Lecture On Basic Concept Operation and Control of HVDC

Lecture on Basic Concept, Operation and Control of HVDC
September 2, 2008 09.00-16.00 hrs. EGAT Head Office
Lectured by Nitus Voraphonpiput, Ph.D. Engineer Level 8 Technical Analysis Foreign Power purchase Agreement Branch Power Purchase Agreement Division Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
Objective
Providing basic concept of the HVDC transmission system to attendee. Introducing operation and control of the HVDC transmission System. Discussing applications of the HVDC and its limitations.
Contents

1. HVAC vs. HVDC 2. HVDC Principle

Q&A for 15 minutes Coffee break 10 minutes
3. Control of DC Transmission
Q&A for 15 minutes
1. HVAC vs. HVDC
Why use DC transmission?
This question is often asked. One response is that losses are lower, but is it true? Reference [2] has been explained using Insulation ratio and Power capacity in order to proof this statement.
1. HVAC vs. HVDC
Insulation ratio of HVAC and HVDC (Ref. 1-2)
A given insulation length for an overhead line, the ratio of continuous working withstand voltage factor (k) is expressed as, (note ) 1 k 2
DC withstand voltage k= = 1 .0 AC withstand voltage(rms)
A line has to be insulated for over-voltages expected during faults, switching operations, etc. Normally AC transmission line is insulated against overvoltages of more than 4 times the normal effective (rms) voltage.
5
1. HVAC vs. HVDC

This insulation requirement can be met by insulation corresponding to an AC voltage of 2.5-3.0 times the normal rated voltage.
AC Insulation level k1 = = 2.5 Rated AC Voltage(rms) (phase - ground)
For suitable converter control the corresponding HVDC transmission ratio is expressed as
DC Insulation level k2 = = 1.7 Rated DC Voltage (pole - ground)

6
1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Insulation ratio for a DC pole-ground voltage (Vd) and AC phase-ground (Vp) is expressed as insulation length required for each AC phase insulation ratio ( K ) = insulation length required for each DC Pole AC insulation level AC withstand voltage(rms) k1 VP = = k DC insulation level k 2 Vd DC withstand voltage It can be seen that the actual ratio of insulation levels is a function of AC/DC voltage. Next, determine AC/DC voltage.
1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Determine AC/DC voltage
Assumed resistances (R) of the lines are equal in both cases (HVDC and HVAC). AC Loss = 3 x R x IL2 and DC Loss = 2 x R x Id2
3 Id = IL Let losses in both cases are equal, so that, 2
The power of a HVAC system and a bipolar HVDC system are as: DC Power = 2 Vd I d AC Power = 3VP I L cos
8
1. HVAC vs. HVDC

At the same power transfer,
AC Power 3VP I L cos 3 VP cos = = =1 DC Power 2 Vd I d 2 Vd 2 1 Vp = Vd So that, 3 cos

Thus, insulation ratio (K) can be written as
k1 K =k k2
2 1 1.2 3 cos cos
It can be seen that HVDC requires insulation ratio at least 20% less that the HVAC which essentially reflects the cost.
9
1. HVAC vs. HVDC
Power Capacity
Compared a double circuit HVAC line (6 lines) and double circuit DC line of Bipolar HVDC. Power transmitted by HVAC (Pac) and HVDC (Pdc) are
Pac = 6VP I L cos
Pdc = 6Vd I d
On the basic of equal current and insulation, Id = IL, K=1:
k1 k1 Pac 1.47 Pdc = 6 k VP I L = k = Pac k k 2 cos cos 2

10
1. HVAC vs. HVDC
For the same values of k, k1 and k2 as above and pf is assumed to 1.0, the power transmitted by overhead lines can be increased to 147%. The percentage line losses, which is inversion of the power transmit, are reduced to 68%.
In addition, for underground or submarine cables, power transmitted by HVAC cable can be increase 294 % and line loss reduced to 34%. Note: for cable k equals at least two.
11
1. HVAC vs. HVDC

From reference [3], losses are lower is not correct. The level of losses is designed into a transmission system and is regulated by the size of conductor selected. DC and AC conductors, either as overhead transmission lines or submarine cables can have lower losses but at higher expense since the larger cross-sectional a rea will generally result in lower losses but cost more. The reasons that HVDC have been used are: 1. An overhead d.c. transmission line with its towers can be designed to be less costly per unit of length. 2. It is not practical to consider AC cable systems exceeding 50 km (due to VAR charging of the cable). 3. Some a.c. electric power systems are not synchronized to neighboring networks even though their physical distances between them is quite small.
12
2. HVDC Principle
The HVDC valve comprises the thyristors acting as controlled switch. In the OFF state, the thyristor blocks the current to flow, as long as the reverse or forward breakdown voltages is not exceeded. It changes to ON state if it is forward biased (VAK > 0) and has small positive Gate voltage applied between the Gate and the Cathode.
Gate (G) Anode (A)
Cathode (K)
13
2. HVDC Principle
Thyristor switches between conducting state (ON) and non-conducting (OFF) state in response to control signal (firing) as its characteristic. The Gate voltage need not to be present when the thyristor is already in ON state.
14
2. HVDC Principle
Anode (A) Rd = VAK / IA
iA
Rd VT
Cathode (K) Anode (A) Rr
ir
Rr = VAK / IA
VT
Ploss-ONstate Ploss-OFFstate
= VT.IA(avg.) = Rr.Ir2(rm) s
+ Rd.IA2(rm) s
Cathode (K)
15
2. HVDC Principle
ON-OFF state
- ON state continues until current drops to zero, even reverse bias appears across the thyristor. - The critical time to clear charge carriers in the semi-conductor is referred as the turn-off time toff . If forward bias appears to soon, t < toff, thyristor can not OFF.
VAK > 0 and VG >0
OFF
VAK > 0 and t < toff
ON
IA < 0
t > toff
OFF
16
2. HVDC Principle
ON State
OFF State
17
2. HVDC Principle
Single Phase Bridge Rectifier
Th1 Th3 Ld
Id
Vs
Is Vd
Rd = 10 Th4 Th 2
18
U S = 220 V = 30
2. HVDC Principle
Vs Is
Voltage waveform of inductor (Ld), VLd = Vd Rd Id
= 30
Vd
Voltage waveform of resistor (Rd), VRd = Rd Id
Th3 Th4
Th1 Th2
Th3 Th4
Id
19
2. HVDC Principle
Harmonics in the voltage and current waveform.
150 Hz 250 Hz 350 Hz
Is
DC
100 Hz
Vd
200 Hz 300 Hz
DC
Id
100 Hz 50 Hz
20
2. HVDC Principle
Even DC side does not have reactive power (Q), the reactive power still presents on the AC side. The reactive power occurrence is caused by the delay angle ( ) (or called firing angle) of the current waveform.
P = |VS| |IS| cos Q = |VS| |IS| sin VS 30 360 20 ms time IS Phasor of fundamental component
21
Vs
Is
= 30
2. HVDC Principle
50 Hz
Is
150 Hz
250 Hz
350 Hz
100 Hz
Product of phasor VS and phasor IS is not the apparent power (S) . It represents the active power (P) and reactive power (Q). There are harmonic distortion power, which is a new term caused by the higher harmonics (more than 50 Hz). It is represented by D (distortion power). Finally, S2 = P2 + Q2 becames S2 = P2 + Q2 + D2.
22
Vd
200 Hz 300 Hz
Id
Product of Vd and Id is (active) power (P).

100 Hz
2. HVDC Principle
The inductance Lk represents reactance on AC side (called commutating reactance). Due to nature of an inductor, The Ld inductor current can not change suddenly. Thus, during turn-off Vd of the Th1 (and Th2) and turn-on Rd of the Th3 (and Th4), both are in conducting state for a short time (overlap time). This phenomena occurs during commutation of the thyristors. It can be seen that if current is high, overlap angel is increased. In addition, if inductance is high, commutation overlap angle is also increased.
Lk
Ith1
Id
Vs
Is
Ith2
Increasing Id Ith2 Ith1
is overlap angle
Increasing Lk
23
2. HVDC Principle
Is Vs Vd
Th3 Th4 Th1 Th2 Th3 Th4
Inductor current can not suddenly be changed, thus there is a slope.
= 30
cos
cos + cos( + ) 2
Id
24
2. HVDC Principle
The impact of the overlap angle ( ) is the reduction of the average dc voltage (Vd). It decreases the harmonic content of the ac current (Is) and power factor of the AC side.
Ideal case Vdo Vd VT DR
Vd
Vd
Rd
Vd = Vdo
2 X K Id X K = 2 f LK
Id Id
Id
DX
XK
Voltage drop due to commutating reactance is represented as DX
Overall voltage drop VT and DR are very less compared to DX. Thus, there are usually neglected.
25
2. HVDC Principle
3-pulse converter
VA VB VC Th1 Th2 Th3 Vd Rd
VA = 2 VP sin t VB = 2 VP sin t-120 VC = 2 VP sin t+120
Natural commutation
Vd
IL
Ld Rd
IL
t
Ld
= 0
= 60
= 90
= 120
Vd = 1.17VP cos = Vd 0 cos
26
2. HVDC Principle
Vd Vd 0
1.0
Vd = cos Vd 0
Positive average voltage
Rectifier
0.5
= 60
Rectifier mode can be performed when firing angle is less than 90 degrees. Average voltage is zero when the firing angle is 90 degrees.
45
90
135
180
Inverter mode can be performed when firing angle is more than 90 degrees.
27
Negative average voltage
-0.5
Inverter
-1.0
2. HVDC Principle
Vd
=60 =30
Id
28
2. HVDC Principle
VA, IA
120
VB, IB VC , IC
Th1 Th2 Th3 Th1 Th2 Th3
Id
29
2. HVDC Principle
VA, IA
=30 =120
Reversing phase sequence
Vd
Positive voltage Negative voltage
Id
Inverter mode can be performed as long as the DC current continues flow.
30
2. HVDC Principle
VA Lk
Vd
Vk
DX
VB
Lk Id t
VA
Vk IC IA IB IC IA
IB t
Vd = Vd 0 cos DX
VB
3 DX = Lk I d 2
31
2. HVDC Principle
The commutating reactance (Xk) results in decreasing of DC voltage, but it increases DC voltage in inverter mode. It can also be seen that the overlap time will increase when DC current is high and this can cause commutation failure in inverter mode.
Vd
Vk
DX
180
IA
IB
180
IA IB
Vd = Vd 0 cos + DX
Note: + < 180 The extinction angle ( ) = 180 - -
DX =
3 Lk I d 2
32
2. HVDC Principle
6-pulse converter
=0
Vd+
Vd= Vd+ - VdVd+ Vd VdVd-
Vd+
-Vd-
=0
The 6-pulse bridge consists of two 3-pulse bridges (positive and negative) connected in parallel.
33
2. HVDC Principle
6-pulse bridge HVDC

Smoothing reactor DC line Smoothing reactor
power Vdr
Reactive power
Id power Id
DC line
power Vdi
Reactive power
The HVDC comprises two converters connected in anti-parallel through smoothing reactors and DC lines. One converter is operated in rectifier mode to transmit power from the AC network to the other side whereas the other side converter is operated in inverter mode to receive power into the (other side) AC network.
34
2. HVDC Principle
Rectifier Operation of the 6-pulse bridge converter Assume = 15 and = 25
cos
cos + cos( + ) 2 cos 15 + cos(15 + 25 ) = 0.866 2 30 I.cos V

I.sin
30
I The converter operates in rectifier mode. It transmits active power while consumes reactive power.
35
2. HVDC Principle
Inverter operation of the 6-pulse bridge converter Assume = 135 and = 25 cos + cos( + ) cos 2 cos135 + cos(135 + 25 ) = 0.823 2 145 I.cos V
145
I.sin The converter operates in inverter mode. It receives active power while consumes reactive power.
36
2. HVDC Principle
For convenience, the converter operated in inverter mode is often referred to extinction angle ( ). Thus direct voltage in inverter mode (Vdi ) are expressed as
Vd = Vd 0 cos + DX , > 90 3 DX = Lk I d 2
Vd = Vd 0 cos DX
Actually, inverter is commonly controlled at constant extinction angle to prevent commutation failure. Therefore, it is not only for convenience, but also for converter control purpose. It is important to note that voltage drop caused by commutating reactance (Dx) is now negative.
37
2. HVDC Principle
Voltage vs. current (VI) characteristics at steady state

Vd Vd 0
Vd Vd 0
Slope is DX
Increasing
Rectifier
Rectifier
variable for rectifier and is the control variable for inverter.
Inverter
Inverter
< 180
1.
mx a
1.
= 0
38
Increasing
1. 0
Id I dN
is the control
Increasing
1. 0
= 0
1. 0
= 0
1. 0
Id I dN
2. HVDC Principle
12-pulse bridge HVDC

Y
Vdr
Id
Vdi
VdrY
Id
VdiY
The 12-pulse converter is required to improve harmonic current on AC sides. It comprises two 6-pulse converters connected in series. Harmonic current on AC sides are odd orders starting from 11th , 13th . whereas even orders present on the DC side (12th , 14th ). To achieve 12-pulse, phase displacement of 30 generated by Star (Y) and Delta ( ) connection of the 39 transformers are employed.
2. HVDC Principle
Rectifier operation of the 12-pulse bridge converter Assume = 15 IAY and = 25 IA
Y
Vd
VdY
Vd
Vd Vd VdY
IA IA IA
Y Y
IAY
40
2. HVDC Principle
Rd power
Y Y
power
Id
power
Y Y
Vdr
Rd
Vdi
Y
Reactive power
Reactive power
v lta e o g
m in m in
< = 5 - 7
decreasing
Vdr Vdi
m in m in
< = 15 - 17
To ensure all thyristor valves are enough forward bias to turn on.
Id
To keep reactive power requirement on inverter side as low as possible.
c rre t u n
Voltage drop caused by line resistance (Rd) is taken into account and the VI characteristic presents operating point of the HVDC system.
41
2. HVDC Principle
Detail Configuration of the HVDC
42
2. HVDC Principle
Alternatives for the implementation of a HVDC power transmission system
a) Earth Return
ii) Bipolar Configuration
b) Metallic Return
i) Mono-polar Configuration
iii) Homo-polar Configuration
43
2. HVDC Principle
Alternatives for the implementation of a HVDC power transmission system (continued)
44
3. Control of the DC Transmission

Can we use manual control for the rectifier (vary ) and the inverter (vary )? If we can not do that, which side should be controlled (rectifier or inverter) or control them both? What is/are the control purpose(s)?
45
Typical control strategies used in a HVDC system consists of:

Firing Control {Rectifier} Current Control (CC) {Inverter} Constant Extinction Angle (CEA) Control {Inverter} Current Margin Control (CM) {Inverter} Voltage Control (VC) Voltage Dependent Current Limit (VDCL) Tap change Controls (TCC) Power Reversal
46
Firing Control
Function of the firing control is to convert the firing angle order ( *) demanded fed into the valve group control system. There might be voltage distortions due to non-characteristic harmonics, faults and other transient disturbances such as frequency variation. Thus, phase-locked loop (PLL) based firing system is generally applied.
vA vB vC
Phase Detector
verror
(1 + Ts) Ts
PI Controller
vo
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
comparator comparator
uA uB uC
sin(.) sin(.) sin(.)
comparator
Gate firing
47
Firing Control (Continued)

uA vA
time verror
0 2
time
* time
48
Firing pulse of phase A
Current Control (CC)

The firing angle is controlled with a feedback control system as shown in figure. The dc voltage of the converter increases (by decrease *) or decreases (by increase *) to adjust the dc current to its set-point (Id*).
K (1 + Ts ) Ts
Id
Y
Vdr
v A , vB , vC
Y Y
id*
PI
m in x
m a
Firing Control
6 6 Current measurement
49
id
Constant Extinction Angle Control (CEA)

The firing angle of the inverter is controlled at minimum angle ( m ) to reduce reactive power requirement. This can be in achieved by using Gamma control ( -control).
Y Y
Current measurement
Vdi
Y
v A , vB , vC Valve voltage 6 6 Firing Control
*
m in
m a
PI
measurement
50

VI Characteristic of the CC and the CEA
v lta e o g v lta e o g
Vdr
Vdi *= min
Vdr
Vdi *=
m in
*= min
AC voltage decreasing
Id VI Characteristic
c rre t u n
Id
c rre t u n
The intersection (X) is the operating point of the DC transmission line.
If AC voltage on rectifier side decreases, CC decreases * down to m to increase DC current (Id), but in there is no operating point (X). This problem can be solved using CMC.
51
Current Margin Control (CMC)
A better way is to use the inverter to control current less than of the rectifier by an amount of current margin ( Id) when the rectifier can not perform CC.
*
Y Y
Vdi
Y
Control
v A , vB , vC Firing Control
Minimum selection
id = 0.1 to 0.15
x m a
+ +
Current measurement
PI id
id *
m in
52

VI Characteristic of CC, CEA and CMC
Vdr
CEA
X
Vdi *= min
CC
CMC
Id
Id
Vdr *=
AC voltage decreasing
Vdi
m in
Id
Id
*= min
c rre t u n
c rre t u n
Combined characteristics of CC, CEA and CMC This method can maintain stable operation when AC voltage of both sides are fluctuated.
If AC voltage on rectifier side decreases, CC decreases * down to m to increase DC current (Id), in but there is no operating point (X). This problem can be solved by CMC. 53

What will happen if AC network of the inverter side is too weak!
Vdr
More Weak X Weak AC
Vdr
CMC
Id
Id
Vdi
*
CMC
CEA *= m in VC *> m in
c rre t u n
CEA
*= m in
c rre t u n
Id
Id
Vdi
In this range the intersection is poorly to define and both current controllers will hunt between the operating points.
This problem can be solved by adjust VI characteristic of the inverter to voltage control (VC) in order to avoid hunting between two controllers. 54
Voltage Control (VC)
it is very effective when the inverter is connected to a weak AC network. The normal operating point X corresponds to a value of higher than the minimum. Thus, the inverter (rectifier as well) consumes more reactive power compared to inverter with CEA.
Y Y
Vdi
Y
Maximum selection
Minimum selection
vA, vB , vC 6 6
Voltage measurement
Control max
* vdi * -
Firing Control
PI
m in
CMC
vdi
55
Voltage Dependent Current Limit (VDCL)
Commutation failures can occur during an AC fault on the inverter side. It results in continue conduction of a valve beyond its 120 conduction interval. The CC will regulate the DC current to its rated value, but in the worst case, two inverter valves may form DC short circuit and continue conducting for a long time, which can cause valve damage. To prevent this problem, DC current must be reduced. One possible to detect the AC side fault is the lowering of the DC voltage. This voltage is typically chosen at 40% of the rated voltage.
Id
56
The VDCL is a limitation imposed by the ability of the AC system to sustain the DC power flow when the AC voltage at the rectifier bus is reduced due to some disturbance as well. The VDCL characteristics is presented below.
v lta e o g
Vdr
VC
v lta e o g
*
CMC
Vdr Vdi
0 .4
VC
VDCL
0 .4
Id
VDCL
CMC VDCL
Vdi
VDCL
Id
VDCL Id
Id
Id-m in Idmx a
Id
Id-m in
Idmx a
c rre t u n
c rre t u n
57
id* vd
1 1 + Ts
Minimum selection
i v
CC
Vd
VDCL
vd
Voltage measurement
58
Tap Change Control (TCC)
When voltage of the AC system of the rectifier and/or of the inverter is fluctuated, transformer taps (both side) can adjust to keep the DC voltage within desired limits or suitable operating point. Generally, the tap will be changed when the firing angle of the rectifier/inverter still reach its more than 10-15 minutes to avoid interaction of other controls. Example: if the firing angle ( ) of the rectifier reaches minimum limit ( m ) for long time. It means that the AC voltage of the in converter is not appropriate. Thus, AC voltage of the converter must be reduced by tap changing of the converter transformer to free the firing angle of the rectifier.
59
Power Reversal
The VI characteristic of power reversion is presented below (VDCL and VC are not included). The station 1 (rectifier) increases firing angle ( ) into the inverter region and the station 2 (inverter) decreases its firing angle ( ) into rectifier region. This can be performed without altering the direction of current flow.
V1dr *
*= m in V2di Id Id V1di V2dr *

X
c rre t u n
c rre t u n
*= m in
60

Y Y Y
Vdr
Id
Vdi
Y Y
Firing Control
Min.
Master Control
i d* p*/vd po p Modulation Signal VDCL p* Power order
n m i
CC CAE VC TCC
VDCL
n m i
CC CAE VC TCC
61
Vd*
Vd*
Max.
id
Vd, Id, ,
Max.
Firing Control
Min.
CIGREs HVDC benchmark was simulated on ATP-EMTP with the typical HVDC control schemes, which the CC mode was employed at rectifier and VC mode was applied at inverter. All simulation results are presented in normalized values.
Rectifier Current Control
Inverter Voltage Control

62
Start Up HVDC
The HVDC started at 0.1 sec. The firing angle of rectifier started at 90 while the extinction angle of inverter started at 90.
Firing Angle ( ) of Rectifier
Firing Angle ( ) of Inverter Extinction angle ( ) is also shown

63
Start Up HVDC
The HVDC started to reverse power flow direction at 0.5 sec. Firing angle of the rectifier increased (with a ramp rate) into inverter zone while firing angle of the inverter decreased (with a ramp rate) into rectifier zone.
Firing Angle ( ) of Rectifier and Inverter
DC Current
64
Power Reversal
The power flow direction of the HVDC reversed at 0.9 sec.
Power Reversal
65
VDCL performance during 1-phase fault at AC network of the rectifier station.
V Vb Vc a
1 phase Fault at AC network of the rectifier station
66

p.u.
Id
IREF Id V di
IREF
V di
D egree
A _r( r ) A ( i ) lpha lpha_i
Fault at AC network of rectifier station
67
VDCL performance during 1-phase fault at AC network of the inverter station.
VV V a b c
1-phase Fault at AC network of the inverter station
68

p.u.
Id IREF Id V di
V di
IREF
Degree
Alpha r( r ) Alpha_i i ) _ (
i
Fault at AC network of inverter station
69
Modulation signal is employed when a power system has a special requirement such as frequency control, power oscillation damping, etc. For example, the addition frequency control loop is included into HVDC control system to stabilize frequency of the AC system.
70
Modulation Function of EGAT-TNB HVDC
71
Power Swing Damping (PSD) Function of EGAT-TNB HVDC

72
Thank you very much for your attention
References
1. Ani Gole, HVDC Transmission Lecture Note, University of Manitoba, 2000. 2. Jos Arrilaga, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, 2nd , IEE-Press, 1998. 3. Dennis A. Woodford, HVDC Transmission, Manitoba HVDC Research Center, Canada, 1998. 4. Erich Uhlmann, Power Transmission by Direct Current, Springer Verlag, 1975. 5. Vijay K. Sood, HVDC and FACTS Controllers, Kluwer. 2004. 6. Edward Wilson Kimbark, Direct Current Transmission vol.1, Wiley-Interscience, 1971. 7. IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee, IEEE guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having low short-circuit capacities, IEEE, 1997. 8. , , , ATP-EMTP, . 2548.
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Lecture On Basic Concept Operation and Control of HVDC

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Lecture On Basic Concept Operation and Control of HVDC

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Lecture on Basic Concept, Operation and Control of HVDC

September 2, 2008 09.00-16.00 hrs. EGAT Head Office

1. HVAC vs. HVDC 2. HVDC Principle

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Why use DC transmission?

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Insulation ratio of HVAC and HVDC (Ref. 1-2)

DC withstand voltage k= = 1 .0 AC withstand voltage(rms)

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

AC Insulation level k1 = = 2.5 Rated AC Voltage(rms) (phase - ground)

DC Insulation level k2 = = 1.7 Rated DC Voltage (pole - ground)

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

AC Power 3VP I L cos 3 VP cos = = =1 DC Power 2 Vd I d 2 Vd 2 1 Vp = Vd So that, 3 cos

2 1 1.2 3 cos cos

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Pac = 6VP I L cos

On the basic of equal current and insulation, Id = IL, K=1:

k1 k1 Pac 1.47 Pdc = 6 k VP I L = k = Pac k k 2 cos cos 2

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

1. HVAC vs. HVDC

Cathode (K) Anode (A) Rr

VAK > 0 and t < toff

Product of Vd and Id is (active) power (P).

Increasing Id Ith2 Ith1

Inductor current can not suddenly be changed, thus there is a slope.

Voltage drop due to commutating reactance is represented as DX

Vd = 1.17VP cos = Vd 0 cos

Positive average voltage

Negative average voltage

Reversing phase sequence

Positive voltage Negative voltage

Inverter mode can be performed as long as the DC current continues flow.

Vd= Vd+ - VdVd+ Vd VdVd-

6-pulse bridge HVDC

cos + cos( + ) 2 cos 15 + cos(15 + 25 ) = 0.866 2 30 I.cos V

Voltage vs. current (VI) characteristics at steady state

12-pulse bridge HVDC

To keep reactive power requirement on inverter side as low as possible.

Detail Configuration of the HVDC

Alternatives for the implementation of a HVDC power transmission system

ii) Bipolar Configuration

iii) Homo-polar Configuration

Alternatives for the implementation of a HVDC power transmission system (continued)

3. Control of the DC Transmission

3. Control of the DC Transmission

Typical control strategies used in a HVDC system consists of:

3. Control of the DC Transmission

Voltage Controlled Oscillator

sin(.) sin(.) sin(.)

3. Control of the DC Transmission

Firing Control (Continued)

Firing pulse of phase A

3. Control of the DC Transmission

Current Control (CC)

3. Control of the DC Transmission

Constant Extinction Angle Control (CEA)

v A , vB , vC Valve voltage 6 6 Firing Control

3. Control of the DC Transmission

The intersection (X) is the operating point of the DC transmission line.

3. Control of the DC Transmission

= m in V2di Id Id V1di V2dr