Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MENJAGA, MENYIMPAN PISAU & PARANG

Safety Rules and Precautions: 1) Ensure the weapon is in good condition and sharp enough to be used. 2) Wear shoes when using a parang to chop wood or bamboo. 3) Remove anything that may get in the way, e.g. tie, loose shirt, pendent, scarf. 4) Get yourself into a comfortable and well balanced position. 5) Keep others away at 6ft distance. 6) Keep your eyes on the targeted object. 7) If the handler is loose, stop using it. 8) Do not be over confident or careless while using a knife or parang. 9) Do not chop onto the ground. 10)Do not leave the parang or knife on the ground. 11)Do not throw the weapon. 12) If tired or not feeling well, do not use the weapon. Proper maintenance of Knife and Parang: 1) Always keep it clean, dry and sharp. 2) Keep it off the ground as moisture and dirt will make it rusty. 3) Remove all rust immediate and grease the blade. 4) The keener the edge, the safer it is to use the knife or parang. A blunt weapon is dangerous because it does not bite into the wood properly and thus it is difficult to be controlled. In addition, a blunt blade needs extra work to complete the job. 5) Sharpen the blade with a honing stone, angled at 30o. 6) Never use it on things that will blunt the blade, e.g. stone, metal. 7) Do not use hard metal to hammer the back of the knife or parang. 8) Do not abuse the weapon by using it for a hammer, wedge, screwdriver, digger, or pry. 9) Keep it out of fire or anything that is very hot. Heat will damages the temper of the steel and makes the edges soft. 10) Wipe clean the blade after every use and then oil or grease it before keeping it. 11)Keep the knife or parang in its cover when not using. 12)Hang high or keep the weapon out of reach from children.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

Sharpening: 1) Sharpen with Batu Asain or Sharpening Stone. 2) First use the rough surface to remove burrs, and then use the smoother side to get a fine edge. 3) Sharpening method - hold the handle in the right hand, then use a clockwise circular motion and apply steady pressure on the blade with fingertips of left hand as you push away. 4) Keep the sharpening angle constant (20o-30o), and keep the stone wet. 5) To obtain a finer edge, apply less pressure. 6) Never drag the blade toward you under pressure, as this will produce burrs. 7) Work anti-clockwise for the other side of the blade. Useful Gadget made by Knife or Parang: 1) Pegs of a tent. 2) Spoon or chop stick made of bamboo. 3) Wooden or Bamboo woggle. 4) Shoe rack or weapon rack. 5) Clothes hanger. 6) Staff for hiking. Using a Knife or Parang: 1) The best knife for outdoor use has one or two folding blades for cutting, and special blades for opening cans, driving screws, and punching holes. 2) Always keep the blades closed except when you are using them. 3) Do not cut towards yourself. 4) A white-handled knife is preferred as it is more readily found if dropped on the ground or in the water. 5) Carry a little whetstone or a small file to keep your weapon in good shape. 6) Always assume that the knife or parang is going to slip, therefore, whittle it in a way that it can do no damage when it does slip. Carrying and Passing a Knife or Parang: 1) Do not carry a knife with an open blade; always keep it inside its cover. 2) Hang the knife at the belt and ensure the cover buckle is lock. 3) Try to keep the knife or parang in the bag while traveling with it. 4) When walking with the parang, hold the handle reverse way with the blade facing outward and supported with elbow. 5) Close the blades before you pass a camping knife to someone else. 6) Passing a parang to someone with both hands; face the blade toward him and one hand holding the handle and the other hand holding the face of the blade. 7) Receive a parang with both hands; one hand on handle and one hand on the face of the blade. 8) Quickly rest the parang on the elbow position after receiving it.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

SIMPULAN & IKATAN Simpul Himpit (Fishermans Knot) 1) Digunakan untuk menyambung dua tali yang sama besar. 2) Digunakan untuk menyambung dua tali yang licin, khasnya tali pancing.

Simpul Pulih (Sheep Shank) 1) Digunakan untuk memendekkan tali tanpa memotongnya. 2) Digunakan untuk menguatkan tali pada tempat yang reput dan hendak putus. 3) Digunakan untuk menegangkan tali yang kendur setelah kedua-dua hujungnya diikat.

Simpul Bunga Geti Berganda (Double Sheet Bend) 1) Digunakan bagi menyambung dua utas tali yang tidak sama besarnya. 2) Digunakan untuk menyambung dua tali yang licin atau yang basah. 3) Digunakan mengikat tali flag. Cara menggunakan dua lilitan adalah lebih selamat.

Lilit Balak (Timber Hitch) 1) Digunakan untuk mengikat hujung tali pada tiang atau pokok dengan mudah, untuk menarik balak atau kayu, dan untuk memulakan ikat serong. 2) Digunakan untuk memula ikatan serong.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

SIMPULAN & IKATAN Lilit Taut-Line (Taut-Line Hitch) 1) Digunakan untuk mengikat tali khemah ke pancang atau tali ke tiang supaya ia dapat dikendurkan atau ditegangkan.

Ikat Seraya (Square Lashing) 1) Digunakan untuk mengikat dua batang kayu/buluh yang bersilang 90o.

Ikat Serong (Diagonal Lashing) 1) Digunakan untuk merapatkan dan mengikat dua batang kayu/buluh yang bersilang. 2) Digunakan untuk mengikat dua batang kayu yang bersilang sempit.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

UNDANG-UNDANG LALULINTAS JALANRAYA

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

UNDANG-UNDANG LALULINTAS JALANRAYA

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MEMILIH TAPAK PERKHEMAHAN Choosing a site 1) If on high, exposed ground go down to find a sheltered spot. 2) When on low, wet ground seek higher shelter. 3) Look for somewhere sheltered from the wind, on rising ground that has no risk of flooding, and no risk of rockfalls/avalanches. 4) Remember that hot air rises, cold air sinks. Valley bottoms often contain pockets of colder air, and can be areas for frost and damp mist. 5) Ideally should be near a good, clean water supply (although not too close. Pitching camp near the water will be invaded by insects!). 6) On river banks look for the high water mark, and be wary of flash floods in mountain ranges where streams can suddenly turn into 5m of water with almost no warning! 7) Choose ground that is reasonably flat and free of rocks and roots. 8) Don't forget to check above your head too. Look for dead wood in trees that could fall, bee's and hornet's nests are not very nice neighbours either. 9) Keep away from solitary trees as they attract lightning. 10)In forested areas keep to the edges of the forest. 11)Take careful note of any tracks, including those made by game. You will not want unwelcome animal visitors in the night. Do NOT camp at the following; 1) Hilltops exposed to wind (move down and look for shelter on the leeside) 2) Valley bottoms and deep hollows. They could be damp and more liable to frost. 3) Hillside terraces where the ground holds moisture 4) Spurs which lead down to water (often routes to animals watering holes). Preparing Campsite: 1) Once you have decided where to place your tent you will need to clear the area. 2) Remove any obstructions at all, all stones and twigs. 3) Chosen a flat site, with no roots or boles to sleep on that will stay relatively dry. 4) Prepare a large area than just the canvas will take up in order to place your guylines/ boundary. 5) Check which way round have you put your tent, where is the door going to be, are you going to stormlash the tent. 6) Check overhead as well. You do not want any fallen branches crashing into your tent, or any lightning strikes hitting the tent! 7) Lay a ground sheet out to put the tent on if the ground is wet. Try not to let the tent get wet at all. 8) If the weather is bad, erect a temporary shelter to pitch the tent under.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MEMILIH TAPAK PERKHEMAHAN Faktor-Faktor Membuat Tempat Perkhemahan Sesuai: 1) Ada bekalan air yang bersih dan mencukupi. 2) Ada bekalan kayu api yang mencukupi (untuk menghidupkan api dan memasak). 3) Ada bekalan atau buluh (untuk kegunaan Membina gajet dan mendirikan khemah). 4) Ada tempat lapang untuk (dapat bergerak dengan bebas): a) Perhimpunan b) Pertunjukan atau malam kebudayaan c) Bermesyuarat 5) Mudah Membuat perhubungan dengan luar dalam masa kecemasan. 6) Ada tempat khas untuk beribadat. Ciri-ciri tempat yang sesuai: 1) Jauh dari tanah runtuh. 2) Dalam hutan tetapi jauh dari bawah pokok (kemungkinan dahannya boleh patah dan menimpa khemah). 3) Terjamin selamat dari binatang liar yang merbahaya, rombakan dan bencana alam. 4) Janganlah berkhemah di puncak bukit atau gunung yang tidak terlindung dari angin puncak. 5) Tanah Tinggi dari aras air, apabila berkhemah di tepi/dekat sungai atau di tepi laut. 6) Kawasan Bukit (pastikan ada tempat khemah yang rata). 7) Khemah hendaklah didirikan di kawasan tanah agak rata (penting bagi mengekalkan kestabilan edaran darah keseluruhan tubuh anda). Jangan tidur kaki lebih tinggi daripada aras kepala kerana pengedaran darah menjadi kurang stabil. 8) Kawasan yang didirikan khemah seharusnya lebih tinggi sedikit dan bersih daripada batu, lubang, tunggul kayu, sarang semut dan sebagainya. 9) Jangan dirikan khemah di kawasan berhampiran rumput dan lalang yang panjang serta pokok renek. Tempat ini kemungkinan terdapat binatang bias seperti kala jengking, ular, semut dan sebagainya. 10)Anda seharusnya meneliti cuaca, arah matahari dan tiupan angin. Apabila mendirikan khemah tiada pintu, anda seharusnya mengelakkan cahaya matahari terus memancar ke dalam khemah. 11) Apabila berkhemah di musim hujan, anda perlu mendirikan khemah berlawanan arah tiupan angin. Ini bertujuan mengelakkan angin yang bertiup membawa air hujan ke dalam khemah. 12) Apabila berkhemah di musim kemarau, khemah seharusnya didirikan menghadap tiupan angin. Ini bertujuan supaya udara yang nyaman bertiup ke dalam khemah. Contoh-contoh Tempat Perkhemahan di Malaysia a) Taman Rimba Templer b) Tanah Tinggi Cameron c) Tanjung Bidara d) Taman Negara e) Kem Kota Raya f) Kem Sardon Jubir

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MEMILIH TAPAK PERKHEMAHAN Ideal Campsite: (Try create you own with some of the following items) Gate way, Flag pole, Notice board, Assembly area, Sleeping tent x 3, First Aid tent, Praying tent/area, Stores tent, Camp larder, Clothes drying rack, Shoe rack, Weapon rack, Dining shelter c/w table & chair, Food preparation table, Fireplace/Kitchen table, Wood pile, Wet pit, Dry pit, Washing stand, Changing compartment

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

KEPERLUAN PERIBADI UNTUK BERKHEMAH Patrol: S/n Penyataan 1 . Khemah 2 . Tikar lantai 3 . Fly Sheet 4 . Alat Pertolongan Cemas 5 . Bendera 6 . Tali raffia 7 . Kapak 8 . Parang 9 . Gergaji 1 0 Penggali . 1 1 Tukul . 1 2 Tali . 1 Lampu Tekanan/Gas 3 .

Description Tent Ground sheet/mat Fly sheet First Aid kit Flag Raffia string Axe Knife Saw

Picture

Spade

Hammer

Rope Pressure/Gas lamp

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

1 4 Baldi . 1 5 Basin . 1 6 Sulfur . 1 7 Minyak tanah & Alcohol . 1 8 Koil Nyamuk . 1 9 Lilin . 2 0 Mancis .

Pail

Basin

Sulfur

Kerosene & Spirit

Mosquito coil

Candle

Matches

KEPERLUAN PERIBADI UNTUK BERKHEMAH Dapur: S/n Penyataan 1 . Periuk 2 . Kuali 3 . Cerek

Description Pot Frying pan Kettle

Picture

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

4 . Senduk 5 . Pisau 6 . Pembuka tin 7 . Pinggan 8 . Mangkuk 9 . Kain bersihan 1 0 Berus membersih . 1 1 Sabun mencuci . 1 2 Dapur Tekanan/Gas . 1 3 Beg sampah . 1 4 Pemula api . 1 5 Mancis . 1 6 Minyak masakan . Frying spoon Knife Can opener Plate Bowl Cleaning cloth

Cleaning brushes

Washing liquid

Pressure/Gas stove

Garbage bag

Fire starter

Matches

Cooking oil

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

1 7 Garam . 1 8 Gula . 1 9 Kicap . 2 0 Makanan .

Salt

Sugar

Source

Food

KEPERLUAN PERIBADI UNTUK BERKHEMAH Sendiri: S/n Penyataan 1 . Pakaian seragam 2 . Baju T 3 . Seluar pendek 4 . Seluar panjang 5 . Baju sejuk 6 . Baju dalam 7 . Tuala 8 . Baju renang

Description Uniform T-shirt Short Long pants Jacket Underwear Tower Swim suit

Picture

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

S/n Penyataan 9 . Baju hujan 1 0 Kain tangan . 1 1 Sarong kaki . 1 2 Kasut . 1 3 Selipar . 1 4 Sikat . 1 5 Berus gigi . 1 6 Ubat gigi . 1 7 Sabun badan . 1 8 Sabun rambut . 1 9 Lampu suluh . 2 Bateri 0 Description Rain coat Picture

Handkerchief

Stoking

Shoes

Slippers

Comb

Tooth brush

Tooth paste

Soap

Shampoo

Torchlight Battery

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

S/n Penyataan 2 1 Kompas . 2 2 Peta . 2 3 Beg tidur . 2 4 Beg khemah . 2 5 Buku Log . 2 6 Alatan tulis . 2 7 Wang . 2 8 Kad Pengenalan . 2 9 Ubat persendirian . 3 0 Alatan jahit . 3 Pisau serbarguna 1 . Description Picture

Compass

Map

Sleeping bag

Haversack

Log book

Stationeries

Money

Identification Card

Personal medicine

Sewing kit Pen knife

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

S/n Penyataan 3 2 Tali pengakap . 3 3 Jam/ jam tangan . 3 4 Alat tiup bunyi . 3 5 Kertas tandas . 3 6 Sudu & Garpu . 3 7 Cawan . 3 8 Mangkuk billy . 3 9 Air botol . First Aid kit HEAVY Metal, Tent Water bottle, Toiletries MEDIUM - Food CLOTHES LIGHT Sleeping bag Water bottle, Toiletries Torchlight, battery, Stationary & logbook Description Picture

Scout rope

Clock/ watch

Whistle

Toilet paper

Spoon & Fork

Cup

Mass tin (billy can)

Water bottle

First Aid kit Rain coat, Slipper

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ALATAN PERTOLONGAN CEMAS PERIBADI 1) Cotton wool / pads to cleaning wounds 2) Plaster to cover minor /small cuts 3) Roller bandage to bandage wounds 4) Crepe bandage to bandage wounds 5) Gauze to apply dressing for the wound 6) Triangular bandage to bandage fractured bones 7) Scissors to cut bandage 8) Safety pin to pin on triangular bandage 9) Tape to secure gauze / small bandage 10) Twesser to remove small particles from the wound 11) Magnifying glass to observe small particles 12) Thermometer to take temperature 13) Coins to make emergency calls 14) Pen and note book to jot any important details 15) First-aid book to refer 16) Whistle to call for help 17) Salt to remove leaches bite, poison 18) Water purifying tablets to purify water 19) Magnesium milk to neutralized alkali, poison or acid 20) Malaria tablets to prevent malaria 21) Antiseptic lotion / cream to clean wounds / kill bacteria 22) Medicated oil/ Minyak angin to cure headache / insects bite 23)Smelling salt to treat faint 24) Sun block lotion to prevent sun-burn 25) Gentian violet (purple solution) to apply on cuts/ wounds 26)Baking soda to neutralized bee sting 27) Medicine / cream a) Panadol fever / headache b) Actal gastric c) Dioralyte diarrhea d) Poh Chai pills stomach not well e) Deep heat Rub cramps / muscle pain f) Burnal cuts / burns g) Mopikol insect / mosquito bite

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MENGHIDUPKAN API Fire Lighting Preparation: 1) Preparation is vital. Take plenty of time to prepare the fire and materials before you even think of lighting the fire. 2) Fuel should be graduated into piles from kindling through to main fuel and logs. 3) Tinder should be dry and as fine as you can get it. 4) There should be ample fuel to keep the fire going for many hours before you light the first match. 5) Make sure you have the right materials that are stored neatly and dryly to hand. 6) Make sure you know what type of fire and method of lighting you are going to use. 7) Choose a suitable location for fire lighting. Dry land with no grass around. 8) Observe the wind direction, landscape and surrounding before starting to arrange the wood. 9) Make sure you can have a comfortable position to start and taking care of the fire. 10)If possible, get protected from sun shine, falling object and rain. Technique:

Dig a shallow pit and make a bed of tinder in it Then form a wigwam of kindling around it, starting with the lowest grade. Leave a small gap for the match to reach to the tinder. One match should light the tinder, and then the kindling will catch. Then gradually and carefully add higher and higher grades of wood to build up the fire. 6) For windy or light rainy days, lay a stack of kindling up against a log. 7) A slightly better way is to form bundle of sticks, no larger then a match, light these first and then place them in the kindling (see the firestick below). 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Wood Grade: (low to high grades) tinder -> kindling -> twig -> branches -> small -> medium -> large -> log

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

Firestick A firestick is made by shaving a stick with shallow cuts to 'feather' it. This can be used as kindling and will catch light freely and quickly create a fire.

Fuzz-Stick or Fire-lighter It use as firestick with greater results if made of right type of wood, very dry wood.

Matches Matches are the easiest way to start a fire. I think that the non-safety 'strike anywhere' matches are the better type. Always carry some to camp (and when hiking etc.). Keep them in a waterproof container (make sure they cannot rub against anything). Damp matches can be a problem. If you have dry, non-greasy hair try rolling them in it (Static electricity will 'dry' the match). Try striking damp matches by stabbing at an angle onto the striker strip instead of pulling the match across it. Whenever you strike a match, light a candle. You can then light many things from the candle, save matches. The candle could even be put into the kindling to start fire. Using a Lens

You can use a lens (not all lenses!) to focus strong sunlight to a point. Given enough direct sunlight it should produce enough heat to ignite the tinder. You may have to be patient. This is indeed how some accidental fires are caused by the sun shining through broken bottles and such like. A magnify glass is the best known example for this technique but a telescope or camera lens could be used as well.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

Flint & Steel

Often found in 'survival kits' the flint & steel can be a useful method, as it can be tried many times unlike the 'one-strike' match. Flint is actually found in many parts of the world (look at the top of chalk escarpments). When you strike the flint and steel together, with effort, sparks are produced which can ignite decent, dry tinder. Most often they come as a 'kit' with a flint bloke, and a steel saw attached by a cord. Simply draw the saw across the block whilst holding it close to the tinder so that the sparks can fall on it. Depending upon the quality of your tinder and the weather, you may have to be patient to get any result. Fire Bow

This is a friction method that requires a lot of practice but can be surprisingly useful. It consists of a hardwood spindle being rotated on a softwood base. This will first produce tinder, and then will ignite the tinder. Useful woods are Balsa, pine, bamboo for the soft wood. Oak, ash and beech for the hard wood. They must all be perfectly dry. Carve a small depression at one end of the base block and cut a cavity below it (in which to put the tinder). Make an even, cylindrical spindle from the hardwood. Make a bow from a pliable wood (hazel, bamboo with string made from bootlaces, hide or twine). Have a block of stone or wood on which can push down the spindle. First, wind the bowstring around the spindle. The place the spindle in the depression and push down upon it with the stone. With the other hand move the bow backwards and forwards. As the spindle spins, increase the speed until it starts drilling through the wood. Just as it enters the cavity push down hard and go for it and 'bow' harder! With a little luck, the tip of the spindle will 'ignite' like a small coal and drop onto the tinder. Then tend the tinder carefully and blow on it, shall be able to start a fire.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

Hand Drill

This is basically a variation on the fire bow method. You will need a hardwood base with a v-shaped notch, and a spindle of hollow soft wood. Roll the spindle between your hands, running your hands down the spindle with each burst of spinning. When the friction makes the tip glow red, blow gently to ignite the tinder. Fire Plough

Fire Plough This is yet another friction method. Cut a small groove in a soft wood base and then 'plough' along the groove with the tip of a hardwood shaft, up and down the groove. This will produce fine shavings at first that will collect at the end, this is your tinder. Eventually the friction will ignite the tinder (with a lot of hard work!). Chemicals There are a few examples where common 'household' chemicals can be used to start a fire. As always care should be taken with all these types of methods. The most common way to use them is to grind them between rocks, or place them near the friction points for the above friction methods. Battery Firelighting A spark from a battery can start a fire, even torch and radio batteries have enough power to do this. Take two lengths of wire and connect them to the terminals. Slowly bring the bare ends of the two pieces together. Just before they touch a spark will be produced which you must catch on your tinder. Soaking the tinder in a flammable liquid will help this along, although care should be taken.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MENDIRI DAN MENURUNKAN KHEMAH KECIL Tent Pitching Pitching a tent is the process of putting the tent up correctly. Bear in mind following few points before erecting the tent: The first rule in pitching a tent is to always face the tent door down hill. This is to keep flood water from entering the tent through the door. This rule should be followed even if the weather forecast does not call for rain. Tents shall nicely arrange in row. Distance between tents must be at least 8ft. Look out for the prevalent wind direction to make sure the wind will not be blowing into the tent all the time (except perhaps in hot weather where this can help cool you down!). Also ensure the store/cooking area is away from the tent door to avoid smoke blow into the tent. If the weather is particularly bad or to protect the tent, erect a simple shelter over the tent. Placing a simple shelter (e.g. a tarpaulin or flysheet) over the site can help keep the tent dry in the most severe of weathers and can be useful in bad weather allowing you to pitch the tent in the dry. Drain must be dig around the tent to divert the rain water away.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MENDIRI DAN MENURUNKAN KHEMAH KECIL Parts of a modern tent The tent fabric or tent inner comprises the roof, walls, and (if one exists) the sewn-in groundsheet of the tent. The poles provide structural support. They may be collapsible for easy storage. Some designs use rigid poles, typically made of metal, or sometimes wood. Other designs use semi-rigid poles, typically made of fiberglass, or sometimes of special metal alloys. The rain fly, outer, or flysheet, is a sheet of fabric that is attached over the top of the inner. It is designed to make minimal contact with the tent fabric itself, and sometimes has a small pole of its own. The flysheet fabric is usually waterproof and may be made of canvas, nylon, or a more modern breathable material. Minimizing contact keeps the inner dry even if the outer is wet, and provides a layer of insulation. Stakes or pegs are used to fasten the tent to the ground. Some are attached to ropes (guys) that pull outward on the flysheet to give the tent additional stability. Others are used to anchor the bottom edge of the flysheet and inner to the ground.

BACKPACKING TENT

DOME TENT

NAMMAT TENT

MILITARY TENT

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

BERKHEMAH SEKURANG-KURANGNYA SATU MALAM Report and record of camp in a tent/poncho for at least one night: Camp name: Camp purpose: Date: Venue: Participant: Camp chief: Scouter in-charge: Duration use to build the tent: Activity in camp: Recruit camp To train the recruit scout 17 March 19 March, 2006 Back of Block D, SMK Taman S.E.A. Recruit Scout and Junior Scout of 17th Petaling Chan Yee En Vincent Lim and Tan Zong Liang 8:00pm 8:50pm (50mins) a) b) c) d) e) f) h) Marching Backwoodsman Cooking Rope Climbing Gadget Tripod Stand & Shoes Rack Fire Lighting Test Taking Knots and Lashing

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO
UBL (NNW) Barat Laut (North West) BBL (WNW)
292o 67o 90o (East) 112o 315o

Utara (North)
360 / 0
o o

UTL (NNE)
45o

Timur Laut (North East) TTL (ENE) Timur

337o

22o

Barat o (West) 270 BBD (WSW)

247o

TT (ESE) Tenggara

Barat Daya o (South West) 225

202o

157o

135o (South East)

SBD (SSW)

Selatan (South)

180o

ST (SSE)

Identifying Wind Direction: 1) Use of anemometer. Anemometer is commonly used to determine the wind speed. 2) Use of weather vanes. This is commonly use by household to determine the wind direction. 3) Use of weather sock. This is commonly found in airports, seaports and open areas to determine the wind direction. 4) Determine the North by using compass or judge from sunrise or sunset, then observe the direction the tree is swinging towards, and the opposite will be the direction the wind is coming from. 5) In a cloudy day, after determining the North, observe the direction which the could is moving and a rough idea of the wind direction can be noticed. 6) Hold some small and light object (hair, grass or pieces of paper), throw them up into the air at an open area (field, roof top or open air car park), and observe the direction these objects fly to determine the wind blowing direction at this height. 7) The simplest way is wet an index finger, face the wet part at all direction, if the finger feel cold, means the wind blow from that direction. Reason because wind help water evaporate, and it bring heat away from the finger. However, this is not that accurate as finger feeling maybe wrong.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

8) ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO Identifying North: Shadow Stick 1) A time consuming method; mark the first shadow tip in the morning. 2) Draw a clean arc at exactly this distance from the stick, using the stick as a centre point. 3) As midday approaches the shadow will shrink and move. 4) In the afternoon, as the shadow lengthens again, mark the EXACT spot where it touches the arc. 5) Join the two points to give east and west. West is the morning mark. Watch 1) A traditional watch with two hands can be used to find direction with it is set to true local time. 2) The nearer the Equator you are the less accurate this method will be, for with the sun almost directly overhead it is very difficult to determine its direction. Northern Hemisphere Hold the watch horizontal. Point the hour hand at the sun. Bisect the angle between the hour hand and the 12 mark to give a north- south line.

Southern Hemisphere Hold the watch horizontal. Point 12 towards the sun. A mid-point between 12 and the hour hand will give you the north-south line.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO Improvised Compasses 1) Stroked a piece of ferrous metal wire (or a sewing needle) repeatedly in one direction against silk. will become magnetized and can be suspended so that it points north. 2) Suspend the needle in a loop of thread, so that it does not affect the balance. 3) The magnetism will not be strong and will need regular topping up. 4) A suspended needle will be easier to handle on the move but in camp or when making a halt a better method is to lay the needle on a piece of paper, bark or grass and float it on the surface of water. Electricity/Razor Blade 1) Use the current of a power source of two volts or more (a small dry battery) to magnetize a metal. 2) Coil a short length of insulated wire around the 'needle': 3) Attach the ends of the wire to the terminals of the battery for five minutes. 4) Or use a thin flat razor blade to make a good improvised compass. 5) Apart from stroking it with a magnet, it can be magnetized simply by stropping WITH CARE against the palm of the hand. Wind Direction 1) If the wind direction of the prevailing wind is known it can be used for maintaining direction - there are consistent patterns throughout the world but they are not always the same the whole year round. 2) Where a strong wind always comes from the same direction plants and trees may be bent in one direction, clear evidence of the wind's orientation. 3) But plants are not the only indication of wind direction: birds and insects will usually build their nests in the lee of any cover and spiders cannot spin their webs in the wind. 4) Snow and sand dunes are also blown into distinctive patterns by a prevailing wind which blows from the outside of the high central ridges.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO The Moon 1) If the moon rises BEFORE the sun has set the illuminated side will be on the west. 2) If the moon rises AFTER midnight the illuminated side will be in the east. 3) The moon is use as a rough east-west reference during the night. Plough (Big Dipper) 1) The plough is the central feature of a very large constellation, the Great Bear (Ursa Major). 2) It wheels around the Pole Star. 3) The two stars Dubhe (x) and Merak (y) point almost exactly to the Pole Star about four times further away than the distance between them (beyond Dubhe). Orion 1) Orion rises above the Equator and can be seen in both hemispheres. 2) It rises on its side, due east, irrespective of the observer's latitude, and sets due west. Mintaka (a) is directly above the Equator. 3) Orion is easy to spot by the three stars forming his belt, and the lesser stars forming his sword. Southern Sky 1) There is no star near the South Celestial Pole bright enough to be easily recognized. 2) Instead a prominent constellation is used as a signpost to south: the Southern Cross (Crux) a constellation of five stars which can be distinguished from two other cross shaped groups by its size - it is smaller - and its two pointer stars. 3) One way to find the Southern Cross is to look along the Milky Way, the band of millions of distant stars that can be seen running across the sky on a clear night. 4) In the middle of it there is a dark patch where a cloud of dust blocks out the bright star background, known as the Coal Sack. On one side of it is the Southern Cross, on the other the two bright pointer stars.

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ARAH MATA ANGIN & MENGENALI PETA TOPO Topography Map Symbol:

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ISYARAT SULIT PENGAKAP Making of Wood Craft Sign:

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ISYARAT SULIT PENGAKAP Meaning of Wood Craft Sign:

WAIT GO HOME ALREADY BAD PEOPLE REST 5 MINS CAMP AHEAD HEADQUARTER SCOUT MASTER JUNIOR SCOUT SENIOR SCOUT WAR PEACE DANGER, BROKEN GLASSES DANGER CAMPFIRE

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ISYARAT SULIT PENGAKAP

NIGHT SUNSET SUNRISE MEETING AFTER MEETING RAIN THERE IS A DOG IN THE GARDEN MONTH CAREFUL BE PREPARE SUNSHINE LOOK THIS WAY TO GET WATER CLEAN WATER, CAN DRINK POISON WATER, CANNOT DRINK HIDDEN LETTER, 12 STEPS FROM HERE SHORT CUT DAY

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

ISYARAT SULIT PENGAKAP

FOLLOW THIS DIRECTION GO THIS WAY DONT FOLLOW THIS DIRECTION GO TO THIS POINT PATH NOT TO BE FOLLOWED GO AND TURN TO THE RIGHT CROSS THE RIVER FOLLOW THE RIVER WALK PASS OBSTACLES GO BACK FROM SAME DIRECTION GO STRAIGHT WITHOUT BE SEEN SPLIT TO 2 GROUP MEET TOGETHER SHORT WAY TO GO LONG WAY TO GO

SNOW FOLLOW THIS ROAD AS FAR AS IT GOES PLACE SMALL STONE ON THE SIDE FOR TURN LEFT

Lencana Usaha - KEMAHIRAN PENGAKAP

MENGEMBARA 6 KM 1. Sebelum pengembaraan, sediakan alat pertolongan cemas, compass, peta dan keperluan peribadi. 2. Semasa perjalanan, gunakan compass mengambil darjah serta mengira langkah kaki mengukur jarak perjalanan. 3. Catatkan apa-apa kejadian atau benda-benda yang menarik semasa dalam perjalanan. 4. Catatkan apa yang dilihat, cuaca dan masa peristiwa berlaku sepanjang perjalanan. 5. Buatkan peta kasar semasa perjalanan dengan tanda-tanda khas (land mark) dan mencatat darjah hala perjalanan and ukuran jarak yang diambil. 6. Meyelesaikan tugas yang diarahkan oleh pemimpin pengakap bagi pengembaraan ini. 7. Pastikan mengikut segara peraturan keselamatan and undang-undang lalulintas semasa perjalanan. 8. Apabila selesai pengembaraan, buatkan sebuah buku log mengandungi karangan pendek mengenai pengembaraan 6km itu dan peta sepanjag perjalanan. Contoh Kad Catatan Perjalanan:

Draft map: