product Sugar cane Maize Animal products Vegetables Citrus fruit Wheat Potatoes Decidious & other soft fruit Subtropical fruit Sunflower seed Grain sorghum Ground nuts Total (all agricultural products) Source: NDA (2007). Production (1 000 t) 21,048 11,996 6,538 2,214 1,990 1,895 1,757 1,597 782 691 354 85 59,438 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

The gross value of poultry and livestock products (especially poultry and cattle products and milk) exceeds that of horticultural produce, notably deciduous fruits, vegetables, grapes (for
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export and wine) and potatoes (Table 8). Maize is by far the biggest earner amongst the field crops, followed by sugar cane and wheat, but there are also significant contributions to the agricultural economy from the production of dryland crops such as sorghum, ground nuts, sunflowers and cotton. Table 8. Gross value of different types of agricultural produce (2005)
Produce Field crops Maize Wheat Hay Grain sorghum Sugar cane Ground nuts Tobacco Sunflower seed Cotton Other Total Horticulture Viticulture Citrus fruit Subtropical fruit Decidious & other fruit Vegetables Potatoes Other Total Animal products Wool Poultry & poultry products Cattle & cattle products Sheep and goats slaughtered Pigs slaughtered Milk Other Total Grand total Source: NDA (2007). Rand (1 000) 6,908,082 2,008,374 2,018,091 140,883 2,451,628 178,456 413,001 1,018,516 119,041 1,091,700 16,347,772 2,413,544 2,617,381 1,528,481 4,861,866 4,031,684 3,010,033 1,250,030 19,713,019 734,955 14,109,944 7,959,116 1,855,458 1,320,638 4,799,659 2,059,310 32,839,080 68,899,871 Euro (1 000) 716,941 208,435 209,444 14,621 254,437 18,521 42,862 105,705 12,354 113,300 1,696,621 250,485 271,640 158,630 504,579 418,420 312,390 129,732 2,045,876 76,276 1,464,372 826,021 192,565 137,060 498,123 213,721 3,408,138 7,150,635

2.1.6

Main export markets

Being largely self-sufficient, SA is a net exporter of about a third of its agricultural products, which contribute approximately 8% of all export earnings (Table 9). Top export earners are wine, table grapes, citrus fruit, sugar and maize, which is exported to neighbouring countries in the SADC region (Table 10). Primary and secondary agricultural produce is exported to many countries, including those in the EU (particularly the U.K.), Japan, the U.S.A. and to a number of other African countries (Table 11). Table 9. Total value of agricultural (Agric.) exports in relation to all exports (2001-2005)
2001 245,488 25,477 20,075 2,083 8.2 2002 314,927 32,684 25,460 2,642 8.1 2003 273,127 28,346 22,794 2,366 8.3 2004 292,079 30,313 22,074 2,291 7.6 2005 327,125 33,950 25,458 2,642 7.8

Total SA products (R million) Total SA products ( million) Total Agric. products (R million) Total Agric. products ( million) Agric. as % of total exports Source: NDA (2007).

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Table 10. Value of Southern African Custom Union (SACU) exports of agricultural products (2001-2005)
Product Sugar Wine Citrus fruit Grapes Preserved fruit and nuts Apples, pears and quinces Fruit and vegetable juices Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes Maize Undenatured ethyl alcohol Wool Food preparations Apricots, cherries, peaches, plums and sloes Tobacco Pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes Raw skins of sheep and lambs Undenatured ethyl alcohol Sugar confectionary Other meat and edible meat offal Raw hides and skins of bovine Other Grand Total (R1 000) Grand Total (1 000) 2001 2002 2003 2004 R1 000 1,786,877 1,590,669 3,148,295 3,435,106 2,595,675 2,963,593 1,657,416 2,049,947 1,426,175 1,336,603 1,438,248 1,678,925 793,924 616,782 270,013 274,455 1,070,242 725,700 472,111 483,186 641,328 576,766 274,373 234,077 318,057 339,371 300,168 269,006 290,335 222,198 408,988 374,433 221,422 205,538 111,691 74,144 261,088 178,747 179,289 178,961 5,616,963 4,848,542 23,252,678 22 656 749 2,413,233 2,351,385 2005 1,991,755 3,791,734 3,181,479 2,103,861 1,152,544 1,541,996 818,016 412,301 1,645,154 1,131,955 578,940 266,797 314,562 229,824 317,002 307,861 275,437 87,167 82,064 140,051 5,769,748 26,141,249 2,713,017 Rank 2005 1 000 2005 206,710 5 393,518 2 330,183 3 218,345 4 119,614 8 160,033 7 84,896 10 42,790 12 170,739 6 117,478 9 60,084 11 27,689 17 32,646 14 23,852 18 32,899 13 31,951 15 28,586 16 9,046 20 8,517 21 14,535 19 598,802 1

2,702,794 2,280,446 1,963,036 3,000,144 1,791,213 2,274,276 1,327,216 1,616,337 989,688 1,352,210 834,168 1,248,177 650,320 964,741 642,162 522,440 692,061 1,417,841 537,813 674,749 414,590 767,355 284,648 363,131 252,319 304,760 528149 334,769 169,155 280,599 293,737 498,248 319,788 283,395 187,703 182,001 333,776 341,762 201,906 174,268 4,950,812 7,006,248 20,067,052 25,887,594 2,082,619 2,686,692

Source: NDA (2007).

Table 11. Value of the Southern African Custom (SACU) exports of agricultural products in 2005, by country of destination
Country of destination United Kingdom Netherlands Zimbabwe Japan Germany United States of America Belgium Mozambique Canada Angola Italy France Mauritius Saudia Arabia Zambia Hong Kong Kenya Iran Malawi Other Grand Total Source: NDA (2007). R1 000 3,525,708 2,886,200 1,900,827 1,386,139 1,281,870 1,230,199 931,745 604,691 596,391 588,551 576,400 477,870 428,168 387,007 374,727 358,455 358,240 306,146 203,100 7,442,382 26,141,249 1 000 365,909 299,538 197,274 143,858 133,036 127,674 96,699 62,757 61,895 61,082 59,821 49,595 44,437 40,165 38,890 37,202 37,179 31,773 21,078 772,393 2,713,017

The forest-product industry exported mostly value-added products worth over R3.4 billion (0.353 billion) in 2005, contributing 2.91% to total exports and 1.74% of total imports in that year (GCIS, 2007a). The value of exports has grown by 307% over the last decade. In decreasing order of contribution to the total exports in 2005 were: solid wood products predominantly woodchip (36%); paper (34%); pulp (27%); and other products (3%).

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South Africa exports about 80% of its fish catch in most years and the remainder is consumed domestically or processed into fish meal and fish oil. The principal shoal fish caught by coastal trawlers are anchovy, pilchard, and herring. Deep-sea trawlers bring in hake (70% of the catch), barracuda, mackerel, monkfish, sole, and squid. The most important species caught by handline are tuna, cod, barracuda, silverfish, salmon, and yellowtail. Cape rock lobsters are harvested along the west coast, and several hundred other species along the eastern and the southern coastline (FAO, 2005). The total catch for 2000 was 674 117 tons (90% of which was taken from the productive waters off the west coast), with an approximate export value of R2.814 billion (0.292 billion). 2.1.7 Trade agreements that include agriculture

South Africa's agriculture and agribusiness sector are benefiting from increased market access to its key trading partners, the EU and the U.S.A. as well as to sub-Saharan countries, through a number of trade agreements. The African Growth and Opportunity Act extends to South Africa and other sub-Saharan US generalised system of preference (GSP) benefits (duty-free) for more than 1 800 items beyond the standard GSP list of 4 600 items. The Act remains in force until 30 September 2008. The EU-SA Free Trade Agreement commits the EU to the full liberalisation of 95% of South African imports over a 10-year transitional period from 2000, while South Africa is to liberalise 86% of EU imports over a 12-year transitional period. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) between South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland was initiated in 1969 (making it the oldest custom union in the world) and renegotiated in 2000. The aim of SACU is to maintain the free interchange of goods between member countries through the abolition of internal trade tariffs. It also provides for a common external tariff and a common excise tariff to the common customs area. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) trade protocol, which came into effect in September 2000, provides for the phasing down of tariffs of 11 of the 14 SADC member countries. Participating countries are from the sub-Saharan region, excluding Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Seychelles. This trade bloc has a combined population of around 135 million people. South Africa also has bilateral trade agreements with a number of countries, including: The Peoples Republic of China; India; Malawi; Mozambique; Republic of China (Taiwan); and Zimbabwe. 2.1.8 Sectoral policy related to agriculture, fisheries and forests

Since the first democratic elections in the county in 1994, a number of important policy reforms and programmes have been initiated to deeply transform the agricultural sector from one dominated by relatively few commercial farming operations and agro-industries producing the bulk of the produce from most of the land to a more globally competitive, profitable, sustainable and equitable agricultural economy contributing to a better life for all (NDA, 2001). The policy reforms are facilitating the achievement of the key strategic goals outlined in the Strategic Plan for South African Agriculture (2001), developed by the NDA in collaboration with organised agriculture, which aim to realize for agriculture: (1) equitable access and participation, (2) global competitiveness and profitability, and (3) sustainable resource management. The Land Reform Programme is the cornerstone policy for redressing inequitable historical land distribution and promoting greater participation of previously disadvantaged farmers and rural inhabitants in the broader agricultural economy. It consists of three main components: restitution of, or else financial compensation for, land unjustly taken from people;
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redistribution, using the market system through the willing sellerwilling buyer principle, (currently under review) - of land currently owned by the State or by White farmers or corporations, to emerging non-White farmers and community groups; and land tenure reform to increase security of tenure for labour tenants and farm workers.

The target of the Land Reform programme is to redistribute 30% of all agricultural land to previously disadvantaged people (individuals or groups) by 2014. The LRAD Programme (Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development), instituted in 2001 by the NDA, is the vehicle for implementing land reform in the agricultural sector. The LRAD programme aims to provide previously disadvantaged farmers and groups access to agricultural land in order to improve their food security and/or incomes from agricultural activities. Under the programme, grants are given to those previously designated as Africans, Coloureds and Indians to acquire land specifically for agricultural purposes or for other forms of on-farm participation, or to make better use of communal land. Through LRAD, beneficiaries can access a range of grants on a sliding scale depending on the amount of their own contribution in labour and/or cash. The Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) provides post-settlement support to land reform beneficiaries and new (previously disadvantaged) entrepreneurs involved in value-added agricultural enterprises. CASP is focussed on the following priority areas: (1) information and knowledge management, (2) advisory and regulatory services, (3) training and capacity building, (4) finance, (5) on/off-farm infrastructure, and (6) marketing. Provincial Departments of Agriculture (PDAs) receive funds from the NDA to implement CASP projects along with other business initiatives, under the broad umbrella of the Black Economic Empowerment in the Agricultural Sector Charter (AgriBEE) (implemented in 2007), to ensure greater integration of emerging participants into mainstream agriculture, for example, through partnerships with and linkages to established agricultural businesses and enterprises. The agricultural sector in SA has also been transformed in the last decade or so by various macroeconomic and financial-support policy reforms (OECD, 2006) such as: Lowering of import tariffs, reduction of Government control of exports and the establishment of bilateral trade agreements to improve the international trade marketing opportunities for agricultural produce. Deregulation, in the mid 1990s, of domestic markets through the elimination of commodity marketing boards, subsidies and certain tax concessions for commercial farmers. Although these policy reforms have increased market uncertainly they have generally had a net positive effect on the welfare of commercial agriculture in the country by improving the efficiency of allocation and use of resources and affording better opportunities to existing and new entrepreneurial farmers and agribusinesses. Provision of financial services to support land reform beneficiaries and rural development programmes through Land Bank investment grants, mortgage loans and microcredit for emerging farmers and, more recently, through implementation of the Governments MAFISA Programme (Micro Agricultural Finance in South Africa) to make available credit and retail financial services in rural areas. Some other recent Government policy developments affecting farmers and the broader agricultural sector are: The implementation of a minimum wage for agricultural workers. A change in the drought relief policy to encourage farmers to implement low-risk farming methods to cope with recurrent drought. Promotion of biotechnology, such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), to increase agricultural productivity. Promotion of the use of biofuels to meet growing energy demands. The rural areas in the former homelands are being target for extensive plantings, though suitable crops, value chains for biofuel production, and the potential impact on food security and the environment are yet to be clearly identified.
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South African fisheries are regulated by the Marine Living Resources Act of 1998 which replaced the old Sea Fisheries Act. The three key institutions that significantly influence the structure and functioning of the fishery industry are: (1) The Sea Fisheries Advisory Council (SFAC), which advises the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (MEA&T) on the determination of total allowable catch and the rules and regulations to be applied in the management and preservation of the marine resources, (2) The Quota Board (QB), which allocates quotas and fishing rights, and (3) The Sea Fisheries Research Institute (SFRI), which conducts research to support the formulation and implementation of policy. Past inequalities in the fisheries industry are being addressed through policy reform providing for (since 2003) the allocation of fishing rights and quotas to fisherfolk previously excluded from the formal fishing industry under the policy of Apartheid. The Chief Directorate: Forestry of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) is responsible for the conservation of indigenous forests (under the auspices of the National Forests Act of 1998) and oversees the development of the commercial forestry industry in the country. The National Forests Advisory Council (NFAC) advises the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry on all aspects of forestry while the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies adherence to approved standards for sustainable forest management (SFM) of plantation forests. DWAF, together with other stakeholders, is developing the Forest Charter which aims to redress inequalities in the forestry industry through a Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) strategy, including, amongst other Forestry Enterprise Development (FED) and community forestry programmes, the transfer of management of state-owned plantations to communities and BEE partners in order to stimulate economic growth and employment among persons previously excluded from the forestry industry. The following is list of legislation directly or indirectly relevant to agriculture in South Africa (Rainbow SA, 2005). The Abattoir Hygiene Act, 1992 (Act No. 121 of 1992) replaced by the Meat Safety Act, 2000 (Act No. 40 of 2000) This act aims to provide measures to promote meat safety and the safety of animal products, as well as establishing and maintaining essential national standards with regards to abattoirs, regulating imports/exports of meat, and establishing meat safety schemes. Agricultural Debt of Management Act, 2001 (Act No. 45 of 2001) This act provides a mechanism whereby existing agricultural debt payable to the Department of Agriculture could be done, as well as providing for various matters relating to debt agreements to the Department of Agriculture interest rates, the collection and writing off of debts and the registration of bonds and property. Agricultural Labour Act, 1993 (Act No. 147 of 1993) This act is about the application of the Labour Relations Act, 1956 and the further application of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1983 to farming activities and employers and employees engaged therein. Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act No. 36 of 1983) as amended This act provides for measures by which agricultural pests may be prevented and combated. Agricultural Produce Agents Act, 1992 (Act No. 12 of 1992) This act is about Fresh produce agents and clarifies and regulates the practicing of this profession, whether it is with fresh produce, livestock or the export of agricultural products.
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Agricultural Produce Agents Amendment Bill, 2003 This bill clarifies further the regulating of the agents dealing in fresh produce, livestock and export of agricultural products and only applies where farmers use Agents to handle their produce. Agricultural Product Standards Act, 1990 (Act No. 119 of 1990) This act controls the sale, export and import of agricultural products. Agricultural Research Act, 1990 (Act No. 86 of 1990) This act established the Agricultural Research Council to deal with agricultural research on a national and international basis. Animal Health Act, 2002 (Act No. 7 of 2002) This act provides for measures to promote animal health and control animal diseases by assigning executive authority with regard to certain provisions of this act to provinces, regulating imports/exports of animals and establishing animal health schemes. Animal Identification Act, 2002 (Act No. 6 of 2002) This act provides for the identification of animals (mainly domestic livestock) by way of a mark which should be registered in terms of this act, and placed on animals in a manner prescribed by the Minister of Agriculture. Animal Improvement Act, 1998 (Act No. 62 of 1998) This act provides for the breeding, identification and use of genetically superior animals in order to improve production and performance of animals in the interests of the country and it applies to any kind of animal, or creature, which the Minister by notice in the Gazette declares to be an animal for the purpose of this act. Animal Matters Amendment Act, 1993 (Act No. 43 of 1993) This act provides directions in respect of injuries caused by animals and to amend the Animal Protection Act, 1962, so as to further regulate the prohibition of animal fights. Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act No. 75 of 1997) in conjunction with The Sectoral Determination 8: Farm Worker Sector This act gives affect to the right to fair labour practices, referred to in section 23(1) of the constitution, by establishing and making provision for the regulation of basic conditions of employment. Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003 (Act No. 53 of 2003) The objectives of this act are to promote economic transformation enabling meaningful participation of Black people in the economy, achieve a substantial change in the racial composition of ownership and management structures of existing and new enterprises, increase the extent to which communities, workers, collective enterprises and cooperatives own and manage existing and new enterprises, promote investment programmes leading to broad-based and meaningful participation in the economy by Black people thus achieving sustainable development and general prosperity, and to develop rural communities and empower local communities by enabling access to economic activities, land, infrastructure, ownership and skills. Communal Land Rights Act, 2004 (Act No. 11 of 2004) The act provides for a community/person to obtain legally secure tenure on communal land or the award of comparable redress, transfer and registration, civil dispute resolution, conduct of a land rights inquiry, registration of community rules and the democratic administration of this land, the establishment and functions of this act to KZN Ingonyama Trust land, the co-operative performance of municipal functions on the land, and the expropriation of land for purposes of this act with provisions for offences and penalties.

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Communal Property Associations Act, 1996 (Act No. 28 of 1996) This act enables communities to form juristic bodies in order to acquire, hold and mange property on a basis agreed to by members of a community in terms of a written constitution. Conservations of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983 (Act No. 43 of 1983) This act, still in operation, provides for control over the use of natural agricultural resources of SA and it aims to promote conservation of soil, water sources and vegetation while combating weeds and invader plants. Co-operatives Act, 1981 (Act No. 91 of 1981) This act aims to provide for the formation, incorporation, functioning, winding-up and dissolution of co-operatives and for the appointment of a Registrar. Customs and Excise Act, 1964 (Act No. 91 of 1964) To provide for the levying of customs and excise duties and a surcharge for a fuel levy, the prohibition and control of the import/export or manufactures goods. Deeds Registry Act, 1947 (Act No. 47 of 1947) This act aims to consolidate and amend the laws in force in SA relating to the registration of deeds, when buying or selling of any immovable asset like land. Disaster Management Act, 2002 (Act No. 57 of 2002) The act provides for an integrated and co-ordinated disaster preventing/reducing the risk, mitigating the severity, emergency effective response to disasters, as well as post-disaster recovery, national, provincial and municipal disaster management centres disaster management volunteers.

management policy preparedness, rapid the establishment of and employment of

Development Facilitation Act, 1995 (Act No. 67 of 1995) This aims to produce extraordinary measures to facilitate and speed up the implementation of reconstruction and development programmes and projects which relate to land thus laying out general principles for governing land development throughout SA. Distribution and Transfer of Certain State Land Act, 1993 (Act No. 119 of 1993) This aims to regulate the distribution and transfer of certain land belonging to the State and designated by the Minister as land to be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of this act. Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act No. 55 of 1998) In order to achieve equity in the workplace, equal opportunities and fair treatment in employment through elimination of unfair discrimination is promoted, as well as the implementation of affirmative action to redress the disadvantages in employment experienced by designated groups, in order to ensure their equitable representation in all categories and levels in the workplace. Extension of Security of Tenure Act, 1997 (Act No. 62 of 1997) To provide for measures, with state assistance, that facilitate long-term security, regulate the conditions of residence in certain land, and regulate the conditions on/circumstances under which the right of persons to reside on land may be terminated or, whose right of residence has been terminated, may be evicted from land. Fencing Act, 1963 (Act No. 31 of 1963) This act to consolidates the laws relating to fences and the fencing of farms (and other holdings), and also to related matters such as access to land by authorised persons for certain purposes.

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Fertilisers, Farm feeds, Agricultural and Stock Remedies Act, 1947 (Act No. 36 of 1947) This act provides for the appointment of a registrar, the registration and regulating/prohibiting importation sale, acquisition, disposal or use of fertilisers, farm feeds, agricultural and stock remedies, sterilising plants and pest control operators, as well as designation of technical advisors and analysts. Firearms Control Act, 2000 (Act No. 60 of 2000) This act requires all owners of firearms to renew existing firearm licences periodically, as well as to be declared competent before being issued a license. Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 1972 (Act No. 54 of 1972) This act controls the sale, manufacture and importation of foodstuffs, cosmetics and disinfectants. Genetically Modified Organisms Act, 1997 (Act No. of 1997) This act provides measures to promote responsible development, production, use and application of GMOs, to ensure that they are appropriate and do not present a hazard to the environment and also to establish appropriate procedures for the notification of specific activities involving the use of GMOs. Income Tax Act, 1962 (Act No. 58 of 1962) The objectives of this act are to consolidate the law relating to the taxation of incomes and donations, provide for the recovery of taxes on and the incomes of persons levied by the provinces on income tax payers, provide interest to be paid on late payments of such provincial taxes, provide for certain provisions to be applied for the purposes of any ordinance of a provincial council imposing a taw on persons or on the incomes of persons, provide for the deduction by employers of amounts from the remuneration of employees in respect of certain taw liabilities of employees; and to provide for the making of provisional tax payments and for the payment into the Consolidated Revenue Fund and the various provincial revenue funds of portions of the normal tax and the said provincial taxes (excluding the normal tax imposed on companies) and interest and other charges in respect to such taxes. Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act, 1996 (Act No. 31 of 1996) This act aims to provide for the temporary protection of certain rights not adequately protected by law. These rights relate to land and interests in land. International Trade Administration Act, 2002 (Act No. 71 of 2002) The International Trade Administration Commission uses this act to provide for the functions and regulation of its procedures, to provide for the implementation of certain aspects of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) agreement in SA, and to provide for continued control of import and export of goods and amendments of customs within the framework of the SACU agreement. Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act No. 66 of 1995) This is an act to change the law governing labour relations and to regulate the organisational rights of trade unions. Land Administration Act, 1995 (Act No. 2 of 1995) This act provides for the delegation of powers, the assignment of the administration of laws regarding land matters to the provinces and creates uniform land legislation. Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996 (Act No. 3 of 1996) This act provides security of tenure of labour tenants, those persons occupying of using land as a result of their association with the labour tenants and for the acquisition of land and rights in land by labour tenants. Land and Agricultural Development Bank Act, 2002 (Act No. 15 of 2002) This act provides for a juristic body; The Land Bank.
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Land Survey Act, 1997 (Act No. 8 of 1997) This act regulates the survey of land in SA. Local Government: Property Rates Bill, 2003 This bill regulates the power of the municipality to impose rates on property Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act, 1991 (Act No. 112 of 1991) This act provides for the upgrading and conversion into ownership of certain rights granted in respect of land. Provision of Land and Assistance Act, 1993 (Act No. 126 of 1993) This act provides for the designation of certain land, regulation of the subdivision of such land and the settlement of persons thereon, rendering of financial assistance for the acquisition of the land and to secure tenure rights. Livestock Improvement Act, 1977 (Act No. 25 of 1977) This act provides for the development and promotion of the livestock industry. Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, 1996 (Act No. 47 of 1996) This act authorises the establishment and enforcement of market regulatory measures and provides for the appointment of a National Agricultural Marketing Council to advise the Minister of Agriculture in the decision-making process. National Water Act, 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998) This act provides for fundamental reform of the law relating to water resources. Perishable Products Export Control Act, 1983 (Act No. 9 of 1983) This act provides for the control of perishable products intended for export from SA. Plant Breeders Rights Act, 1976 (Act No. 15 of 1976) This act protects the rights of plant breeders by providing a system under which the rights to varieties of certain kinds of plants may be granted, registered and protected. Plant Improvement Act, 1976 (Act No. 53 of 1976) This act provides for the registration of premises from which the sale of certain plants or the cleansing, packing and sale of certain propagating material may be undertaken; the recognition of certain varieties of plants; for a system of certification of plants and propagating; and for the control of the import and export of certain plants and propagating material. Provision of Land and Assistance Act, 1993 (Act No. 126 of 1993) This act provides for the designation of certain land, the regulation of its subdivision, the settlement of person thereon and the rendering of financial assistance for the acquisition of land and to secure tenure rights. Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act No. 22 of 1994) This act provides for the restitution of rights in land to persons or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. Skills Development Act, 1998 (Act No. 97 of 1998) This act aims to develop the skills of the South African workforce and to improve the quality of life of workers and their prospects of work by providing an institutional framework to devise and implement national, sector and workplace skills development strategies and to integrate those strategies within the National Qualifications Framework. State Land Disposal Act, 1961 (Act No. 48 of 1961) Act to provide for the orderly and equal disposal of certain State land.
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Stock Theft Act, 1959 (Act No. 57 of 1959) This act covers all the laws relating to theft of stock and produce. Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act, 1998 (Act No. 70 of 1998) This act controls the subdivision of land and its use in agriculture. Sugar Act, 1978 (Act No. 9 of 1978) This act consolidates and amends the laws relating to the sugar industry. Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act, 1998 (Act No. 94 of 1998) This act provides for the transfer of certain hand to municipalities and certain other legal entities, the removal of restrictions on the alienation of land, matters with regard to minerals and the repeal of the Rural Areas Act 1987 and related laws. 2.1.9 Institutional, regulatory communication and policy framework for information and

The fundamental legislation related to provision of and access to information in South Africa is the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act No. 2 of 2000) (PAIA). Section 32(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 (the Constitution), provides that everyone has the right of access to records or/and information held by the state and any information held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights. This PAIA affirms the fundamental right of access to information and seeks to promote a culture of transparency and accountability in the private and public sector. The PAIA gives a person the right of access to: 1) any information held by the State; and 2) any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights. Any person can request access to information held by public bodies as well as from a natural or juristic person (private body). In the case of a request for access to information held by a natural or juristic person, it has to be indicated that the information requested is required for the exercise or protection of any rights. Section 14 of the PAIA requires that all public bodies compile a manual giving information to the public regarding the procedure to be followed in requesting information from the public body for the purpose of exercising or protecting rights. The PAIA also imposes certain statutory duties upon Information Officers of public bodies, inter alia, that they are required to submit an annual report on the number of requests made to their organisation as well as the outcome of such requests, and provide a description of the categories of records that are automatically available without a person having to request access. Effective and efficient management of the information resources of an organisation is therefore required to meet these obligations and to ensure that public and private organisations can easily locate and provide information to the requester under the provision of the PAIA. The following are some of key legislation and policies related to communication and telecommunications in South Africa (Thornton et al. 2006): Draft Convergence Bill (2004) Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (2002) Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act (2002) Telecommunications Act (1996) Telecommunications Amendment Act (2001) Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Act (2000)
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Green Paper on Telecommunications Policy (2005) White Paper on Telecommunications (2006)

The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), established in terms of the ICASA Act, 2000 (Act 13 of 2000), is the statutory body charged with regulating broadcasting and telecommunications in South Africa (see: http://www.icasa.org.za). ICASA replaced the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and the South African Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (SATRA), thereby amalgamating control of broadcasting and telecommunications under a single regulatory authority. ICASAs tasks include: licensing broadcasters and telecommunications operators formulating rules, policies and regulations that govern the two sectors monitoring the activities of the licensees and enforcing compliance planning the broadcast frequency spectrum receiving, hearing and adjudicating complaints regulating the broadcasting and telecommunications industry as a whole. The Universal Service Agency (USA), launched in 1997, is a statutory body created in terms of the Telecommunications Act (Act 103 of 1996). Its purpose it to advise the Government on ways to bring about universal access to telecommunications and to promote, facilitate and monitor the achievement of universal service and access in under-serviced areas of the country (see: http://www.usa.org.za). USAs objectives are to: Manage the Universal Service Fund. Survey and evaluate the impact of the various initiatives undertaken by all the stakeholders and the extent to which universal service and access has been achieved. Create an enabling environment by stimulating public awareness of the benefits of ICT services and building capacity to access these services. Encourage, facilitate and offer guidance in respect of any scheme to provide universal access or universal service. Make necessary interventions in the under-serviced communities to enable access to ICT services. Conduct research into and keep abreast of developments in the country and elsewhere on telecommunications services and information technology; and or make investigations as it may consider necessary. The USA aims to extend access to telecommunications by working with community-based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), donor organisations and businesses. The Universal Service Fund is used to reinforce the development of infrastructure in under-serviced communities, through, inter alia, its telecentre programme. In addition, support is given to schools procuring IT equipment. Parkinson (2005: 26) provides a concise summary of South African national policy goals related to universal access and some of the Government regulatory authorities and services that are involved with implementing these goals. There are no specific laws or policies in South Africa regarding the control, management or communication of agricultural and rural development information. The generation of agricultural information through research was facilitated by the establishment of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in terms of the Agricultural Research Act, 1990 (Act No. 86 of 1990). The Communication Strategy of the South African National Department of Agriculture (NDA, 2006a) for 2006/07 aims to ensure clear and efficient communication of information within the DA and to its stakeholders, and also [aims] to speed up the information dissemination so that those who are in the first economy are able to create a ladder of opportunities to enable those in the second economy to be exposed to the first economy (NDA, 2006a: 2).
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Key to implementing their communication plan and their overall agricultural strategy is the implementation of Knowledge and Information Management Systems (KIMS) to ensure knowledge and information management in support of the NDAs mission to build a knowledge-based agricultural sector(NDA 2006b: 4). The NDA has a specific programme (Programme 8 Communication and Information Management) to implement its ICM strategy with the objective of [providing for] effective internal and external communication and information management (NDA 2006c: 20). Some recent (2005/06) reported activities in this Programme are: Agricultural information in a wide range of media was disseminated - 10 issues of AgriNews published, 32 Infopaks reprinted, radio programmes broadcast on commercial and public broadcasting services and daily updating of website information. The launch of the Agricultural Education and Training Strategy culminated in the signing of a statement of intent by all the stakeholders in Agricultural Education and Training on 30 September 2005. The stakeholders who signed are the Minister for Agriculture and Land Affairs, Chairperson of the Board of FoodBEV SETA, Presidents of AgriSA and NAFU, Chairpersons of the Association of Principals of Agricultural Colleges, Association of Agricultural Teachers of South Africa and Higher Education South Africa. The strategy brings about one agenda for Agricultural Education and Training for the first time in the history of South African agricultural education. The number of farmers and farm workers trained in small stock management increased from 200 in 2004/05 to 614 in 2005/06. Various protocols on the import and export of agricultural commodities between South Africa and China were completed and are ready for signing, thereby opening an opportunity for South African farmers to benefit from the huge Chinese market. 2.2 Socio-economic profile 2.2.1 Demographics

Population statistics for the country are presented in section 2.1.1. The single largest factor impacting population demographics in the country is the HIV/AIDS pandemic. SA has one of the highest per capita HIV prevalence and infection rates, with over 5 million people living with HIV (Table 12). Women are disproportionately affected (approximately 55% of all infected people), especially those in the 25-29 year age group where the prevalence rate is almost 40% (SANAC, 2007). The total infection rate in the population has grown from 8.5% in 2001 to 11% in 2005, with 18.8% of the adult population (15-49) currently infected (ibid). Table 12. HIV prevalence data for South Africa, 2005
Total living with HIV Total living with HIV, 15-59 Adult men living with HIV, 25-59 Adult women living with HIV, 25-59 Male youth living with HIV, 15-24 Female youth living with HIV, 15-24 Children living with HIV, 0-14 Total HIV prevalence (all ages) Antenatel prevalence of pregnant women (15-49) HIV prevalance amongst women, 20-46 HIV prevalance amongst men, 20-46 Source: Parker, Colvin & Birdsall (2006). 5,203,773 4,889,982 1,929,011 1,966,188 179,693 815,000 275,841 11.0% 27.9% 19.9% 17.7%

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Mortality from AIDS, which had reached almost 1.5 million people by 2005, is lowering the life expectancy among women, and especially men, and leaving a large population of orphans requiring care and assistance (Table 13). Table 13. AIDS mortality data for South Africa
Total AIDS sick in mid-2005 Total AIDS deaths in mid-2005 Cumulative AIDS deaths by 2005 Male life expectancy in years in 2005 Female life expectancy in years in 2005 Total AIDS orphans (maternal, <18) in 2004 Total orphans (maternal, <18) in 2004 Source: Parker, Colvin & Birdsall (2006). 554,629 336,901 1,477,556 49.1 52.1 626,000 1,126,000

People living in informal urban and rural areas in SA appear particularly vulnerable to HIV infection and AIDS and are disproportionately affected by the attrition of vital human resources to maintain livelihoods and food security (Parker, Colvin & Birdsall, 2006). The burden of caring for affected kin, and especially orphaned children, in rural areas is increasingly falling upon women and the elderly. Deaths from AIDS and AIDS-related illnesses lead to a shortage of labour for agriculture, household chores and off-farm activities (Chaminuka et al., 2006). Declining cultivation of cropland by affected households, with a consequent potential increase in food insecurity (ibid), is one manifestation of the dire effects that HIV/AIDS is having on rural people and their livelihoods. The commercial agricultural sector is also being impacted by HIV/AIDS through increased absenteeism, reduced capacity and the loss of skilled employees (Parker, Colvin & Birdsall, 2006). It is estimated that the country may loose up to 20% of its commercial agricultural workforce by 2020 (HSRC, 2004). 2.2.2 Literacy level and languages

South Africa has 11 official languages. The three most widely spoken first home languages are isiZulu (9.2 million), isiXhosa (7.2 million) and Afrikaans (5.8 million) (Table 14). The most commonly accepted language for business, science, education and many other formal public activities is English, which is understood by over half the population at least at a very basic level. Table 14. First home language of population groups (percentage) in South Africa, 2001
Black African Coloured Indian/Asian Afrikaans 0.7 79.5 1.7 English 0.5 18.9 93.8 IsiNdebele 2.0 0.0 0.3 IsiXhosa 22.3 0.3 0.1 IsiZulu 30.1 0.3 0.2 Sepedi 11.9 0.1 0.0 Sesotho 10.0 0.2 0.0 Setswana 10.3 0.4 0.0 SiSwati 3.4 0.1 0.0 Tshivenda 2.9 0.0 0.0 Xitsonga 5.6 0.0 0.0 Other 0.3 0.2 3.8 Total 100 100 100 Source: StatsSA (2006a). White 59.1 39.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 100 Male 13.5 8.3 1.6 17.4 23.5 9.3 8.0 8.3 2.7 2.2 4.7 0.6 100 Female 13.2 8.1 1.6 17.9 24.1 9.5 7.9 8.1 2.7 2.3 4.2 0.4 100 Total 13.3 8.2 1.6 17.6 23.8 9.4 7.9 8.2 2.7 2.3 4.4 0.5 100 Rank 3 5 11 2 1 4 7 5 9 10 8 12

South Africa has some 4.5 million people who are totally illiterate (never attended school) and another 4.9 million adults who are functionally illiterate (left school before Grade 7). As a consequence, at least 18% of the population, excluding school-going children, is in need of need of basic literacy interventions. Illiteracy is highest in KwaZulu-Natal, the Eastern Cape
54

and Limpopo provinces and there are pronounced disparities in education among population groups, with more than 22% Black Africans (the predominant inhabitants of rural areas) having received no schooling, in contrast to only 1.4% of those in the White designated group (almost 30% of whom have a higher education qualification) (Table 15). The majority (59.9%) of those without any formal education are women (>2.7 million). Table 15. Distribution (%) of those aged 20 years and older in each population group by highest level of education completed, 2001
Level of eduction Black African Higher 5.2 Grade 12/Std. 10 16.8 Some second 30.4 Completed primary 6.9 Some primary 18.5 No schooling 22.3 Source: StatsSA (2006a). Coloured 4.9 18.5 40.1 9.8 18.4 8.3 Indian/Asian 14.9 34.9 33.0 4.2 7.7 5.3 White 29.8 40.9 25.9 0.8 1.2 1.4 Average 8.4 20.4 30.8 6.4 16.0 17.9

2.2.3

Access to services

Table 16. Socio-economic indices for SA households (%) by population group

Black African Coloured Indian/Asian White Household by type of housing 2001 formal 55.5 85.7 92.7 95.1 2001 informal 20.4 7.4 1.1 0.5 2001 other 5.5 4.1 4.8 3.3 2001 traditional 18.7 2.8 1.4 1.1 Households using electricity for cooking 1996 30.4 75.5 97.7 97.2 2001 39.3 82.3 97.1 96.6 2005 51.3 Households with access to piped water 2001 80.3 97.6 99.2 99.3 Households without a toilet 1996 16.4 5.1 0.2 0.1 2001 16.9 6.0 0.8 0.7 Households with home telephone or cellphone 1996 11.3 43.4 76.9 88.5 1999 19.4 50.2 82.5 87.5 2001 31.3 54.4 87.1 95.2 2005 58.2 68.6 87.9 96.8 Unemployment rate 2003 37.4 22.9 18.7 6.2 2004 33.5 17.7 17.0 5.0 2005 31.5 22.4 15.8 6.0 Male unemployment (2001) Fermale unemployment (2001) Urban unemployment (2001) Rural unemployment (2001) Sources: StatsSA (2006a) - Census, 1996, 2001; General Household Survey, 2005; October Household Survey, 1999; Labour Force Survey, 2003, 2004 & 2005. SA 63.8 16.4 5.0 14.8 47.1 51.4 61.3 84.5 12.4 13.6

28.6 33.7 42.4 64.6 28.2 27.8 26.7 23.4 39.0 29.8 30.0

A national household survey of health inequalities in SA in 2004 (HST, 2005) revealed that 76% of rural had incomes below the minimum living level, 70% had no electricity, 32 % had no access to piped water and 22% were without a toilet of any kind.

55

More recent surveys showed a marked improvement in the availability of basic services, notably electricity and telecommunications, to Black Africans in general (Table 16) as a result of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). However, Black Africans still lag far behind other South Africans in their basic living conditions and access to basic amenities as well as to health education and services (Tables 16 & 17). The situation is particularly acute in rural areas where people are dependant upon income from remittances (earned mainly in towns and cities), pensions and grants (Table 17). The terms subsistence farmers and small-scale farmers are perhaps misnomers because few rural people are actually food secure (in terms of meeting their nutritional needs) and even fewer earn a viable income from their farming activities (Table 17). Table 17. Living conditions in the 13 nodal rural areas in South Africa
Indicator Households living in traditional dwellings Households with piped water Households with access to safe water Households using mainly wood for cooking Households using electricity for lighting Households with access to a telephone Households with a radio Households with a television set Households with a car People with medical aid or health insurance Households within 14 minutes to nearest clinic Households within 14 minutes to nearest hospital Households within 14 minutes to nearest primary school Households within 14 minutes to nearest secondary school Households within 14 minutes to nearest postal services Households within 14 minutes to nearest public transport Households within 14 minutes to nearest welfare office Households depending on remittances as main source of revenue Households depending on pensions & grants as main source of revenue Households depending on sale of farm produce as main source of income Source: StatsSA (2002). National 10.9 65.7 79.4 19.6 69.2 33.7 79.1 56.4 24.1 16.2 36.3 14.3 54.3 44.1 28.7 77.9 18.0 13.8 17.8 1.0 Rural nodal areas (%) 41.2 24.3 40.3 53.8 47.5 22.3 72.2 35.0 11.8 5.6 20.8 5.8 41.7 26.8 15.8 69.8 8.4 23.5 32.2 1.5

2.2.4

Ruralurban drift

The proportion of people living in rural areas in the different provinces of the country in 2001 varied from a low of 2.8% (<250 000 people) in Gauteng to 86.7% in the Limpopo Province (>4.5 million people) (Table 18). The Eastern Cape (EC), KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), Mpumalanga (MP) and North-West (NW) provinces also have a predominantly rural population but there are currently more people living in towns and cities (>25 million) than rural areas (>19 million) in the country as a whole. A comparison of urban population estimates from the 1996 and 2001 country censuses indicates a shift of 2.4% of the total population from rural to urban areas over five years. The extent of urbanisation during that period varied among provinces, ranging from a population increase of 7.5% and 7.0% in towns and cities in the NC and FS provinces, respectively, to a net decline of the urban population (-1.7%; 239 314 people) in once province, namely North West (Table 18).

56

Table 18. Number and proportion (%) of people living in rural and urban areas by province in 1996 (adjusted for redefinition of rural areas in 2001) and 2001
Province 1996 (reclassified) Number % 89.4 10.6 100.0 38.2 61.8 100.0 75.2 24.8 100.0 68.8 31.2 100.0 44.2 55.8 100.0 43.5 56.5 100.0 97.0 3.0 100.0 39.6 60.4 100.0 11.5 88.5 100.0 55.1 44.9 100.0 2001 Number 4 088 709 435 626 4 524 335 2 500 234 3 936 529 6 436 763 680 460 142 267 822 727 2 052 115 654 660 2 706 775 4 334 642 5 091 375 9 426 017 1 533 768 2 135 581 3 669 349 8 590 798 246 380 8 837 178 1 288 434 1 834 556 3 122 990 700 459 4 573 183 5 273 642 25 769 619 19 050 159 44 819 778 % 90.4 9.6 100.0 38.8 61.2 100.0 82.7 17.3 100.0 75.8 24.2 100.0 46.0 54.0 100.0 41.8 58.2 100.0 97.2 2.8 100.0 41.3 58.7 100.0 13.3 86.7 100.0 57.5 42.5 100.0 Change in rural %

WC Urban 3 537 956 Rural 418 918 Total 3 956 874 EC Urban 2 405 446 Rural 3 897 080 Total 6 302 526 NC Urban 631 627 Rural 208 694 Total 840 321 FS Urban 1 811 151 Rural 822 353 Total 2 633 504 KZN Urban 3 716 432 Rural 4 700 589 Total 8 417 021 NW Urban 1 458 558 Rural 1 896 267 Total 3 354 825 GAU Urban 7 126 491 Rural 221 932 Total 7 348 423 MP Urban 1 110 046 Rural 1 690 666 Total 2 800 712 LP Urban 565 199 Rural 4 364 169 Total 4 929 368 National Urban 22 362 906 Rural 18 220 668 Total 40 583 574 Source: StatsSA (2006b).

-1.0

-0.6

-7.5

-7.0

-1.8

1.7

-0.2

-1.7

-1.8

-2.4

57

2.3 2.3.1

Media and telecommunications Newspapers, periodicals and broadcast media 2.3.1.1 Print media newspapers, periodicals and journals

South Africa is rich in print media, with almost 30 major daily or weekly newspapers that are distributed nationally or regionally (province-wide or regions within provinces). Most of the newspapers are in English or Afrikaans, with relatively few in one of the other 11 official languages. The urban daily newspapers are purchased by more than 14 million people (IMC, 2007) and read by many more (Table 19). There are more than 100 community newspapers that distributed within towns and/or the surrounding districts (GCIS, 2007b), with an estimated combined circulation of about 5.5 million (IMC, 2007). Ownership of the main daily and weekly newspapers in SA is highly skewed, with only four private companies owning most of these. The four newspaper groups in South Africa are: Independent Newspapers, Johnnic Communications, Naspers and CTP/Caxton. Despite this apparent monopoly, the owners and managers of the major print media, and the national Government, do not control the content of, and opinions expressed in, newspapers. Freedom of the press and other media in South Africa is guaranteed by the South African Bill of Rights enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996). None of the major daily, weekly or community newspapers ostensibly have a specific agricultural or rural focus, but some (e.g. The Witness) have a weekly column on agricultural issues. The mostly widely circulated newspaper dedicated to providing agricultural news and information is Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur, which has a monthly print run of 50 000 and an estimated monthly readership of 110 000 (Table 19). There are about a 100 locally-published general life-style or special-interest magazines in South Africa (SAARF, 2006a), none of which, with the exception of Farmers Weekly and Landbou Weekblad, have content of agricultural interest or relevance to rural inhabitants. These two weekly agricultural magazines are the most popular farming periodicals in the country, with an estimated readership of just under 300 000 for Landbou Weekblad and 126 000 for Farmers Weekly, but comprising just 0.9% and 0.4%, respectively, of the total magazine readership in South Africa (SAARF, 2006a). The more than 30 agricultural or development periodicals in South Africa are published mostly monthly or bi-monthly by Government, non-governmental, commercial or commodity-based organisations, and few have a circulation exceeded a few tens of thousands subscribers (Table 20). However, readership of these periodicals is estimated to be much higher as printed copies are available in libraries and are usually shared among professional colleagues of fellow farmers. There are over 50 scientific and technical journals that report the results of research in agriculture, fisheries, forestry, wildlife, rural development, information and communication management, and related topics in SA (Table 21). Many other South African and international science, technology and medical journals are available in libraries of academic and tertiary training institutes and the National Library of South Africa.

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Table 19. National and regional daily, weekly and monthly newspapers in South Africa (with language of publication other than English indicated in parentheses)
Name: Beeld [Afrikaans] Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 105 681, Average daily readers: 364 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.beeld.com Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Die Burger [Afrikaans] Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 109 513, Average daily readers: 562 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.dieburger.com Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Business Day Ownership: Johnnic Publishing and Pearsons plc (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 42 322, Average daily readers: 113 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.businessday.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Daily Sun Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 301 800, Average daily readers: 2.29-million Distribution: Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.Media 24.com/details.asp?category=newspapers&publication=dailysun Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: The Star Ownership: Independent Newspapers Circulation: Average daily sales: 171 542, Average daily readers: 616 000. Weekly sales - Saturday Star: 143 797, Weekly readers - Saturday Star: 447 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.thestar.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Citizen Ownership: Johnnic Communications and CTP/Caxton (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 90 978, Average daily readers: 466 000 Distribution: National, mainly Gauteng Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.citizen.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Cape Argus Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 75 549, Average daily readers: 407 000. Weekly readers - Saturday Argus: 410 000, Weekly readers - Sunday Argus: 298 000 Distribution: Western Cape Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.capeargus.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Isolezwe [isiZulu] Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 58 848, Average daily readers: 391 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.isolezwe.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Cape Times Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 51 285, Average daily readers: 316 000 59

Distribution: Western Cape Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.capetimes.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: The Mercury Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 40 526, Average daily readers: 213 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.themercury.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Daily Dispatch Ownership: Johnnic Communications (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 33 535, Average daily readers: 213 000 Distribution: Eastern Cape Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.dispatch.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: The Herald Ownership: Johnnic Communications (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 30 230, Average daily readers: 193 000 Distribution: Eastern Cape Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.theherald.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Volksblad [Afrikaans] Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 28 707, Average daily readers: 126 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.news24.com/Die_Volksblad/Home Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Pretoria News Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 28 055, Average daily readers: 86 000. Weekly sales - Pretoria News Weekend: 16 397, Weekly readers - Pretoria News Weekend: 89 000 Distribution: Gauteng, Mpumalanga and North West Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.pretorianews.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: The Witness Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 23 804, Average daily readers: 167 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.witness.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Diamond Fields Advertiser Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average daily sales: 8 954, Average daily readers: 55 000 Distribution: Northern Cape Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=22&click_id=1921 Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Sunday Times Ownership: Johnnic Communications (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 504 657, Average weekly readers: 3.24-million Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.sundaytimes.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Rapport [Afrikaans} Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 325 807, Average weekly readers: 1.6-million 60

Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.news24.com/Rapport/Home Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Laduma Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 209 547, Average weekly readers: 2.03-million Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.soccerladuma.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Son [Afrikaans] Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 179 287, Average weekly readers: 744 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.dieson.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: City Press Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 177 615, Average weekly readers: 2.06-million Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.news24.com/City_Press/Home Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Sunday Sun Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 172 050, Average weekly readers: 1.96-million Distribution: National & Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.Media 24.co.za/details.asp?category=newspapers&publication=sundaysun Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Sunday World Ownership: Johnnic Communications (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 142 912, Average weekly readers: 1.06-million Distribution: Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo and North West Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.sundayworld.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Sunday Tribune Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 113 577, Average weekly readers: 672 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.sundaytribune.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: The Independent on Saturday Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 56 220, Average weekly readers: 270 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.tios.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: The Post Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 49 548, Average weekly readers: 340 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.thepost.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Sunday Independent Ownership: Independent Newspapers (Private) Circulation: Average weekly sales: 41 464, Average weekly readers: 179 000 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng and Northern Cape 61

Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.sundayindependent.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Mail & Guardian Ownership: Newtrust Company (majority shareholder) and Guardian, London Circulation: Average weekly sales: 39 612, Average weekly readers: 233 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.mg.co.za Delivery outlets: street vendors, shops, subscription Name: Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur Ownership: Private Circulation: Average monthly copies: 50 000, Average monthly readers: 110 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Developing farmers and their service providers Website: http://www.agridevnews.co.za Delivery outlets: Distributed through all major co-operatives, NGOs, all provincial regional offices of Departments of Agriculture throughout South Africa, First National Bank Rural branches, Land Bank branches, rural and city peripheral communities, associated organisations and service and input providers Name: Ukulima KZN Farming Ownership: KZN Farming & Sky Blue Media (Private) Circulation: Bimonthly Distribution: Regional Agric & Develop. focus: Commercial farmers Website: Delivery outlets: Name: Wool Farmer [English & Afrikaans] Ownership: National Wool Growers Association of South Africa (NWGA) (Farmers Association) Circulation: Monthly, Print run: 9 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides industry and NWGA news, discussion of policy and topical issues, and technical articles Website: http://www.nwga.co.za Delivery outlets: Distributed to NWGA members Source: IMC (2007).

Table 20. Agricultural and rural development periodicals in South Africa

Name: Afgriland [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: Afrgri (Private) Circulation: Bi-monthly Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: General farming topics and agricultural news Website: http://www.afgri.co.za Delivery outlets: Subscription Name: AFMA Matrix Ownership: Official magazine of the Animal Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) Circulation: Quarterly Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides news and technical information to people and institutions involved in the animal (livestock and poultry) feed industry Website: http://www.afma.co.za/afma_template/1,2491,541,00.html Delivery outlets: Name: AFRA News Ownership: AFRA Association of Rural Advancement (NGO) Circulation: Monthly Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Land redistribution, land news and rural development Website: http://www.afra.co.za Delivery outlets: Name: Agri, incorporating Die Boer/The Farmer Ownership: Agri SA (Farmers Union) Circulation: Bi-Monthly: Print run: 33 000 62

Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Reports on a wide range of agricultural-related topics, including economy, trade, environmental affairs, water affairs, safety, land affairs, labour, training, infrastructure, technology, farmer development and Agri Securitas projects Website: http://www.agriinfo.co.za/agri_TydskrifE.htm Delivery outlets: Distributed to farmers, opinion leaders and decision-makers Name: AgriNews Ownership: Official newsletter of the National Department of Agriculture (Govt) Circulation: Monthly Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: General agricultural news for commercial, subsistence and emerging farmers in all sub-sectors Website: http://www.nda.agric.za/agnews Delivery outlets: Distributed free to regional agricultural departments, libraries and interested parties Name: Agri-Outreach Ownership: Programme for Agricultural Information Services (PRAIS) Circulation: Bi-monthly, Print run: 4 000 Distribution: National and southern Africa Agric & Develop. focus: Provides rural development information and agricultural technical information written in plain language for developing and subsistence farmers Website: http://www.uovs.ac.za/prais Delivery outlets: Distributed free to Department of Agriculture extension personnel and interested individuals, organisations and libraries by request. Name: AgriPROBE Ownership: Western Cape Department of Agriculture (WCDA) (Provincial Government) Circulation: Quarterly, Print run: 5 000 Distribution: Regional Agric & Develop. focus: Provides includes news and articles summarising the latest results from research conducted by the WCDA, and includes The Elsenburg Journal, with scientific articles, as an insert Website: http://www.elsenburg.com Delivery outlets: Distributed free to the agricultural sector Name: AgriReview Ownership: Information Services of the National Department of Agriculture (Govt) with Standard Bank of South Africa (Ltd) (Private) Circulation: Quarterly Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides agricultural financial, banking, marketing news and information Website: http://www.standardbank.co.za/SBIC/Frontdoor_02_02/0,2454,7375713_7471222_0,00.html Delivery outlets: Online Name: Bulletin of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa Ownership: Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA) Circulation: Quarterly, Print run: 500 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides news and semi-scientific information to rangeland and livestock farmers, managers, researchers and policy makers, and conservation bodies Website: http://www.gssa.co.za/main.asp?nav=Publications Delivery outlets: Distributed to members of the GSSA Name: Cotton SA Katoen [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: Cotton SA, produced by Pro-Spec Media (Private) Circulation: Quarterly, Print run: 3 300 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides local and global news, cotton production information, technical information for commercial and emerging farmers, new manufacturing technology and marketing reports Website: http://www.cottonsa.org.za Delivery outlets: Distributed for free to the whole cotton pipeline inclusive of cotton growers, ginners, spinners, manufacturers, retailers, agricultural input suppliers, government institutions, and others Name: Dairy Mail Ownership: AgriConnect (Private) Circulation: Monthly, Printed run: 7 700 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Technical articles and news for commercial diary farmers and dairy industry Website: http://www.dairymail.co.za 63

Delivery outlets: Distributed to every commercial dairy farmer in the country, as well as to opinionshapers in the secondary industry, state departments, universities and other dairy experts Name: Farmers Weekly Ownership: Caxton Magazines Circulation: Average weekly readers: 126 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: General farming topics and agricultural news, commercial, subsistence and emerging farmers Website: http://www.farmersweekly.co.za Delivery outlets: Shops, subscription Name: Go Farming Ownership: Charmain Alberts (Private) Circulation: Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: General farming topics and agricultural news Website: Delivery outlets: Subscription Name: Koringfokus/Wheat Focus [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: Mediacom CC (Private) Circulation: Bimonthly, Print run: 6 800 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides the wheat and small grain farmer with technical information on all aspects of small grain farming Website: http://home.intekom.com/mediacom/KORING.htm Delivery outlets: Distributed to all small grain farmers in SA Name: Landbou Weekblad [Afrikaans] Ownership: Media 24 (Private) Circulation: Average weekly readers: 292 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: General farming topics and agricultural news, commercial, subsistence and emerging farmers Website: http://www.landbou.com/LandbouWeekblad/Home Delivery outlets: Street vendors, shops, subscription Name: News & Views [English/isiZulu] Ownership: NCT Forestry Cooperative (NCT) (Farmers Association) Circulation: Quarterly, Print run: 2 000 Distribution: Regional Agric & Develop. focus: Provides industry and NCT news and developments and articles on topical issues related to the commercial plantation forestry sector. Website: http://www.nctforest.com Delivery outlets: Distributed free to members Name: Noordwes Nuus Ownership: Mediacom CC (Private) official journal of the agri-company NWK Ltd Circulation: Bimonthly, Print run: 3 300 Distribution: North-West Province Agric & Develop. focus: Provides latest company and agricultural news, farming methods and product launches, emphasising technical support to the farmer Website: http://home.intekom.com/mediacom/NWES.htm Delivery outlets: Distributed to all active NWK Ltd members and officials Name: NERPO News Ownership: National Emerging Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) (Farmers Association) Circulation: Monthly, Print run: 2 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Industry and producer news, articles on relevant issues and policy and technical articles contributed by scientists and experts Website: http://www.nerpo.org.za Delivery outlets: Distributed free to paid-up members Name: Northern Natal Farmer [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: Circulation: Monthly, Print run: 5 500 Distribution: Northern KwaZulu-Natal Agric & Develop. focus: Website: http://www.nab.co.za/pdf/natal/northernnatalfarmer.pdf Delivery outlets: Free 64

Name: Ons Eie [Afrikaans] Ownership: Official magazine of the Suidwes Group (Private) Circulation: Quarterly, Print run: 8 000 Distribution: South-western grain producing areas in SA Agric & Develop. focus: Provides agricultural news and technical information for all relevant farming sectors in the region Website: http://www.suidwes.co.za/onseie/index.htm Delivery outlets: Distributed free to shareholders, economically active farmers, business professionals, agriculturalists, educational institutions and libraries Name: PORCUS [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: Official magazine of the South African Pork Producers Organisation (SAPPO) Circulation: 9 times annually Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides news on SAPPO's day-to-day operations, standpoints and policy matters, and information on the latest production, marketing, research, promotion and international trends in the pork industry Website: http://www.sapork.com/7communi.html Delivery outlets: Distributed to role-players in the industry such as input suppliers, researchers, breeders, pig veterinarians and academics Name: ProAgri [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: ProAgri (Pty) Ltd (Private) Circulation: 11 times annually, Print run: 46 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides general agricultural technical information to commercial and emerging farmers Website: http://www.proagri.co.za Delivery outlets: Distributed to farmers Name: SA CO-OP Ownership: Mediacom CC (Private) Circulation: 11 times annually, Print run: 17 797 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides technical information to farmers who are active, registered members of 12 co-operatives/agricultural companies, with a focus on current co-operative affairs and new products on the market (for producers and suppliers) available at the co-op Website: http://home.intekom.com/mediacom/SAKOOP.htm Delivery outlets: Distributed to registered co-op members, management and decision makers of coops, related agricultural companies, and certain universities, the ARC, technikons and agricultural unions Name: SA Dry Beans/Drobone [English/Afrikaans] Ownership: Dry Bean Producers Organisation (DPO) Circulation: Quarterly, Print run: 2 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides technical and market information to the dry bean industry Website: http://www.beans.co.za/comm1.htm Delivery outlets: Distributed free to farmers, packers, sellers and academic institutes Name: SA Fruit Journal Ownership: South African Fruit Journal (Pty) Ltd (Private) Circulation: Bi-monthly Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Market, industry, research and general news, women farmers, articles and technical information on logistics, packaging, and education for deciduous, citrus and sub-tropical fruit growers and fruit exports. Website: http://www.safj.co.za Delivery outlets: Subscription Name: SA Irrigation Ownership: 3S Media Holdings (Private)- official publication of the South African Irrigation Institute Circulation: Bimonthly, Print run: 2 783 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Articles on irrigation and water conservation issues Website: http://www.media3s.co.za/shortens/html/Product4.asp Delivery outlets: Subscription Name: SA Vegetables & Fruit Ownership: Mediacom CC (Private) Circulation: Bimonthly, Print run: 8 050 Distribution: National 65

Agric & Develop. focus: News and technical information to the fruit and vegetable industry Website: http://home.intekom.com/mediacom/GROENTE.htm Delivery outlets: Subscription to producers, market agents and fresh produce markets as well as related businesses Name: Senwester [Afrikaans] Ownership: Senwest Groep (Ltd) (Private) Circulation: Bimonthly, Print run: 10 000 Distribution: Central-west grain producing areas in SA Agric & Develop. focus: Provides general farming (crop, livestock) and financial agricultural management information Website: http://www.senwes.co.za/afr/Media/publikasies/senwester.asp Delivery outlets: Name: South African Avocado Growers' Association (SAAGA) Yearbook Ownership: Mediacom CC (Private) Circulation: Annual Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Avocado industry Website: http://home.intekom.com/mediacom/AD-HOC.htm Delivery outlets: Name: Sussex News Ownership: Mediacom CC (Private) official magazine of the Sussex Breeders of South Africa Circulation: Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Livestock (Sussex) breeders and farmers Website: http://home.intekom.com/mediacom/AD-HOC.htm Delivery outlets: Name: The Farm Africa, including Food Processing Africa Ownership: Agrifica (Pty) Ltd (Private) Circulation: Distribution: National and Africa Agric & Develop. focus: Agricultural and development news and general articles on agricultural production and food processing Email: agrifica@mweb.co.za Delivery outlets: Distributed to all agribusinesses and interested parties. Name: The South African Sugar Journal Ownership: South African Sugar Association Circulation: Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Articles on sugar cane growers, their activities and on millers and milling companies, data on rainfall, weather and climate, world sugar news, activities of the Experiment Station, the industrys involvement in community service, environmental protection, farming equipment, transport and product news Website: http://www.sasa.org.za/subscribe/index.asp#journal Delivery outlets: Subscription Name: UBISI MAIL Ownership: AgriConnect (Private) Circulation: Quartely Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Technical articles and news for emerging diary farmers Website: http://www.ubisimail.co.za Delivery outlets: Name: Undercover Farming Ownership: Private Circulation: Bi-monthly, Print run: 3 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Technical information for greenhouse, tunnel-, shade-net and hydroponics farmers Website: http://www.undercoverfarming.co.za Delivery outlets: Distributed by post to subscribers, input companies, research and development institutions, to AVUP members, to Seedling Growers Assoc. members, KZN Hydroponics members, Tomato Growers Assoc., SA Flower Growers members, SANA members, and related associations Name: Vikela Ownership: Newsletter of the Farmer Support Group (University of KwaZulu-Natal) Circulation: Quartely Distribution: South Africa 66

Agric & Develop. focus: Sustainable agricultural production, rural development, youth and women groups, community development Website: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/fsg/resources/newsletter.asp Delivery outlets: Free for farmers, development organisations, libraries Name: WineLand Ownership: VinPro (Private) Circulation: Monthly, Print run: > 5 000 Distribution: National Agric & Develop. focus: Provides news and technical information to the wine industry, including wine makers and viticulturists, market organisations, decision-makers in the industry, researchers, academics and wine consumers Website: http://www.wineland.co.za Delivery outlets: Subscription

Table 21. Agricultural, fisheries, forestry, rural development and information / communication journals in South Africa
Periodical name Abstract of Agricultural Statistics Africa Insight Africa Institute Occasional Papers African Entomology African Journal of Aquatic Science African Journal of Ecology African Journal of Farm Child and Youth Development African Journal of Marine Science African Journal of Range and Forage Science African Plant Protection African Wildlife Agrekon Commons southern Africa Communicare Communicatio: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research Fertilizer Society of South Africa Journal Indilinga : African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems Innovation - journal of appropriate librarianship and information work in Southern Africa Institute of Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR) Newsletter (research reports) Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences Journal of the South African Veterinary Association Koedoe Lammergeyer Mousaion Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association SA Fruit Journal SA Irrigation SA Water Bulletin South Africa Rural Development Quarterly South African Commercial Fisheries Review South African Geographical Journal South African Journal of Agricultural Extension South African Journal of Animal Science South African Journal of Botany South African Journal of Information Management South African Journal of Libraries and Information Science South African Journal of Plant and Soil South African Journal of Science South African Journal of Wildlife Research South African Plant Variety Journal South African Sugar Journal South African Variety List South African Wetlands Southern African Forestry Journal 67

Periodical name Southern African Journal of Environmental Education Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie Trends in the Agricultural Sector Veld & Flora Water SA Water Wheel

2.3.1.2 Electronic media television and radio Television was first broadcast nationally in South Africa in 1976 and is now available in all official eleven official languages. The Government owns the national public broadcaster, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), but it is controlled by an independent board selected by the public. The SABC obtains its revenue from licences and advertising. SABC offers a wide spectrum of entertainment, news, sport, educational and other content through its three major national channels, SABC1, SABC2 & SABC3, and broadcasts more widely in Africa through its channel SABC Africa (Table 22). There are three commercial television stations broadcasting in South Africa, namely e-TV, M-Net and the multi-channel, digital satellite station, DStv. Only SABC2 has regular agricultural programmes, through its daily broadcast (05:45-06:00; Monday-Friday) of AgriTV, which provides news and technical information (e.g. new products, equipment, farming methods) to commercial and emerging farmers in all agricultural sectors (see http://www.agritv.co.za). AgriTVs weekly 15-minute programmes are rebroadcast on Sundays, from 12:30, on SABC Africa. There are 35 commercial FM radio stations available in South Africa, including the SABCs 15 public service stations (covering all official 11 languages) and its three commercial stations, 5fm, MetroFM and Good Hope FM, and 17 privately-owned stations. The collective audience of these stations is estimated to be more than 27 million, which is more than 88% of the total radio audience in South Africa (Table 23). There is a large number (approximately 94) and wide diversity of community-based radio stations in all provinces of the country (Table 24). Together, these community stations reach over 6 million people. Information on the extent and frequency of programmes with an agricultural or rural focus broadcast by commercial or community radio stations is not readily available. Information provided by the few replies from an email survey sent to those commercial and community stations with an email address is listed in Table 25. No commercial or community radio stations are dedicated to providing agricultural or rural development information, though some do have regular broadcast of limited duration that present news and information for farmers and rural inhabitants (Table 25). The SABC radio station Radio Sonder Grense (RSG) has the widest reach (>1.7 million listeners) of all stations with agricultural programmes, and an estimated 287 000 people tune in to the Landbounuus (agricultural news) broadcast. Content for RSG agricultural programmes is provided by provincial Department of Agriculture personnel (e.g. Radio Elsenburg), farmer organisations (e.g. Agri SA) and privately-owned information services (e.g. Dairy Mail via AgriConnect). Radio is the most widely accessed of the broadcast media, and usage is high (median usage of 89%) in rural and urban locations among all sectors of the population (Table 26). A high proportion (86%) of the urban population has access to television whereas television is not widely available in rural areas. Newspaper usage is highly skewed across racial, gender, education and age lines and particularly unequal among rural and urban dwellers. Black African rural inhabitants, particularly females and those with only elementary or no schooling do not make extensive use of newspapers to obtain news and other information.

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Table 22. Television stations available in South Africa

Name: SABC1 Ownership: South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Reach: National Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: None Website: http://www.sabc1.co.za/portal/site/sabc1 Name: SABC2 Ownership: South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Reach: National Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: AgriTV, 15 minutes daily, Monday - Friday Website: http://www.sabc2.co.za/portal/site/sabc2 Name: SABC3 Ownership: South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Reach: National Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: None Website: http://www.sabc3.co.za Name: SABC Africa Ownership: South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) Reach: National and rest of Africa Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Rebroadcast of AgriTV (SABC2) weekly programmes on Sundays Website: http://www.sabcafrica.co.za Name: M-Net Ownership: Naspers (60%), Johncom (40%) (Private) Reach: National and rest of Africa Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: None Website: http://www.mnet.co.za Name: e-TV Ownership: Hosken Consolidated Investments (HCI) and VenFin Reach: National Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: None Website: http://www.etv.co.za Name: DStv (Multichoice) Ownership: MIH Group (Private) (by subscription) Reach: National and various countries in Africa Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: None Website: http://www.dstv.com

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Table 23. Commercial radio stations available in South Africa and their estimated audience size and mean proportion of the total radio audience, 2006
Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Station Mean % 64.30 20.57 17.28 15.35 12.28 9.88 9.50 8.13 7.90 6.27 5.88 5.00 4.38 4.37 4.32 4.08 3.95 3.88 3.05 2.88 2.33 2.35 2.17 1.88 1.77 1.75 1.75 1.63 1.62 1.33 0.98 0.65 0.52 0.35 0.30 100.00 2006 Mean '000 19768 6320 5315 4712 3771 3034 2928 2499 2431 1921 1805 1532 1349 1341 1325 1259 1218 1196 940 885 724 719 664 576 538 536 534 500 496 411 302 195 163 112 86 28020

SABC Fusion 9 (ALS) Ukhozi FM METRO FM Umhlobo Wenene FM Lesedi FM Thobela FM Motsweding FM Jacaranda 94.2/RMFM Jacaranda 94.2 East Coast Radio Radiosondergrense (RSG) Ikwekwezi FM Munghana Lonene FM 5 FM Ligwalagwala FM 94.7 Highveld Stereo 99.2 YFM Kfm 94.5 KAYA FM 95.9 Phalaphala FM RM FM Gagasi 99.5 (P4 KZN 99.5fm) CKI FM Stereo Good Hope FM (GHFM) RADIOKANSEL / RADIOPULPIT Algoa FM (RadioAlgoa) Heart 104.9 (P4 CT 104.9fm) OFM SA fm Lotus FM Talk Radio 702 Radio 2000 Classic FM 102.7 567 Cape Talk BRFM (the Border Drive) TOTAL RADIO Source: SAARF (2006b).

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Table 24. Community radio stations available in South Africa, by province, and their estimated audience size and mean proportion of the total radio audience, 2006
Rank Station Mean % WESTERN CAPE 1 RADIO TYGERBERG 104 FM 2 ZIBONELE COMMUNITY RADIO (98.2FM) 3 RADIO 786 / VOICE OF THE CAPE 4 BUSH RADIO 5 CCFM 107.5 &96.7 FM 6 RADIOKC 107.7 FM 7 VALLEI / VALLEY FM 88.8 8 FINE MUSIC RADIO (FMR) 101.3 9 RADIO NAMAKWALAND 93.4 FM 10 RADIO ATLANTIS 107.9 FM 11 RADIO WEST COAST 92.3 FM 12 MFM 92.6 13 RADIO HELDERBERG 93.6FM 14 UCT RADIO 104.5FM TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO WC NORTHERN CAPE 1 RADIO TEEMANENG STEREO 89.1 FM 2 RADIO RIVERSIDE FM 3 X-K FM 107.9 4 RADIO KABOESNA TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO NC EASTERN CAPE 1 UNITRA COMMUNITY RADIO 2 NKQUBELA COMMUNITY RADIO 3 LINK FM 97.1 4 RADIO KINGFISHER 5 KHANYA COMMUNITY RADIO STATION 6 BAYFM 107.9 7 VUKANI COMMUNITY RADIO 8 TAKALANI COMMUNITY RADIO (TCR FM) 9 RADIO GRAHAMSTOWN 10 RADIO UNIQUE 90.00 FM 11 RMR (RHODES MUSIC RADIO 89.7 FM) TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO NC FREE STATE 1 QWAQWA RADIO 2 MOSUPATSELA FM STEREO 3 OVERVAAL STEREO 96.1 FM 4 RADIO PANORAMA 107.6 FM 5 RADIO ROSESTAD 100.6 FM 6 LENTSWE COMMUNITY RADIO 6 NALEDI COMMUNITY RADIO STATION 8 KOVSIE FM 97.0 9 SETSOTO COMMUNITY RADIO TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO FS KWAZULU-NATAL 1 RADIO KHWEZI 2 IMBOKODO 96.8 FM 3 DURBAN YOUTH RADIO 105.1 FM 4 RADIO SUNNY SOUTH 5 HIGHWAY RADIO 101.5 FM 6 NEWCASTLE COMMUNITY RADIO 103.7 FM 1.02 0.48 0.48 0.33 0.33 0.30 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03 3.23 0.30 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.97 0.73 0.43 0.37 0.27 0.27 0.23 0.13 0.10 0.03 0.00 3.37 0.47 0.33 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.02 1.30 0.93 0.54 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.30 2006 Mean '000 311 154 150 106 94 87 46 45 44 28 25 20 17 17 987 89 53 7 4 181 296 229 137 111 79 79 66 42 25 11 10 1035 147 105 41 36 28 22 22 17 13 404 285 168 104 96 94 92 71

Rank 7 8 9 10

Station Mean % 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.04 3.17 0.63 0.47 0.43 0.20 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.42 0.90 0.47 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03 2.30 1.52 0.48 0.48 0.37 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 3.60 0.58 0.33 0.30 0.20

ICORA FM MAPUTALAND COMMUNITY RADIO 107.6 FM HINDVANI 91.5 FM GOODNEWS COMMUNITY RADIO (GNCR) 98 FM TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO KZN MPUMALANGA 1 RADIO BUSHBUCKRIDGE 2 MOUTSE COMMUNITY RADIO 3 BARBERTON COMMUNITY RADIO (BCR 104.1 FM) KANGALA COMMUNITY RADIO SERVICES (K.C.R.S. 92.8 FM) 4 5 RADIO KRAGBRON 96.0 FM 6 GREATER MIDDELBURG FM (GMFM) 7 RADIO ALPHA 97.8 FM 8 RADIO LAEVELD 100.5 FM STEREO 9 RADIO ERMELO 104 FM STEREO 10 RADIO PLATORAND 99.3 FM TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO MP LIMPOPO 1 SEKGOSESE COMMUNITY RADIO 2 UNIVEN COMMUNITY RADIO 3 MOHODI COMMUNITY RADIO STATION 4 RADIO TURF 103.8 FM 5 BOTLOKWA COMMUNITY RADIO STATION 6 MOLETSI COMMUNITY RADIO STATION / MOLETSI FM 7 MOKOPANE COMMUNITY RADIO STATION 100.0 MHZ TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO LP GAUTENG 1 JOZI FM 105.8 2 SOSHANGUVE COMMUNITY RADIO 3 THETHA FM 100.6 (RADIO ORANGE FARM) 4 RADIO PRETORIA 5 IFM 102.2 (ISCORIAN FM) 6 VUT FM 96.9 7 EAST RAND STEREO 93.9 FM / EFM 8 TUKS FM 107.2 9 RADIO RIPPEL 90.5 FM 10 90.6 FM STEREO (VCRFM) 10 RAINBOW FM 90.7 COMMUNITY RADIO 12 IMPACT RADIO 13 RADIO ISLAM MW 1548 14 TNG FM 96.2 15 VOICE OF TEMBISA 16 1485 RADIO TODAY 1485 17 EAST WAVE RADIO 92.2 FM 18 THE VOICE 95.4 FM( THE UNITY 95.4 FM) 19 NEW PAN-HELLENIC VOICE (HELLENIC RADIO) 20 TUT TOP STEREO 93.6 21 UJFM 95.4 (RAU RADIO) 22 CHINESE COMMUNITY RADIO OF SA (CCRSA) AM 1269 23 RADIO 1584 TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO GAU NORTH WEST 1 RADIO MAFISA 93.4 FM 2 MORETELE COMMUNITY RADIO 106.6 FM 3 VAALTAR FM (VTRFM) 4 LETLHABILE COMMUNITY RADIO

2006 Mean '000 72 54 48 15 971 198 146 128 67 38 21 17 14 6 1 442 273 143 58 31 24 20 16 714 470 146 122 113 53 51 51 39 32 32 32 31 30 24 19 15 13 11 7 3 3 2 0 1113 177 107 97 55 72

Rank 5 6

Station Mean % 0.07 0.67 1.58 20.62 88.97

RADIO LICHTENBURG RADIO PUK TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO NW TOTAL COMMUNITY RADIO TOTAL NON-COMMUNITY RADIO TOTAL RADIO Source: SAARF (2006c).

2006 Mean '000 22 3 489 6336 27347 28020

Table 25. Commercial and community radio broadcasts with agricultural programmes
Name: Durban Youth Radio Ownership: Community Reach: Around Durban (35 km) Broadcast duration: Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour on Wednesday (19:30-20:30) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: Name: Eshowe Icora FM Ownership: Community Reach: Central coast and hinterland of KwaZulu-Natal Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour on Wednesday (19:00-20:00) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: Name: Kovsie FM Ownership: University of the Free State (UFS) Reach: Around Bloemfontein, Free State Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Programme on stock theft, 30 min. once per week Website: http://www.kovsiefm.co.za/ Name: Imbokodo Community Radio Ownership: Community Reach: Durban and inland areas, KwaZulu-Natal Broadcast duration: Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour Friday (05:00-06:00) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: Name: Maputaland Community Radio Ownership: Community Reach: North eastern region of KwaZulu-Natal (100 km around Jozini) Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour on Thursdays (19:00-20:00) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: Name: Naledi Community Radio Ownership: Community Reach: Around Senekal, Free State Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme (discussion), 1 hour on Wednesday Website: http://www.nalediradio.co.za/ Name: Newcastle Community Radio Ownership: Community Reach: Central KwaZulu-Natal Broadcast duration: Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour Monday to Friday (05:00-06:00) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: Name: OFM Ownership: AME and Kagiso Holdings Reach: Free State, Northern Cape and North West Province Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week 73

Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour daily (05:00-06:00), Monday - Friday Website: http://www.ofm.co.za Name: Overvaal Stereo Ownership: Community Reach: Northern Free State Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 15-30 minutes per day, Monday - Friday Website: http://www.overvaalstereo.co.za/ Name: Radio Khwezi Ownership: Community Reach: Central KwaZulu-Natal Broadcast duration: 21 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 30 minutes Wednesday (19:05-19:35) repeated on Monday (05:05-05:35) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: http://www.khwezi.org.za/ Name: Radio Namakwaland Ownership: Community Reach: Locally around Vredendaal, Western Cape Broadcast duration: 17 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme for emerging and commercial farmers (general, viticulture, livestock, rooibos, citrus, crops, etc), on Mondays (13:10-13:55), Tuesdays (14:30-15:00) and Thursdays (14:30-15:00) Website: http://www.radionamakwaland.rsa.nu Name: Radio Pretoria Ownership: Community Reach: Locally around Pretoria, Gauteng Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural and rural development programme, 30 minutes (05:3006:00, repeated 13:30-14:00), Monday - Friday Website: http://www.radiopretoria.co.za Name: Radio Rosestad Ownership: Community Reach: Locally around Bloemfontein, Free State Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 2 x 15 minutes daily Website: http://www.radiorosestad.co.za/ Name: Radio Sonder Grense Ownership: SABC (public) Reach: National Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 15 minutes daily (12:30-12:45), Monday Saturday (Content provided by Agri SA and Radio Elsenburg) Website: http://www.rsg.co.za Name: Radio Sunny South Ownership: Community Reach: South coast and hinterland of KwaZulu-Natal Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 1 hour Tuesday (10:00-11:00) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: Name: Ukhozi FM Ownership: SABC (public) Reach: National Broadcast duration: 24 hours/day, 7 days/week Agric & Develop. programmes: Agricultural programme, 30 minutes Wednesday (04:15-04:45), 1 hour Friday (03:45-04:45) (Content provided by KZN-DAEA) Website: http://www.ukhozifm.co.za

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Table 26. Radio, television and newspaper usage in South Africa by location (urban, rural), race, age and educational attainment - replies from respondents in the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) conducted in 2003
Radio usage (%) Location Urban 89 Rural 87 Population group White 89 Indian/Asian 90 Coloured 90 Black African 88 Age 16-24 years 90 25-34 years 90 35-49 years 89 50+ years 86 Gender Male 90 Female 88 Educational attainment Tertiary 92 Matric/Grade 12 93 Grades 8-11 90 Primary 86 No schooling 78 Source: Langa, Conradie & Roberts (2006). Television usage (%) 86 53 96 96 83 66 78 77 75 72 77 75 95 90 79 56 48 Newspaper usage (%) 68 32 83 86 68 44 55 62 59 50 64 52 93 78 62 31 7 Base

1691 792 316 231 407 1525 529 603 758 585 988 1493 216 578 871 570 200

2.3.2

Telecommunication services

Relative to the rest of Africa, South Africa has a well developed telecommunication infrastructure with about 39% of the total fixed telephone lines in Africa and a transmission network of about 156 million circuit-kilometres, ranking it 23rd in the world in terms of the extent of telecommunication development (IMC, 2007). The national operator, Telkom, is wholly responsible for the installation, maintenance and control of the fixed-line telephone network. There are about 5 million fixed-line subscribers in South Africa, comprising a telephone density of about 100 lines per 1 000 people (Table 27). Urban areas and rural towns have access to the telephones but the fixed line network does not extend into many of the more remote rural areas. The introduction of mobile telephony (locally know as cell/cellular telephones) in the 1990s, and the rapid increase in the availability and usage of cell phones by all sectors of society in the last few years has broadened access to telephone communications considerably in the country. Collectively, the three established, privately-owned mobile phone operators currently have almost 33 million subscribers, with Vodacom being by far the largest mobile telephone provider (20 million subscribers), followed by MTN and Cell C. There are currently approximately 660 cell phones per 1 000 people in the country. A new cell phone service provider, Virgin Mobile, which currently uses Cell Cs network infrastructure, was launched in 2006, promising cheaper and easier access to mobile telephone services. Although Telkom phone line rental and call costs have risen in the last few years, calls made by land-line (to another land-line) are currently far cheaper than by cell phone, with peakperiod, pre-paid calls from a cell phone to a land-line ranging from four to eight times more expensive than a comparative call on a Telkom land-line (Table 27). Competition among cell phone service providers, especially in the provision of attractive contact packages, should serve to reduce the costs of mobile telephony to urban and rural users. In 2001, an amendment to the Telecommunications Act allowed for a second fixed-line national operator (SNO). Neotel (Pty) Ltd, a black-empowerment consortium, was named the
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SNO in August 2006, and is expected to reduce Telkoms monopoly of telecommunications through competitive pricing of telephone and Internet (dial-up and broadband) services. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications for cheap communication from computer to computer (e.g. Skype) or for cellphone calls to other cellphones or landlines in the country a recently launched service in SA offered by a company called Yeigo also offer the promise of more affordable telecommunications in the future. The availability of fixed-line telephone services is not equal among provinces, but cell phone services have largely served to even disparities, especially in the less urbanised and developed provinces of the country (e.g. Limpopo & North-West provinces) where penetration of Telkom services are lowest (Table 28). There is a stark divide in the extent of access to land-line telephones along racial, educational and gender lines, with rural inhabitants (mostly Black Africans) being most disadvantaged (Table 29). Mobile telephony has narrowed these gaps to some extent but high cell phone costs probably still limit their extent of use in rural areas. Initiatives to bridge the digital gap between urban and rural areas through the provision of various public or community-based telecommunication services (e.g. through telecentres, Multi-purpose Community Centres, Public Internet Terminals, etc) are noted in the following section. Table 27. Telephone services available in South Africa
Name: Telkom Ownership: The national fixed-line operator is owned jointly by: South African Government (38%), Public Investment Corporation (PIC) (15.7%), Elephant Consortium (5.6%), Subsidiaries (4.2%), Public shareholders (36.4%) Number of subscribers: Approximately 5 million fixed-line subscribers Coverage: 156 million circuit-kilometres throughout South Africa Cost of 3 minute local call: R1.14 (minimum charge for local call: R0.56) Website: http://www.telkom.co.za Name: Vodacom Ownership: Mobile phone company jointly owned by: Telkom SA Ltd (50%), Vodafone (50%) Number of subscribers: Approximately 20 million Coverage: Most rural areas in SA, except for parts of Northern Cape Cost of 3 minute local call: R8.55 (mobile phone to fixed-line, pre-paid service) Website: http://www.vodacom.co.za Name: MTN Ownership: Mobile phone company owned by MTN Group (Ltd) Number of subscribers: Approximately 9.5 million Coverage: Cost of 3 minute local call: R8.97 (mobile phone to fixed-line, pre-paid service) Website: http://www.mtn.co.za Name: Cell C Ownership: 3C Telecommunications (Pty) Ltd Number of subscribers: Approximately 3.2 million Coverage: 70% of the countrys population and 28.5% of the geographical land area Cost of 3 minute local call: R10.50 (mobile phone to fixed-line, pre-paid service) Website: http://www.cellc.co.za Name: Virgin Mobile Ownership: Virgin Mobile South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Uses Cell C's network infrastructure. Number of subscribers: Coverage: Uses Cell C network Cost of 3 minute local call: R4.67 (mobile phone to fixed-line, pre-paid service) Website: http://www.virginmobile.co.za

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Table 28. Trend (1999 2003) in access to land-line and mobile telephones (cell phones) by province - replies (percentage of individuals aged 18+) from respondents in the SA Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) conducted in 2003, and HSRC Surveys (1999, 2001)
EC FS GP KZN Land-line telephone at home 1999 17 30 46 22 2001 14 28 36 21 2003 17 27 25 31 Cell phone at home/business 1999 7 5 15 6 2001 10 14 33 9 2003 29 32 45 34 Source: Langa, Conradie & Roberts (2006). Province LP MP 7 4 8 5 8 32 17 16 19 6 12 29 NC 25 26 21 4 15 20 NW 11 20 18 5 14 38 WC 51 58 56 13 38 47 Total 28 26 26 8 28 36

Table 29. Telephone and mobile phone (cell phone) access and use in SA by location, race, age, gender and educational attainment - replies from respondents in the SA Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) conducted in 2003
Telephone access (%) Location Urban 37 Rural 5 Race White 67 Indian/Asian 70 Coloured 34 Black African 10 Age 16-24 years 19 25-34 years 19 35-49 years 30 50+ years 37 Gender Male 28 Female 27 Educational attainment Tertiary 60 Matric/Grade 12 39 Grades 8-11 26 Primary 12 No schooling 4 Source: Langa, Conradie & Roberts (2006). Personal cell phone access (%) 40 18 75 49 22 25 29 38 38 24 36 31 80 56 26 10 9 Cell phone usage (%) 48 23 82 60 29 31 39 45 44 31 42 39 82 66 36 14 11 Base

1691 792 316 231 407 1525 529 603 758 585 988 1493 216 578 871 570 200

2.3.3

Computers and the Internet

According to a report by World Wide Worx, the number of personal computers in South Africa exceeded 5 million in 2006, and was predicted to read 5.3 million by the end of 2006 (Laschinger & Goldstuck, 2006). Therefore, the current estimated number of computers per 1 000 people in South Africa is approximately 106.7, which is far below the per capita rate in developed countries. For example, the number of computers per 1 000 people in the U.S.A. already exceeded 749 by 2004 (Global Integrity, 2006). South Africa has largest number of Internet users in Africa (approximately 5.1 million) with a penetration of 10.3% of the total population. This is second to Morocco (15.1%) on continental Africa (excluding African islands), but far above the average penetration for Africa (3.13%) (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2007). South Africa as well as other African countries lag far behind the extent of Internet availability and use in the developed world. In the U.S.A., for example, almost 70% of the population use the Internet (Table 30). The
77

relatively high cost of Internet access in SA compared to developed countries and some of its neighbours has restricted usage (Esselaar & Gilwald, 2007). The cost of dial-up access to the Internet in SA comprises the Internet Service Provider (ISP) monthly fee plus the cost of a local call to the ISP. Thus the average cost of 10 hours dial-up Internet access (during the peak period, on a Telkom land-line) is as follows: Cost of 10-hour access = ISP monthly cost + local phone call charge = R100 + R228 = R328 (34.04) [Assuming a mean ISP cost for 64k dial-up of R100/month; excluding cost of telephone line installation and rental] The cost of broadband (DS) access to the Internet in South Africa comprises the ISP monthly fee plus the monthly rental charged by Telkom for their Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). Thus the average cost of broadband access per month (for a 1 024 kbps Bundle, 1GB cap) is as follows: Monthly cost = ISP monthly cost + Telkom ADSL monthly rental = R95 + R516 = R611 (63.41) [Assuming a mean ISP cost for ADSL of R95/month; excluding costs of telephone line installation and rental, ADSL installation and ADSL modem] Telkom recently announced (June 2007) plans to reduce prices on its fixed-line broadband (ADSL) products by up to 38%. Recently (March 2007) the two major mobile phone providers in the country, Vodacom and MTN, reduced their price of wireless broadband access by up to 60%. Affordable mobile wireless access will provide a competitive and convenient alternative to fixed-line broadband access in SA, which lags behind some other countries on the continent in the provision of broadband services. The current cost of an MTN 3G HSDPA connection is as follows (Otter, 2007): Connection fee (once-off): R236 Monthly service fee: R479 Monthly line rental: not applicable Monthly ISP charge: included in service fee Total per month: R479 (49.71). Commercial ISP providers in South Africa that are members of the Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA) are listed in Table 31 and the monthly charges for dial-up and broadband Internet access provided by various ISPs are listed in Table 32 and Table 33, respectively. The most common means of accessing the Internet in South Africa is via a dial-up connection and the most frequent uses of the Internet are for searching for and obtaining information and sending or receiving email (Table 34). Access to computers, the Internet, and consequent Internet usage, is highly skewed in South Africa (Table 35). Very few rural Black Africans males or females have access to a computer or use the Internet, whereas in urban areas the number of people that have access to computers and the Internet is seven times higher. Generally, males have greater access to computers and the Internet than females, and White members of the population are the highest proportion of ICT users. Access to ICTs is greatest at tertiary institutes. Because of limited telecommunication infrastructure in rural areas and the high cost of ICTs in general in SA, various means to broaden access to information via collective access /
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public telecommunication centres in both urban and rural areas have been implemented by Governmental, NGO and private organisations (GCIS, 2007a) with the aim of providing affordable access to telecommunication services and the Internet. These collective access points include: Public phone shops and booths Community Service Telephones (CSTs) Cybercafs Telecentres Cyberlabs (in schools) Public Internet Terminals (PITs) Citizens Post offices (CPOs) Multi-purpose Community Centres (MPCCs) The number of community-based ICT centres in each province in South Africa is provided in Table 36. A total of 700 PITs had been installed across the country by 2005, offering access to government information and forms as well Internet and email services (GCIS, 2007a). A total of 17 CPOs (similar to a Internet caf), providing access to Internet, email, word processing, fax and other ICT facilities, were operational by 2004 and another 200 have been planned (GCIS, 2007a). Many telecentres and cyberlabs have, however, proved very expensive to install, manage and maintain in a functional state (Esselaar & Gilwald, 2007). Notable among the number of important lessons learned from failed and successful telecentres in South Africa (Etta & Parvyn-Wamahiu, 2003; Parkinson, 2005) are that: shared access centres (such as telecentres) need to be integrated closely with broader rural development strategies; costs of establishment and maintenance of telecentres as well as the cost of training of the requisite staff can be prohibitive; and user costs of ICT services still limit their use. However, community-based ICT centres can also play an important social role (apart from allowing contact among families via email) as attested by this owner/operator of a public phone booth in Kabale, Uganda: I'm the owner and I got the start-up money from selling land. To me, the greatest success of this centre is my marriage I got my wife through this centre. (Parkinson, 2006: 52).

Table 30. Per capita extent of ICTs and Internet penetration and growth (2002-2007) in SA, selected African countries and the United States of America
Country BOT GHA LES MAL NAM SA ZAM ZIM USA ICTs per 1 000 (2004)1 Televisions 30 118 16 14 38 152 113 30 Radios 150 710 53 499 141 338 175 362 Telephone 2 lines 91 12 10 5 66 112 8 19 606 Mobile phones 155 9 15 5 56 252 11 24 6172 Personal computers 38.7 3.3 1.3 36.4 68.5 7 12.1 7492 3 Internet penetration (2007) Penetration: % population 3.2 1.8 1.7 0.5 3.6 10.3 2.0 8.1 69.6 % of African users 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 15.6 0.7 3.1 Source: 1APC (2004); 2Global Integrity (2006); 3Miniwatts Marketing Group (2007). Countries: BOT = Botswana; GHA = Ghana; LES = Lesotho; MAL = Malawi; NAM = Namibia; SA = South Africa; ZAM = Zambia; ZIM = Zimbabwe; USA = United States of America.

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Table 31. Members (n = 127) of the Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA) in SA
Member Name Large Members AT&T SA CMC Networks DataPro Internet Solutions MTN Network Solutions Mweb Neotel Posix Systems Sentech Storm T-Systems UniForum SA Verizon Business Medium Members ABSA Internet ALTONet Electronic Laboratory Services Metroweb Connection Technology Concepts Small Members AboutIT Adept Internet Advanced Online Systems AeroSat Amobia Communications ARM.it artslink.co.za ASAP Advertising Services And Promotions Axxess Africa Bandwidth Barn Bazalwane Software Solutions BCS-Net Benwest t/a Imagine IPS Blue Sky Internet Online Branded Internet Business Connexion Communications Compu-Doc On-Line Conekt Business Group Compute Corporate Technology Solutions Currant Technologies Cyberserv Cybersmart Depari Online DiaMatrix DOTCO East Coast Access Eject eStart Computer Services eNetworks Ensync Business Solutions Enyuka Internet Access Equation Business Solutions First Technology Frogfoot Networks GamCo Hetzner Host4 Group Hyperlink Internet URL http://www.attbusiness.net http://www.cmcnetworks.net http://www.datapro.co.za http://www.is.co.za http://www.mtnns.net http://www.mweb.co.za http://www.neotel.co.za http://www.posix.co.za http://www.sentech.co.za/ http://www.storm.co.za http://www.t-systems.co.za http://co.za http://www.verizonbusiness.com/za/ https://e91.absa.co.za/aia http://www.altonet.co.za http://www.elab.co.za http://www.metroweb.co.za http://www.techconcepts.co.za http://www.aboutit.co.za http://www.adept.co.za http://www.aos.co.za http://www.aerosat.co.za http://www.amobia.com http://www.armit.co.za http://www.artslink.co.za http://www.asap.co.za http://www.axxess.co.za/ http://bandwidthbarn.org http://www.host-connection.com http://www.bcsnet.co.za http://www.imagine.co.za http://www.digitalhost.co.za http://www.brandedinternet.co.za http://www.bcx.co.za http://www.compudoc.co.za http://www.conekt.co.za http://www.compute.co.za http://www.currant.co.za http://www.cyberserv.co.za http://www.cybersmart.co.za http://www.depari.co.za http://www.diamatrix.co.za http://dotco.net http://www.eastcoast.co.za http://www.eject.co.za http://www.estart.co.za http://www.enetworks.co.za http://www.ensync.co.za http://enyuka.co.za http://www.equation.co.za http://www.firsttech.co.za http://www.frogfoot.com http://www.gam.co.za http://www.hetzner.co.za http://www.paradigmsolutions.co.za http://www.hyperlink.co.za Telephone +27.11.217.4000 +27.11.517.8400 +27.11.809.1500 +27.11.575.1000 086.011.0860 +27.21.596.8300 +27.11.800.6100 +27.12.807.0590 0860.736.8324 +27.11.202.3000 +27.11.254.7400 +27.11.314.0077 +27.21.658.8700 0860.166.177 0860.665.463 +27.11.358.0893 +27.11.675.2200 +27.11.803.2169 +27.12.460.1000 0861.133.557 +27.11.380.7616 +27.86.111.2871 0861.AMOBIA +27.11.795.1159 +27.82.230.2255 +27.11.485.5397 0861.300.900 +27.21.409.7000 +27.82.300.6835 +27.11.353.3000 +27.11.214.7600 +27.21.421.7912 +27.12.998.1118 +27.11.256.0500 +27.31.465.9009 +27.11.807.8789 +27.11.796.0700 +27.21.421.0868 +27.16.981.2155 +27.21.461.0014 +27.31.308.6040 086.110.0698 +27.21.465.7979 +27.31.566.8080 +27.11.233.5485 086.037.8278 +27.21.421.9857 +27.11.315.7015 0861.113.970 +27.21.464.4400 +27.33.845.2300 +27.21.689.3867 +27.11.312.0481 +27.21.970.2000 +27.21.425.2424 0860.049.737 80

Member Name iBurst I-Junction Internet ICOZA ICTGlobe Imaginet Internet Services Imperial Online Inext Inloco Client Service Specialists Intdev Internet Technologies Interexcel Internet Shoppe Internext Interprise Intoweb Design Ion Access iSpace Jantar ISP JC Broadband Keyaka Weblink Key Web Solutions Kinetix Internet Services MacroLan Maxitec Internet Services MegaWeb Internet Services Mexcom Mindspring Nashua Mobile NamITech Neology NetConnect Network & Computing Consultants Newnet Nexus Online Nyala Communications Oryx Trust PCB Technologies Petprops 36 cc Platformity Polka RSAWeb SA Domain SA-Gateway Internet Services SAI SANGONeT Snowball Effect Sprintlink Switch-IT Sybaweb Internet Syscom Tradepage UniNet Communications Venturenet VirTek Web Africa X-DSL Networking Solutions Xnet Internet Services Xtranet YoAfrica ZA Internet Solutions ZAnet Internet Services Zomerlust Systems Design

URL http://www.iburst.co.za http://www.i-junction.co.za http://www.icoza.co.za http://www.ictglobe.co.za http://www.imaginet.co.za http://www.imperialonline.co.za http://inext.co.za http://www.inloco.co.za http://www.intdev.co.za http://www.interexcel.co.za http://www.ishoppe.co.za http://www.internext.co.za http://www.interprise.co.za http://www.intoweb.co.za http://www.ion.co.za http://www.ispace.co.za http://www.jantar.co.za http://www.jcbroadband.com http://www.kwl.co.za http://www.key.co.za http://www.kinetix.co.za http://www.macrolan.co.za http://www.maxitec.co.za http://www.megaweb.co.za http://www.mexcom.co.za http://www.mindspring.co.za http://www.nashuabroadband.com http://www.namitech.com http://www.neology.co.za http://www.netcon.co.za http://www.ncc.co.za http://www.newnet.co.za http://www.nol.co.za http://www.saol.com http://www.oryx.co.za http://www.pcb.co.za http://www.compumission.co.za http://www.platform.co.za http://www.polka.co.za http://www.rsaweb.co.za http://www.sadomain.co.za http://www.sagateway.com http://www.sai.co.za http://www.sn.apc.org http://www.snowball.co.za http://www.sprintlink.co.za http://www.switch-it.co.za http://www.sybaweb.co.za http://www.syscom.co.za http://www.tradepage.net http://www.uninet.co.za http://www.venturenet.co.za http://www.virtek.co.za http://www.webafrica.co.za http://www.x-dsl.co.za http://www.xnet.co.za http://www.xis.co.za/ http://www.yoafrica.com http://www.za24.co.za http://www.zanet.co.za http://www.zsd.co.za

Telephone +27.11.676.6000 086.111.4675 +27.11.880.0101 086.142.8428 086.111.1101 +27.11.723.8000 +27.53.830.8000 +27.11.465.7557 +27.11.787.0107 +27.12.346.1685 +27.12.374.1549 +27.11.886.0355 +27.11.803.4024 +27.12.348.5320 +27.31.204.8000 +27.31.566.0911 +27.11.695.4814 +27.17.638.0137 +27.11.331.2660 +27.11.475.6137 +27.82.567.3439 +27.21.426.5189 086.123.4777 +27.11.485.1984 +27.11.791.7975 +27.21.657.1780 0861.CALLBD +27.11.458.0000 +27.83.400.1127 +27.41.365.0465 +27.51.447.8589 +27.11.954.0215 +27.12.348.4280 +27.31.240.7800 +27.42.296.0003 +27.11.880.9999 +27.86.111.4207 +27.11.918.7396 +27.21.596.7000 +27.21.462.6798 +27.21.461.3490 0861.102.062 +27.31.566.6300 +27.11.403.4935 +27.21.880.2228 086.0SPRINT 086.005.5911 +27.21.683.3141 +27.21.530.5730 +27.31.701.0855 0861.864.638 +27.39.682.4305 0861.847.835 +27.21.409.7850 086.100.9375 +27.11.867.5888 0861.555.666 +26.34.479.1132 +27.12.663.1800 +27.11.465.0700 +27.21.683.1388 81

Affiliate Members Accelon CEQURUX Technologies Host Maestros M&G Media Ltd Switch Telecom Zen Search SA Honorary Members e-Schools Network NetDay Association SchoolNet SA Tenet Source: ISPA (2007).

http://www.accelonafrica.com http://www.cequrux.com http://www.tophosting.co.za http://blogspot.mg.co.za http://www.switchtel.co.za http://zen.co.za http://www.esn.org.za http://www.netday.org.za http://www.school.za http://www.tenet.ac.za

+27.11.884.3710 +27.11.423.6065 +27.21.702.0224 +27.11.727.7055 +27.11.676.2080 +27.82.567.6211 +27.21.674.9140 +27.11.403.5997 +27.11.645.6400 +27.21.763.7140

Table 32. Monthly cost of Internet dial-up provided by various ISPs

Provider @lantic 59.co.za 59.co.za About IT Adept Adept All Africa Technologies ALTONet ALTONet ALTONet Ananzi Artslink.co.za Artslink.co.za Artslink.co.za Artslink.co.za Atlantic checknet checknet cozahost Cybersmart Cybersmart dialups.co.za Eject Eject Enhanced Internet Flashybee Internet Flashybee Internet Flashybee Internet Globex Globex HostworX Kingsley Internet Lando Linecom Linecom MetroWeb METROWEB M-Web Netrepeneurs Netrepreneurs Nexus Online Qnet SA-Gateway SA-Gateway Vanilla Vanilla W3DS Plan name Multi Link ISDN 64k ISDN 128k ISDN Analogue dial-up 64k ISDN 128k ISDN Analogue 56k Dialup 56k Analogue 64k ISDN 128k Dial-up Ananzi Dial-up 64k ISDN 64k ISDN + E-mail 128k ISDN 128k ISDN + E-mail Analogue / ISDN 64K ISDN 128K ISDN modem dial-up 64K ISDN 128K ISDN 56K Analogue ISDN 64k ISDN 128k ISDN 64k ISDN 3GB 7GB 56K Dial-up 64K ISDN Dial-up 56K Dial Up ISDN ISDN ISDN 64 ISDN 128 Standard Internet dialup Unlimited ISDN ISDN 64 ISDN 64k ISDN 128k 56K modem Dial-up 56Kbps Dial Up 64K ISDN 128K ISDN Dial up - annual Dial up - monthly 64 k ISDN Price (R) 90 59 118 65 95 190 69 59 49 180 72 109 139 190 220 50 110 175 56 79 159 69 114 174 80 100 249 539 59 59 65 120 80 100 185 73 149 199 99 180 49 72 95 150 57 69 130 82

Provider Plan name W3DS 128 k ISDN W3DS 3 Gig WebNow Combo 56k / 64k WebNow ISDN 128 X-Dsl 56K Analogue X-DSL ISDN 64k X-DSL ISDN 128k Zazu 56k-BUDGET Zazu 56k-LITE Zazu 56k-PLUS Zazu Internet ISDN-64k Zazu Internet ISDN-128k Source: ISP Directory (2007) & Hellkom (2007).

Price (R) 198 262 79 180 66 80 111 54 65 70 70 129

Table 33. Monthly cost of broadband access (ADSL) to the Internet provided by various ISPs
Provider Axxess Africa Vanilla SA Gateway X-Dsl Warp Development Icetek HostworX Article Seven Budget ADSL iConnect Zazu ALTONet Cybersmart Kingsley Snowball Effect Kinetix Internet Services Axxess Africa Vanilla 59.co.za X-Dsl Source: ISP Directory (2007). Plan Name 1GB ADSL Account Vanilla cone - 500MB ADSL 1GB ADSL 1GB 1GB 1 GB ADSL 1GB 1 GB ADSL 1 GB ADSL 1 GB 1 Gig Budget ADSL Standard 1GB 3 Gig 1 Gig Per Gigabyte Charge 1GB SAIX ADSL 2GB ADSL Account Vanilla cup - 1GB 1GB Adsl Account ADSL 2GB Price (R) 59 59 70 72 75 90 95 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 110 119 119 120 144

Table 34. Recent Internet access and usage (January June 2006) in SA
Accessed Web/Internet in previous 12 weeks Place accessed Internet Home Office Educational institute where study Internet caf Elsewhere Purpose of using Internet Search Research/Obtaining information E-mail Banking Obtain latest news Instant messaging Read magazine/newspaper on-line Music downloads Games Directory services Chat (excl mail/instant messaging) Shopping Listen radio on-line % 7.6 3.4 3.2 1.2 0.9 0.6 5.3 5.1 4.4 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.1 1 1 0.7 0.6 000 2355 1042 994 366 280 192 1630 1573 1359 763 456 455 413 411 332 302 296 202 173 Rank

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 83

Share trading Dating Watch TV on-line Gambling Type of Internet connection at home (%) Dial-up ADSL Wireless ISDN Other No Internet connection at home Source: SAARF (2006d).

% 0.3 0.1 0.1 0 3.5 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.1 94.8

000 78 39 38 11 1069 285 208 108 19 29281

Rank 14 15 16 17 1 2 3 4 5

Table 35. Computer and Internet access and usage in SA by location, race, age, gender and educational attainment - replies from respondents in the SA Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) conducted in 2003
% with access to a computer Location Urban 22 Rural 3 Race White 54 Indian/Asian 33 Coloured 11 Black African 6 Age 16-24 years 15 25-34 years 17 35-49 years 19 50+ years 10 Gender Male 18 Female 14 Educational attainment Tertiary 61 Matric/Grade 12 29 Grades 8-11 9 Primary 1 No schooling 0 Total 16 Source: Langa, Conradie & Roberts (2006). % with access to the Internet 14 2 39 16 5 5 10 11 13 5 13 8 46 18 4 0 0 12 % who use the Internet 17 3 41 19 9 6 13 13 14 8 15 10 46 21 7 2 2 14 Base

1691 792 316 231 407 1525 529 603 758 585 988 1493 216 578 871 570 200

Table 36. Number of community-based ICT delivery centres in each province of SA

Province Telecentres1 Cyberlabs1 30 12 4 43 30 26 21 21 4 191 Multi Purpose Community Centres (MPCCs)2 4 4 16 6 9 5 4 6 12 66

Eastern Cape 17 Free State 7 Gauteng 8 KwaZulu-Natal 19 Limpopo 30 Mpumalanga 11 Northern Cape 5 North West 9 Western Cape 5 Total 111 Source: 1USA (2005); 2Zama & Weir-Smith (2006).

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Annex 3. Profile of institutions

3.1 List of all institutions Type NGO Role RU TR

Name and contacts Name: Abalimi Bezekhaya and the Cape Flats Tree Project (AB) Postal address: PO Box 44, Observatory, 7935 Tel: +27-21-371-1653 Fax: +27-21-371-1653 Email: abalimi@iafrica.com Web site: www.abalimi.org.za Name: Abaserve specialists in software for the meat industry Postal address: PO Box 95847, Waterkloof, 0181 Tel: +27-12-460-7834 Fax: +27-12-460-7983 Email: sales@abaserve.com Web site: www.abaserve.com Name: ABSA AgriBusiness Postal address: PO Box 7735, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-350-6854 Fax: +27-11-350-5247 Email: Web site: www.absa.co.za Name: Adendorff Machinery Mart Postal address: 152 Rosettenville Road, Springfield, 2137 Tel: +27-11-683-8360 Fax: +27-11-683-8114 Email: Web site: www.tooltime.co.za Name: Afgri Postal address: PO Box 3559, Cramerview, 2060 Tel: +27-11-706-7897 Fax: +27-11-463-4139 Email: afgri@afgri.co.za Web site: www.afgrionline.co.za Name: Africa Co-operative Action Trust (ACAT) Postal address: PO Box 943, Howick, 3290 Tel: +27-33-234-4223 Fax: +27-33-234-4033 Email: acat@pixie.co.za Web site: www.acatkzn.co.za Name: African Feed Manufactures Association (AFMA) Postal address: PO Box 8144, Centurion, 0046 Tel: +27-12-663-9097 Fax: +27-12-663-9612 Email: admin@afma.co.za Web site: www.afma.co.za Name: Africare Postal address: PO Box 1511, Randpark Ridge, 2156 Tel: +27-11-801-0620 Fax: +27-11-801-0627 Email: africare@africaresa.co.za Web site: www.africare.org Name: AFRISCO certified organic (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 74192, Lynnwood Ridge, 0040 Tel/Fax: +27-12-349-1070 Email: afrisco@global.co.za Web site: www.afrisco.net Name: Afristar Foundation Postal address: PO Box 68562, Bryanston, 2021 Tel: +27-11-706-5614 Fax: +27-11-463-8967 Email: afristar@telkomsa.net Web site: www.afristarfoundation.org

PRV

OT

BNK

FS

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-S FS

NGO

RU

PRV

TM

NGO

RU FS

PRV

IN RG

NGO

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Name and contacts Name: Afrit Road Transport Equipment Postal address: PO Box 911374, Rosslyn, Pretoria, 0200 Tel: +27-12-541-2123 Fax: +27-12-541-2609 Email: info@afrit.co.za Web site: www.afrit.co.za Name: Agrelek [Eskoms advisory service for the agricultural community] Postal address: PO Box 9108, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 Tel: +27-33-343-5900 Fax: Email: Web site: www.agrelek.co.za Name: Agri South Africa (AGRI-SA) Postal address: P O Box 1508, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: + 27-12-300-9500 Fax: + 27-12-300-9500 Email: agrisa@agrisa.co.za Web site: www.agriinfo.co.za Name: Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plants Products (ASNAPP) Postal address: PO Box 2331, Dennesig, 7601 Tel: +27-21-808-2919 Fax: +27-21-808-2917 Email: info@asnapp.org Web site: www.asnap.org Name: Agricultural Business Chamber (ABC) Postal address: PO Box 1508, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-322-6980 Fax: +27-320-0557 Email: Admin@agbiz.co.za Web site: www.agriinfo.co.za Name: Agricultural Employers Organisation (AEO) Postal address: Private Bag X121, Centurion, 0046 Tel: +27-861-101-828 Fax: +27-12-664-2703 Email: info@lwo.co.za Web site: www.lwo.co.za Name: Agricultural Sector Education Training Authority (AgriSETA) [contact list of accredited trainers] Postal address: PO Box 26024, Arcadia, 0007 Tel: + 27-12-325-1655 Fax: + 27-12-325-1677 Email: info@agriseta.co.za Web site: www.agriseta.co.za Name: Agrinet (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 257, Isando, Kempton Park, 1600 Tel: +27-11-921-1274 Fax: +27-11-921-1288 Email: mail@agrinet.co.za Web site: www.agrinet.co.za Name: Agri-Onderdele Postal address: PO Box 116, 3 Louw street, Bethlehem, 9700 Tel: +27-85-303-4648/1906 Fax: +27-58-303-3356 Email: agri@isat.co.za Web site: Name: Agritel Postal address: Johannesburg fresh produce market, Heidelberg road, City Deep, Johannesburg Tel: +27-11-623-2714 Fax: +27-11-623-2714 Email: marketprices@agritel.co.za Web site: www.agritel.co.za Name: AgriTV Postal address: PO Box 2056, Randburg, 2125 Tel: 086-752-2222 Fax: +27-11-791-5319 Email: info@agritv.co.za Web site: www.agritv.co.za

Type PRV

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86

Name and contacts Type PRV Name: AGRIWEB-SA Postal address: PO Box 1227, Warmbaths, 0480 Tel: +27-83-656-9230 Fax: +27-86-618-8458 Email: info@agriwebsa.com Web site: www.agriwebsa.com PRV Name: All Nations Development (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 5992, Cresta, 2118 Tel: +27-11-476-9759 Fax: +27-11-476-7073 Email: All-Nations@absamail.co.za Web site: PRV Name: Alrite Engineering Postal address: PO Box 40115, Cleveland, 2022 Tel: +27-11-626-2580 Fax: +27-11-626-2321 Email: Web site: www.alrite.co.za PRV Name: Aluglide Postal address: 28 Grader Rd, Spartan, Kempton Park, 2090 Tel: +27-11-392-2259 Fax: +27-11-392-7599 Email: Web site: www.aluglidetrailers.co.za PRV Name: Andrag Agrico (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 364, La Belle Rd, Bellville, 7535 Tel: +27-21-950-4111 Fax: +27-21-919-1184 Email: andrag@andrag.co.za Web site: www.andrag.co.za AS-F Name: Animal Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) Postal address: PO Box 814444, Centurion, 0046 Tel: +27-12-663-9097/9361 Fax: +27-12-663-9612 Email: admin@afma.co.za Web site: www.afma.co.za PRV Name: Animal Handling & Safety Equipment Services Postal address: PO Box 3742, Edenvale, 1610 Tel: +27-11-609-0366 Fax: Email: info@animalhandling.co.za Web site: www.animalhandling.co.za OTH Name: Aquaculture Association of Southern Africa (AASA) Postal address: PO Box 71894, The Willows, 0041 Tel: +27+12-807-6720 Fax: +27+12-807-4946 Email: info@aasa-aqua.co.za Web site: www.aasa-aqua.co.za NGO Name: Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA) Postal address: PO Box 2517, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 Tel: +27-33-345-7607 Fax: +27-33-345-5106 Email: afra@mail.ngo.za Web site: www.afra.co.za Name: Association of Veterinary and Crop Associations of South Africa OTH (AVCASA) Postal address: PO Box 1995, Halfway House, 1685 Tel: +27-11-805-2000 Fax: +27-11-805-2222 Email: info@saaha.co.za Web site: www.avcasa.co.za EDU Name: Augsburg Landbougimnasium Postal address: PO Box 34, Clanwilliam, 8135 Tel: +27-27-482-2120/2 Fax: +27-27-482-1850 Email: admin@augsburg.wcape.school.za Web site: -

Role IN

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87

Name and contacts Name: B & P Group Financial Services (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320 Tel: +27-31-583-4600 Fax: +27-31-583-4624 Email: safex@bpgroup.co.za Web site: www.bpgroup.co.za Name: Banking Council of South Africa Postal address: PO Box 61674, Marshalltown, 2107 Tel: +27-11-645-6700 Fax: +27-11- 645-6800 Email: mediaenquiries@banking.org.za Web site: www.banking.org.za Name: Beestepan Agricultural Postal address: PO Box 3979, Middelburg, 1050 Tel: +27-13-297-1697 Fax: +27-13-297-1670 Email: Web site: Name: Bell Equipment Postal address: PO Box 3545, Durban, 4000 Tel: +27-31- 569-1100 Fax: +27-31-569-1108 Email: web@bell.co.za Web site: www.bellequipment.com Name: Bepco Tractor Parts Postal address: PO Box 30206, Jetpark, 1469 Tel: +27-11-397-0760 Fax: +27-397-3039 Email: sales@bepco.co.za Web site: www.bepco.co.za Name: Biodynamic Agricultural Association of Southern Africa (BDAASA) Postal address: PO Box 175, Wolseley, 6830 Tel: +27-23-231-0513 Fax: +27-23-231-0513 Email: info@bdaasa.org.za Web site: www.bdaasa.org.za Name: Biological Control Products (BCP) Postal address: PO Box 15132, Ashwood, 3605 Tel: +27-31-700-4825 Fax: +27-31-700-1338 Email: sales@biocontrol.co.za Web site: www.biocontrol.co.za Name: Bio-Systems SA Postal address: PO Box 136 Simons Town, 7995 Tel: +27-21-786-2972 Fax: Email: info@biosystemssa.co.za Web site: www.biosystemssa.co.za Name: Biowatch South Africa (BWSA) Postal address: PO Box 13477, Mowbray, 7705 Tel: +27-21-447-5939 Fax: +27-21-447-5974 Email: biowatch@mweb.co.za Web site: www.biowatch.org.za Name: Bonnox (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 2066, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-666-8717 Fax: +27-12-666-9716 Email: fence@bonnox.co.za Web site: www.bonnox.co.za Name: Botanical Society of South Africa Postal address: Private Bag 10, Claremont, 7735 Tel: +27-21-797-2090 Fax: +27-21-797-2376 Email: info@botanicalsociety.org.za Web site: www.botanicalsociety.org.za

Type PRV

Role TM

BNK

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PS-S

NGO

IN

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PRV

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88

Name and contacts Name: Buckle Packaging and Engineering (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO. Box 34251, Jeppestown, 2024 Tel: +27-11-404-2613 Fax: Email: bucpac@icon.co.za Web site: www.bucklepack.co.za Name: Cape Institute for Agricultural Training: Elsenburg Postal address: PO Box 54, Elsenburg, 7607 Tel: +27-21-808-5018 Fax: +27-21-884-4319 Email: maruisp@wcape.agric.za Web site: www.elsenburg.com/college/ Name: Cape Mohair & Wool (CMW) Postal address: PO Box 3314, Port Elizabeth, 6056 Tel: +27-41-486-1143 Fax: +27-41-486-1325 Email: info@cmw.co.za Web site: www.cmw.co.za Name: Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) Postal address: PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535 Tel: +27-21- 959-6121 Fax: Email: info@cput.ac.za Web site: www.cput.ac.za Name: Capespan Postal address: PO Box 505, Bellville, 7535 Tel: + 27-21-917-2600 Fax: + 27-21-917-2602 Email: info@capespan.co.za Web site: www.capespan.co.za Name: Capewools South Africa (Capewools SA) Postal address: PO Box 2191, North End, Port Elizabeth, 6056 Tel: +27-41-484-4301 Fax: +27-41-484-6792 Email: capewool@capewools.co.za Web site: www.capewools.co.za Name: Capstone Seeds Postal address: PO Box 302, Howick, 3290 Tel: +27-33-330-4474 Fax: +27-33-330-3252 Email: mail@capstone.co.za Web site: www.capstone.co.za Name: Cedara College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X6008, Hilton, 3245 Tel: +27-33-355-9304/5 Fax: +27-33-355-9303 Email: college@dae.kzntl.gov.za Web site: www.agriculture.kzntl.gov.za Name: Centani Community District Development Institution (CCDDI) Postal address: PO Box 18, Kentani, 4980 Tel: +27-47-492-0561 Fax: +27-47-491-4068 Email: Web site: Name: Central Energy Fund (CEF) Postal address: PO Box 786141, Sandton, 2146 Tel: +27-11-280-0300 Fax: +27-11-880-9803 Email: mandlat@cef.org.za Web site: www.cef.org.za Name: Central University of Technology (CUT) Postal address: Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300 Tel: +27-51- 507-3911 Fax: +27-51-507-3199 Email: ntheron@cut.ac.za Web site: www.cut.ac.za

Type PRV

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EDU

TR

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IN TM

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89

Name and contacts Name: Chicory SA Postal address: PO Box 41, Alexandria, 6185 Tel: +27-46-653-0048 Fax: +27-46-653-0123 Email: chicorysa@chicory.co.za Web site: www.chichory.co.za Name: Children's Feeding Trust (CFT) Postal address: PO Box 5132, Walmer, 6070 Tel: +27-41-581-4371 Fax: +27-41-581-1070 Email: cftrust@mweb.co.za Web site: Name: Citrus SA Postal address: PO Box 3600, Durbanville, 7551 Tel: +27-82-499-9660 Fax: Email: hq@citrussa.co.za Web site: www.citrussa.co.za Name: Combustion Technology Postal address: PO Box 30047, Tokai 7966 Tel: +27-21-715-3171 Fax: +27-21-715-6297 Email: grant@rielloburners.co.za Web site: www.rielloburners.co.za Name: Components for Africa Postal address: PO Box 279, Krugersdorp, 1740 Tel: +27-11-953-4580 Fax: +27-11-953-4742 Email: cfa@mweb.co.za Web site: www.componentsforafrica.com Name: Consolidated Wire Industries (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 102, Vanderbijlpark, 1900 Tel: +27-16-980-3111 Fax: +27-16-980-3094 Email: avrilm@cwi-wire.co.za Web site: www.consolidatedwire.co.za Name: Control Union South Africa Postal address: 17 Wellington Road, Westville, 3629 Tel: +27-31-266-1356 Fax: +27-31- 62-2752 Email: certificationsa@controlunion.com Web site: http://www.controlunion.com/certification/default.htm Name: Cotton SA Postal address: PO Box 912232, Silverton, 0127 Tel: +27-12-804-1462 Fax: +27-12-804-8616 Email: enquiries@cottonsa.org.za Web site: www.cottonsa.org.za Name: Cotton South Africa Postal address: PO Box 912232, Silverton, 0127 Tel: +27-12-804-1462 Fax: +27-12-804-8616 Email: enquiries@cottonsa.org.za Web site: www.cottonsa.org.za Name: CSIR Environmentek Postal address: PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-841-2620 Fax: +27-12-841-2689 Email: GPSmith@csir.co.za Web site: www.csir.co.za Name: Cummins Diesel SA Postal address: Private bag X7, Wendywood, 2144 Tel: +27-11-321-8700 Fax: +27-11-444-1899 Email: wim.jansen@cummins.com Web site: www.cummins.com/af/pages/en/distributors/sa/index.cfm

Type PRV

Role PS-P TM

NGO

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IN TM

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PRV

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PS-S

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Name and contacts Name: Daily News Milk and Welfare Fund Postal address: PO Box 47549, Greyville, 4023 Tel: +27-31-308-2229 Fax: +27-31-308-2715 Email: rani@nn.independent.co.za Web site: Name: Dairy Information and Management Systems, South Africa (DIMSSA) Postal address: PO Box 544, Bloemfontein, 9300 Tel: +27-51-447-9123 Fax: +27-51-430-4224 Email: dimssa@saholstein.co.za Web site: www.dimssa.co.za Name: Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust (DFPT) Postal address: PO Box 163, Paarl, 7622 Tel: +27-21-870-2900 Fax: +27-21-870-2915 Email: info@dfpt.co.za Web site: www.dfpt.co.za Name: DeLaval Postal address: PO Box 11150, Dorpspruit, 3206 Tel: +27-33-342-2887 Fax: +27-33-345-7472 Email: richard.stephens@delaval.com Web site: Name: Department of Agriculture and Land Administration, Mpumalanga (DALAMpumalanga) Postal address: Private Bag X9019, Ermelo, 2350 Tel: +27-17-811-5811 Fax: +27-17-819-1223 Email: Web site: www.mpu.agric.za Name: Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism (DEAT) Postal address: Private Bag X447, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-86-111-2468 Fax: +27-12-322-2476 Email: callcentre@deat.gov.za Web site: www.environment.gov.za Name: Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Postal address: Private Bag X34, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-310-9791 Fax: +27-12-332-2701 Email: Web site: www.thedti.gov.za Name: Diakim Service Centre and Meals on Wheels and Community Services Postal address: PO Box 966, Kimberley, 8300 Tel: +27-53-833-1044 Fax: +27-53-833-1044 Email: diakim@telkomsa.net Web site: Name: Dicla Farm & Seeds Postal address: PO Box 339, Muldersdrift, 1747 Tel: +27-11-958-1348 Fax: +27-958-1109 Email: dicla@icon.co.za Web site: www.dicla.com Name: Dipomatick Postal address: PO Box 1687, Kokstad, 4700 Tel: +27-39-757-5488 Fax: +27-39-757-5488 Email: plouwrens@mweb.co.za Web site: Name: Dormas (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 38040, Booysens, 2016 Tel: +27-11-496-2800 Fax: +27-11-496-2810 Email: sales@dormas.co.za Web site: www.dormas.co.za

Type NGO

Role OT

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OT

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Name and contacts Name: Dozer Parts Postal address: PO Box 355, Isando, 1600 Tel: +27-11-452-1224 Fax: +27-11-452-4469 Email: info@dozer.co.za Web site: www.dozer.co.za Name: Dry Beans Producers Organisation (DBPO) Postal address: PO Box 26269, Arcadia, 0007 Tel: +27-12-325-1850 Fax: +27-12-323-5983 Email: manager@beans.co.za Web site: www.beans.co.za Name: Durban University of Technology (DUT) Postal address: P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000 Tel: +27-31- 204-2111 Fax: +27-31-202-3405 Email: mbadinom@dit.ac.za Web site: www.dut.ac.za Name: East Cape Agricultural Research Project (ECARP) Postal address: PO Box 855, Grahamstown, 6140 Tel: +27-46-622-5429 Fax: +27-46-622-2617 Email: ecarpadmin@imaginate.co.za Web site: Name: Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture and Land Affairs Postal address: Private Bag X0040, Bisho, 5608 Tel: +27-40-609-3471 Fax: +27-40-635-0604 Email: gugile.nkwinti@agr.ecprov.gov.za Web site: www.ecprov.gov.za Name: EcoCircle Holdings (Pty) Ltd Postal address: Tel: +27-11-468-1189 Fax: +27-11- 468-2595 Email: info@ecocircle.com Web site: www.ecocircle.com Name: Ecolink Environmental Education Trust (EEET) Postal address: PO Box 727, White River, 1240 Tel: +27-13-751-2120 Fax: +27-13-751-3287 Email: eco.link@mweb.co.za Web site: www.ecolink.za.org Name: Ecosystems Postal address: PO Box 7304, Empangeni Rail, 3910 Tel/Fax: +27-35-772-4746 Email: ecosystems@mweb.co.za Web site: www.ecosystems.co.za Name: ehd Components Postal address: PO Box 6541, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-870-5000 Fax: +27-11-836-0474 Email: ehd@ehd.co.za Web site: www.ehd.co.za Name: Elgin Learning Foundation (ELF) Postal address: PO Box 654, Grabouw 7160 Tel: +27-21-848-9413 Fax: +27-21-848-9414 Email: admin@elf1.co.za Web site: www.elf1.co.za Name: ExxonMobil South Africa Postal address: PO Box 78043, Midrand, 1685 Tel: +27-11-237-4500 Fax: +27-11- 237-4510 Email: Web site: www.mobil.co.za

Type PRV

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Name and contacts Name: Farmers Weekly Postal address: PO Box 1797, Pinegowrie, 2123 Tel: +27-11-889-0836 Fax: +27-11-889-0862 Email: farmersweekly@caxton.co.za Web site: www.farmersweekly.co.za Name: Farmwise Postal address: PO Box 3660, Randburg, 2125 Tel: +27-11-787-3666 Fax: +27-11-787-3710 Email: jannie@farmwise.co.za Web site: www.farmwise.co.za Name: Farmwise Grain Trading Postal address: PO Box 3660, Randburg, 2125 Tel: +27-11-787-3666 Fax: +27-11-787-3710 Email: Web site: www.farmwise.co.za Name: Feedback Food Redistribution Postal address: PO Box 13630, Mowbray, Cape Town, 7925 Tel: +27-21-447-8150 Fax: +27-21-447-8781 Email: info@feedback.org.za Web site: www.feedback.org.za Name: Firebreak Equipment Postal address: 133 Parker St, Riviera, 2193 Tel: +27-12-329-7300 Fax: +27-12-804-9177 Email: info@firebreak.co.za Web site: www.firebreak.co.za Name: First National Bank (FNB) Postal address: PO Box 1153, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-369-1088 Fax: +27-11-898-0619 Email: info@fnb.co.za Web site: www.fnb.co.za Name: First National Bank (FNB) - Agriculture Postal address: PO Box 7750, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-371-9824 Fax: +27-11-352-4702 Email: ejanovsky@fnb.co.za Web site: www.fnb.co.za/FNB/content/business/services/agriServices/ruralContactDetails.s cml Name: FloMech Postal address: PO Box 22583, Glenashley, 4022 Tel: +27-31-569-2038 Fax: +27-31-569-3680 Email: paul@flomech.co.za Web site: www.flomech.co.za Name: Food & Beverage Reporter / Packaging Reporter Postal address: PO Box 81310, Parkhurst, 2120 Tel: +27-11-880-3682 Fax: +27-11-447-5128 Email: foodprod@global.co.za Web site: www.developtechnology.com Name: Food and Agricultural Research Management (FARM) Postal address: PO Box 14163, Tramshed, 0126 Tel: +27-12-320-5511 Fax: +27-12-322-8408 Email: herman@farmncape.co.za Web site: www.farmafrica.org.uk Name: Food and Trees for Africa Postal address: 8 The Firs, 5 Humber street, Woodmead, 2191 Tel: +27-11-803-9750 Fax: +27-11-803-9604 Email: info@trees.org.za Web site: www.trees.co.za

Type PRV

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Name and contacts Name: FOODBEV Seta Postal address: PO Box 245, Gallo Manor, 2052 Tel: +27-11-253-7300 Fax: +27-11-253-7333 Email: info@foodbev.co.za Web site: www.foodbev.co.za Name: Forest Industries Education and Training Authority (FIETA) Postal address: Forum Two, 4th Floor, Braampak, 33 Hoofd street, Parktown, 2193 Tel: +27-11-712-0600 Fax: - +27-11-339-1166 Email: mail@fieta.org.za Web site: www.fieta.org.za Name: Forestry South Africa (FSA) Postal address: PO Box 1553, Rivonia, 2128 Tel: +27-11-803-3403/4 Fax: +27-11-803-6708 Email: fsa@forestrysouthafrica.co.za Web site: www.forestrysouthafrica.co.za Name: Fort Cox College of Agriculture Postal address: PO Box 2187, King William's Town, 5600 Tel: +27-40-653-1029 Fax: +27-40-653-8038 Email: asonandi@fortcox.ac.za Web site: www.fortcox.ac.za Name: Free State Department of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X02, Bloemfontein 9300 Tel: +27-51-506-1613 Fax: +27-51-430-1542 Email: info@agric.gov.za Web site: www.fsagric.fs.gov.za Name: Fresh Produce Exporters Forum (FPEF) [contact details of exporters] Postal address: PO Box 4988, Tyger Valley, 7536 Tel: +27-21-914-3018 Fax: +27-21-914-8397 Email: info@fpef.co.za Web site: www.fpef.co.za Name: Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment (DACE) Postal address: PO Box 8769, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-355-1920 Fax: +27-11-333-0667 Email: steven.cornelius@gauteng.gov.za Web site: www.gdace.gpg.gov.za Name: Glen College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X01, Glen, 9360 Tel: +27-51-861-1244 Fax: +27-51-861-1122 Email: louise@glen.agric.za Web site: www.glen.agric.za Name: Grain South Africa (Grain SA) Postal address: 23 Piet Retief St, Ladybrand, 9745 Tel: +27-56-515-0918 Fax: +27-56-515-1517 Email: heleen@grainsa.co.za Web site: www.grainsa.co.za Name: Grassland Society of Southern Africa (GSSA) Postal address: PO Box 41, Hilton, 3245 Tel: +27-33-390-3113 Fax: +27-33-390 3113 Email: admin@gssa.co.za Web site: www.gssa.co.za Name: Grinding Techniques (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 51, Krugersdorp, 1740 Tel: +27-11-271-6400 Fax: +27-11-271-6464 Email: Web site: www.grindtech.com

Type STA

Role TR

STA

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Name and contacts Name: Grootfontein College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X529, Middelburg, 5900 Tel: +27-49-842-1113 Fax: +27-49- 842-1477 Email: marykevm@ndagadi.agric.za Web site: www.gadi.agric.za/college Name: GSI Group Africa (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 4012, Honeydew, 2040 Tel: +27-11-794-4455 Fax: +27-11-794-4515 Email: gsicum@icon.co.za Web site: www.gsiafrica.co.za Name: Havco Postal address: PO Box 207, Standerton, 2430 Tel: +27-17-712-5355 Fax: +27-17-712-5266 Email: havco@mweb.co.za Web site: www.havco.co.za Name: Heifer Project - South Africa (HP-SA) Postal address: PO Box 1770, Hillcrest, 3650 Tel: +27-31-777-1374/5 Fax: +27-31-777-1376 Email: info@heifer.org.za Web site: www.heifer.org.za Name: HerdMASTER Postal address: PO Box 543, Irene, 0062, South Africa Tel: +27-12-348-4352 Fax: +27-12-667-5259 Email: herdmaster@agribsa.co.za Web site: www.agribsa.co.za Name: Hortec Postal address: PO Box 386, Ceres, 6835 Tel: +27-23-316-1530 Fax: +27-23-316-1532 Email: peter@hortec.co.za Web site: www.hortec.co.za Name: Hydraform Postal address: PO Box 17570, Sunward Park, Boksburg, 1470 Tel: +27-11-913-1449 Fax: +27-11-913-2840 Email: web@hydraform.com Web site: www.hydraform.com Name: Impala Game Ranger Training Postal address: P.O. Box 1863, Warmbad, 0480 Tel: +27-14-736-2428 Fax: +27-14-736-6455 Email: info@impalatraining.co.za Web site: www.impalatraining.co.za Name: Inkezo Land Company (INKEZO) Postal address: PO Box 1730, Durban, 4301 Tel: +27-31-539-4514 Fax: +27-31-539-5943 Email: info@inkezo.co.za Web site: www.inkezo.co.za Name: Institute of Natural Resources (INR) Postal address: PO Box 100396, Scottsville, 3209 Tel: +27-33-346-0796 Fax: +27-33-346-0895 Email: inr@ukzn.ac.za Web site: www.inr.unp.ac.za Name: InternAfrica Postal address: PO Box 1049, Greenpoint, 8051 Tel: +27-72-324-5010 Fax: Email: InternAfrica@gmail.com Web site: www.InternAfrica.org

Type EDU

Role TR

PRV

PS-M

PRV

PS-M

NGO

RU

PRV

PS-S TR

PRV

IN

PRV

PS-S

EDU

TR

NGO

RU

NGO

RD RU

NGO

RD

95

Name and contacts Name: Isipho HIV/AIDS Project Postal address: 86 Goba street, Paterson, 6130 Tel: +27-42-235-1359 Fax: +27-42-235-1359 Email: isipho1@mweb.co.za Web site: www.isipho.co.za Name: Iveco Postal address: Private Bag X04, Wadeville, Germiston, 1422 Tel: +27-11-806-4600 Fax: +27-11-824-3387 Email: jann@iveco.co.za Web site: www.iveco.com Name: Johannesburg Fresh Produce Market (JFPM) Postal address: PO Box 86007, City Deep, Johannesburg, 2049 Tel: +27-11-992-8000 Fax: +27-11-613-2537 Email: Web site: www.jfpm.co.za Name: Joint Education Project (JEP) Postal address: PO Box 1008, Same, Seshego, 0742 Tel: +27-15-223-2386 Fax: +27-15-223-4297 Email: joint-ep@mweb.co.za Web site: Name: Kei Farmers Support Centre Association (KFSCA) Postal address: PO Box 53006, Umtata, 5100 Tel: +27-47-532-4343 Fax: +27-47-532-2580 Email: kfsca@intekom.co.za Web site: Name: Kentmaster Postal address: PO Box 7030, Primrose Hill, Germiston, 1417 Tel: +27-11-455-3784 Fax: Email: kentmaster@mweb.co.za Web site: www.kentmaster.com Name: Khanyisa Community Educare Development Centre (KCEDC) Postal address: PO Box 293, Bisho, 5605 Tel: +27-40-654-3394 Fax: +27-40-654-3380 Email: kcedcndaki@lantic.net Web site: Name: KK Animal Nutrition (Pty) Ltd (ex Kynoch Feeds) Postal address: P O Box 449, Umbogintwini, 4120 Tel: +27-31-910-5100 Fax: +27-31-904-9189 Email: kk@kkan.com Web site: www.kkan.com Name: Knittex Postal address: PO Box 798, White River, 1240 Tel: +27-13-751-2379 Fax: +27-13-750-0699 Email: multiknit2000@intekom.co.za Web site: www.mutliknit.com Name: Knysna AIDS Council (KAC) Postal address: PO Box 2298, Knysna, 6570 Tel: +27-44-382-0989 Fax: +27-44-382-3863 Email: knyaids@lantic.net Web site: www.knysna-aids.org.za Name: KwaZulu-Natal Poultry Institute (KZNPI) Postal address: PO Box 10118, Scottsville, 3209 Tel: +27-33-346-0049 Fax: +27-33-386-3600 Email: kznpi@mweb.co.za Web site: www.kznpi.co.za

Type NGO

Role RD

PRV

PS-M

PRV

TM

NGO

RD

NGO

RD

PRV

NGO

RD

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-M

NGO

RD

NGO

TR

96

Name and contacts Name: Land Bank Postal address: PO Box 375 Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-312-3999 Fax: +27-12-328-4055 Email: cfupta@landbank.co.za Web site: www.landbank.co.za Name: Landbou Weekblad Postal address: PO Box 1802, Cape Town, 8000 Tel: 0860-103-577 Fax: +27-21-406-4979 Email: lbw@landbou.com Web site: www.landbou.com Name: Landini Postal address: 1 West street, Boksburg Industrial, 1460 Tel: +27-11-914-1700 Fax: +27-11-914-3993 Email: landini@argosa.co.za Web site: www.argosa.co.za Name: Leos Sleepwaens Postal address: PO Box 155, Bronkhorstspruit, 1020 Tel/Fax: +27-13-932-4151/2 Email: sales@leostrailers.co.za Web site: www.leostrailers.co.za Name: Lima Rural Development Foundation Postal address: PO Box 11934, Dorpspruit, 3206 Tel: +27-33-342-9043 Fax: +27-33-394-2691 Email: headoffice@lima.org.za Web site: www.lima.org.za Name: Limpopo Department of Agriculture and Environment Postal address: Private Bag X9487, Pietersburg, 0700 Tel: +27-15-295-7048 Fax: +27-15-291-3740 Email: PhemePP@agricho.vorprov.gov.za Web site: www.lda.gov.za Name: Lindros Whole Earth Consultants Postal address: PO Box 68929 Bryanston, 2021 Tel: +27-11-467-4925 Fax: +27-11-467-0081 Email: info@lindros.co.za Web site: www.lindros.co.za Name: Lowveld College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X11283, Nelspruit, 1200 Tel: +27-13-753 3064 Fax: +27-13-755-1110 Email: mona@laeveld1.agric.za Web site: www.mpu.agric.za Name: Madzivhandila College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X5024, Thohoyandou, 0950 Tel: +27-15-962-4586 Fax: +27-15-962-1320 Email: Web site: Name: Mascor Postal address: PO Box 102, Greytown, 3250 Tel: +27-33-413-2164 Fax: +27-33-417-1307 Email: julian.ortmann@mascor.co.za Web site: www.mascor.co.za Name: Mashigo Foundation (MAFO) Postal address: PO Box 11933, Tramshed, Pretoria, 0126 Tel: +27-84-372-9978/9 Fax: +27-86-640-1935 Email: mafo@webmail.co.za Web site: www.mashigo.com

Type BNK

Role FS

PRV

IN

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-S

NGO

RU

GOV

EX PP RG TR IN TR

PRV

EDU

TR

EDU

TR

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RU

97

Name and contacts Name: Matat Environmental and Development Agency (Matat EDA) Postal address: PO Box 1354, Matatide, 4730 Tel: +27-39-737-3591 Fax: +27-39-737-4038 Email: Web site: Name: Mathews Posa College Postal address: PO Box 1081, Schagen, 1207 Tel: +27-13-733-6094 Fax: +27-17-733-6046/94 Email: Web site: Name: Mbendi Information Services Postal address: PO Box 23498, Claremont, 7735 Tel: +27-21- 21-671-9889 Fax: +27-21- 671-6316 Email: Web site: www.mbendi.co.za Name: Meadow Feeds Postal address: PO Box 6224, Weltevreden Park, 1715 Tel: +27-11-991-6000 Fax: +27-11-475-5752 Email: chrisvn@nutri.co.za Web site: www.meadowfeeds.co.za Name: MEPS Electric Fence Systems Postal address: PO Box 1106 White River, 1240 Tel: +27-13-751-2945/6 Fax: +27-13-750-1301 Email: meps@mepsef.com Web site: www.meps.co.za Name: Metabo Power Tools Postal address: PO Box 4360, Edenvale, 1610 Tel: +27-11-372-9600 Fax: +27-11-453-9963 Email: ebotha@metabo.co.za Web site: www.metabo.com Name: Milk Producers Organisation (MPO) Postal: PO Box 1284, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-843-5600 Fax: +27-12-804-4811 Email: web@mpo.co.za Web site: www.mpo.co.za Name: Milkfriend Postal address: PO Box 108, Breyten, 2330 Tel: +27-12-347-0949 Fax: 0866-884-660 Email: info@milkfriend.co.za Web site: www.milkfriend.co.za Name: Minister for Agriculture and Land Affairs Postal address: Private Bag X844, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-319-7236 Fax: +27-12-321-8558 Email: minister@nda.agric.za Web site: www.nda.agric.za Name: Mission Centre Development Association Postal address: PO Box 274, Idutjwa, 5000 Tel: +27-47-489-1498 Fax: +27-47-489-1498 Email: Web site: Name: Mohair South Africa (Mohair SA) Postal address: PO Box 2243, North End, Port Elizabeth, 6056 Tel: +27-41-487-1386 Fax: +27-41-487-1336 Email: info@mohair.co.za Web site: www.mohair.co.za

Type NGO

Role RU

EDU

TR

PRV

IN

PRV

PS-M PS-S

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-S

AS-F

IN TM

PRV

OT

GOV

PP

NGO

RU

AS-F

TM

98

Name and contacts Name: Mondi Business Paper South Africa (Mondi) Postal address: PO Box 31024, Merebank, 4059 Tel: +27-31-451 2111 Fax: +27-31-451 2756 Email: zainfo@mondibp.com Web site: www.mbpsa.co.za Name: Morgenzon Landbou Akademie Postal address: Private Bag X6, Morgenzon, 2315 Tel: +27-17-793-3089 Fax: +27-17-793-3270 Email: ghoeveld@mweb.co.za Web site: www.hsmorgenzon.co.za Name: Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment Postal address: Private Bag X11219, Nelspruit, 1200 Tel: +27-13-766-6068 Fax: +27-13-766-8429 Email: mkhalogwile@nel.mpu.gov.za Web site: www.mpu.agric.za Name: Mthonyama Development Enterprise and Agricultural / Social Consultants Postal address: PO Box 3683, King Williams Town, 5600 Tel: +27-43-643-3429 Fax: +27-43-643-5376 Email: toziemrwetyana@intekom.co.za Web site: Name: Munters Postal address: PO Box 4539, Edenvale, 1610 Tel: +27-11-997-2000 Fax: +27-11- 608-3501 Email: Web site: www.munters.co.za Name: Mvelo Development Postal address: PO Box 1190, Hilton, 3245 Tel: +27-33-345-3146 Fax: +27-33- 394-6687 Email: info@mvelo.co.za Web site: www.mvelo.co.za Name: Nampo Landbouskool Postal address: PO Box 345, Bothaville, 9660 Tel: +27-56-515-3951 Fax: Email: Web site: Name: Natal Mechanised Farming (NMF) Postal address: PO Box 11735, Dorpspruit, 3206 Tel: +27-33-342-2472 Fax: +27-33-345-0982 Email: Web site: www.nmf.co.za Name: National African Farmers Union of South Africa (NAFU) Postal address: PO Box 9624, Centurion, 0046 Tel: +27-12-672-9308 Fax: +27-12-665-0601 Email: Web site: Name: National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) Postal address: Private Bag X935, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-341-1115 Fax: +27-12-341-1811 Email: ceo@namc.co.za Web site: www.namc.co.za Name: National Association of People Living with HIV/AIDS (NAPWA) Postal address: PO Box 66, Germiston, 1400 Tel: +27-11-255-6400 Fax: +27-11-255-6415 Email: nkululeko.nxesi@napwa.org.za Web site: www.napwa.org.za

Type PRV

Role PS-M PS-P

EDU

TR

GOV

EX PP RG TR TR

NGO

PRV

PS-P

PRV

RU

EDU

TR

PRV

PS-S

AS-F

IN

GOV

TM

NGO

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99

Name and contacts Name: National Chicks Postal address: PO Box 105, Umlaas Road, Camperdown, 3730 Tel: +27-31-785-9100 Fax: +27-31-785-1788 Email: Web site: www.natchix.co.za Name: National Cooperative Association of SA (NCASA) Postal address: PO Box 14074, Hatfield, 0028 Tel: +27-12-349-1382 Fax: +27-12-349-1430 Email: info@co-operatives.org.za Web site: www.co-operatives.org.za Name: National Department of Land Affairs (DLA) Postal address: Private Bag X833, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-312-8911 Fax: +27-12-323-7124 Email: Web site: www.land.pwv.gov.za Name: National Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) Postal address: Private Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-336-7500 Fax: +27-12-323-4472 Email: Web site: www.dwaf.gov.za Name: Ndlovu Fencing Postal address: 46 Montrose Drive, Pietermaritzburg, 3201 Tel: +27-33-347-2591 Fax: +27-33-347-2780 Email: ndlovu@stafix.co.za Web site: www.stafix.co.za Name: Nedbank Postal address: 135 Rivonia road, Sandown, 2196 Tel: +27-11-337-5262 Fax: +27-11-337-9720 Email: Web site: www.nedbank.co.za Name: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) Postal address: PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031 Tel: +27-41-504-1111 Fax: +27-41-504-2574 Email: info@nmmu.ac.za Web site: www.nmmu.ac.za Name: Nemtek Postal address: Units 4 & 5, 64 Vervoer street, Randburg, 2125 Tel: +27-11-462-8283 Fax: +27-11-462-7132 Email: Web site: www.nemtek.com Name: New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) Postal address: PO Box 1234, Midrand, 1685 Tel: +27-11-313-3331 Fax: +27-11-313-3778 Email: Web site: www.nepad.org.za Name: Niekersrus Agricultural School Postal address: PO Box 639, Viljoenskroon, 9520 Tel: +27-56-343-0149 Fax: +27-56-343-0149 Email: Web site: Name: Nissan Diesel Postal address: PO Box 911362, Rosslyn, Pretoria, 0200 Tel: +27-12-564-9500 Fax: +27-11-564-9532 Email: surayas@nissandiesel.co.za Web site: www.nissandiesel.co.za

Type PRV

Role PS-P

AS-F

FS

GOV

PP

GOV

PP

PRV

PS-S

BNK

FS

EDU

RD TR

PRV

PS-S

REG

PP RD

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100

Name and contacts Name: Nkuzi Development Association (NDA) Postal address: PO Box 5970, Polokwane North, 0750 Tel: +27-15-297-6972 Fax: +27-15-297-6975 Email: landnow@nkuzi.org.za Web site: www.nkuzi.org.za Name: NMR Engineering Postal address: PO Box 34, Mooi River, 3300 Tel: +27-33-263-1056 Fax: +27-33-263-1998 Email: info@nmreng.co.za Web site: www.nmreng.co.za Name: North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment (NWDACE) Postal address: Private Bag X2039, Mmabatho, 2735 Tel: +27-18-389-5688 Fax: +27-18-389-5070 Email: malambo@nwpg.gov.za Web site: www.nwdace.gov.za Name: North West University (NWU) Postal address: Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 Tel: +27-18-299-1111 Fax: +27-18-299-2799 Email: cfc.vanderwalt@nwu.ac.za Web site: www.nwu.ac.za Name: Northern Cape Department of Agriculture and Land Affairs Postal address: Private Bag X5018, Kimberley, 8300 Tel: +27-53-838-9100 Fax: +27-53-831-3635 Email: Web site: www.agrinc.gov.za Name: Northmec Postal address: PO Box 851, Isando, 1600 Tel: +27-11-624-1557 Fax: +27-11- 922-2358 Email: info@northmec.co.za Web site: www.northmec.co.za Name: NVS Biocare Postal address: PO Box 11122, Dorpspruit, 3206 Tel: +27-33-394-6380 Fax: +27-33-394-5583 Email: info@natvet.co.za Web site: Name: Omnia Fertilizer Postal address: PO Box 69888, Bryanston, 2021 Tel: +27-11-709-8888 Fax: +27-11-463-3020 Email: fertilizer@omnia.co.za Web site: www.fertilizer.co.za Name: OR Tambo Youth Farmers Association Postal address: 85 Madeira street, Umtata, 5199 Tel: +27-41-585-8941 Fax: +27-40-863-9004 Email: ortyfa@lantic.net Web site: Name: Organic Agricultural Association of South Africa (Organics SA) Postal address: PO Box 98347, Sloane Park, 2152 Tel: +27-11-706-2672 Fax: +27-11-808-1520 Email: info@organicsouthafrica.co.za Web site: www.oaasa.co.za Name: Organic World Postal address: Private Bag X47, Randburg, 2194 Tel: +27-11-795-2468 Fax: Email: organicworld@mweb.co.za Web site: www.organicworld.co.za

Type NGO

Role RU

PRV

PS-M

GOV

EX PP RG TR

EDU

TR

GOV

EX PP RG TR PS-S

PRV

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-S

AS-Y

RU

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101

Name and contacts Name: Owen Sitole College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X20013, Empangeni, 3880 Tel: +27-35-795-1345 Fax: +27-35-795-1379 Email: principl@osca1.kznl.gov.za Web site: Name: P.H. Moeketsi Agricultural High School Postal address: Private Bag X553, Taung, 8584 Tel: +27-53-944-1845 Fax: +27-53-994-1846 Email: jdeko@webmail.co.za Web site: Name: Packaging Council of South Africa Postal address: PO Box 131400, Bryanston, 2021 Tel: +27-11-783-4782 Fax: +27-11-463-6022 Email: packagec@cis.co.za Web site: www.packagingsa.co.za Name: Pannar Seed (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 19, Greytown, 3250 Tel: +27-33-413-9500 Fax: +27-33-413-1097 Email: infoserve@pannar.co.za Web site: www.pannar.com Name: Perdekop Agricultural High School Postal address: PO Box 226 Perdekop, 2465 Tel: +27-17-785-1028 Fax: +27-17-785-1305 Email: ariki@mweb.co.za Web site: Name: Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) Postal address:Tel: +27-21-930-1134 Fax: +27-21-939-6868 Email: ho@ppecb.com Web site: www.ppecb.com Name: Pfizer South Africa Animal Health Postal address: PO Box 783720, Sandton, 2196 Tel: +27-11-320-6000 Fax: +27-11-783-8755 Email: tanya.elston@pfizer.com Web site: www.pfizer.co.za Name: Planahead Beef Postal address: 14 Claybourne street, Pietermaritzburg, 3201 Tel: +27-33-347-7888 Email: Web site: www.planahead.co.za Name: Potato Seed Production (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 295, Lyndenburg, 1120 Tel: +27-13-235-3891 Fax: +27- 3-235-1107 Email: enquiries@potatoseed.co.za Web site: www.potatoseed.co.za Name: Potatoes South Africa Postal address: PO Box 43, Mkondeni, Pietermaritzburg, 3212 Tel: +27-12-349-1906 Fax: +27-12-349-2641 Email: etheron@agric.co.za Web site: www.potatoes.co.za Name: Potchefstroom College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X804, Potchefstroom, 2520 Tel: +27-18-299-6608 Fax: +27-18-293-3925 Email: opljlv@potchl.agric.za Web site: -

Type EDU

Role TR

EDU

TR

OTH

RG

PRV

PS-E RD

EDU

TR

STA

PS-E RG

PRV

PS-S RD

PRV

OT

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IN TM

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102

Name and contacts Name: Profreeze Postal address: PO Box 4290, Bloemfontein, 9300 Tel: +27-51-430-6837 Fax: +27-51-430-6845 Email: profreeze@shisas.com Web site: www.profreeze.co.za Name: Programme for Agricultural Information Services (PRAIS) Postal address: University of the Free State, PO Box 310, Bloemfontein, 9300 Tel: +27-51-401-2739 Fax: +27-51-444-6343 Email: agric.bib@mail.uovs.ac.za Web site: www.uovs.ac.za/prais Name: Protectowear Postal address: PO Box 152, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 Tel: +27-33-345-4001 Fax: +27-33-342-9257 Email: info@protectowear.co.za Web site: www.protectowear.co.za Name: Protein Research Foundation Postal address: PO Box 1564, Rivonia, 2128 Tel: +27-11-803-2579 Fax: +27-11-803-2287 Email: pns@proteinresearch.net Web site: www.proteinresearch.net Name: Radium Engineering Postal address: Private Bag X2008, Hammanskraal, 0400 Tel: +27-12-719-9062 Fax: +27-12- 719-9064 Email: sales@radium.co.za Web site: www.radium.co.za Name: Rainman Landcare Foundation Postal address: PO Box 2349, Hillcrest 3650 Tel: +27-31-783-4412 Fax: +27-31-783-4641 Email: landcare@iafrica.com Web site: www.rainman.co.za Name: Reapers Agricultural Equipment Postal address: PO Box 11055, Dorpspruit, 3206 Tel: +27-33-394-6301 Fax: +27-33-394-6333 Email: Web site: Name: Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO) Postal address: PO Box 249, Moorreesburg, 7310 Tel / Fax: +27-22-423-8179 Email: Web site: www.rpo.co.za Name: Rhino Plastic (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 4241, Korsten, Port Elizabeth, 6014 Tel: +27-41- 451 3197 Fax: +27-41- 451 2223 Email: rhino@rhinoplastics.co.za Web site: www.rhinoplastics.co.za Name: Rhodes University (RU) Postal address: PO Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140 Tel: +27-46-603-8111 Fax: +27-46-622-5049 Email: registrar@ru.ac.za Web site: www.ru.ac.za Name: Rovic & Leers Postal address: PO Box 15232, Sinoville, Pretoria, 0129 Tel: +27-12-562-0701 Fax: +27-12-562-0867 Email: admin@rovicleers.co.za Web site: www.rovic.com

Type PRV

Role PS-S

NGO

IN

PRV

PS-S

OTH

RD

PRV

PS-M

PRV

TR

PRV

PS-S

AS-F

IN

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EDU

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103

Name and contacts Name: Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) Postal address: PO Box 524, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 Tel: +27-33-345-6274 Fax: +27-33-394-3540 Email: Web site: www.royalshow.co.za Name: Rumo International Postal address: PO Box 18372, Dalbridge, 4014 Tel: +27-31-206-1347 Fax: +27-31-206-4807 Email: rumo@mweb.co.za Web site: www.atlastractors.co.za Name: Rural Educational Development Corporation (RUCORE) Postal address: PO Box 48226, Kommetjie, 7976 Tel: +27-21-783-4007 Fax: +27-21-783-4007 Email: vildev@iafrica.com Web site: Name: SA Flower Growers Association (SAFGA) Postal address: PO Box 1927, Krugersdorp, 1740 Tel: +27-11-692-4237 Fax: +27-11-693-7051 Email: info@saflower.co.za Web site: www.saflower.co.za Name: SA Olive Industry Association (SA Olive) Postal address: PO Box 357, Paarl, 7620 Tel: +27-23-342-5793 Fax: +27-23-342-5792 Email: jhanna@mweb.co.za Web site: www.saolive.co.za Name: SA Studbook [contact details of breeder societies] Postal address: PO Box 270, Bloemfontein, 9300 Tel: +27-51-448-9347 Fax: +27-51-447-3964 Email: coenraad@studbook.co.za Web site: www.studbook.co.za Name: SA Wine Industry Information & Systems (SAWIS) [contact details of wine producers] Postal address: PO Box 238, Paarl, 7620 Tel: +27-21-807-5719 Fax: +27-21-807-6004 Email: info@sawis.co.za Web site: www.sawis.co.za Name: SAFEX Agricultural Products (SAFEX APD) Postal address: Private Bag X991174, Sandton, 2146 Tel: +27-11-520-7535 Fax: +27-11-520-7558 Email: agricultural@jse.co.za Web site: www.safex.co.za Name: Safire Insurance Company Postal address: PO Box 11475, Dorpspruit, 3206 Tel: +27-33-394-4456 Fax: +27-33-342-5865 Email: pbekker@safireinsurance.com Web site: www.safireinsurance.com Name: SAPPI Postal address: PO Box 32706, Braamfontein, 2017 Tel: +27-11-07-8111 Fax: +27-11-339-8022 Email: Web site: www.sappi.com Name: Sasol Agri / Fertilizer Postal address: PO Box 5486, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-441-3111 Fax: +27-11-788-5092 Email: sasol.internet@sasol.com Web site: www.sasol.com

Type OT

Role OTH

PRV

PS-E

NGO

RD

AS-F

IN

AS-F

IN

OTH

IN

PRV

IN

PRV

TM

PRV

FS

PRV

PS-E PS-P

PRV

PS-M PS-S

104

Name and contacts Name: Savannah Africa (Ltd) Pty Postal address: 7 Dreyfus street, Steeldale, South Hills, 2197 Tel: +27-11-613-7321 Fax: Email: karl@savannahafrica.co.za Web site: www.savannahglobal.com Name: Settlers Agricultural High School Postal address: Private Bag X422, Settlers, 0430 Tel: +27-14-730-0211 Fax: +27-14-730-0291 Email: mwsahs@mweb.co.za Web site: Name: Shell SA (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 2231, Cape Town, 8000 Tel: +27-21-408-4911 Fax: +27-21-419-2864 Email: Web site: www.shell.com Name: Sinethemba Agricultural High School Postal address: PO Box 1081, Piet Retief, 2380 Tel: +27-17-730-0094 Fax: +27-17-730-0094 Email: Web site: Name: Skills for Africa Postal address: PO Box 23914, Gezina, 0031 Tel: +27-12-379-4920 Fax: +27-12-379-4920 Email: johan@skillsafrica.co.za Web site: www.skillsafrica.co.za Name: Software Farm Postal address: PO Box 74017, Lynnwood Ridge, 0040 Tel: +27-12-365-2683 Fax: +27-12-365-2684 Email: support@softwarefarm.co.za Web site: www.softwarefarm.co.za Name: Settlers Agricultural High School Postal address: Private Bag X422, Settlers, 0430 Tel: +27-14-730-0211 Fax: +27-14-730-0291 Email: gpviljoen@settlers.co.za Web site: www.school.co.za Name: South African Avocado Growers Association (SAAGA) Postal address: PO Box 866, Tzaneen, 0850 Tel: +27-15-307-3676 Fax: +27-15-307-1564 Email: saaga@saaga.co.za Web site: www.avocado.co.za Name: South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Postal address: Private Bag X191, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12- 428-7911 Fax: +27-11-344-1568 Email: manakaa@sabs.co.za Web site: www.sabs.co.za Name: South African Cactus Pear Growers Association Postal address: PO Box 281, Carolina, 1185 Tel: +27-17-843-2859 Fax: Email: fransmar@mweb.co.za Web site: www.cactuspear.co.za Name: South African Canegrowers Association (CANEGROWERS) Postal address: PO Box 888, Mount Edgecombe, 4300 Tel: +27-31-508-7200 Fax: +27-31-508-7201 Email: JFerguson@canegrowers.co.za Web site: www.sacanegrowers.co.za

Type PRV

Role PS-M

EDU

TR

PRV

PS-S

EDU

TR

REG

TR RU

PRV

OT

EDU

TR

AS-F

OT

STA

RG

AS-F

IN

AS-F

IN TR

105

Name and contacts Name: South African Feedlot Association Postal address: PO Box 16021, Lyttelton, 0140 Tel: +27-12-667-1189 Fax: +27-12-667-1246 Email: Web site: www.safeedlot.co.za Name: South African Grain Information Service (SAGIS) Postal address: PO Box 2267, Montanapark, 0159 Tel: +27-21-523-1400 Fax: +27-21-349-9200 Email: info@sagis.co.za Web site: www.sagis.org.za Name: South African Irrigation Institute (SABI) Postal address: PO Box 696, Brackenfell, 7560 Tel: +27-21-917-7177 Fax: +27-21-917-7200 Email: riana@sabi.co.za Web site: www.sabi.co.za Name: South African Mango Growers Association (SAMGA) Postal address: PO Box 2321, Tzaneen, 0850 Tel: +27-15-307-3513 Fax: +27-15-307-1511 Email: samga@mango.co.za Web site: www.mango.co.za Name: South African Meat Industry Company (SAMIC) Postal address: PO Box 36802, Menlo Park, 0102 Tel: +27-12-361-4545 Fax: +27-12-361-9837 Email: ceo@samic.co.za Web site: www.samic.co.za Name: South African National Seed Organisation (SANSOR) Postal address: PO Box 72981, Lynnwood Ridge, 0040 Tel: +27-12-349-1438 Fax: +27-12-349-1462 Email: genman@sansor.co.za Web site: www.sansor.co.za Name: South African Ostrich Business Chamber (SAOBC) Postal address: PO Box 952, Oudtshoorn, 6620 Tel: +27-44-272-3336 Fax: +27-44-272-3337 Email: admin@saobc.co.za Web site: www.ostrichsa.co.za Name: South African Pecan Producers Association (SAPPA) Postal address: PO Box 32140, Totuisdal, 0134 Tel: +27-12-329-9868 Fax: +27-12-329-9869 Email: sappa@mics.co.za Web site: www.sappa.za.org Name: South African Plant Improvement Organisation (SAPO) Postal address: Private Bag X5023, Stellenbosch, 7599 Tel: +27-21-887-6823 Fax: +27-21-883-3487 Email: burgerw@saplant.co.za Web site: www.saplant.co.za Name: South African Protea Producers and Exporters Association (SAPPEX) Postal address: PO Box 6147, Paarl, 7620 Tel: +27-21-870-2900 Fax: +27-21-870-2915 Email: arnelia@intekom.co.za Web site: www.sappex.org.za Name: South African Quality Institute (SAQI) Postal address: PO Box 143, Persequor Park, 0020 Tel: +27-12- 394-3400 Fax: +27-12-394-0812 Email: tervern@saqi.co.za Web site: www.saqi.co.za

Type AS-F

Role IN TR

PRV

IN

OTH

OT

AS-F

OT

PRV

TM

PRV

OT

CCI

OT

AS-F

IN

OT

PS-P RD

AS-F

PS-E PS-P

STA

RG TR

106

Name and contacts Name: South African Revenue Service (SARS) Postal address: Private Bag X923, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-422-4000 Fax: +27-12-328-6478 Email: Web site: www.sars.gov.za Name: South African Sugar Association (SASA) Postal address: PO Box 700, Mount Edgecombe, 4300 Tel: + 27-31-508-7000 Fax: + 27-31-508-7197 Email: trix.trikam@sasa.org.za Web site: www.sasa.org.za Name: South African Table Grape Industry (SATI) Postal address: PO Box 2932, Paarl, 7620 Tel: +27-21-872-1438 Fax: +27-21-872-4375 Email: info@satgi.co.za Web site: www.satgi.co.za Name: Southern African Macadamia Growers Association (SAMAC) Postal address: PO Box 866, Tzaneen, 0850 Tel: +27-15-307-1520 Fax: +27-15-307-6792 Email: info@subtrop.co.za Web site: www.samac.org.za Name: Southtrade (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 1327, Brackenfell, 7561 Tel: +27-21-981-6044 Fax: +27-21-981-6095 Email: southtrade@iafrica.com Web site: Name: Span Africa Steel Structures Postal address: Eden Park Drive, Murrayfield Park, Mkondeni, 3201 Tel: +27-33-846-2244 Fax: +27-33- 846-2255 Email: sales@spanafrica.co.za Web site: www.spanafrica.co.za Name: Standard Bank of South Africa Postal address: PO Box 7725, Johannesburg, 2000 Tel: +27-11-299-4701 Fax: Email: information@standardbank.co.za Web site: www.standardbandk.co.za Name: Suikerland Agricultural High School Postal address: PO Box 127, Malelane, 1320 Tel: +27-13-790-1191 Fax: +27-13-790-0910 Email: looky@soft.co.za Web site: Name: TAL-TEC Postal address: PO Box 995, Brits, 0250 Tel: +27-12-25-2188 Fax: +27-12-250-2286 Email: taltec@icon.co.za Web site: www.taltec.co.za Name: Taurus Postal address: Private Bag X5, Irene, 0062 Tel: +27-12-667-1122 Fax: +27-12-667-1827 Email: ai@taurus.co.za Web site: www.taurus.co.za Name: Technoserve South Africa (TNS SA) Postal address: 29 Keyes Avenue, Rosebank, 2198 Tel: +27-11-447-9366 Fax: +27-11-447-1378 Email: kcudjoe@technoserve.org.za Web site: www.technoserve.org

Type STA

Role FS

OTH

RD TM TR

OTH

OT

AS-F

IN

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-M

BNK

FS

EDU

TR

PRV

PS-M

AS-F

PS-S

NGO

RU

107

Name and contacts Name: Tetra Pak SA (Pty) Ltd Postal address: Private Bag X2007, Isando, 1601 Tel: +27-11-570-3000 Fax: +27-11-570-3149 Email: contactus@tetrapak.co.za Web site: www.tetrapak.co.za Name: The International Group of Companies Postal address: 35 Piet Rautenbach street, Industrial Area, Brits, 0250 Tel: +27-12-250-0120 Fax: +27-12-250-0109 Email: bashnir@ibb.co.za Web site: www.internationalgroup.co.za Name: The Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Unions (SACAU) Postal address: PO Box 10480, Centurion, 0046 Tel: +27-12-663-1480 Fax: +27-12- 663-1631 Email: info@sacau.org.za Web site: www.sacau.org Name: TLU-SA / TAU-SA Postal address: PO Box 91251, Silverton, 0127 Tel: +27-12-804-8031 Fax: +27-12-804-20214 Email: president@tlu.co.za Web site: www.tlu.co.za Name: Tobacco Institute of South Africa (TISA) Postal address: PO Box 7648, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012 Tel: +27-21-421-0011 Fax: +27-21-421-0013 Email: tisa@tobaccosa.co.za Web site: www.tobaccosa.co.za Name: Tompi Seleka Agricultural College Postal address: Private Bag X9619, Marble Hall, 0450 Tel: +27-13-268-9300 Fax: +27-13-268-9305 Email: Web site: Name: Tongaat-Hulett Sugar Limited Postal address: Private Bag 3, Glenashley, 4022 Tel: +27-32-439-4300 Fax: +27-32-439-4392 Email: Guy.Armstrong@huletts.co.za Web site: www.huletts.co.za Name: Total South Africa Postal address: PO Box 579, Saxonwold, 2132 Tel: +27-11-778-2449 Fax: +27-11- 778-2197 Email: Web site: www.total.co.za Name: Toyota South Africa Postal address: Stand 1, Wesco Park, Sandton, 2012 Tel: +27-11-809-9111 Fax: Email: TSBhelpdesk@tsb.toyota.co.za Web site: www.toyota.co.za Name: Trentyre Postal address: 23 Industrie Rd, Isando, Kempton Park, 1600 Tel: +27-860-94-33-57 Fax: +27-11- 974-7794 Email: Web site: www.trentyre.co.za Name: Trio Sagteware Postal address: PO Box 452, Hartbeespoort, Brits, 0216 Tel: +27-12-376-0666 Fax: +27-12-376-0666 Email: info@saboer.co.za Web site: www.saboer.co.za

Type PRV

Role PS-M

PRV

PS-M

AS-F

OT

AS-F

IN

OTH

OT

EDU

TR

PRV

PS-P

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-M PS-S

PRV

PS-S

PRV

OT

108

Name and contacts Name: Tshawane University of Technology (TUT) Postal address: Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 Tel: +27-12-382-5911 Fax: +27-12-382-5114 Email: general@tut.ac.za Web site: www.tut.ac.za Name: Tshipakoni Agricultural High School Postal address: Private Bag X1207, Vuwani, Venda, 0952 Tel: +27-15-961-4041 Fax: Email: Web site: Name: Tsolo College of Agriculture Postal address: Private Bag X1008, Tsolo, 5170 Tel: +27-47-542-0107 Fax: +27-47-542-0107 Email: Web site: Name: Turfmaster (Pty) Ltd Postal address: PO Box 111, Nigel, 1490 Tel: +27-11- 814-1656 Fax: +27-11-814-2345 Email: Web site: www.turfmaster.co.za Name: Tyco Trucks Postal address: PO Box 9188, Estadeal, Port Elizabeth, 6012 Tel: +27-41-486-3045 Fax: +27-41-486-3048 Email: nebbe@tyco.co.za Web site: www.tyco.co.za Name: Umnga Farmers Group Postal address: PO Box 175, Ugie, 5470 Tel: +27-45-933-1318 Fax: +27-45-933-1318 Email: umngaf@eci.co.za Web site: Name: Umsobomvu Youth Fund Postal address: PO Box 982, Halfway House, 1685 Tel: +27-11-651-7000 Fax: +27-11-805-9709 Email: info@uyf.org.za Web site: www.uyf.org.za Name: Umzimcelo Agricultural School Postal address: PO Box 1884, Ermelo, 2350 Tel: +27-17-819-5820 Fax: Email: Web site: Name: Undercover Farming Postal address: PO Box 759, Montana Park, 0159 Tel: +27-12-321-0485 Fax: +27-12-324-5034 Email: nufarmer@iafrica.com Web site: www.undercoverfarming.co.za Name: Unicom High School Postal address: PO Box 36, Tweespruit, 9770 Tel: +27-51-963-0013 Fax: +27-51-963-0128 Email: hermanbooysen@mweb.co.za Web site: Name: University of Cape Town (UCT) Postal address: Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701 Tel: +21-650-3086 Fax: +27-21-650-5662 Email: research@uct.ac.za Web site: - www.uct.ac.za

Type EDU

Role TR

EDU

TR

EDU

TR

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-S

AS-F

RU

AS-Y

FS

EDU

TR

PRV

IN

EDU

TR

EDU

RD TR

109

Name and contacts Name: University of Fort Hare (UFH) Postal address: Private Bag X314, Alice, 5700 Tel: +27-40-602-2011 Fax: +27-40-653-1554 Email: dmc@ufh.ac.za Web site: www.ufh.ac.za Name: University of Johannesburg (UJ) Postal address: PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Tel: +27-11-559-2637 Fax: +27-11-559-2191 Email: mhdp@rau.ac.za Web site: www.uj.ac.za Name: University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) Postal address: Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 Tel: +27-33-260-7958 Fax: +27-31-262-1873 Email: enquiries@ukzn.ac.za Web site: www.ukzn.ac.za Name: University of Limpopo (UL) Postal address: Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727 Tel: +27-15-268-9111 Fax: +27-15-267-0152 Email: moagi@ul.ac.za Web site: www.ul.ac.za Name: University of Pretoria (UP) Postal address: Lynnwood road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083 Tel: +27-12-420-3111 Fax: +27-12-420-4555 Email: csc@up.ac.za Web site: www.up.ac.za Name: University of South Africa (UNISA) Postal address: PO Box 392, UNISA, 0003 Tel: +27-12-670-9000 Fax: Email: info@unisa.ac.za Web site: www.unisa.ac.za Name: University of Stellenbosch (SUN) Postal address: Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Tel: +27-21-808-9111 Fax: +27-21-808-3800 Email: media@sun.ac.za Web site: www.sun..ac.za Name: University of the Free State (UFS) Postal address: PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300 Tel: +27-51-401-9111 Fax: Email: info@mail.uovs.ac.za Web site: www.uovs.ac.za Name: University of the Western Cape (UWC) Postal address: Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535 Tel: +27-21-959-2911 Fax: Email: rlim-banda@uwc.ac.za Web site: www.uwc.ac.za Name: University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) Postal address: Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050 Tel: +27-11-717-1000 Fax: +27-11-717-1065 Email: nongxal@vco.wits.ac.za Web site: www.wits.ac.za Name: University of Venda (UNIVEN) Postal address: Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950 Tel: +27-15-962-8000 Fax: +27-15-962-4749 Email: info@univen.ac.za Web site: www.univen.ac.za

Type EDU

Role RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

TR RD

110

Name and contacts Name: University of Zululand (UNIZUL) Postal address: Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886 Tel: +27-35-902-6030 Fax: Email: mkhuboni@pan.uzulu.ac.za Web site: www.uzulu.ac.za Name: Vaal University of Technology (VUT) Postal address: Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900 Tel: +27-16-950-9000 Fax: +27-16-950-9766 Email: webadmin@vut.ac.za Web site: www.vut.ac.za Name: VB Agri Postal address: PO Box 2241, Dennesig, 7601 Tel: +27-21-883-9595 Fax: +27-21-886-6395 Email: ilse@vbagri.co.za Web site: www.vbagri.co.za Name: Vesconite Postal address: PO Box 40647, Cleveland, 2022 Tel: +27-11-616-1111 Fax: +27-11-616-2222 Email: vesconite@vesconite.com Web site: www.vesconite.com Name: Vryheid Landbou Skool Postal address: PO Box 1037, Vryheid, 3100 Tel: +27-34-982-2261 Fax: +27-34-980-8708 Email: engela@lantic.net Web site: Name: Walter Sisulu University (WSU) Postal address: Private Bag X1, UNITRA, 5117 Tel: +27-47- 502 2111 Fax: +27-47- 502 2211 Email: info@wsu.ac.za Web site: www.wsu.ac.za Name: Weiveld Landbouskool en Hotelskool Postal address: PO Box 1791, Parys, 9585 Tel: +27-56-817-6688 Fax: +27-56-817-6689 Email: Web site: Name: Weston Agricultural College Postal address: Private Bag 527, Mooi River, 3300 Tel: +27-33-263-1328 Fax: +27-33-263-2049 Email: principal@weston.co.za Web site: www.wac.co.za Name: Wildlife Ranching SA (WRSA) Postal address: PO Box 23073, Gezina, 0031 Tel: +27-12- 335-6994 Fax: +27-12-335-1059 Email: admin@wrsa.co.za Web site: www.wrsa.co.za Name: Wines of South Africa (WOSA) Postal address: PO Box 987, Stellenbosch 7599 Tel: +27-21-883-3860 Fax: +27-21-883-3861 Email: info@wosa.co.za Web site: www.wosa.co.za Name: World Conservation Union (IUCN) Postal address: PO Box 11536, Hatfield, 0028 Tel: +27-12-342-8304 Fax: +27-12-342-8289 Email: jenny.tholin@iucn.org Web site: www.iucnsa.org.za

Type EDU

Role RD TR

EDU

TR

PRV

PS-S

PRV

PS-M

EDU

TR

EDU

RD TR

EDU

TR

EDU

TR

AS-F

OT

PRV

PS-E

NGO

RD

111

Name and contacts Name: Yokohama Southern Africa Postal address: PO Box 8101, Eden Glen, 1613 Tel: +27-11-437-4600 Fax: +27-11-437-4616 Email: info@yokohama.co.za Web site: www.yokohama.co.za

Type PRV

Role PS-M

The following abbreviations are used in the above table: Type AS-F AS-W AS-Y BNK CCI CHU EDU GOV NGO PRV REG STA STE OTH EX IN FS PP PS-E PS-M PS-P PS-S RD RG TR TM RU OT Farmers association (includes co-operatives) Womens association Youth association Bank or credit institution Chamber of commerce and industry Church-based group Educational institution Government department / ministry Non-government organisation Private enterprise, company Regional organisation, project or network Statutory body State enterprise Other Extension and outreach Information services Financial services Policy and planning Private sector Exporter (fresh, frozen and dried produce) Private sector Manufacturer (e.g. tannery, bottler, refiner, roaster) Private sector Producer (e.g. commercial farm, fishing company) Private sector Supplier (e.g. ag. chemicals, equipment, seeds) Research and development Regulation (compliance, standards) Training (at secondary, tertiary and vocational level) Trade and marketing (include market development) Rural Development Other

Role

112

3.2

Select list of key institutions

AMT Name of institution: AGINFO trading as AMT Pty (Ltd) Address: P. O. Box 35368, Menlo Park, 0102, South Africa / 318 The Hillside, Lynnwood, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27-12-3612748 Fax: +27-12-3480392 Email: admin@amtendts.co.za / HvS@sci.uovs.ac.za Web site: http://www.agrimark.co.za Type of institution: PRV Role: IN, TM Objective / mission statement: AMTs mission: AMT focuses on research and on the interpretation and dissemination of domestic and international market information to enable producers, agribusinesses, consumers and policy makers to make daily, monthly and long-run marketing decisions. Field of specialisation: AMTs core competencies are: The provision of market information to the agricultural sector in SA. Undertaking research and providing expert advise pertaining to the challenges and opportunities around the general lack of timely and accurate information pertaining to agricultural markets, lack of specialists in the field of marketing, international trade, policy analysis and development, etc. Number of staff: AMTs staff complement is: Total: 8 Professional: 6 Technical: 1 Clerical: 1 There are currently four post-graduate students contracted to undertake research. Key skills of staff include: Agricultural economics (at a senior academic level) Agricultural marketing Research Technical analysis Public relations and communication Branches, other sites: The CEO and Director is based at the University of the Free State (UFS) in Bloemfontein as are contracted post-graduate student researchers. All other staff are based at the head office in Pretoria. There are three divisions linked to areas of speciality of staff, namely:
113

AMT Livestock and vegetables Grains and oil crops Horticulture and fibre (mohair, wool) Annual budget: The total budget for AMT is unknown. The annual budget for IT, which includes the maintenance of computers and Web site hosting, is approximately R12 000 [1 245]. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: AMTs main source of funding is from subscriptions to their market information service with additional funding from contract research. Programme / projects undertaken: Information services provided by and some of the many national and few international research projects undertaken by AMT are: Provide weekly electronic market reports to subscribers, which include commodity prices, tables and graphs of recent and current data, and analysis of market trends. Provide monthly and quarterly electronic reports to subscribers with more comprehensive data and analysis of commodity profiles and predictions, including a monthly Infokit with industry news and an overview of all commodity markets. Provide market trend information for weekly publication in the popular agricultural magazine Landbou Weekblad. Provide commodity price information for weekly broadcast on AgriTV. Provide commodity price information for weekly broadcast on RSG. Provide livestock and vegetable price and market information for monthly broadcast on Radio Pretoria. Answer telephonic requests for information. Organise an annual Agri-Outlook conference for stakeholders to present and discuss industry assessments, market forecasts and issues affecting the agricultural and natural resource industries. Research on marketing tea for Ugandas smallholder sector. Assessment of the possible impact of the EU-SA Free Trade Agreement. Research towards developing an agricultural strategy for the Northern Cape Province. Research towards developing a rural statistical data set for investment planning. Assessment of features of economic growth and development of rural areas. Research on the impact of liberalisation on the red meat industry in South Africa. Compilation of training material for small-scale farmers in South Africa. Assessment of the competitiveness of the primary oilseeds industry in South Africa. Target audience: Subscribers to the information system managed by AMT include the following: NDA and several PDAs Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) Commercial banks (e.g. ABSA, FNB, Nedbank, Corporate Bank, Investec Securities) Auditing firms (e.g. PriceWaterCoopers) Grain traders (e.g. Farmwise, WJ Morgan) Industry organizations (e.g. Cape Wools, SAMIC, SAGIS) Producer organizations (RPO, Dry Beans Organisation, etc) Co-operatives (GWK, Senwesko) Various agribusinesses (Pfizer, Bokomo, SA Breweries, EPOL, Bayer, etc) Media (Landbou Weekblad, Farmers Weekly, AgriTV) International organizations/companies (Meatco, Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council, Australia Marketing International, World Bank, FAO, DFID, USDA, Woolworths, KFC)
114

AMT Extent of interaction with CTA: None of the staff of the Communications Division interviewed were aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: In addition to interacting with a diverse range of clients in the agricultural sector through sourcing (see below) and providing market information and the annual Agri-Outlook conference (an important forum for information exchange), AMT collaborates extensively with: NDA (information exchange, including consultation on a national agricultural marketing system) UFS (information exchange, joint research) Private consultants (contracted for economic analyses) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by AMT were mentioned. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: The personal knowledge and information resources of AMT staff are important sources of information, especially for market analysis. Sources National & International: Organisations: Universities, NDA, SA Abattoir, Cape Wools, Mohair SA, RPO, etc. Publications: None mentioned. Electronic media: Internet (subscriptions to various online national and international electronic market information services, e.g. Oilworld, SAFFEX). Other sources: Personal contacts in agro-industries, agribusiness consultants. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: All staff have PCs (Windows XP), which have been recently upgraded, connected to a LAN. IT resources and the Web site are maintained by a contracted private company. Main information needs not satisfied: AMT staff are able to acquire, through their current sources (above), the requisite market, commodity profile and macro-economic information they need to supply to their clients. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No particular financial restrictions on current activities were noted but acquiring additional subscribers is a challenge and farmers are not very willing to pay for market information and do not know what kinds of economic information they require to help them cope with uncertainties in the new open agricultural marketing environment (i.e. since the abolition of commodity boards in the 1990s). Human resources: No human resource limitations to achieving ICM goals were mentioned.
115

AMT ICT resources: No IT resource limitations were mentioned and current computer resources appear adequate to support current ICM activities. Training needs: No training needs were identified. Future plans: AMT is holding discussions with the NDA to determine how they might collaborate in developing NDAs recently-launched national marketing information system, e.g. possibly by providing market information and advice. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: AMT staff could obtain useful policy-related information through CTAs portal Agritrade. AMTs electronic marketing information services cannot reach the many farmers (especially emerging farmers) who do not have access to the Internet. AMT could, therefore, benefit from the knowledge and experience obtained elsewhere (notably, east Africa) in developing effective market information systems for farmers in remote rural areas. Country study visits and appropriate seminars supported by CTA could be useful in this regard. Why institution selected as a key: There is a vital need for agricultural market information in SA and AMT is the only organisation in SA that provides objective, timely, comprehensive and accurate agricultural market information to stakeholders in many sub-sectors of the agricultural economy. AMT also undertakes research and provides expert advice on domestic and international markets and related agricultural trade and economic issues. Other observations: AMT appears to be an efficient and effective organisation that is providing a crucial market information service to its subscribers. Because it is a private organisation that relies on income from subscriptions to its services, alternative funding models (perhaps funded by Government) and means of communication are needed to broaden its services to farmers currently on the other side of the digital divide.

ARC Name of institution: Agricultural Research Council (ARC) - Information Communication Technology (ICT) Division Address: P.O. Box 8783, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa / 1134 Park street, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27-800 427 0000 / +27-12-4279700 Fax: +27-12-3423948 Email: ServiceDesk@arc.agric.za Web site: http://www.arc.agric.za Type of institution: STA Role: IN, RD, TR Objective / mission statement: The ARC was established in terms of the Agricultural Research Council Act (Act No. 86 of 1990) and bears the statutory mandate: i. To conduct research,
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ARC ii. To develop technology, and iii. To transfer technology that promotes agriculture and industry. The mission of the ARC is [to be] a: Premier science institution that conducts fundamental and applied research with partners to generate new knowledge, develop human capital and foster innovation in agriculture, through technology development and dissemination, and competitive commercialization of research results, in support of developing a prosperous agricultural sector. The Strategic goals of the ARC are: Generate, develop and apply new knowledge, science and technology. Sustainable use of natural resources. Enhance food nutrition, food security and safety. Enhance the ability of the agricultural sector to manage and mitigate agricultural risk. Commercialisation of ARC research results. Achieve corporate support services excellence. Field of specialisation: The ARC services all agricultural sub-sectors through its core business divisions: (1) Horticulture, (2) Grain and Industrial Crops, (3) Livestock, (4) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, and (5) Public Support Services (information support for natural resource management, pest control and plant protection). Number of staff: The ARC employs a total of approximately 2 700 people in its 11 research institutes located at various sites in the country (see below) and at its head office in Pretoria. These employees comprise the Executive and management teams, researchers, technical staff, support staff and research farm workers. The approximate staff profile is: Total: 2698 Professional: 543 (managers and researchers) Technical: 1606 (research support, artisans, farm personnel, labourers) Clerical: 449 (support) Development: 100 (Professional & Capacity Development Programmes) The ICT Division comprises two sections, namely: (1) ICT technology development, and (2) Knowledge Management (KM), which includes the library at Head Office and libraries of the various institutes. The staff profile of the ICT division is: Total: 26 Professional: 8 (including 1 librarian with a post-graduate library qualification). Technical: 16 Clerical: 2 Branches, other sites: The ARC has 11 commodity-oriented institutes at the following locations: Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom Small Grain Institute, Bethlehem Institute for Industrial Crops, Rustenburg Institute for Tropical & Subtropical Crops, Nelspruit Vegetable & Ornamental Plant Institute, Roodeplaat
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ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij [grapes, deciduous and other fruits] , Stellenbosch Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria Animal Production Institute, Irene Institute for Soil, Climate & Water, Pretoria Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Pretoria Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria The ARC owns 50 experimental farms and a number of regional offices spread over the country in all provinces (See address list at: http://www.arc.agric.za/home.asp?pid=724). The ICT Division is based at the ARC Head Office in Pretoria. Annual budget: The budget for 2007/08 has not yet been finalised. The Parliamentary Grant (PG) (see below) for 2006/07 was R432.552 million [44.892 million] with a budget for capital expenditure funded from accumulated reserves of R60 million [6.227 million]. The budget for the ICT Division (including financial services) in 2006/07 was R55.666 million [5.777 million], with an additional R12 million [1.245 million] for corporate programmes such as ICT upgrading and systems development. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: The ARC derives its income to fund its operational budget from an annual National Government Parliamentary Grant (PG) and external income from a wide range of sources such as: grants allocated by commodity groups for research, contracts, research services, and sundries such as the sale of farm produce, etc. The PG represents about 60% of the income, external income about 37%, and sundry income comprises the remainder. Programme / projects undertaken: Some of the main ICM programmes the ICT Division and the Public Relations Office are responsible for or involved in are: The rebuilding, during the last three years, of an effective IT infrastructure to serve as the backbone for an integrated information system that will serve as one-stop Knowledge Hub for internal and external access to all the ARCs information resources and products. Upgrading and maintenance of the ARC LAN. Improvement and regular maintenance of the ARCs Web site. Production of the Annual Research & Technology Report. Production of the bimonthly newsletter SPARC. Strategic planning for enhanced KM procedures to underpin the new key strategic thrusts and objectives as outlined in the new ARC Strategic Plan. Individual institutes are responsible for their own ICM activities with respect to information exchange with their clients / target audiences of particular projects. Because of the diverse (and dynamic) nature of the client profile, ranging from subsistence farmers in remote areas to international partners (see below), the nature and means of information exchange by different researchers and institutes with their clients is accordingly highly variable and currently not centrally facilitated or coordinated. A variety of vocational training courses are offered by the ARCs institutes to the public, ARC personnel, to clients of specific projects (e.g. NDA interns) or by request from farmer or community groups. These courses are delivered at institutes and research stations or in the locale of the communities. Content ranges from experimental design and statistical analyses,
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ARC technical aspects of livestock and crop production (including farm planning, environmental management and post-harvest technology) and business planning (especially for rural community groups). Target audience: ARC institutes and researchers serve a broad spectrum of stakeholders in the agriculture and environmental sectors, including clients such as: NDA PDAs Government departments (e.g. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) Producer organisations (e.g. Dry Bean Producers Organisation) Subsistence farmers and rural dwellers (communities) Emerging farmers including beneficiaries of the Land Reform Programme Commercial farmers Agribusinesses and agro-industries Universities in all provinces Extent of interaction with CTA: The Librarian at Head Office knew about Spore and CTAs publication distribution service but does not subscribe to either. Other staff interviewed were not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Researchers at the various institutes conduct joint research with many different local, provincial, national, regional and international partners, ranging from rural communities (participative research), farmers, farmer groups, commodity organisations, universities and other tertiary institutes in all provinces, PDAs, the NDA, governmental organisations, regional (sub-continental) research partnerships and many kinds of international organisations. Similarly, ARC research and public support staff provide and exchange information with myriad organisations in South Africa and abroad. Some specific partners of the Head Office Library are: The library service of the NDA The University of Pretoria Academic Information Services SANRIC (South African National Research Information Consortium) ILISA (Integrated Library & Information Services for Agriculture) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by the ARC were mentioned. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: The central library of the ARC, located at the Head Office, has a small collection of books, journals, magazines and electronic databases (CABI), and the librarian undertakes searches for research and corporate staff. Institutes have separate small collections of technical books and other materials. The knowledge, expertise and personal information resources of staff and colleagues within each institute, and occasionally across institutes, is a source of knowledge for various research projects. The ARCs Research Information System (RIS) is a database of project descriptions
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ARC updated regularly by researchers with lists of research outputs (project progress reports, publications, presentations, collaborations, meetings, etc). It is indexed by keywords linked to the strategic objectives of the ARC and by scientific discipline and commodity. ARC staff can access the RIS via the Intranet The ARCs Web site and the Intranet provide information and reports useful to its staff. Sources National & International: ARC staff rely on a wide range of international, regional, national and local sources and contacts (see partners, above) in various agricultural sectors. The profile of information sources used by researchers at the various institutes would vary depending on the nature of their information needs and the extent of access to various sources. Those personnel collaborating with universities or PDA research staff usually have access to the comprehensive print and electronic resources of such organisations, all ARC researchers have access to the Internet and many have an extensive network of colleagues who are potential information sources. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: The ICT Division provides IT support for corporate activities at the Head Office and to institutes as a paid service. Each institute has an IT technician seconded from the ICT Division who is responsible for the maintenance of computer facilities. There are two ICT regional managers responsible for institute-based ICT staff in the northern and southern regions of the country. Each institute has a LAN that is linked to the ARC via a WAN. The ARC has a lease agreement with Hewlett Packard for the rental of PCs, which are updated every 2-3 years, thus ensuring that staff have up-to-date computer facilities. Main information needs not satisfied: Because of the varied nature of the research being undertaken by research staff in the different ARC institutes is not possible to compile a concise profile of the information needs of the organisation as a whole, and to accurately specify which critical information needs are currently unmet. ICT Division staff interviewed at the Head Office did not know these exact information needs. However, the recently-published Strategic Plan (2007/08-2011/12) outlines projects that need to be undertaken to generate new knowledge to achieve specific objectives in specified key result areas. The following are some of the many strategic knowledge / information needs identified in the Strategic Plan, indicating the diverse nature of the ARCs unmet information needs : Risk models for variable environments Genotypes that match variable production environments Management of water and irrigation in variable environments Determination of the molecular basis of pest plant resistance to herbicides and livestock tolerance to disease and environment Biotechnology for preservation and improvement of genetic resources Biocontrol of invasive plants Technology for enhancing soil health New technology for agricultural mechanization Qualitative and quantitative aspects of crop production (e.g. stress physiology) Development of new crops and new uses for crops Integrated crop protection Plant-environmental interactions Technology for protection against pathogens and insects Decision-support systems for advisory services Technology for biofuel/biogas production and other alternative, renewable energy sources New technologies and management practices to enhance the quality, productivity and sustainability of natural resources Rehabilitation technology Understanding of climate change and its impact on agricultural production
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ARC Development of new and improved cultivars and use of appropriate animal breeds Models for intercropping and crop-livestock systems Development of improved pre- and post-harvest technologies for fresh stored and processed products. Methods for rangeland condition assessment and monitoring Strategies and models for prediction and management of pest, diseases and invasive plants Disaster and risk management Development of spatial data for monitoring natural resources and impact assessment Methods for enhanced management of ARC information and knowledge Business and marketing strategies for the commercialisation of ARC research results Business opportunities for BEE exploit ARC research results Methods for disseminating ARC information and knowledge effectively and efficiently Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No particular financial constraints to ICM or the purchase and maintenance of ICTs were mentioned. Human resources: The staff capacity (number and qualifications) within the ICT Division appears sufficient to adequately support the current ICT-related projects and services provided to the ARC research and support staff. There plans to employ additional staff to service the envisaged Knowledge Hub (see below). The library at the Head Office is understaffed (1 librarian with no assistant) and does not have sufficient funding to purchase licences for the requisite electronic databases (e.g. Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, SA ePublications). ICT resources: No substantial problems were identified. Training needs: A training audit of the ICT Division has been undertaken but is awaiting Executive approval and was therefore unavailable at the time of the survey. Future plans: The first phase towards the development of an integrated ARC Knowledge Hub has been completed through the rebuilding of the IT infrastructure. The subsequent phase will be the development of a single data warehouse (with management, research and expertise information) that can be manipulated through various applications to analyse, synthesise and provide information in a variety of formats (e.g. spatial data displayed in a GIS). The final goal is to have a single information system that will meet the internal information needs of management, research and support staff in the ARC as well as provide outside access (via the Web) to the ARCs information resources generated through research. A business plan for this system has been developed and risks identified, and the ICT Manager is of the opinion that the ARC has sufficient technical expertise to undertake and complete this project. Closely aligned to the planned Knowledge Hub is the intention to eventually have a single point of call (service desk) for all outside inquiries and queries. To achieve their KM goals, the ICT Division plans to employ and place in each institute a Knowledge Steward to oversee and coordinate information and knowledge activities at the institute and to ensure the regular supply of information to the Knowledge Hub. A content manager for the Knowledge Hub will also eventually be required. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: An internal review of the ARC noted the need to increase the ARCs linkages to outside information and knowledge sources to support their research activities. Provision of access
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ARC to a broad range of information provided by CTAs products (such as Spore, Anancy, the Publications Distribution Service and DORA), especially if acquired and coordinated through the Head Office Library but made available at the library of each ARC institute, would help widen access to outside information for ARC personnel. The ICT tools to assist ICM at the ARC appear adequate and there seems to be sufficient inhouse technical expertise to achieve their plans to build a central Web-based Knowledge Hub. However, the Manager of the ICT Division noted that many of the ARCs clients, notably the resource-poor subsistence and emerging farmers and a sizeable portion of commercial farmers, do not have access to the Internet and hence would not be able to access information through the Knowledge Hub. The ARC could, however, learn from efforts undertaken elsewhere in Africa (especially eastern Africa) to bridge the digital divide. Country study visits and appropriate seminars supported by CTA could be a means for ARC staff to obtain knowledge on alternative communication technologies for information exchange with farmers. Why institution selected as a key: The ARC, through its 11 research institutes, is the primary statutory body responsible for agricultural research in SA. The ARC seeks to promote agricultural and related sectors through the generation of information and technology through research for transfer to commercial, subsistence and emerging farmers.

CASIDRA Name of institution: Casidra (Pty) Ltd (Cape Agency for Sustainable Integrated Development in Rural Areas) Address: P.O. Box 660, Southern Paarl, 7646, South Africa / 22 Louws Avenue, Paarl, South Africa Tel: +27-21-8635000 Fax: +27-21-8631055 Email: info@casidra.co.za Web site: http://www.casidra.co.za Type of institution: PRV Role: PS-P, RD, TR Casidra is registered as a private company but is wholly owned by the Provincial Government of the Western Cape. Objective / mission statement: Casidra is an implementing agency of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape (PGWC), with the provincial government as a sole shareholder. Casidras mission and primary goal is: To provide services to raise the quality of life of rural communities. Supplementary goals are: Poverty alleviation through broad-based economic growth and rural development Development of human resources and capacity building Field of specialisation: Casidras core business is integrated rural development planning and implementation with a specific focus on the following:
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CASIDRA Agriculture and Land Reform. Rural Infrastructure. Local Economic Development (LED). Human Resource Development and Capacity Building. Number of staff: Casidra has a permanent staff complement of: Total: 101 Managers: 7 Professional and technical: 19 Clerical: 8 Labourers: 67 Additional project (non-permanent) staff are: Total: 199 Managers: 17 Professional and technical: 19 Clerical: 13 Labourers: 150 Casidra is structured into the following departments: Operations (delivery and implementation, e.g. farm management, rural tourism development), Economic Development, Administration, and Finance. Key skills of staff include: Management (financial, legal) Project management training Life skills training Rural tourism Civil engineering Agricultural economics Farm management Agronomy Animal production Skills to manage certain projects are purchased when required. Branches, other sites: Casidra has a regional office in George (WC) and manages the following farms in the Western Cape: Anhalt Amalienstein Waaikraal Henkries Jackalskraal Nelspoort The first four of the above-listed farms are Government-owned and the last two are community farms. Annual budget: The current operation budget (including projects and funds managed) is R95.31 million
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CASIDRA [9.892 million]. The budget for IT is R150 000 [15 567]. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Casidra currently receives approximately 80-90% of its funding from the Provincial Government of the Western Cape. Some additional funding partners for projects are: NDA National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Department of Land Affairs Horizon 2007 (Belgium) Stichting Huis de Nederlanden (The Netherlands) City of Cape Town Funding & Interest Programme / projects undertaken: Projects in Casidras four development and implementation programmes are: 1) Agriculture and land reform assist Government departments, municipalities, rural communities and other stakeholders with the implementation of the Land Reform Programme, CASP and Agricultural Rural Development Projects, in the following subprogrammes: Management of Government and community farms Empowerment of community farms Community-based food security initiatives Agro-industries. 2) Rural infrastructure restore, enhance and develop the social fabric in rural communities by implementing various infrastructure projects in the following sub-programmes: Rural housing Community Recreation Amenities. 3) Local economic development stimulate and develop rural economies by assisting government departments, municipalities, rural communities and other stakeholders with the implementation of sustainable community-based businesses, in the following subprogrammes: Community based socio-economic initiatives iKapa ABSA Entrepreneurial programme Red Door programme (single entry point for businesses in the major towns to access services, including provision of information and Internet access). Rural Community Tourism. 4) Capacity building empower community members by providing knowledge and skills for successful participation in economic and development opportunities, in the following subprogrammes: Skills training and human development Social welfare projects Mentoring programmes. Specific information deliver, communication and training projects are: Production of the quarterly (glossy) newsletter CeeDee News-Nuus, which provides news on Casidras activities. Planning and establishment of two Multi-Purpose Community Centres (MPCCs) for ICT services and Internet access in Saldanha and Plettenberg Bay that will be run by a womens group and the local government, respectively. Like skills training courses are offered to beneficiaries.
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CASIDRA Target audience: The projects that Casidra implements are aimed at economically disadvantaged individuals and communities in the Western Cape, most of which live in rural areas and most of which are in the Coloured designated race group. Extent of interaction with CTA: None of the staff of the Communications Division interviewed were aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Because Casidra is the implementing agency for the PGWC, it collaborates closely in project and financial planning and implementation with various spheres of the PGWC including: the Department of Agriculture, Department of Housing, Department of Tourism, Department of Transport and Public Works, Department of Social Services, Department of Economic Development, and municipalities. Casidra staff interact and work closely with rural communities to determine their development needs and also provide information and advice through face-to-face contact with rural inhabitants. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by Casidra were noted. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Casidra staff have access to a small library collection of technical files, booklets, planning documents, farm plans (resource descriptions) and news articles. The library is managed by clerical staff. Casidra has developed an in-house electronic library of present and past project document for staff to access. The input format and indexing of documents in this database are controlled and checked by designated clerical staff. The personal knowledge of colleagues is an important source of information for Casidra staff. Cellphones (mobile phones) and cellphone cameras are frequently used by field staff to address specific queries to experienced staff at head office. Project management staff in the field have access to the Internet via a cellphone-laptop connection for email communication and other information seeking activities. Sources National & International: Important external information sources for Casidra staff are: Organisations: University of Stellenbosch, NDA, WCDA (Elsenburg), ARC, meetings with beneficiaries and input suppliers. Publications: Publications in various local and international scientific journals, popular agricultural magazines (especially Landbou Weekblad), newspapers and personal collections. Electronic media: Internet (research papers, products), text and pictorial electronic information on CDs (e.g. Infotoons). Other sources: Agricultural shows, colleagues, professional organisations (e.g. South African Agricultural Engineering Society) and personal contacts.
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CASIDRA ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Staff at Casidra head office, the regional branch and on farms have adequate, up-to-date PC and laptop computer facilities (operating on Windows XP). Staff at the head office have access to the Internet via a LAN whereas field staff have mobile Internet access (see above). Two Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are available for farm planning and other field work. The IT infrastructure is maintained by a qualified staff member (with Microsoft MCSE certification) who also maintains Casidras Web site. Content for the Web site is supplied by the public relations officer and other staff. A policy to control email use / abuse has been formulated but there are no specific policies or strategic plans for ICM and ICTs. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: Research and training staff require broad rural development information, technical information on farm management and appropriate farming systems, economic information on prices, commodity profiles and markets, participative methodologies for community development and relevant information for life skills training. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Timely and comprehensive information on National and Provincial Government funding programmes, tenders and grants is not always readily available but is crucial for Casidras operations and their clients. Comprehensive market information is limited because of the increasing privatisation and commercialisation of market and other economic information by commercial commodity organisations. Comprehensive technical information (specifications) on local products is not easily available via the Web. Most of the information exchanged with beneficiaries is via word-of-mouth and information in other formats is not considered to be as important. There are no substantial barriers to communication between staff and beneficiaries in the vernacular (Afrikaans). Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No particular financial constraints to ICM or the purchase and maintenance of ICTs were noted. Human resources: No human resource limitations to achieving effective ICM were mentioned nor were any particular staff training needs articulated, except for staff, where necessary, to be trained in the use of the latest Microsoft Office software. A service provider for such training had not yet been identified. ICT resources: No substantial problems were identified. However, there is a critical need to acquire computer resources for certain rural and urban communities, particularly for schools in underdeveloped townships and peripheral urban areas. Future plans: Casidra has recently purchased Web design services from a private company, which is accompanied by a content management system that will allow untrained staff (such as the public relations officer) to easily and regularly update Casidras Web site with the latest news and project information.
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CASIDRA The use of GIS for farm planning, resource assessment and rural tourism is being considered but no plans to acquire software or the requisite hardware have been formulated. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: There are no critical immediate ICM-related needs at Casidra that could obviously be met by CTAs products or services. Casidra is, however, involved in the planning and implementation of community information centres (MPCCs) so could benefit in the longer term by acquiring or exchanging information on best practice and lessons learned by other organisations in South Africa and abroad in the development and maintenance of telecentres. Why institution selected as a key: Casidra is an implementing agency of the Provincial Government of the Western Cape (PGWC), with the principal purpose of providing services to improve the quality of life of rural communities by facilitating integrated rural development. Casidra aims to assist the PGWC and rural communities with the implementation of the Land Reform Programme, the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) and agricultural rural development projects. Other observations: Casidra is a well-managed, efficient and professional organisation that is effectively implementing the agricultural and rural development programmes of the PGWC. It appears to be well-resourced, with apparently few infrastructural, financial or human resource needs.

FSG Name of institution: Farmers Support Group (FSG) Address: Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa / University of KwaZulu-Natal, King Edward road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Tel: +27-33-2606275 Fax: +27-33- 2606281 Email: fsg@ukzn.ac.za / mudhara@ukzn.ac.za Web site: http://www.ukzn.ac.za/fsg/index.asp Type of institution: NGO Role: EX, RU, TR Objective / mission statement: FSG is a development organisation at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) that aims to assist farmers and other land users, especially women and the poor, and development practitioners, in sustainable and productive natural resource management, institutional development and entrepreneurship. Field of specialisation: Rural and agricultural development using participatory and innovative methodologies in education, training, advice, technical support and partnerships.

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FSG Number of staff: The staff complement of FSG is: Total: 10 Professional: 2 Technical: 5 Clerical: 3 Key skills of staff include: Organisational and project management Tertiary and vocational training (e.g. university lecturing) Community development facilitation Training in participatory methods Project financial management Entrepreneurship development Land use and natural resource management Documenting rural innovation Branches, other sites: None. Annual budget: The annual budget for staff and operating costs is approximately R2.5 million [0.259 million] with no specific budget for ICM. ICTs are funded through project budgets. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Core funders are: Interchurch Organisation for Development Cooperations (ICCO), The Netherlands Maloti-Drankensberg Transfrontier Programme (MDTP) (until April 2007) Project DURAS, France International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka WR Kellogg UKZN Minor and recent funding partners include: ETC Ecoculture, The Netherlands (through the PROLINOVA project) NDA Africare National Development Agency (NDA-EU) DED German Development Service Mondi South African-Netherlands Programme on Alternatives in Development (SANPAD) KZN-DAEA Churchland Programme International Agricultural Centre (IAC), The Netherlands Making Markets Matter Inc., USA KwaZulu-Poultry Institute Worldvision Stephan Seegers Training & Coaching, The Netherlands Dr Annemarie Groot, The Netherlands

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FSG Programme / projects undertaken: FSG has been involved with the following ICM and outreach projects: Development of a grazing management plan and community resource monitoring programme (with OMG) in the MDTP. Smallholder System Innovation (SSI) for watershed management which involves farmer documentation of activities in data books, digital photography and video. Distribution of print information materials at farmer meetings and to individual farmers. Organisation of farmer visits to the UKZN research farm for demonstrations. Organisation of farmer cross-visits to other communities and production regions Facilitation of community learning groups. Pilot project (2005-06) to provide QAS services, technical information and announcements by SMS (short message service) to farmers, facilitated by the provision of free SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module) to farmers that possessed mobile phones. Target audience: FSG targets its agricultural and rural development activities at rural communities, which include rural inhabitants (without substantial farming activities), subsistence farmers and emerging farmers (often beneficiaries of the Land Reform Programme). Staff spend the larger proportion of their time (Tuesday through Friday) in rural areas maintaining regular face-to-face contact with beneficiaries. Extent of interaction with CTA: None of the staff members interviewed were aware of CTAs services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). The Acting Director had heard of Spore but is not a subscriber. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Some of FSGs main partners are: UKZN Bioeresource Engineering and Grassland Science disciplines (joint projects, information exchange) IWMI (joint project) DURAS (joint project) ETC (joint project, information exchange) Church Action Project (joint project) MDTP (contract project) Free University, The Netherlands (community natural resource management) University of Limpopo (joint project) ARC - Sustainable Livelihoods Programme (curriculum development) FSGs broad and dynamic partnership profile is dependant on the nature of projects and available funding. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by FSG were identified. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: FSG staff have access to comprehensive and well-organised library resources at UKZN, including books, scientific journal, popular periodicals, newspapers, videos and an interlending service. A joint electronic catalogue (searchable via a Web-based OPAC)
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FSG incorporates the catalogues of all UKZNs libraries on five campuses and those of 29 smaller libraries at various institutes in and around Pietermaritzburg (viz. CATNIP Cataloguing Network in Pietermaritzburg). FSG staff can access many bibliographic and full-text electronic databases through the UKZN library. FSG has a small collection of pamphlets and brochures used by staff in training and extension. Training material is available via various electronic resources (CD-ROM, video). The knowledge, expertise and personal information resources of staff and colleagues at FSG and UKZN are important information sources. Sources National & International: FSG staff rely on a range of local, national and international sources and contacts (see partners, above), including: Organisations: Universities (see above), many national and international NGOs (see above) and meeting with beneficiaries (farmers, rural dwellers). Publications: Newspapers, newsletters, national and international scientific journals and personal collections. Electronic media: Internet, television and agricultural research electronic networks. Other sources: Agricultural shows and colleagues, workshops, conferences and training courses. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: FSG has a total of ten PCs and laptops using Microsoft Office and Windows XP software that can connect to the Internet via UKZNs LAN. Other ICTs include a digital video recorder and mobile phones for field staff. The IT Department of UKZN supplies and maintains the network and software resources while computer repair services are provided by UKZN or outside commercial service providers. Each project has to budget for the necessary ICTs, apart from those provided by UKZN. FSGs Web site is maintained by the Centre for Environment, Agriculture and Development (CEAD) at UKZN - to which they are affiliated - and updated with content supplied by FSG staff. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: FSG staff require a broad range of rural development, technical, economic and training needs information, particularly on: gender issues, conferences and meetings, trade fairs, development and funding programmes, suitable crops and appropriate post-harvest technology (especially important), integrated pest management, availability of credit and micro-credit, market data, identification of markets, application of communication technologies in extension (particularly video, SMS), ICM systems for organisations, editing of reports and participative methodologies. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Market information is crucial for farmers but not readily available, especially technical information on product standards (quality), required quantity, prices, timing of delivery and transportation, commodity profiles and forecasting, all of which would provide vital information for farmers to evaluate and make effective use of alternative market opportunities, including niche markets. Information formats that are difficult to acquire include abstracts (e.g. print content alerts) [though these are available via the Web] and materials for mass distribution, especially in local languages, particularly isiZulu.
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FSG Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: FSG faces an uncertain funding future because several major projects have recently terminated (e.g. MDTP) and core funding from ICCO is available only until 2008. Therefore, plans to maintain and expand their operations and to employ additional and more specialised staff (see below) will depend on securing additional funding. Human resources: There is insufficient capacity to develop print and visual information resources to support training and extension projects. There is insufficient capacity to produce regular publications (see below). ICT resources: No substantial problems were identified. Training needs: There is no section or staff member wholly responsible for ICM at FSG but staff have individual competencies in acquiring, managing and communicating information. Knowledge and skills gained through training courses, workshops and other interactions are passed on to other FSG staff through in-house training. Training is needed in the use of digital video equipment, filming techniques and the use of audio-visual editing software to meet the need for documenting farmer practices and innovations as well as the production of educational videos. Future plans: The intention is to acquire sufficient ICT and print information resources (in isiZulu) to make the information resource centre at Okhombe operational, but plans can only be formulated once funding is secured (see OMGs organisational profile). FSG intends reviving the regular (quarterly) production of their newsletter of Vikela (not published since 2003) when staff capacity becomes available. The intention is to produce and make available appropriate print information materials (in isiZulu) to support training and extension (e.g. farmer meetings, cross-visits). The potential use of GIS for resource assessment and farm planning (e.g. community grazing systems) is being investigated and training will most likely be acquired through UKZN. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Advice and/or training in methods to assess (audit) current ICM practices and to develop an effective and practicable ICM strategy. Training in developing appropriate print and audio-visual information training and extension materials. Advice and training in developing an effective market information system for small-scale farmers. Why institution selected as a key: FSG works directly with subsistence and emerging farmers to develop sustainable farming systems and ensure food security in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. FSG has been appointed a SADC Centre of Excellence to facilitate networking and capacity building in Community Participation, Appropriate Technology and Indigenous Knowledge (CPATIK), especially through the PROLINOVA programme aimed at supporting local innovation by resource-poor farmers in SA and elsewhere.

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GADI Name of institution: Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute (GADI) Address: Private Bag X529, Middelburg, Eastern Cape, 5900, South Africa / Grootfontein Research Station, Middelburg, South Africa Tel: +27-49-8421113 Fax: +27-49-8424352 Email: JoanO@nda.agric.za Web site: http://gadi.agric.za Type of institution: GOV Role: EX, RD, TR Objective / mission statement: GADI aims to promote accelerated and shared growth in the sheep and goat industries of South Africa, with the following key result areas: To promote knowledge and skills in small stock farming amongst existing farmers, emerging farmers and the youth through higher and further education. To develop, evaluate and provide new technology for profitable and sustainable small stock production. To enhance sustainable and increased natural resources management and use in the small stock producing areas. To provide advisory services to small stock farmers to enhance profitable and sustainable small stock farming. Field of specialisation: Small stock (sheep and goats). Number of staff: The total staff complement of GADI is 180 (all full-time). A breakdown of the staff into professional, technical and clerical categories was not available. GADI is structured into three main divisions, namely: Education and Training (including Grootfontein College of Agriculture), Research and Development, and Support Services. A Communication Officer provides general communication services. Key skills of staff include: Tertiary education and training Research Farm skills Editing (editorial committee) and publishing Poster design skills Branches, other sites: GADI, a Directorate in the Branch Sector Services and Partnerships of the NDA, is based at Grootfontein Agricultural Research Station, just outside Middleburg. Its staff collaborate with researchers based at various other research stations and in communities in various provinces. Annual budget: The total budget (2007) is R28 million [2.910 million]. A budget of R9 million [0.934 million] is allocated to Education and Training, with an income of R2 million [0.207 million] from students at the Grootfontein College of Agriculture.
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GADI Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: The Government of South Africa funds the education, training and part of the research activities at GADI via the NDA budget. The livestock industry supports research by contributing to the Grootfontein Research Trust. Stakeholders, who provided 70% of the Research and Development programme in 2006, were: Cape Wools SA, Mohair South Africa, the Red Meat Research Trust and The Development Trust. Programme / projects undertaken: Some of the main information delivery and communication projects GADI is responsible for or involved in are: Lecturing to students of the Grootfontein College of Agriculture studying for a three-year Diploma or two-year Higher Certificate in Agriculture. The courses have a practical orientation aimed at providing students with the necessary skills to partake in the small stock industry as producers or managers, or in related industries. Outreach to farmers at Farmer Days, at which researchers and other GADI staff give talks on relevant topics. Short courses (few days or weeks duration) at GADI, accredited by AgriSETA, on various livestock-related topics. Educational materials are provided to participants. Two mobile training units (Knowledge on Wheels) equipped with a vehicle and trailer, audio-visual equipment, generator and camping gear, are used for short courses (as above) held in various regions in different provinces where extensive small stock farming is undertaken. Organise visits by farmers, researchers and others to GADI for demonstrations. Individual researchers produce research reports, scientific journal articles and articles for publication in the popular press that are made available (subject to copyright) on GADIs Web site. Produce an Annual Research Report. Produce an Annual Training Report. Produce the annual Grootfontein Agric newsletter containing research reports written in non-technical language for distribution to stakeholders and interested parties. Produce the bimonthly Grootfontein Staff Newsletter for internal distribution. Produce training manuals for short courses and educational materials for tertiary education modules. Provide information to Elsenburg Radio and AgriTV. Produce local news releases (subject to the policy directives of the NDA). Maintain a Web site. Produce and maintain information for the Web-based GADI Small Stock Information Service a searchable database of technical information related to various breeds of sheep and goats. Refine and update various small stock management software utilities (e.g. SM2006) available to download from the Web site. Produce and maintain a database of research reports available to download from the Web site. Produce the student prospectus used in marketing and recruitment. Target audience: The broad target audience is the extensive small stock industry, including: Commercial sheep and goat farmers Emerging commercial sheep and goat farmers (800-1000) Students for tertiary agricultural training (150) Farm workers
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GADI Related agro-industries and agribusinesses Extent of interaction with CTA: None of the staff interviewed were aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Staff of GADI collaborate with a variety of governmental and agribusiness partners to undertake research (see above) at GADI and various other research stations in the semi-arid and arid small stock production regions of the country. Some main partnerships (apart from financial partners listed above) in research, training and information exchange are: Joint research with the ARC. Joint research with various PDAs (NC, EC, NW provinces). The Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (Port-Elizabeth) sends 3rd year B.Tech. students to GADI for one-year practical training. Breeder societies exchange breed and small stock management information with GADI. Joint research with rural communities in the Transkei and Ciskei areas of the Eastern Cape (20 in 2006). Joint research with commercial livestock farmers (40 in 2006) and their farm workers in various provinces. Joint research with the University of Pretoria. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: GADI is subject to the communication policy of the NDA. No other national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by GADI were identified. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Research and training staff at GADI as well as students have access to a well-organised library of textbooks and technical and scientific publication. The library is, however, not comprehensive and does not contain fully up-to-date materials. The knowledge, expertise and personal information resources of staff and colleagues at GADI is an important source of knowledge for various information exchange projects (see above). The GADI Small Stock Information Service and the database of research publications are useful information sources for GADI research and training staff. Sources National & International: GADI staff rely on a wide range of national sources and contacts (see partners, above) in the livestock industry, including: Organisations: Universities (UFS, University of Pretoria, Stellenbosch University), NDA, ARC, regional (PDA) research institutions, commodity and farmer associations, meeting with beneficiaries (farmers, rural communities) and input suppliers. Publications: Publications in various local and international scientific journals and popular magazines (e.g. Landbou Weekblad, Farmers Weekly) held in libraries or personal collections, NDA publications (e.g. Infopaks), newspapers and GADI publications (see above). Electronic media: Video presentations (for training) and the Internet. Other sources: Agricultural shows, colleagues, agribusiness consultants and breeder societies.
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GADI ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Staff at GADI have sufficient, up-to-date computer facilities (operating on Windows XP) and access to the Internet and an Intranet via a LAN. Lecturing staff have access to laptops (5) and student use a computer training centre (32 PCs). The mobile training units (2) each have 3 laptops, a data projector, a laser printer and a fax machine. The Information Management Systems unit provides GIS, photocopy, poster production and printing facilities, and plotters and printers for production of farm plans and maps. The IT Department (with 4 technically-trained staff members) maintains the Web site (content supplied by Training, Communication and Research staff) and provides adequate maintenance and technical support to staff at GADI. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: Research and training staff require technical information related to the small stock industry to support their activities and to deliver to their clients, including information on: meat grading systems, forage varieties and production, livestock diseases and parasites, livestock carrying capacity, management systems and husbandry, animal breed, genetic and performance statistics. Marketing information is regarded as especially important, including information on: availability of credit and micro-credit, livestock and livestock product markets, prices and commodity profiles and animal enterprise economics. GADI staff also require information to support and inform their training and outreach programmes, such as: application of communication technologies in extension services, management of information within the organisation, writing and editing reports and use of participative methodologies. Given the increasing importance of supporting emerging livestock farmers, GADI staff need broad rural development information regarding: farm(er) problems, government and international regulations, relevant conferences and meetings, agricultural shows (trade fairs), development and funding programmes and agricultural / development networks (regional or international) to support and inform researchers and trainers in their training and development initiatives. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Current sources and/or research projects provide most of the above-mentioned information but additional information is always required, particularly on and for farmers that were not adequately supported under the previous political dispensation and especially given the increasing focus on supporting beneficiaries of the Land Reform Programme. Broad rural development information and information on appropriate means of information delivery and exchange with communities or individual emerging farmers is required. Materials for mass distribution, including visual or pictorial information, are developed inhouse but print materials in, or translated into, appropriate local languages (apart from Afrikaans and English) are required. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No particular financial constraints to ICM or the purchase and maintenance of ICTs were mentioned. Government (NDA) bureaucratic procedures do, however, impede the timely acquisition of equipment (e.g. appropriate vehicles for the mobile training units). Human resources: There is a core of experienced lecturers (15) at GADI but there is flux of other education and training staff resulting from short-term occupancy of jobs, usually because staff are offered more attractive employment elsewhere. The lack of human capital reduces the
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GADI effectiveness of the training programme and places a large burden on experienced staff. Existing education and training staff have been given the additional responsibility of training 800 emerging farmers per year since GADI was accredited (in June 2006) as a provider of Further Education and Training (FET) to learners. Consequently, there is limited time available for staff to keep themselves abreast of the latest technology and research and informed of recent developments in their field of expertise. ICT resources: No substantial problems were identified. Training needs: Training and skills development needs of staff were identified through an audit conducted in 2005. Most of these needs are being met by in-house training (such as staff induction programme, life skills programmes for farm workers, etc) or by outside suppliers (e.g. public speaking, lecturing skills). A needs assessment for FET training is currently being undertaken to inform the development of the FET programme. A particular need to train current IT staff in database development and maintenance can be met though training courses provided by the NDA. The need to train new lecturers in writing good lecture and education support materials was noted (no service provider identified). Future plans: GADI aim to produce its own print information materials (Infopaks) for training and outreach programmes but no specific plan to achieve this has yet been formulated. A business plan has been submitted for doubling the size of the present College to cater for a greater demand for tertiary and FET agricultural training. Construction of the new campus should start in 2009 or 2010. A draft communication strategy has been developed and is awaiting Executive approval. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Most of the problems related to the need for additional staffing and a more permanent staff complement have to be addressed strategically through Governmental programmes. No critical short-term or longer term needs that could be met by outside support (such as by CTA) were identified, though individual staff members could make use of CTAs information products (such as the Publication Distribution Service) to widen their access to appropriate, up-to-date information. Why institution selected as a key: GADI, a directorate of the NDA, provides a wide range of development, research, training and support services to the agricultural community in the extensive small stock production areas of the western regions of South Africa. GADI seeks to create development opportunities and partnerships in the promotion of knowledge and skills in small stock farming among black people, women, the youth and farmers through formal and informal training. The Grootfontein College of Agriculture, an accredited institution of higher learning and further education, is based at GADI.

KZN-DAEA Name of institution: KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs (KZN-DAEA) - Extension Training Resource Development Division (Extension Resources) Address: Private Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa / Cedara Research Station, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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KZN-DAEA Tel: +27-33-3559358 Fax: +27-33-3559303 Email: abbottr@dae.kzntl.gov.za Web site: http://agriculture.kzntl.gov.za Type of institution: GOV Role: EX, IN, FS, PP, RD, RG, RU, TR Objective / mission statement: The mission of KZN-DAEA is: To ensure sustainable livelihoods by contributing to economic growth, to reduce poverty and developing communities through partnerships and sustainable use of agricultural and environmental resources. The following strategic outcomes (goals) are the focus of KZN-DAEA: Globally competitive agricultural production Accessible, quality and available food Farmer succession (emergent to commercial) Sustainable job creation (BEE) New markets developed (agricultural and value added) New and diverse products developed Safe, healthy and sustainable environments Sustainable natural resource utilisation and community participation Improved national and international trade access and competitiveness A transformed Department, geared for service excellence and compliance with its legislative mandate Field of specialisation: KZN-DAEA deals with all agricultural sub-sectors in KZN. Extension Resources provides printing and publishing support to research and training staff of the KZN-DAEA as well as information communication (e.g. radio programmes) to target audiences. The Corporate Communications Division provides public and media relations, eventmanagement and publication (annual reports, staff newsletter, brochures, etc) services for KZN-DAEA. Number of staff: The staff profile of Extension Resources is: Total: 6 Professional: 2 Technical: 3 Clerical: 1 Key skills and competencies of staff in Extension resources are: Generalist agricultural skills and knowledge (key to providing ICM services Publishing and printing Editing Graphic artistry Digital photography Visual material design and production (e.g. posters) Radio journalism and programme production Branches, other sites: KZN-DAEA has numerous regional and local offices (extension and veterinary service
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KZN-DAEA centres) as well as research stations in its Northern and Southern Regions. Agricultural colleagues that offer tertiary agricultural training and FET short courses are located just outside Pietermaritzburg (Cedara College) and Empangeni (Owen Sithole Agricultural College). The KZN Ministry of Agriculture, the Southern Region of the KZN-DAEA and Extension Resources are based at Cedara. Annual budget: The total annual budget for KZN-DAEA (including administration agricultural development support services, environmental management services and conservation) for 2007/08 is R1 507.502 million [156.453 million] with R909.376 million [94.378 million] available for agricultural development services. The approximate budget for Extension Resources is R2.5 million [0.259 million], of which about 50% comprises salaries. The Information Technology Division (IT) has requested a budget of R17 million [1.764 million] for 2007/08. Source of funding: KZN-DAEA is funded via the budget of the Provincial Government of KZN. Some projects are funded by international donors (e.g. Government of the Peoples Republic of China). Programme / projects undertaken: Extension Resources are responsible for or involved in the following ICM projects: Design assistance and production of posters for extension, training and research staff, and students. Design and production of booklets (in English and/or isiZulu) to accompany posters used for extension and training. Design assistance and printing of print support materials for short courses (e.g. FET, LandCare and technical courses offered to public) Printing of Cedara Agricultural College course outlines and notes. Production of magazine radio programmes broadcast by Ukhozi FM (SABC) on Wednesdays (30 min.) and Fridays (60 min.) and eight other community radio stations in various regions of the province, reaching an estimated 7.5-8.5 million listeners. Programmes comprise technical information from interviews in the field (done by Extension Resource staff) with local experts and farmers, listener competitions and phone-in question-and-answer sessions following technical broadcasts. Offer in-house courses to extension, research and other staff and students on: technical communications, spoken communications, poster content and design, digital photography, technical and scientific writing (outsourced to a service provider). Target audience: KZN-DAEA serves a wide range of clients in the agricultural community including: NDA The KZN Ministry of Agriculture Farmers (commercial, emerging, subsistence) Rural communities (through VeldCare and Land Reform Programmes) Agro-industries Organised agriculture Students Extent of interaction with CTA: The Head of Extension Resources had heard about CTA and Spore but was unaware of the details of CTAs products and services, did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS), and was not aware of any staff members of KZN-DAEA
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KZN-DAEA who have had any recent interactions with CTA. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Joint research and information exchange is conducted with the following partners: ARC (joint research) UKZN, University of the Witwatersrand (joint research) Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (research, information exchange, policy development, regulation) Seed, fertilizer and livestock input suppliers (research) SABC and community radio stations (see above) Working for Water (joint operations) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by the ARC were mentioned. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Staff have access to the library at Cedara which has a large, comprehensive and wellorganised collection of books, reports, scientific journals, farm plans and popular periodicals indexed in a joint electronic catalogue with those of libraries of other local organisations, including UKZN. Services offered to staff and students include: ordering of books, circulation of journals / content pages, assistance with and training in information searching and retrieval, Web-based, inter-library lending, access to electronic catalogues (e.g. SA Cat, Index to South African Periodicals, FIRST SEARCH, NetLaw, CABI and AGRIS). The knowledge, expertise and personal information resources of staff and colleagues, is a source of knowledge for various research projects and for the effective communication of research results to target audiences (e.g. Extension Resource staff work closely with researchers in designing appropriate print and visual media for extension or training communication). Research and training staff have access to the Bioresource Program (land assessment support system) which is an integrated database of land classification (Bioresource Groups and Units), vegetation, soil, climate and land use information linked to production models and crop suitability data to provide, in report and spatial form (GIS), information on appropriate and optimum land use(s) and production norms for crops, vegetables and livestock. This program is used extensively by research, extension and training staff to provide farm production planning and resource assessment information to farmers, researchers and other stakeholders. KZN-DAEA Web site provides some information for the public but few useful resources for staff. Sources National & International: KZN-DAEA staff rely on a wide range of international, regional, national and local sources and contacts in various agricultural sectors. The profile of external information sources used by researchers in various research departments and extension personnel would vary depending on the nature of their information needs related to their discipline. The Extension Resource staff interviewed were, therefore, not able to precisely describe the nature, range and frequency of use of external information sources used by other KZN-DAEA research and extension staff. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: The IT Division provides IT support to KZN-DAEA staff at Cedara and maintains the Web site. The IT has five staff members (3 technical and 2 clerical). SITA (State Information Technology Agency), a Government-owned public sector company, provides additional
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KZN-DAEA contracted IT support at Cedara (4 staff) and outlying offices of the KZN-DAEA. Each Directorate or unit has its own budget for IT. Staff at Cedara have access to the Internet via a LAN. Excellent, up-to-date GIS resources and GPS equipment are available. Extension Resources has the following IT hardware and software resources: PCs (Windows XP and Microsoft Office software), laptops (2) for radio staff, a laser printer, large carriage design jet printers (2), photocopier, laminating equipment and CorelDraw design software. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: Extension and training staff of require a wide range of information types to service the diverse information needs of their clients, including rural development information, technical information, appropriate extension methods, and especially economic information (enterprise economics, markets, commodity profiles, prices, quality and quantity of produce required). Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Most of the abovementioned information needs are met through internal and external sources (see above) and past and current research projects. Commercial farmer study groups have provided economic and production norms for developing and recommending optimal economic farming strategies but similar information is not readily available for subsistence and communal farming systems. Current and timely market information is required for a range of agronomic and livestock products. Pictorial information and research results written is simple, non-technical language is required for extension communication and training. Extension Resource staff assist in the production of such materials but do not have the capacity to translate technical content into the predominant local language (isiZulu) to a satisfactory level (see constraints, below). There are plans to reinitiate the production of the Agri-Update series, which comprised a series of short, illustrated pamphlets presenting research results in plain language (see plans, below). Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: The most important constraint faced by Extension Resources is the lack of sufficient office space for their production, printing and radio programme activities. Financial resources and human resources: Funding for the following key existing (unfilled) and additional posts is required: Communication specialists (2) with professional agricultural qualifications and good agricultural technical knowledge Radio communication professional (1) with good agricultural knowledge Graphic artists (2) with good agricultural knowledge Technical translator (1) for English-isiZulu written translations ICT resources: No substantial problems or critical IT hardware needs were identified. The Adobe Creative Suite design and publishing software is currently being purchased. Software for editing and management of digital sound data will need to be acquired so that the radio programs produced remain compatible with software used by partner radio stations. Training needs: SITA provides ongoing basic computer training to KZN-DAEA staff. Training needs related to the services provided by Extension Resources are: Training in the use of state-of-the art publishing software (no service provider yet identified). Training required (but not locally available) on radio program packaging, production and impact monitoring.
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KZN-DAEA Training required on techniques for producing effective agricultural education and extension displays (see below). Future plans: There are plans to reprint existing Agri-Update pamphlets and existing Agricultural Production Guidelines (e.g. Veld in KZN, Dairy in KZN) when time and financial resources permit, and to develop new publications in these series in collaboration with researchers. There is an intention (but no plans as yet) to upgrade the existing (but completely rundown) Agricultural Resources Exhibit at Cedara to provide an effective education and visual communication tool for visiting schoolchildren, farmers and others (including those with visual impairments) to understand the crucial interrelationship between elements of the landscape (soil, water, vegetation, animals) and landscape function, disturbance (e.g. accelerated erosion) and productivity (see training needs, above). Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Staff of Extension Resources could benefit by making use of CTAs Web resources (e.g. Anancy, Rural Radio Resource Packs) and portals (ICT Update, Knowledge for Development) and through subscriptions to Spore to widen their access to information on development communication practices and technologies. They would further benefit from appropriate courses in rural radio and the design and production of visual communication material, specifically education exhibits, and by wider exposure to similar operations in other regions through study visits to other countries. Why institution selected as a key: The KZN-DAEA is responsible for general agricultural development in the province of KZN and for providing appropriate agricultural services, including technology generation through research and transfer of technology to all kinds of farmers (commercial, communal, emerging) through extension and training.

NDA Name of institution: National Department of Agriculture (NDA) - Directorate Agricultural Information Services Address: Private Bag X144, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa / NDA Building, 20 Beatrix street, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27-12-3197960 Fax: +27-12-3196943 Email: smais@nda.agric.za Web site: http://www.nda.agric.za Type of institution: GOV Role: EX, IN, PP, RD, RG, RU, TR, TM Objective / mission statement: The Mission and Objectives of the NDA The Department of Agriculture aims to lead and support sustainable agriculture and promote rural development through: Ensuring access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food Eliminating skewed participation and inequity in the sector Maximising growth, employment and income in agriculture Enhancing the sustainable management of natural agricultural resources and ecological systems Ensuring effective and efficient governance
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NDA Ensuring knowledge and information management In order to fulfil its mandate and meet its own commitment to the national strategy for agricultural development, the Department has set the following as its medium term strategic objectives, namely to: Guide and support equitable access to resources for agricultural development Enhance the economic performance of the sector Ensure sustainable natural resources management and use Promote and support the participation of black people, women, youth and the disabled in agriculture Ensure consumer confidence in agricultural products and services Achieve departmental service excellence NDA - Directorate Agricultural Information Services The main purpose of this Directorate is to provide communication in support of the Department, to disseminate agricultural information via publications and electronic media, and to manage campaigns and media events, increasing awareness of agricultural issues. Field of specialisation: The NDA deals with all agricultural sectors while the Directorate Agricultural Information Services provides information on all agricultural activities and programmes of the NDA, including all specialised agricultural disciplines. Number of staff (professional, clerical, technical, etc; permanent / temporary): Branches, other sites: Information Centre, Private Bag X388, Pretoria, 0001 Documentation Centre, Private Bag X388, Pretoria, 0001 Resource Centre, Private Bag X144, Pretoria, 0001

Annual budget: Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: The NDA is funded by the Government of South Africa. Programme / projects undertaken: The following publications can be ordered (free-of charge or at a nominal cost) from the Resource Centre, Directorate Agricultural Information Services: Agricultural Digest (print & Web) survey of agricultural affairs in SA. Agricultural News (print & Web) monthly newsletter of interdepartmental activities and achievements. Agrolibri - bulletin of latest additions to the library service of the NDA. Trends in the Agricultural Sector (print & Web) half-yearly survey of the most recent developments in the agricultural sector as well as in various branches of the industry. Statistics on fresh produce market (print & Web) annual summary of the monthly mass, value and unit value of the sales of vegetables and fruit at each of the 15 national fresh produce markets. Infopaks (print & Web) 236 short leaflets (some in languages other than English) providing information in the broad topics of: agrochemicals and safety; animal health; diseases affecting man and animals; animal traction; beekeeping; field crops; food safety; fruit production; HIV/AIDS and the farming community; livestock farming; nut production; pastures; soil vegetable production; veld [rangeland] management and resource conservation; and miscellaneous topics. Annual reports (print & Web).
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NDA Technical manuals and publications on: animal production; chemical agents; crops; economics; entomology and nematology; farming; grazing and pasture management; horticulture; meat hygiene; and soil conservation. Publications available on the NDA Web site include: Infopaks (see above). Plant Variety Journal quarterly lists of plant varieties (e.g. breeders rights). General publications on various topics. Policy documents. Reports (national and regional). Fact sheets. Economic analysis, e.g. Economic Review Quarterly Reports. Statistical information, e.g. Abstract of Agricultural Statistics, Agricultural Census, market trends, livestock statistics, etc. LandCare documents and reports. Annual reports. Research papers, e.g. on trade. Government Gazette notices. BATAT (Broadening Access To Agriculture Thrust) documents. Legislation relevant to agriculture. Price Watch weekly information on commodity prices in comparison to previous year, and brief discussion of trends. Trade Policy Development documents. Target audience: Farmers (subsistence, emerging, commercial) Agricultural industry Agricultural researchers Agricultural policy-makers

Extent of interaction with CTA: Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions (name, nature): National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Main information needs not satisfied (including types and format of information): Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Why institution selected as a key: The NDA is the primary Government department responsible for all aspects of agriculture in South Africa, including policy development and the generation and management of agricultural information. Other observations: Detailed information on the current ICM activities of the Directorate Agricultural Information Services could not be obtained because the Director, Mr S Galane, was not available to be interviewed and further attempts to acquire the requisite information via email correspondence were unsuccessful. The information above was obtained from NDAs Web site.
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NERPO Name of institution: National Emergent Red Meat Producers Organisation (NERPO) Address: P. O. Box 36461, Menlo Park, 0102, South Africa / 318 The Hillside, Lynnwood, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27-12-3619127 Fax: +27-012-3651647 Email: info@nerpo.org.za Web site: http://www.nerpo.org.za Type of institution: AS-F Role: EX, IN, PS-P, RD, RU, TR Objective / mission statement: NERPO was established as a voluntary commodity farmer Organization in 1997 and was subsequently registered as a section 21 Company in 1999. NERPO was established as a direct result of disparities that exist between the established and emerging agricultural sectors and imbalances such as: Access to resources and therefore farming opportunities Institutional and infrastructural support Technical, professional and life skills The primary aim of NERPO is to commercialise the developing agricultural sector and ensure meaningful participation of black individuals within the mainstream commercial agribusiness sector, hence ensuring the long term sustainability of the agricultural sector in South Africa. The mission of NERPO is: To facilitate the empowerment of its members in order to improve their social and economic well-being and to enable them to utilise market opportunities on a sustainable basis. NERPO's major strategic goals are: Ensure institutional capacity building and lobbying ability for strong government legislation, which promotes and support emerging red meat producers, cattle breeders and feeders Commercialisation of the emerging sector by facilitating access to technical support, credit facilities and markets Ensure economic empowerment of members, youth and women through the creation of business opportunities within the supply chain Field of specialisation: The NERPO Group is structured into five specialised business entities, as follows: 1) NERPO Section 21 Company (NERPO) A non-profit company aimed at: Influencing policy and legislation in favour of emerging read meat farmers Facilitating access to technical support, credit facility and markets Providing consulting and training services within the red meat industry 2) NERPO Investments Limited (NIL) A public company owned by NERPO and its members aimed at ensuring BEE within the red meat value chain and related industries. 3) NERPO Financial Services (Pty) Ltd A private company with a share capital aimed at providing financial services to members of the association.
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NERPO 4) NERPO Farming Enterprises & Development Trust A trust aimed at providing facilities for training and development within the agribusiness sector. 5) SAYA Co-op Ltd A co-operative aimed at creating agribusiness and employment opportunities for unemployed SA agricultural graduates. NERPO has the following divisions operating from its head office in Pretoria: Institutional Capacity Building, Marketing and Corporate Communications Farmer Support and Development Youth Service Programme Number of staff: NERPO has 10 staff members (staff profile unavailable) with the following competencies and skills: Extensive knowledge of and experience in the red meat industry Organisational and financial management Research Project development, planning and management Farmer training (technical, business, professional and life skills) Rural community development Marketing and consulting in the red meat industry Branches, other sites: Members are organised into a number of district branches within the following provinces: EC, FS, KZN, LP, MP, NC and NW. Annual budget: The total annual budget for 2007 is unknown because certain research contracts still have to be finalised or procured. Revue from consulting, grants and sponsorships, membership fees and investments in 2006 was R4.071 million [0.423 million]. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: In 2006, NERPO obtained 76% of its funding from consulting, 13% from grants and sponsorships (e.g. Land Bank, ABSA), 9% from investments and 2% from membership fees. Programme / projects undertaken: NERPO is involved in a number of information exchange, communication and training activities for, with or on behalf of its members, including: Organise local (district), provincial and annual general meetings with members to discuss producers problems, debate issues, and exchange information on policy and developments in the red meat industry. Production of the monthly glossy magazine NERPO News (2000 copies) posted to paid-up members with industry and producer news, articles on relevant issues and policy and technical articles contributed by scientists (e.g. from ARC) and experts. Articles are predominantly in English but farmers can contribute articles in their local language. Layout, design and printing of the newsletter are done by a commercial company. Regular SMS service to producers providing market information (e.g. cattle prices), news, announcements (meetings), etc. Found to be far more effective for organising local meetings than print announcements.
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NERPO Maintenance of a Web site (updated at least weekly by a staff with a professional qualification in communication). Press releases on news and policy issues. Production of an Annual Report. Organise regular conferences (2006 & 2007) for stakeholders to discuss and evaluate issues relevant to the emerging red meat industry. Distribution of promotional material (leaflets, brochures, corporate publications, newsletters) to promote the interests of NERPO and its members. On-farm training programme for farmers. Information days for farmers and stakeholders held in provinces. Weekly programme on AgriTV focussed on livestock farming from profit. Mentorship programme (with NDA) for emerging farmers and young agribusiness entrepreneurs. Various research projects to characterise and understand the formal and informal red meat supply chain, marketing, feedlot and processing (tannery and meat cannery) industries for the emerging red meat producers. Participation in a number of national and international industry, research and policy development forums to ensure representation and to keep abreast of developments in the red meat industry. Implementation of the Young Agribusiness Entrepreneurial Development Programme (YAEDP) in partnership with the Umsobomvu Development Trust, in which unemployed young agricultural graduates are provided with technical, business and life skills training to enable them to participate in the agribusiness industry. Implementation (with support from AgriSETA) of a learnership programme to provide young learners with tertiary training in animal production (diploma level). Target audience: NERPO serves emerging red meat producers, defined as: any person or group of persons who have just come into view from a state of racial and/or gender discrimination and who farms with beef cattle, lamb / mutton sheep, meat goats and/or pigs on extensive or intensive systems, with the main purpose of selling such animals for profit. Communities targeted are both full-time and part-time emerging red meat producers who are predominantly farming on rural communal allotments and those who have privately owned / leased farms. Currently there 2 000 paid-up members and 40 000 non-paying members, who are predominantly keepers of small (non-commercial) livestock herds. Extent of interaction with CTA: The Director was not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). The Programme Manager (Farmer Support & Youth Development) knew of Spore (but is not presently a subscriber) through previous employment at the University of Zimbabwe and attended a CTA course in 1998 in Addis Ababa on managing scientific journals. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: The following are some of NERPOs partners who collaborate by providing funding for research and development projects, participating in the implementation of projects or exchanging information: NDA and PDAs Role players in the red meat industry (e.g. SAMIC, Red Meat Industry Forum, Red Meat Producers Organisation) Umsobomvu Youth Fund
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NERPO Banks (ABSA, Land Bank) Veterinary pharmaceutical companies Universities (Stellenbosch, Pretoria, Free State, Tshwane University of Science & Technology) AgriSETA ARC Meat & Livestock Australia National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by NERPO were noted. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Staff have access to database of members contact details. Staff have access to a database of stakeholders and experts details. NERPO subscribes to a number of periodicals. Sources National & International: Organisations: Agricultural universities in SA (see above), NDA, PDAs, ARC, SAMIC, Red Meat Producers Organisation (RPO), meeting with beneficiaries, agricultural development and commercial banks and input suppliers. Publications: Various national and international scientific journals and technical research reports, limited use of NDA and PDA publications, newspapers, personal and NERPO collection of periodicals, publications and agricultural magazines (e.g. Farmers Weekly). Electronic media: Internet, agricultural programmes on radio and TV, video presentations and various agricultural research electronic networks. Other sources: Agricultural shows and exhibitions (limited information), colleagues and agribusiness consultants. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: All project managers have a laptop with mobile (G3) Internet connection. IT resources are maintained by a contracted private company. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: Farm problems (to formulate appropriate interventions) Effect of non-farm livelihoods, gender and social development issues on livestock keeping and production Government and International regulations relating to and/or affecting the livestock and meat industries Conferences and meetings in animal sciences and related disciplines Trade fairs (e.g. agricultural shows) Development and funding programmes Agricultural /development networks (regional and international) Grading systems for live animals and products Post-harvest technology for meat, hides and skins Sourcing/availability of equipment for livestock production Land transportation for animals and livestock products Industrial profiles of the red meat and related industries (e.g. skins & hides) Credit and micro-credit Market data Identification of markets
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NERPO Commodity profiles Application of communication technologies in extension services (for livestock producers in remote rural areas) Management of information within the organisation Editing of reports (for NERPO staff) Participative methodologies Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Research is being conducted or is planned to obtain relevant information on industry, market and production environments and conditions required for effective participation of emerging red meat producers (see Projects, above). Most of the information currently available is relevant to large-scale commercial livestock producers but not necessarily applicable to the socio-economic and production environments of emerging livestock farmers. Information formats that NERPO staff find difficult to acquire are journal articles (usually accessible only to subscribers or through academic institutions), materials suitable for mass distribution in appropriate languages and visual or pictorial information, which are regarded essential for communication but not easy to obtain. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No financial restrictions to current ICM activities were noted but NERPOs overall activities are crucially dependant on obtaining ongoing research contact funding. Human resources: There is sufficient human capacity to maintain current operations but there is a critical need to employ animal scientists at the district level to provide effective livestock-related extension services. Funding for such a programme would need to be sought from the NDA. ICT resources: No substantial problems in the provision and maintenance of IT resources to support ICM were mentioned. It was, however, noted that most ICTs (with the exception of mobile phones) are not available to NERPOs members. Training needs: In-house training in basic computer use is provided to new staff but an outside service provider will need to be contracted to provide more comprehensive computer skills training. Members serving on district and provincial committees require training on how to organise and conduct meetings and general communication skills. Future plans: Plans have been conceived (but not yet formulated) to develop an information centre at the head office that will provide computer and library facilities to staff and members. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: No ICM, IT or training needs are currently critical but NERPO staff would benefit from having greater access to CTAs online resources (portals and virtual library) and print publication services (e.g. Spore, Publication Distribution Service), especially to acquire scientific (journal) and technical articles relevant to their target audience as well as information on appropriate ICTs for information exchange and extension in remote rural areas. Country visits and appropriate seminars would also be similarly beneficial. Why institution selected as a key: NERPO is the only organisation serving black livestock farmers (who own more than 40% of the national herd) and agriculturists involved in the red meat industry.
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NWGA Name of institution: National Wool Growers Association of South Africa (NWGA) Address: P. O. Box 34291, Newton Park, Port Elizabeth, 6055, South Africa / 41a Pickering street, Newton Park, Port Elizabeth, South Africa Tel: +27-41-3655030 Fax: +27-41-3655035 Email: ngwa@ngwa.co.za Web site: http://www.nwga.co.za Type of institution: AS-F Role: EX, TM Objective / mission statement: NWGAs mission is: The promotion of sustainable and profitable woolled sheep farming. NWGA objectives are to: Provide a national voice on behalf of wool producers Advocate the interests of wool producers to both Government and internationally Represent and support the wool industry on issues such as trade, animal welfare, research and development, marketing, accountability of grower funds, the environment and industrial relations Provide training and technology transfer to develop profitable sheep farming systems in communal areas Field of specialisation: Sheep farming and the wool industry. Number of staff: The total number of staff is 36, including production advisers (with professional qualifications) seconded from the Eastern Cape Department of Agriculture (EC-DA) and management (2) and clerical (2) staff at an office in Bloemfontein. The staff complement at the head office in Port Elizabeth is: Total: 7 Professional: 2 Technical: 1 Clerical: 4 Key skills and competencies of staff include: Human and financial management Extensive knowledge of the wool industry Extensive knowledge of grazing and rangeland management Print publication Technical expertise in shearing and grading

Branches, other sites: There are six area branches and 600 sub-branches distributed throughout the county.

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NWGA Annual budget: The annual budget is approximately R20 million [2.076 million]. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: NWGAs main funding partners are: Cape Wools EC-DA NDA ComMark Trust Welcome Trust (UK) (biomedical research charity) Programme / projects undertaken: NWGA is involved in the following information exchange and training projects: Provision of an extension advisory service to commercial and communal wool farmers through production advisers located in various sheep farming areas of the country. Six production advisers have seconded to NWGA from EC-DA to advise sheep farmers in the communal areas of the EC. Each production advisor serves between 16-20 shearing sheds and assists with implementation of a ram improvement programme (in collaboration with EC-DA), rangeland management demonstration programmes (in collaboration with the ARC), and organises farmer days. NWGA implements a contracted mentorship programme for the NDA aimed at assisting promising emerging sheep farmers. Provision of shearer training programmes for commercial and communal farmers. Publication of a monthly newspaper Wool Farmer (English & Afrikaans) distributed to approximately 9000 wool farmers containing industry and NWGA news, discussion of policy and topical issues, and technical articles. Wool Farmer is produced by NWGAs Communication Manager. Provision of technical information (published in Wool Farmer) on NWGAs Web site. Production of technical manuals (e.g. on sheep shearing), in English and Afrikaans, in collaboration with Cape Wools. Production of posters for training (e.g. shearing methods and hygiene, animal diseases, wool grading). NWGAs overall strategy is to develop the capacity of farmers to take responsibility for developing their own local knowledge and advisory networks in collaboration with the local NWGA branch and regional production advisor. Target audience: NWGAs membership comprises approximately 5 000 commercial sheep farmers (with a wide range of flock size) and 5 000 communal sheep farmers. In the communal areas, 305 shearing sheds out of a total of about 800 sheds are currently being serviced by NWGA advisors. Extent of interaction with CTA: None of the staff of NWGA interviewed were aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: NWGA collaborates closely with the following partners: EC-DA (joint projects, funding, information exchange) ARC Small Stock Centre (joint projects, information exchange)
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NWGA Cape Wools (funding, information exchange) GADI (joint projects) NDA VeldCare Programme (funding for training) Free State Department of Agriculture (joint development projects) District and local councils (provision of shearing shed infrastructure) CSIR Wool Beneficiation Project (funding for training) ABSA (funding for training) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by NWGA were mentioned. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: NWGA maintains records of wool production (quantity & quality) for each shed, which are used to identify production norms, identify production problems, set targets for each shed and develop shed management plans. Results from analyses of these data at head office are provided, telephonically or at meetings, to production advisors for communication to their beneficiaries at regional meetings. NWGA has set up a number of expertise groups comprised of experts who can be contacted by regional NWGA branches or production advisors to provide advice and information (on a voluntary or fee basis) on: production economics, international marketing and products, animal health, rangeland and pasture management, animal feeding, breeding, etc. An electronic archive of previous issues of Wool Farmer is a useful source of information for NWGA staff, especially as a reference source to answer requests for information or telephonic queries. Sources National & International: Organisations: Various key partners (see above), Universities (Free State, Pretoria), Smallstock Advisory Forum, meetings with beneficiaries and input suppliers. Publications: Various scientific and technical publications, Farmers Weekly, Landbou Weekblad and newsletters. Electronic media: Internet. Other sources: Colleagues, advisory networks (see above), agribusiness consultants, agricultural shows and exhibitions. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Staff at head office have PCs and laptops with broadband connection to the Internet. Regional offices have PCs with dial-up connection to the Internet. IT resources and the Web site are maintained by a commercial company, with content for updating the Web site supplied by NWGAs Communication Manager. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: NWGA office and field staff require a broad range of information, including rural development information, technical information on sheep production, rangeland management, harvesting and post-harvest technology, economic and marketing information and information to improve their extension and training programmes. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Accurate, comprehensive and timely marketing information (commodity profiles, prices, markets) is needed by farmers and their advisors. Communication of such information
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NWGA from head office or other sources (e.g. market statistics from Cape Wool) to regional offices and advisory staff in the field is currently done telephonically or through meetings, but could perhaps be more efficiently disseminated in electronic format by email or via the Web. Information is required on application of communication technologies in extension services, particularly to communal sheep farmers, and production advisors need training in the application of such ICTs (see Training, below). Information formats required that are difficult to acquire are visual or pictorial information and materials suitable for mass distribution written in local languages (Xhosa, seSotho, isiZulu). Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No particular financial restrictions on current activities were noted except the ongoing need to acquire financial support for the development programme in communal areas. Human resources: No human resource limitations to achieving ICM goals were mentioned except for some training needs (below). ICT resources: Many of the production advisors operating in remote rural areas do not have access to reliable telecommunications (fixed-line) and therefore require mobile (wireless) Internet connectivity. An A3 colour printer is required for the production of posters and other information materials. Training needs: The Communication Manager requires training in Web site design and maintenance (no service provider identified). The Communication Manager requires further training in the production and editing of newspapers and other print extension materials (no service provider identified). Training in extension methodology and communication is critically needed for production advisors to enable them to provide a more effective advisory service to communal sheep farmers (a local service provider proficient in local languages will be sought). Production advisors need basic training in the use of computers and ICTs (no service provider identified). Future plans: The separate electronic records for the productivity of each shearing shed will be amalgamated into a single database linked (via GIS) to spatial location and environmental (e.g. rangeland) data to provide a comprehensive decision-support system (DSS) for wool and shearing shed management. Staff of EC-DA have been commissioned to develop the database and DSS. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Some of the training needs identified could be met through CTA-supported courses and seminars. Study visits to countries with effective extension and communication services for small-scale farmers would be beneficial for NWGA management (n=2) and communication staff (n=1). Why institution selected as a key: The NWGA, formed in 1926, is a country-wide organization focused on serving the interests of wool farmers. There are approximately 10 000 commercial and communal farmer members in 6 area branches and 600 sub branches distributed throughout the sheep farming areas of the country. A major thrust in the last decade has been supporting
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NWGA developing / emerging wool farmers through training and information support within the framework of the AgriBEE (Agricultural Black Economic Empowerment) programme.

NCT Name of institution: NCT Forestry Cooperative (Ltd) (NCT) Address: P. O. Box 1445, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa / 346 Burger street, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Tel: +27-33-8978500 Fax: +27-33-8978501 Email: rob@nctforest.com Web site: http://www.nctforest.com Type of institution: AS-F Role: EX, IN, FS, PS-M, TR, TM Objective / mission statement: NCT was established in 1949 as a marketing co-operative to cater to the needs of private and independent timber growers. As a co-operative, its members who share in profits, own NCT. Today Membership stands at approximately 2039 shareholding Members, representing a total area of over 300 000 ha 21% of afforested land in South Africa. NCTs mission is: To assist members to achieve their full forestry potential and optimise financial results on a sustainable basis. NCTs role is to act as agent for both members and processors; the best market prices are negotiated on behalf of its Members and stable supplies of quality round wood timber are secured for local and export markets. Members not only benefit from the wide range of services NCT offers, but also share in its annual profits and qualify for bonuses based on their patronage and committed supply, depending on available cash. Field of specialisation: NCT offers the following services to members: 1) Marketing Develop and source new and maintain existing round wood timber markets for members Supply quality round wood timber to national and international markets. Negotiate the best round wood timber prices on behalf of members. 2) Technology transfer Invest in co-operative research programmes rather than develop its own in-house capacity. Transfer information to members (through field days, study groups, symposia, training and working groups) to implement at farm level. 3) Silviculture Advise on the best species to plant, dictated by site and market requirements. Encourage members to follow the best silviculture practices. Tree improvement improve the quality of genetic material available for members to plant out. 4) Mapping The latest technology is used to produce and update members farm maps.
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NCT

Geo-referenced digital colour images and GPS are used to produce accurate maps that meet the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards. A high quality map plotting service is also available to members.

5) Harvesting Advise on the use and appointment of harvesting contractors. Advise on best harvesting methods. 6) Logistics Arrange for the transport of round wood timber from farm to purchaser. Negotiate the best road and rail contracts on behalf of members. Stockpile round wood timber at strategically located depots. 7) Tree farming Manage plantations on behalf of landowners through NCT Tree Farming (Pty) Ltd a wholly owned subsidiary of NCT. Number of staff: Total number of employees as of 28 February 2006 was: Total: 429 NCT Co-operative salaried staff: 71 NCT Co-operative wage earners: 24 NCT Tree Farming salaried staff: 20 NCT Tree Farming wage earners: 314 An update on staff numbers and the nature of the staff complement (professional, technical, clerical, part-time) was not available. Key information-relates skills and competencies of staff are: Communication (including print publication) Extension Forestry economics and marketing Research development Spatial data analysis and representation Forest management decision-support system development Management and administration IT Branches, other sites: NCT has district offices at: Vryheid (KZN) Richards Bay (KZN) Greytown (KZN) Nelspruit (MP) George (WC) Departments based head office are: General Mangers Department (included communication) Member services Commercial Services (marketing, co-operative ventures) Financial Services IT Services Administrative Services Forest Technology Services (includes research development, outreach)
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NCT Development Services (for small-scale developing growers) NCT Tree Farming (forest management services) Annual budget: The total turnover of NCT in 2005/06 was R905.982 million [94.026 million] with operating expenses of approximately R853.278 million [88.556 million]. Updated financial data were not available nor a budget breakdown for ICM and ICTs. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: NCTs main income is from the sale of hardwood, softwood and pulpwood (wattle, gum, pine) and from joint ventures in product processing (e.g. wood chip processing, paper pulp facilities). Programme / projects undertaken: NCT is involved in a number of information delivery, outreach and communication activities with or on behalf of its members (see also services, above) including: Production of a fortnightly black-and-white newsletter Yardstick (English / isiZulu) posted to all members containing NCT and industry news, market data, trends and predictions and notices of zonal meeting. Production of a quarterly glossy magazine News & Views posted to all members containing industry and NCT news and developments and articles on topical and technical issues. Regular meetings (zonal meetings) with members in each district at which NCT staff give talks on technical and market issues and address members concerns. Regular contact between timber farmers and district officers who provide technical information and advice and organise field days and workshops. A help-desk is maintained at head office for issues related to the Land Reform Programme (land claims, community development). Project Regeneration (initiated in 2005) aimed at providing small-scale farmers access to knowledge and skills through regular hands-on workshops and in-field training in all aspects of forest production, including management, technical, silviculture, harvest, transport, etc, aimed at increased and sustainable production and achieving FSC certification for small-scale timber growers. Although Project Regeneration is presently localised to the Zululand coast (KZN) the project will be systematically expanded to other regions in KZN because of the huge demand for this service and the crucial role it plays in BEE. Information management at NCT is in accordance with ISO 9001 standards. Target audience: Services are provided to members (who are all shareholders of NCT), which include members who own timber farms, contractors, small-scale growers and four community trusts that were beneficiaries of forestry land reform. Extent of interaction with CTA: The staff member interviewed was not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: NCT collaborates with the following commercial and research partners: Rottneros Group (Swedish pulp manufacturer) CTC, NCT Durban Woodchips and ShinCel (chipwood processing subsidiaries)
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NCT Forestry SA (policy development) Institute for Commercial Forestry Research (ICFR) (information exchange) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: A number of Government policies affect the operations of NCT and its members, including policy and legislation on forestry (e.g. the imminent Forest Charter), land reform, water use and management, biodiversity, municipal rates, BEE and equity, etc. No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by NCT were noted. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Staff have access to an organised collection of technical and legal articles, pamphlets, briefings and other documents, which are collected and maintained by the Forest Technology Services Division. Staff have access to an in-house management information system / database (Oracle) of detailed membership data that provides flexible text and graphical reports to managers as and when required. A custom-built forest decision-support system (including GIS) is available to research and extension staff to produce and update forestry farm plans and maps for members. A stand-alone version of a GIS / mapping package has been developed for use by members on their own PCs, with NCT providing initial training (through workshops) in its use and customised farm information for each member. The reporting function allows farmers to generate detailed compartment lists, maps, estimates of annual sustainable harvest, marketing reports (useful for NCT and members to plan timber supplies) and valuation schedules for planning insurance requirements. Feedback from member surveys informs NCT of farmer problems and information needs. Members obtain useful technical and market information through a restricted portal on NCTs Web site. Sources National & International: Organisations: Universities (UKZN), ICFR, Forestry SA and meeting with commercial clients and beneficiaries (members). Publications: Various national and international scientific journals and technical research reports and documents sourced through ICFR. Electronic media: Internet, including an online subscription to a forestry expert system that provides access to technical articles and research reports. Other sources: Expertise of colleagues at ICFR, congresses, exhibitions and forestry trade fairs. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Individual PCs (Windows XP) at head office are connected via a LAN that provides access to the Internet and Intranet. District offices are connected to head office via a WAN. All field staff have mobile phones and use cellphone cameras regularly for inquiries to staff at head office. A state-of-the-art GIS (ARCView) is available at head office and a stand-alone GIS package can be purchased by farmers (see above). An electronic library of images is maintained for staff to access. Printing facilities to produce Yardstick, but not News & Views (which is printed by a commercial company), are available. The IT Services division, comprising eight qualified and experienced technicians maintains NCTs IT resources and assists staff with their IT-related problems.

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NCT Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: NCTs members require a wide range of forestry-related technical, economic and industry information, including: technology for assessing resource suitability, production planning (including spatial data), planting, silviculture, weed and disease control, sustainable harvesting strategies and economic planning, harvesting, transport, commodity profiles, prices, insurance valuations, market schedules and demands, quality controls, government and international regulations, forest and land use policy developments and land reform programmes (e.g. land claims). The Development Division requires broad rural development information for NCTs development programmes, such as information on farmer problems, farmer livelihoods, community development issues and training needs of small-scale farmers. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): NCT staff are able to effectively meet most of the information needs of their members to ensure sustained production and effective linkages to the markets. Project Regeneration is a relatively new initiative and NCT staff require information on how best to service small-scale black farmers, who have previously been largely excluded from commercial or Government forestry enterprises. Staff, therefore, require information on appropriate training and extension practices, application of communication technologies to reach farmers in remote rural areas, and participative approaches. Most interactions with small-scale farmers are currently through oral means (at meetings and training events) but print materials in appropriate formats (including pictures) written in the predominant local language (isiZulu) could form part of a future strategy to provide comprehensive information support to developing timber farmers. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No financial restrictions to current ICM activities were noted. Human resources: There is sufficient human capacity to maintain current operations. ICT resources: No substantial problems in the provision and maintenance of IT resources to support ICM were noted. Training needs: Staff training needs are based on six-monthly personal evaluations and an annual performance assessment. A training policy (unavailable) directs the training programme, for which in-house or external training services are acquired. NCTs BEE strategy incorporates a skills development programme focused on three levels: (1) labour, (2) technical (including a mentorship system for developing managers), and (3) support to higher learning (bursaries, loans) for qualified employees. Future plans: No particular ICM expansion or development plans have been outlined except for the plan to provide greater information and training support to the expanding small-scale grower programme (see Project Regeneration, above). NCTs training and development strategies aim to ensure greater equity in the member and staff profile to achieve 26% equity at all levels of management by 2010 and 30% black membership base (currently 26%) by the end of 2008. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: No ICM, IT or training needs are critical but NCT staff involved in Project Regeneration could
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NCT benefit from greater exposure to extension and communication approaches and technologies used elsewhere to service farmers in remote rural areas. They could obtain such information through country study visits, attending seminars and workshops, and through greater access to CTAs online resources (portals and virtual library) and print publication services (e.g. Spore, Publication Distribution Service). Why institution selected as a key: NCT is a cooperative of more than 2000 members, of which about 500 are previously disadvantaged (black) small-scale timber growers. NCT is recognised as an international supplier of quality round wood timber and the largest forestry-marketing organisation in southern Africa. NCT aims to empower and develop its black members through the provision of information on and transfer of skills in all aspects of plantation forestry production, including management, technical, silviculture, harvesting and transport, etc, throughout KZN. Other observations: NCT appears a well-resource organisation staffed by competent people who are effectively meeting the current information needs of their co-operative members. Although there is no overall ICM strategy or specialised division dedicated to ICM, staff members have individual competencies and responsibilities that contribute to overall effective and efficient ICM by the organisation.

Nufarmer Name of institution: Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur Address: P. O. Box 759, Montana Park, 0159, Pretoria, South Africa / AgriSETA Building, 529 Belvedere street, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa Tel: +27-12-3210485 Fax: +27-12-3245034 Email: nufarmer@iafrica.com Web site: http://www.agridevnews.co.za Type of institution: PRV Role: IN Objective / mission statement: Nufarmer & African Entrepreneur (Nufarmer) is an agricultural educational newspaper that aims to provide relevant agricultural news and technical information to rural developing farmers. Field of specialisation: Publication of agricultural and rural development information. Number of staff: Nufarmer has a staff complement of: Total: 5 Professional: 1 Technical: 3 (two trainees in advertising sales and distribution) Clerical: 1 Sub-contracted (part-time) sub-editor
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Nufarmer Key skills of staff include: Editing Publishing Desk-top design and layout Journalism Advertising Financial management Branches, other sites: None. Annual budget: The annual budget is approximately R1.5 million [0.156 million]. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Advertising, with some additional small ad hoc donations and sponsorship. Programme / projects undertaken: Three publications are produced: Nufarmer monthly newspaper (print run 25 000) aimed at small-scale and emerging farmers. Nufarmer is available for free and is distributed through all major cooperatives, NGOs, all provincial regional offices of Departments of Agriculture throughout South Africa, First National Bank rural branches, Land Bank branches, rural and city peripheral communities, associated organisations, and service and input providers. Agriteng four-page cover for Nufarmer distributed in Gauteng Province. Undercover Farming bimonthly glossy magazine (print run 3 000) aimed at providing technical information for greenhouse, tunnel, shade-net and hydroponics farmers and developing community tunnel farming operations. Undercover Farming is available by subscription at R80 per annum [8.30] and is distributed nationally by post to subscribers, input companies, research and development institutions, to AVUP (Association for Vegetables under Protection) members, to Seedling Growers Association members, KZN Hydroponics members, Tomato Growers Association, SA Flower Growers members, SANA members and related associations. Target audience: The target audience of Nufarmer is black, emerging / developing farmers. The estimated readership (110 000) is more than four times the number of copies printed because of widespread sharing of copies among fellow farmers. Extent of interaction with CTA: The Editor-in-Chief of Nufarmer was not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Nufarmer obtains advertising revenue and technical articles from a wide range of Government, NGO, private organisations and people working in all agricultural sub-sectors. Research staff of the ARC and PDAs are regular contributors. AgriNet (an input supplier) assists with distribution of Nufarmer through its nation-wide supply network.

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Nufarmer National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use, ICM and publication activities of Nufarmer were noted. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Contact details of advertisers and contributing partners is maintained on a database. Contact with partners is mainly by telephone or email. Field visits are made by staff to undertake interviews and obtain information for articles. Books received by donation are used (with copyright permission) to obtain information for articles. Sources National & International: Staff rely on a wide range of sources and contacts (see partners, above) to obtain copy and advertising for their publications, including the following specific sources: Organisations: Universities (UFS, University of Pretoria, Stellenbosch University, UKZN), ARC, PDAs, regional research institutions, international organisations (e.g. Heifer International, USAID), commodity and farmer associations, meeting with beneficiaries, banks (e.g. First National Bank, Standard Bank, ABSA) and input suppliers. Publications: Department of Agriculture booklets, personal collection of books. Electronic media: TV programmes (e.g. AgriTV), Internet and various agricultural research electronic networks. Other sources: Agricultural shows, fairs, exhibitions and colleagues. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: PCs are available for all staff members (running Microsoft Office and Windows XP software) and an Apple Macintosh computer with Quark Express desk-top publishing software for design and layout. PCs are linked via a LAN. Printing is done by a commercial printing company. IT resources are acquired from and maintained by commercial service providers. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: Staff require a broad range of information types on rural development, technical issues (all crops, technologies, livestock, etc), economics and marketing and news relevant to smallscale and emerging farmers. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Information on how to produce for a particular market (post-harvest technology, quality and quantity required, transport, pricing, etc) is required by small-scale and larger-scale emerging farmers, but such information is not easily obtained. There is a diminishing pool of experts in the country (in Government, ARC, NGO and private organisations) who can supply technical information and articles. Although many readers speak languages other than English, all articles in Nufarmer and Undercover Farming are currently written in English because it would be difficult to service all 11 official languages in SA without compromising the number of technical articles (currently about 48 stories per issue and approximately 80% of content). Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: Advertising to support publication of Nufarmer is difficult to obtain because advertisers do
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Nufarmer not have reliable information about the size and value of the market related to small-scale and emerging farmers (e.g. 40% of the national livestock herd is owned by black farmers). Consolidation of the agro-industry into larger commercial and multinational companies has resulted in fewer potential advertisers. Therefore, plans to expand current publications (see below) and perhaps employ additional staff will be dependant upon securing additional advertising revenue or other funding partners. Human resources: There is sufficient human capacity to maintain current operations. ICT resources: No substantial problems were identified, though the PCs currently used are slow because of memory constraints to handling large graphic files. Training needs: A successor to the Editor-in-Chief needs to be trained in business management and editing skills to take over running of the operations when the current editor retires (within the next 5-10 years). The two trainees need training in journalism, marketing and distribution. Future plans: Because of a high demand for more copies, there are plans to expand the print run of Nufarmer to 50 000 (potentially reaching 200 000 readers) and to provide more pages per issue once funds become available. Readers would prefer to have greater coverage of a particular topic in each issue rather than an extended treatment over a few issues, especially if such issues are topical and timely (e.g. harvest technology discussed in the harvest season). There is also a growing demand for Undercover Farming, which has expanded from 24 to 48 papers since it was first published in May 2004. The availability of advertising revenue and demand for subscriptions will dictate the rate and extent of further expansion. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Training of one new staff member in agricultural journalism. Training of one new staff member in print publication, distribution and advertising management. Why institution selected as a key: Nufarmer is the only newspaper aimed at providing news and information relevant to developing / emerging commercial (black) farmers in SA. Other observations: Nufarmer fulfils a vital need for information dissemination to black small-scale and emerging farmers.

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OMG Name of institution: Okhombe Monitoring Group (OMG) Address: c/o School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa / c/o Okhombe CP School, Private Bag X1619, Bergville, 3350, South Africa Tel: +27-33-2605509 Fax: +27-33-2605708 Email: eversont@ukzn.ac.za Web site: Type of institution: AS-F Role: RD, TR Objective / mission statement: To undertake soil rehabilitation and water management interventions in the Upper Thukela in KwaZulu-Natal and to collect and interpret data to monitor the success of rehabilitation programmes. Field of specialisation: Environmental and soil erosion rehabilitation, monitoring and water management. Farmer-tofarmer and community training and information exchange. Number of staff: OMG is staffed by four female and five male volunteers. Additional volunteers from the community assist OMG on occasions to undertake certain projects (e.g. building soil erosion rehabilitation structures). None of the OMG members has a secondary school qualification and few have received complete primary schooling. However, their key personal skill and competencies gained through training and experience include: Skills in soil erosion rehabilitation and revegetation Vocational training in wilderness and environmental management More than 10 years experience in environmental monitoring and participatory resource assessment and training. Branches, other sites: None. Annual budget: OMG currently has no funding. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Past funding partners were: Water Research Commission (WRC) MDTP UKZN Donor funding was for equipment, research (by researchers from the aforementioned organisations), project implementation and ad hoc payments to OMG and other community volunteers for their labour or services.
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OMG Programme / projects undertaken: OMG members are responsible for monitoring the success of various soil and land rehabilitation projects they have implemented in a number of wards in their district (in collaboration with funding partners and the community). Related projects, information exchange and training activities are: Participatory assessment of natural resources and planning rehabilitation interventions. Implementation of an ongoing monitoring programme to assess the success of various rehabilitation and revegetation interventions. The monitoring programme involves the following ICM processes: o Plant basal cover, runoff and soil erosivity is recorded regularly using simple methods. o Data sheets are filed separately by members, who are responsible for monitoring in their ward. o Data collected over a period are captured in a spreadsheet, during a computer training course at UKZN, and graphs are generated to compare the values of measured indices between rehabilitated and unimproved areas, between wards and over time. o Graphs are printed and stored on computer discs (with duplicates housed at UKZN). o Graphs illustrating key results are used (along with flipcharts) by OMG members in various education and training activities (below). OMG members provide: on-site demonstrations to visiting community groups, researchers and donor agencies, environmental awareness education to community, schools and youth groups (including the use of drama and dance), and feedback at community meetings and tribal councils. OMG members host visits by neighbouring communities and visit other communities to provide training in rehabilitation and monitoring (see Target audience, below). Annual reports (focussing on the community process rather than the monitoring results) are prepared by UKZN for donor agencies and presentation at various scientific forums. Target audience: OMGs monitoring and outreach activities are aimed at the local community. Visits by six neighbouring communities for in-field demonstrations and training and visits by OMG members to other communities in KZN, other provinces, and to Lesotho have enabled OMG member to share their knowledge and experiences and widened local knowledge networks. Extent of interaction with CTA: The UKZN member interviewed (who is a long-standing partner of OMG) was not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). No OMG member has attended any CTAsupported courses of seminar or obtained any information from CTA. Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Some of OMGs key partners were/are: UKZN (joint research, project management, training, advice, information exchange) FSG (joint research, training, advice, information exchange) WRC (previous funding partner) MDTP (previous funding partner) NDA (rural development and training through the LandCare Programme) CSIR (joint research, training, advice, information exchange) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by OMG were
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OMG mentioned though unreliable telecommunication (fixed-line) networks and expensive mobile telephone services do constrain the ICM activities by OMG members (see below). Although KZN-DAEA has a policy aimed at developing the agricultural production and natural resource management capacity of rural communities, their extension personnel in the area have provided minimal support to OMGs activities. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: OMG members rely extensively on their personal knowledge and the knowledge of their colleagues gained through experience, training and interaction with other communities and partner organisations. Graphs and monitoring data sheets are used in demonstration and training activities. GIS-produced maps (by UKZN) of fixed-point monitoring sites, erosion gullies and grazing paddocks are used by OMG and other community groups (e.g. the Livestock Committee) for natural resource management planning. Sources National & International: Organisations: Various key partners (see above), Wageningen University, SA universities, UKZN-DAEA (community garden programme), ARC, meetings with beneficiaries and input suppliers. Publications: None mentioned (use constrained by low literacy, especially in English). Electronic media / AV: Posters used by training partners, videos (DVD) of the OMG rehabilitation and monitoring programmes (but no viewing equipment easily available). Other sources: Training courses and cross-visits. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Four members of OMG (including the Chairperson) have a mobile phone. FSG has set up three old PCs (running Windows 98) in a room at the local school for OMG members to use for data capture and graphing. However, these computers are currently not operational, no printer is available, the electricity supply is erratic and unreliable and security is poor. FSG and UKZN project staff do not have the IT expertise to fix and maintain the PCs. OMG has access to photocopying facilities at the local school. OMG has access to computers at UKZN during periodic training courses (about every 68 months). Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: By working closely with its partners for an extended duration, OMG has been able to acquire the necessary knowledge or obtain sufficient information to implement a community-based monitoring programme. They do, however, require a lot of ancillary and additional information to support their farming and non-farm activities. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Some of the following information types required by OMG are not available from current sources or may need to be generated through research: Farming problems and appropriate non-farm livelihoods Development and funding programmes Available agricultural / development networks (regional) Community (participatory) development and implementation of land-use management plans (e.g. grazing system). Data on current livestock numbers. Livestock disease control (e.g. dipping tank regimes) Agroforestry (for fodder, fuelwood, crop and pasture systems) Sources and management of fuelwood Commodity profiles and markets (especially wool)
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OMG Livestock markets and prices Literacy (basic reading and writing of reports) Basic financial management (to understand the operations of the Okhombe Trust, which is currently run by trustees) Information formats required that are difficult to acquire are visual or pictorial information and materials written in a local language (isiZulu) suitable for mass distribution. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: It is doubtful whether OMG members have the ability (or will) to sustain their current monitoring and outreach activities without future funding and training support (membership has dropped from 16 to 9 over the last few years). ICT resources: OMG members do not have regular access to functional computers (see IT resources, above) for data capture and to practice computer skills obtained during infrequent training courses at UKZN. They do not have access to a printer to produce graphs for outreach programmes. Training needs: Training in basic financial management (no service provider identified) is regarded as a priority. Adult and family literacy training is essential (local service providers are available). Basic numeracy training is essential (no service provider identified). Ongoing training in basic computer use, data analysis and graphing (usually supplied by UKZN when funds are available). Training in basic record-keeping for storage and organisation of data sheets (no service provider identified). Future plans: FSG and UKZN plan to upgrade OMGs computer resources and establish a wellresourced information centre if and when sufficient funding becomes available. It has been recommended that further funding be sought to upscale the rehabilitation and monitoring programme from the plot to the catchment scale in order to significantly influence regional stream flows and water quality. This project will be linked to a proposed initiative to provide incentives for sustainable NRM through payment for environmental downstream services. OMG will most likely play an important role in such an enlarged project by providing training and advice to participating communities and research partners. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Some of the training needs identified could be met through CTA-supported training courses or seminars. OMG members would benefit from study visits to other countries to learn about appropriate innovations in NRM, rehabilitation and ICM. Advice is required on setting up and maintaining a computer and information resource centre in a poorly-serviced, remote rural area. OMGs partners (e.g. UKZN and FSG) could benefit from gaining access to CTAs online (publications and portals) and print resources, and from attendance at appropriate seminars and study visits to other countries for information exchange. Why institution selected as a key: The OMG is a unique community-based voluntary organisation of men and women rural inhabitants (including some farmers) that are involved in the implementation and monitoring of land rehabilitation interventions and a community livestock grazing system in the upper
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OMG Thukela region of the Drakensberg in KZN. OMG is involved in the collection, storage and interpretation of data and information collected through participatory monitoring. They share their knowledge through farmer-to-farmer information exchanges and youth education programmes.

Rainbow Name of institution: Rainbow SA Address: P. O. Box 1328, Highlands North, 2037, South Africa / 132 Pembroke street, Sydenham, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa Tel: +27-11-4852036 Fax: +27-11-4851963 Email: craig@rainbowsa.co.za / theteam@rainbowsa.co.za Web site: http://www.rainbowsa.co.za Type of institution: PRV Role: IN Objective / mission statement: Rainbow SA is a holding company for various projects. Their aim is to facilitate access to information in key development areas of South Africa. Field of specialisation: Publishers of agricultural, training, skills development and empowerment directories and guides. Number of staff: Rainbow SA has a staff complement of: Total: 10 Professional: 3 Technical: 5 Clerical: 2 Key skills of staff include: Editing Publishing Graphic artistry Networking Languages (some multilingual staff but no technical translators) Branches, other sites: All staff are based at the head office. Annual budget: Unavailable. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: The NDA funds the printing and distribution of The National Agricultural Directory (NAD).
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Rainbow Other partners that fund the operating and production costs of Rainbow staff involved in the production of the NAD are: Rand Water, Standard Bank, ABSA and Total. Minor funders of the Agric. Directory are: IDC, AgriSETA and UFS. Additional revenue is obtained through advertising and the sales to municipal libraries and schools. Programme / projects undertaken: Directories published: The National Agricultural Directory of South Africa, 1st ed. (2004/05), 668p. The National Agricultural Directory of South Africa, 2nd ed. (2007), 703 p. Die National Landbougids van Suid Afrika (2004/05) The National Training Directory (2004) The National Empowerment Directory (2005) Guides published: The Skills Development Guide for South Africa (2005) The director of the NAD project also regularly answers telephonic requests for contact information. Target audience: The National Agricultural Directory aims to provide a concise overview of agriculture in South Africa including the operations, roles, contact details and related publications of all role players involved in all production, research, training, processing and developing agricultural sectors in the country. The NAD is therefore aimed at everyone and all organisations within the country, regionally or internationally, who are involved with or interested in agriculture in South Africa. Each section (commodity or issue) included in the NAD has information on some or all of the following topics: Overview Associations involved National strategy and relevant directorate with the Department of Agriculture Education and training Research Publications and Web sites Companies involved Export/import Local business opportunities, markets and marketing International overview Black economic empowerment Environmental issues, etc. The print run for the English and Afrikaans versions of the 2nd edition of the NAD (2007) was 10 000 and 3000, respectively. Most copes have already been distributed to a wide spectrum of people and organisations involved in the agricultural production and marketing chain by various means, including: through the provincial affiliates of AgriSA to their district farmer unions; via the two main national farmer unions, TAU SA and NAFU; direct postage to commercial farmers and sales at agricultural shows; to emerging farmers through meetings (e.g. NERPO annual conference); delivery to embassies and high commissions in SA and trade missions abroad (through the Department of Trade & Industry); to industry and commodity groups; to universities and research organisations; and via sales (through Booktalk) to municipal libraries and schools. Thus, most farmers in SA should have access to the NAD.

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Rainbow Extent of interaction with CTA: The Rainbow staff member interviewed was not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: The team that produces the NAD collaborates extensively and widely with many different organisations and individuals to obtain information ranging from simple contact details through to detailed synopses or profiles of different agricultural commodities, topics and issues, including developing agriculture. National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling the publishing activities of Rainbow were mentioned, though inter-Government Departmental politics hinder efforts to obtain outside funding partners for the publication of the Training and BEE Directories. How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Staff involved in the production of the NAD use a variety of external sources to obtain updated and new information, including telephonic requests from an extensive network of contacts and secondary sources such as the Internet, local magazines (e.g. Farmers Weekly), print newsletters, electronic newsletters (e.g. SAMIC Newsletter) and television (AgriTV). Contact details of people, associations and organisations are captured in a database (Microsoft Access). ICT resources to support information acquisition and delivery: Rainbow staff have the minimum computer facilities required to produce the print-ready copy of directories, including: PCs (8) with Microsoft Office and Windows 2000 software, a LAN, laser printers (2), a scanner and design software (Adobe InDesign). One of the staff members has sufficient experience to provide daily IT support but computer maintenance and repair services are provided by outside companies. Main information needs not satisfied: Rainbow SA staff have been largely able to obtain the diverse range of information they require to produce original and revised versions of the NAD. Information provided for some sections was, however, very limited (e.g. overview of agriculture in particular provinces) compared to the detailed information obtained or provided on other topics. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: Current activities are not restricted by the availability of funds but some future plans can only be realised once funding is secured (see below). Human resources: No human resource limitations to achieving ICM goals were mentioned but some training needs for current staff were identified (below) ICT resources: The current limited memory of the PCs used to edit the directories retards their speed of operation. Computer resources will need to be upgraded and laptops purchased when funding is secured to produce online directories (see plans, below).
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Rainbow Training needs: Training is required for some current staff, namely: Basic computer skills for clerical staff. Advanced skills in the use of design and layout software required for at least one staff member. Basic Web content management skills are required by at least two staff member. Future plans: Work has begun on the 3rd edition of the NAD, to be published in 2008. Funding has been requested - but not yet secured for the development of an electronic, searchable version of the NAD and other directories to be made available on a CD-ROM and online via Rainbows Web site. Additional staff and IT capacity will be required to develop these products. It is envisaged that key contributors to the NAD will have a facility to regularly update their contributions online. There are plans to assess and review current ICM technology and practices at Rainbow with the view to acquiring appropriate software for more efficient and effective management of the information required to produce the directories and to streamline the publication process. The final aim is to develop a free, national online information portal for agriculture containing, amongst other information: information from the NAB plus further details; agricultural news; a national database of agricultural product and service providers; discussion forums for different agricultural groups; links to other agricultural Web sites in SA and internationally; and a repository for research papers and other articles. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Rainbow SA could benefit from advice on the design of appropriate dynamic Web-based information systems for the planned online directories. Training needs of staff could be met through courses run or supported by CTA. Why institution selected as a key: Rainbow SA aims to facilitate access to information on agriculture in SA by providing up-todate, comprehensive information on all sub-sectors of agriculture, main role players and stakeholders through its flagship publication The National Agricultural Directory. There are no similar information products available in South Africa and this directory fulfils a crucial information need in the agricultural sector.

SPP Name of institution: The Surplus People Project (SPP) Address: P.O. Box 468, Athlone, 7760, South Africa / 45 Collingwood Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa Tel: +27-21-4485605 Fax: +27-21-4480105 Email: spp@spp.org.za Web site: http://www.spp.org.za Type of institution: NGO Role: EX, RD, RU Objective / mission statement: SPPs vision is: To be a multi-skilled, efficient, radical and committed organisation instrumental in redistributing resources to the poor, marginalized, women and men, and in transforming power relations in rural and peri-urban areas. This will be achieved by
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SPP supporting them in their agrarian struggles for sustainable livelihoods and food security. SPPs strategic objectives are: Poor women and men in the NC and WC provinces have secure access to and control over land and water for food security and sustainable livelihoods. Poverty is reduced in the areas in which SPP works through access to productive and development resources and markets by women and men particularly people living with HIV/Aids. Pro-poor policy changes have been effected and influenced through SPPs direct engagement in and facilitation of the participation of poor women and men. Poor women and men are represented on and influence relevant institutions that are responsible for the allocation and protection of rights and resources for agrarian transformation. SPP has facilitated organisation, awareness raising and social action with poor women and men in the NC and WC for access to land, water and development resources for poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods. SPP is a sustainable organisation operating in a cost effective and systematic manner with sufficient resources, effective systems and skilled staff. Field of specialisation: Land rights, advocacy, rural and agricultural development. Other projects and initiatives include capacity development (of rural inhabitants), participatory planning, research, lobbying, information and communication campaigns for popular / political education, facilitating horizontal leaning exchanges exposures and training, and facilitating the selforganisation of men / women in rural areas to access and utilise land and associated resource. The purpose is to assist rural dwellers achieve food sovereignty and for smallscale farmers to develop special niche markets in organic food production and the cultivation and processing of natural products (e.g. Rooibos tea, Buchu). Number of staff: SPP has a staff complement of: Total: 19 Professional & technical: 14 Clerical: 5 Key skills and competencies of staff include: Project management Research and research methods Community facilitation and mobilization Conflict resolution / management Institutional development and building movements Commonage management Financial management Legal entities and tenure options Land use, business planning and management Farm planning and development Crop production, stock farming and agroforestry practices Agricultural extension and training Political and popular education Lobbying and advocacy Material development The two main divisions of SPP are: (1) Small-scale Farmer Projects, and (2) Research Development, Information and Advocacy (RIA), with the later responsible for providing
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SPP information support to the rest of SPP. Branches, other sites: Springbok (Namaqualand) Calvinia West Coast (run by staff at the head office in Cape Town)

Annual budget: The annual budget is R4.5 million [0.467 million], of which about R1.2 million [0.125 million] is allocated to ICM (RIA Division). Approximately R60 000 [6 227] is available for IT maintenance and development. Staff receive an allowance for mobile phones. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: Main funding partners are: European donors (see below) Ford Foundation (pending) NDA Contracts for various organisations Other recent international and local funding partners (2005/06) were: European Union Foundation for Human Rights ICCO (Interchurch Organisation for Development Co-operation) PLAAS (Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies) Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust SDC (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation) Broederlijk Delen Ford Foundation CCFD (Comit Catholique contre la Faims et pour le Dvelopment) UCC (United Church of Canada) CIDA (Canadian International Development Aid) NDA (National Development Agency) Embassy of Finland EED (Evangelischer Entwicklungsdienst) Rockerfeller Brothers Fund CSIC (Consejo Superiro De Investigaciones Cientificas) Belgian Embassy Mama Cash Department of Housing and Local Government (PGWC) De Beers Fund Programme / projects undertaken: Some of the main information delivery, communication and training projects SPP has undertaken or is currently involved in are: Facilitated horizontal learning exchanges (e.g. farmer-to-farmer cross-visits, visits by farmers to commodity package houses, etc). Production of quarterly newsletter (SPP News) with staff and farmer contributions Production of case study booklets. Regular meetings with farmers and rural inhabitants (quarterly at district level, daily contact for field workers). Production of information booklets on issues / impacts. Training courses in organic farming and household / community gardens. Production of manuals to support training in organic farming. Press releases.
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SPP Leadership training courses. Political education. Training in the development of business plans. Submissions to policy developers and Government. Research reports (with mandatory feedback to farmers). Target audience: The main targets of SPP projects are: Farm dwellers Farm workers Small-scale farmers on commonage in municipalities or on private or church land Farmer groups (62, each with about 35-100 farmers) organised in forums according to municipality Landless groups Rural women Extent of interaction with CTA: The staff member interviewed was not aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: Some of SPPs main partners are: The Legal Resource Centre (obtain legal information, joint research) Environmental Monitoring Group (EMG) (joint development projects, information exchange) Goededacht Agricultural Resource Centre, Malmesbury (joint training in organic farming) Consulting for various organisations (see financial partners, above) Agrarian networks (information exchange, advocacy) Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plants Products (ASNAPP) (source of technical information on natural products) National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: Policy-related issued that impact ICM at SPP are: There are few Government extension officers available to serve small-scale farmers and most extension personnel lack knowledge and skills in organic farming and smallbusiness enterprises (e.g. developing business plans). This lack of appropriate training is probably related to policies directed at increased agricultural production for export or for biofuels rather than achieving food security and sovereignty through sustainable methods (e.g. organic farming, permaculture). SPP has to, therefore, full this critical gap in the advisory service. Because the remoteness of making rural communities, SPP staff have limited ability to communicate information to and obtain feedback from rural inhabitants on Government policies that could potentially affect such communities (e.g. policies on organic certification, biofuels, land reform, etc). Because of the high cost of imported books (partly because of Government import tax), SPP relies on donations rather than purchases of books to stock their resource centre (see below).

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SPP How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Staff at the head office have access to a resource centre with a small collection of books, periodicals, SPP case study reports, research reports, SPP briefs and newspapers. The collection is indexed in an electronic catalogue. Sources National & International: Communication staff rely on a wide range of national and international sources and personal contacts (see partners, above) to meet their information needs, including the following specific sources: Organisations: University of the Western Cape, NDA, ARC, international research organisations and institutions (see above), farmer associations and meeting with beneficiaries (farmers, farm workers, rural dwellers). Publications: Publications in various local and international scientific journals and popular magazines (e.g. AgriPROBE, Landbou Weekblad, Farmers Weekly) held in the resource centre or personal collections, WCDA Infopaks, newspapers and reports from various organisations (FAO, DFID, HSRC). Electronic media: Internet, various agricultural research electronic networks and the COMBUD Enterprise Economics database (from WCDA) for budget planning of new and existing farming enterprise (no data for organic farming available). Other sources: Colleagues. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Staff at SPP have access to PCs (20) running Microsoft Office and Windows 2000 software, linked via a LAN. Laptops (2) are available and field staff have mobile phones. Computers and the SPP Web site are maintained by outside commercial service providers. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: SPP staff require broad rural development information, technical information on various agronomic, harvesting and post-harvest techniques, economic and market information (identification of markets, prices, quality & quantity required, commodity profiles), and information on application of communication technologies for extension, ICM systems and editing of reports and other publications. Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Information on organic farming methods (agronomy, integrated pest control, soil fertility, post-harvest storage, etc), markets and regulations (e.g. certification) for organic produce and natural products, and economic planning for such small-scale farming enterprises, is required by SPP staff but is not readily available from current external sources. Information formats that are difficult to acquire include journal articles (high cost), materials for mass distribution (especially in local languages) and visual or pictorial information for communication with beneficiaries with low literacy levels. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: No particular financial constrains to current activities and projects were mentioned but SPP operates in a variable and risky funding environment and cannot, therefore, plan any major expansion programmes (e.g. to upgrade the current IT infrastructure) or employ additional staff. Human resources: Funds are not available to employ a specialised ICM or IT expert. Consequently, SPP has to
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SPP develop in-house capacity to manage their own information and IT resources. Existing staff have to be trained to be multi-skilled in ICM, IT, research, education and outreach. ICT resources: The current desk-top publishing software (Microsoft Publisher) needs to be upgraded, preferably with open-source software, for more efficient in-house publication of information materials. Training needs: SPP provides staff training in issues relevant to their programmes and projects. Some specific training needs identified are: Training and advice on the development of ICM strategies to make more effective use of information resources and better meet the needs of the target audiences. SPP needs to include such ICM strategic planning in their current annual (mid- and end-year) planning sessions to ensure that ICM is integrated into their overall strategy to achieve their key objectives. Training of a staff member to maintain and update SPPs Web site (no service provider yet identified). Future plans: SPP is investigating the use of GIS for recording land use information and land use planning. Inexpensive or open-source software will need to be acquired once plans have been formulated. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: Training in Web site maintenance and content management. Advice on appropriate ICTs and repackaging of information materials to communicate with low literacy beneficiaries in remote rural areas. Advice on open-source software for GIS and desktop publishing Advice and training on developing ICM strategies and plans. Why institution selected as a key: SPP works to facilitate access to and acquisition of land by the landless emerging farmers (including women), advocates for access to, and equitable distribution of, development resources and support for land development, and aims to facilitate capacity building of emerging farmers for sustainable land use and economically successful agricultural operations in the Western and Northern Cape Provinces.

WCDA Name of institution: Western Cape Department of Agriculture (WCDA) Elsenburg Radio Communications Division Address: Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, Stellenbosch, 7607, South Africa / Elsenburg Research Station, Stellenbosch, South Africa Tel: +27-21-8870985 Fax: +27-21-8870987 Email: charlenen@elsenburg.com Web site: http://www.elsenburg.com Type of institution: GOV Role: EX, IN, PP, RD, RG, RU, TR, TM

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WCDA Objective / mission statement: The mission of the WCDA is to enhance the economic, ecological and social wealth of the people of the Western Cape through: Promoting the production of affordable, nutritious, safe and accessible food Caring for natural resources Supporting sustainable development of rural communities Providing economic opportunities for farming and rural communities Promoting export opportunities for agricultural products and services Reducing hunger in the Western Cape The creation of favourable working conditions for staff Exceptional service delivery Field of specialisation: The WCDA provides development, research, training, extension and support services to all agricultural sectors in the Western Cape Province. The six main programmes of the WCDA are: Agricultural Economics Farmer Support and Development Structured Agricultural Training (Cape Institute for Agricultural Training) Sustainable Resource Management Technology, Research and Development Veterinary Services Number of staff: The Communications Division (which includes Elsenburg Radio) is responsible for ICM at the WCDA. It has a staff complement of: Total: 10 Professional: 4 (1 staff member with a PhD qualification at Radio Elsenburg) Clerical: 5 Intern: 1 Key skills of staff include: Public relations and communications Language translation and interpretation Journalism Photography Radio broadcasting Web journalism Branches, other sites: Regional agricultural development centres of the WCDA are located at: George Moorreesburg Oudtshoorn Vredendal Research farms are located at: Elsenburg Langgewens Nortier Oudtshoorn
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WCDA Outeniqua Tygerhoek Worcester The Communications Division is based at the WCDA headquarters at Elsenburg (outside Stellenbosch) and Elsenburg Radio is based at ARCInfruitec in Stellenbosch. Annual budget: The total budget for WCDA (2007/08) is R254 million [26.360 million]. The budget available to the Communications Division in 2006/07 for staff and operating costs was R1.897 million [0.196 million] but will be increased to R4.669 million [0.484 million] in 2007/08 to include the additional services to be incorporated in the restructured Communications Sub-Programme, such as the library, reception and reprographic services. The budget for Radio Elsenburg is R450 000 [46 702]. Source of funding, incl. main donors / sponsors: The WCDA is funded by the Government of South Africa through the provincial budget for the Western Cape Province. Programme / projects undertaken: Some of the main information delivery and communication projects the Communication Division is responsible for are: Production (write, design, print, distribute) of the quarterly magazine, AgriPROBE (5 000 copies) which includes news and articles summarising the latest results from research conducted by the WCDA. The Elsenburg Journal, with scientific articles, is included as an insert in AgriPROBE. Organisation of a regional farmer meeting (imbizo) twice a year. Organisation of farmer days on various technical topics presented by research and extension staff. Organisation of exhibitions and poster displays at agricultural shows and fairs (10-15 per annum). Production of two radio programmes per week (in the sound studio of Radio Elsenburg) that are broadcast nation-wide on Radio Sonder Grense (RSG) from the SABC studios in Cape Town. The Programmes are: (1) Landbou-oorsig on Friday afternoons at 12:30, comprising various contributions on current agricultural topics, and (2) Elsenburg Forum airs on Saturday afternoon at 12:45 in the form of an in-depth panel discussion on an agricultural subject. The estimated audience for both programmes is 1.1-1.3 million listeners. Production of the Annual Report (edit, translate, print). Production of the Annual Performance Plan (edit, translate, print). Compilation of the Whos Who directory of research expertise (compile, design, print, distribute). Distribution of the Departmental brochure. Maintenance of the WCDA Website (update content). Production of Infopaks for extension personnel and farmers (compile, design, print, distribute) in collaboration with research staff. There are currently approximately 100 Infopaks available, some in three languages (English, Afrikaans, Xhosa), on a variety of topics ranging from: animal diseases, feeding, management and production; crop, vegetable, tree and fruit production; financial management; irrigation; mechanisation; and soil management. Press releases to various media and publications. Production of the monthly Radio Namaqualand programme Women in Agriculture. Organisation of visits by local and foreign visitors to Elsenburg and other experimental
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WCDA farms. Organisation of visits from schools and other agricultural colleges. Organisation of workshops / motivational sessions for farm worker women. Organisation of the Female Farmer Competition. Organisation of open days for school pupils and information / marketing talks at schools. Target audience: NDA Ministry of Agriculture (Provincial) Provincial Standing Committee on Agriculture Departments of the PGWC Ambassadors and visitors from foreign countries Agricultural producers (commercial & emerging) and agricultural sector individuals Organised agriculture Personnel and colleagues Tertiary institutions / schools Private organisations agricultural and other Public / consumers Media

Extent of interaction with CTA: None of the staff of the Communications Division interviewed were aware of the existence of CTA or of its products and services and did not know of the existence of the local QAS service in Bloemfontein (PRAIS). Extent of collaboration / interaction with other institutions: The WCDA collaborates widely with a variety of Governmental, NGO, agribusiness, organised agriculture and farmer group partners through joint-research, information exchange (two-way) and financial partnership and support programmes. Some specific partners that collaborate to produce radio programmes are: Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (Port Elizabeth) Stellenbosch University NDA and various PDAs NGOs, e.g. Casidra Department of Water Affairs and Forestry ARC (Engineering, Animal Production, Range & Forage) South African Institute of Agricultural Engineers South African Irrigation Institute Deciduous Fruit Producers Trust Dry Fruit Technical Services KWV and WinPro (wine industry) Perishable Products Export Control Board Canning Fruit Industry Board Ministry of Agriculture, Western Cape National / sectoral policies impacting ICT use / information and communication within the institution: No national or sectoral policies constraining or enabling ICT use and ICM by the WCDA were mentioned.

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WCDA How information needs are currently met, and from where or by whom: Sources Internal: Research and ICM staff of the WCDA have access to a comprehensive and wellorganised library at Elsenburg and, by arrangement, at Stellenbosch University. The knowledge, expertise and personal information resources of staff and colleagues at Elsenburg are important sources for various information exchange projects (see above) and especially for Radio Elsenburg broadcasts. Information on research projects conducted by the WCDA is available through the database, Project Information Management System (PIMS). Information materials produced by Elsenburg, such as AgriPROBE, the Elsenburg Journal, archives (mp3 format) of Radio Elsenburg programmes on the WCDA Website as well as Infopaks are useful sources for internal knowledge sharing and external information delivery. Sources National & International: Communication staff rely on a wide range of national sources and contacts (see partners, above), especially to compile the weekly Elsenburg Radio programmes, including: Organisations: Universities (see above), NDA, ARC, regional (PDA) research institutions, commodity and farmer associations, meeting with beneficiaries (farmers, rural dwellers) and input suppliers. Publications: Publications in various local and international scientific journals and popular magazines (e.g. Landbou Weekblad, Farmers Weekly) held in libraries or personal collections and WCDA publications. Electronic media: Radio and TV programmes (e.g. AgriTV), video presentations, posters, the Internet and various agricultural research electronic networks. Other sources: Agricultural shows, colleagues and agribusiness consultants. ICT resources to support information acquisition and exchange: Staff at Elsenburg have sufficient, up-to-date computer facilities (operating on Windows XP) and access to the Internet and an Intranet via a LAN. The Communications Division has personal computers (8), digital cameras (4), a scanner, a radio production studio and the requisite design software for the design of print materials and the production of radio programmes (Adobe Audio). The tape recorder used for interviews is old but adequate. Radio Elsenburg has access to state-of-the-art facilities at SABCs Cape Town studio for their broadcasts. The IT Division supplies adequate maintenance and technical support to the staff at WCDA and the Communications Division. Main information needs not satisfied: Main information needs: Because of the broad nature of WCDAs research, support and communication activities, spanning a wide range of agricultural sectors and types of farmers (communal, commercial, emerging), staff require a diverse range of information to support their activities and to deliver to their clients, including: technical information (for many different production systems), rural development information, economic information (especially on commodity profiles and markets) and information on methods to improve ICM and extension (especially participatory methods). Main unmet information needs (types & formats): Current and relevant economic information on markets and commodity profiles is sought by farmers but not easily sourced. More rural development information, including farm(er) problems, rural livelihoods, development funding, etc, is required to support the implementation of the Land Reform programme and CASP (i.e. beneficiaries of land reform). Information formats required but not readily available include: material suitable for mass
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WCDA distribution (print and radio), materials in appropriate languages (especially Xhosa) and visual or pictorial information for more effective communication. Main problems faced in terms of information and communication management: Financial resources: The current budget available to the Communications Division, and especially to Radio Elsenburg, restricts the amount of travelling that can be done to liaise with other agricultural information centres and conduct interviews for radio programmes in the Western Cape Province and in other areas of the country with the purpose of achieving a wider reach and greater relevance of radio broadcasts. Human resources: The current duties of the single staff member at Radio Elsenburg restrict his ability to travel extensively to conduct interviews (see above) and to contribute further to the Infopak project (below). There is insufficient time available and no spare human resources in the Communications Division to coordinate and attend to the Infopak production process, which is currently in limbo. ICT resources: No substantial problems were identified. Training needs: Training needs of the staff of the Communication Division are determined annually and training is provided in-house or by outside providers (e.g. for Web maintenance, event management, etc). No particular unmet training needs that could be met by CTA were articulated. Future plans: The Communications Division is currently being restructured into a higher-level, enlarged Communications Sub-Programme, which will encompass the present activities of the Communications Division and include library, reception and reprographic services. Additional human resources that will be required (along with funding for such staff) include: an information centre services manager, a graphic designer and a person with information repackaging skills. Production (editing and printing) of Infopaks will resume once sufficient time and staff capacity becomes available within the restructured Sub-Programme. There are plans in the medium term (3 years) to acquire a high volume printer for pamphlet and Infopak production (no service provider identified). Wireless Internet access is currently being extended to staff (such at Radio Elsenburg) who do not have direct access to the LAN at Elsenburg. Critical assistance (possibly by CTA) required: The need for advice and guidance in structuring a new Communications Sub-Programme [Information Centre] was noted, particularly as it is not clear exactly what staff skills and capacity would be required to run an effective information centre and what the job descriptions of such staff would be (e.g. the Information Centre Services Manager). Although the Current Communications Division has a clear communication strategy (2006) a comprehensive ICM strategy for the new restructured Sub-Programme would need to be developed to guide the planning for and future activities of the new Information Centre. Why institution selected as a key: The WCDA is responsible for general agricultural development and providing appropriate agricultural services, including technology generation through research, to all kinds of farmers (commercial, communal, emerging) through extension and information support in the WC province. Their agricultural radio service, Elsenburg Radio, is one of only two radio
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WCDA production units in the nine PDAs in South Africa.

The following abbreviations are used in the above table: Type AS-F AS-W AS-Y BNK CCI CHU EDU GOV NGO PRV REG STA STE OTH EX IN FS PP PS-E PS-M PS-P PS-S RD RG TR TM RU OT Farmers association (includes co-operatives) Womens association Youth association Bank or credit institution Chamber of commerce and industry Church-based group Educational institution Government department / ministry Non-government organisation Private enterprise, company Regional organisation, project or network Statutory body State enterprise Other Extension and outreach Information services Financial services Policy and planning Private sector Exporter (fresh, frozen and dried produce) Private sector Manufacturer (e.g. tannery, bottler, refiner, roaster) Private sector Producer (e.g. commercial farm, fishing company) Private sector Supplier (e.g. ag. chemicals, equipment, seeds) Research and development Regulation (compliance, standards) Training (at secondary, tertiary and vocational level) Trade and marketing (include market development) Rural Development Other

Role

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4. List of Persons Interviewed

Name Mr Dirk Mulder, Mr Pieter Cornelius Mr Pieter van Wyk Ms Minda Bornman Mr Carmichael Maluleka Ms Lidia Coetser Ms Nkami Sethole Mr Experience Matshediso Mr Kobus Oosthuizen Dr Maxwell Mudhara Ms Gail du Toit Mr Andrew Elie Mr Strydom Schoonraad Ms Joan Oosthuizen Mr Johan van Veenendaal Ms Rikki Abbott Mr Rob Thompson Dr Langelihle Simela Mr Aggrey Mahanjana Mr Johan Swiegers Dr Amie Aucamp Mr Leon de Beer Ms Elize Pretorius Mr Craig Macaskill Mr Ricado Jacobs Function Manager, Horticulture & Fibre Manager, Livestock & Vegetables Manager, Field Crops Manager, Public Relations & Marketing Director, Information & Communication Technology Head Librarian Manager, Corporate Public Relations Public Relations Officer Chief Operations Officer Acting Director Finance Officer Deputy Director, Support Services Deputy Director, Education & Training Communications Officer Agricultural Scientist, Extension Training Resource Development Assistant Manager, Extension Training Resource Development Assistant General Manger & Manager, Member Services Programme Manager, Farmer Support, Youth Development & Training General Manager Editor-in-Chief, Manager & Owner Director, Development & Training General Manager Manager, Communications Project Manager Coordinator, Research Development, Information & Advocacy Institution AMT AMT AMT AMT ARC ARC ARC Casidra Casidra FSG FSG GADI GADI GADI KZN-DAEA KZN-DAEA NCT NERPO NERPO Nufarmer NWGA NWGA NWGA Rainbow SA SPP Telephone +27-12-3611779 +27-12-3480374 +27-12-3489987 +21-12-3612748 +27-12-4279716 +27-12-4279700 +27-12-4279904 +27-21-8635000 +27-21-8635000 +27-33-2606275 +27-33-2606277 +27-49-8421113 +27-49-8421113 +27-49-8421113 +27-33-3559324 +27-33-3559358 +27-33-8978500 +27-12-3619127 +27-12-3619127 +27-12-3210485 +27-41-3655030 +27-41-3688969 +27-41-3655030 +27-11-4852036 +27-21-4485605 Email address dirk@amtrends.co.za pieter@amtrends.co.za pietervw@amtrends.co.za minda@amtrends.co.za Maluleka@arc.agric.za LCoetser@arc.agric.za nkami@arc.agric.za ematshediso@casidra.co.za koosthuizen@casidra.co.za mudhara@ukzn.ac.za dutoitg@ukzn.ac.za AndrewE@nda.agric.za StrydomS@nda.agric.za JoanO@nda.agric.za vanveenendaaljc@dae.kzntl.gov.za abbottr@dae.kzntl.gov.za rob@nctforest.com langa@nerpo.org.za aggrey@nerpo.org.za nufarmer@iafrica.com amie@nwga.co.za leon@nwga.co.za elize@nwga.co.za craig@rainbowsa.co.za ricado@spp.org.za

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Name Dr Terry Everson Dr Chris Viljoen Ms Charlene Niewoudt

Function Senior Lecturer, UKZN (project partner of OMG) Manager, Radio Elsenburg Deputy Director, Communications Division

Institution UKZN / OMG WCDA WCDA

Telephone +27-33-2605509 +27-21-8870985 +27-21-8085008

Email address eversont@ukzn.ac.za chrisvi@elsenburg.com CharleneN@elsenburg.com

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