A Framework For Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Involvement

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0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs36 Sept. 28 - Oct. 1 2004, Rschlikon-Zrich, Switzerland \par
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cf6\f7\fs44 Lecture \par\pard\ql \li1684\ri1296\sb154\sl-700\slmult0\tx2644 \up0
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f5\f6\fs36 Hans-Joachim Mosler \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard
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Until still quite recently, governmental authorities and organizations simply im
plemented \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 projects without any consideration
of the people affected. In the meantime, however, explicit \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 importance is being attached to the recognition that this way of
proceeding results frequently \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 in rejection
of the project or even resistance on the part of affected people and groups. For
this \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 reason, increasing value is being plac
ed on involving stakeholders. In particular, in their aid \line \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 and development work, aid organizations are making local stakehold
er involvement a decisive \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 condition for proj
ect funding. The requirement is now that, whenever possible, projects must \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 place more weight on participation (a form of inv
olvement) and that this should be connected \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 w
ith stakeholders having influence and sharing control over decisions that are ma
de. It is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 actually quite accurate to say that
participation has become the new paradigm, as shown by \line \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex102 the change in strategy of the World Bank (1996, p. xi), for example.
Why is participation \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 being promoted so stron
gly? For one, it is certainly because of the many failures experienced \line \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 by development aid in the past. For another, ethical
considerations have led to the change in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 view
s. The UK government Department for International Development (DFID) writes that
\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 participation is a question of both princip
le and practice (DFID, 1995a). The principle is that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex104 people should be fully involved in issues concerning themselves,
and practically, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 effectiveness and sustain
ability of projects depend, in part, on stakeholder participation. \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 Participation contributes to chances of aid being effecti
ve and sustainable for these reasons: \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1219\sb141\sl-360\s
lmult0\tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f
11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 It is more effective because, in drawing o

n a wide range of interested parties, the prospects \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex103 for appropriate project design and commitment to achieving objectives
is likely to be \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 maximized. \par\pard\ql
\li1417\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100
\u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 It is more su
stainable because people are more likely to be committed to carrying on the \lin
e\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 activity after aid stops, and more able to d
o so given that participation itself helps develop \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 skills and confidence (DFID, 1995a). \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb12
6\sl-353\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Participation has something to do
with empowering people. Capacities are developed that \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
02 make people more independent and help them to make decisions on what they mus
t do in \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 order to improve their own life situations
. Empowerment is connected with democratization, \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 g
ood governance, social justice, and human rights (Soma, 2003, p. 48). \par\pard\
qj \li1417\ri1218\sb122\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Stakeholder
Involvement (SI) also has disadvantages, of course. Additional resources (money
, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 personnel, time) and thus costs must be all
ocated, while at the same time, the project \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
organization must be willing to hand over control or to share control. Also, con
flicts can arise \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 if (too) many stakeholders
having conflicting interests are involved. This can greatly delay a \line \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 project or even doom it to failure. It is also not easy
to manage to create a good design for SI. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 It
requires social (and cultural) competency as well as technical planning work. \
par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb120\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 SI
at all costs cannot be the ideal solution, for it costs resources, time, and kn
ow-how. Broad \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 participation of the population
, for example, costs large expenditures. As the available \line \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 resources are always limited, every project team has to ask itself
what resources it is willing to \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li5893\sb114\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2 \par\pard\sect
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ult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 subtract from act
ual project realization and invest in SI. This question can only be approached \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 starting out from the goals of the project. If the
project has wide objectives and the goals can \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 be a
chieved only with the cooperation of people and organizations that are not invol
ved in the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 project, then SI is essential. If the pr
oject goal is very restricted and achievable without the \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 participation or permission of other persons, probably little or no inves
tment in SI is needed. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 However, those are only very
rough criteria; what is needed are guidelines for selecting the \up0 \expndtw-1
\charscalex100 appropriate form and degree of SI for project realization. In the
following, the present paper \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 will develop initial
recommendations for such guidelines. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1222\sb120\sl-360\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 First, the steps required for successful im
plementation of SI are given in a brief overview (see \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex
100 Figure 1): \par\pard\li1774\sb195\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The purposes for which SI pro
cesses will be used must be clarified.\par\pard\li1774\sb203\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\
tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Key st
akeholders must be identified.\par\pard\li1774\sb203\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Characteristic
s of stakeholders\u8217? stance and attitudes towards the project must be\par\pa
rd\li1774\sb83\sl-276\slmult0\fi356 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 defined.\par\p
ard\ql \li1774\ri1405\sb80\sl-400\slmult0\tx2137\tx2131\tx2131 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 4. \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The social network and relati

onships among the stakeholders must be identified. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 5. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Steps 2 to 4 above make up stakeholder a
nalysis (SA). The results of SA must be \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
verified and, if necessary, modified, on the basis of an evaluation by the stake
holders \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (SH) themselves. \par\pard\li177
4\sb198\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6.\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 On the basis of the results of SA, a participatory techniqu
e (or method or approach) is\par\pard\li1774\sb82\sl-276\slmult0\fi356 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 selected, which must be adapted to the given framework cond
itions.\par\pard\li1774\sb203\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 7.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The SI process is initiated and imple
mented through repeated participatory meetings\par\pard\li1774\sb83\sl-276\slmul
t0\fi356 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and events.\par\pard\li1774\sb203\sl-276\
slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 The SI process must be repeatedly evaluated throughout the project cycle a
nd\par\pard\li1774\sb83\sl-276\slmult0\fi356 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 imple
mentation modified, based on the evaluation results.\par\pard\li1774\sb202\sl-27
6\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 Successful realization of the project must be evaluated according to sus
tainability\par\pard\li1774\sb83\sl-276\slmult0\fi356 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 criteria.\par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-27
6\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li5893\sb34\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3 \par\par
d\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmke
nd Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li5299\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5299\sb0\sl-220\sl
\par\pard\ql\li5299\ri5363\sb38\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs18 Clarifying the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Pu
rposes \par\pard\ql \li4200\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4200\sb0\sl-240\sl
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li4200\ri3306\sb24\sl-240\slmult0\fi118 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 Identifying \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholders \par\pard\ql
\li1939\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1939\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li1939\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1939\sb5\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 Understanding\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw3192\c
olsr40\colno2\colw5199\colsr160\colno3\colw3179\colsr160\qj \li1929\ri0\sb16\sl223\slmult0\fi51 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholders\u8217? \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 Characteristics\par\pard\column \qj \li954\ri2613\sb0\sl220\slmult0\tx1222 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Identifying Patterns \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 of Interaction\par\pard\qj \li3232\sb0\sl-223\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj \li3232\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3232\sb0\sl-223\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj \li3232\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li3232\sb0\sl-223\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri3878\sb109\sl-223\slmult0\tx201 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 Summarizing & \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Verification\par\pa
rd\qj \li5304\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li5304\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\qj \li5304\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li2092\ri1991\sb200\sl-223\slmult
0\tx2143 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Selecting the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 Stakeholder \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Involvement\par\par
d\ql \li2195\sb5\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Technique\par\pard
\ql \li5128\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5128\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li5128\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5128\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql \li2195\sb65\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Initiating &\par\p
ard\qj \li1916\ri1817\sb2\sl-223\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Im

plementing the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Involvement\par\pard\ql \
li2293\sb6\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Process\par\pard\column
\qj \li8581\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li8581\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard
\qj \li8581\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\qj \li20\ri2004\sb191\sl-223\slmult0\tx
174 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Continuous & \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 Formative\par\pard\ql \li143\sb6\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 Evaluation\par\pard\ql \li8590\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8590\sb0\
sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8590\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8590\sb0\
sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8590\sb0\sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li8590\sb0\
sl-223\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li29\ri2014\sb14\sl-223\slmult0\fi113\tx288 \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 Evaluating \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 According
to \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Sustainability \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 Criteria \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1417\sb107\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf12\f13\fs18 Figure 1: Steps of the whole stakeholder involvement proces
s. \par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1218\sb227\sl-3
60\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Each step is
then described in detail. The descriptions and explanation are based in part on
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 The\ul0\nosupersub\
cf1\f2\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 World Bank Participation Sourcebook\u
l0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 (1996) and the DFID technical and guidance notes \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 on stakeholder participation (1995a-c). \par\pard\li14
17\sb0\sl-322\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb245\sl-322\slmult0\fi0\tx2125 \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 Clarifying the purposes of SI\par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb132\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Once agreement has
been reached on the goals of the project, from there the purposes for \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 which SI processes will be used can be defined. The followin
g are conceivable purposes: \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb38\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 4
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g5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\li1777\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1777\sb0\sl-276\
slmult0\par\pard\li1777\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1777\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1777\sb82\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\n

osupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f13\f14\fs24 Getting approval/pushing the project through\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\
fs24 : Various means (pressure, money) are\par\pard\qj \li2137\ri1220\sb0\sl-360
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 employed to persuade stakeholders to agree
to a project. If a plan has already been \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 develope
d, or if experts believe that they know the correct solution to a problem, the \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 only thing left to do is to convince the stakeholde
rs. \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Information\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Stakeholders ar
e provided with information about the project in various \line\tab \up0 \expndtw
-4\charscalex100 ways. If a project has already been planned and scheduled, for
example, information is \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 frequently intend
ed to get stakeholders to agree with the project or to do something \line\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 specific. \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1219\sb120\sl-360\s
lmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Consultation\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\f
s24 : Stakeholders are asked to give their views and responses, their feedback,
\line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 before a project is planned and sc
heduled, so that their ideas can be \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (but no
t \par\pard\ql \li2137\sb70\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 necessa
rily) taken into consideration during project planning. \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1
219\sb155\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Consensus-building\
ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Whenever the various stakeholders affected ha
ve different \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 interests, consensus must
be reached on the project. \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1217\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx21
37\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Group decision-making\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs2
4 : Decision-making is shared; stakeholders are directly involved \line\tab \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 in decision-making. This is an attempt at true sharing
and control of decision-making. \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult
0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-4\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Joint implementation\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f
2\fs24 : With joint implementation, stakeholders are directly involved in \line\
tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 realizing the project and make a significant c
ontribution to realization. \par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\
sb231\sl-322\slmult0\fi0\tx2125 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
9\f10\fs28 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Identifying stakeholders\par\par
d\qj \li1417\ri1217\sb126\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Definition of stakeholders: \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Stak
eholders are all people whose interests are affected by a \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 system (project, etc.) as well as those whose activities significantly a
ffect the system. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1217\sb120\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex108 To reduce the risks of failing to identify important stakeholder
s, it is helpful to use a \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 combination of approache
s: \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb90\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226
?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Information by staf
f of key agencies \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Inf
ormation from written records and population data \par\pard\qj \li1774\ri1219\sb
35\sl-360\slmult0\tx2131 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf1
0\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Stakeholder self-selection by announcem
ents at meetings, in newspapers, or other \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 media \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb70\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \
u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Verification b
y other stakeholders \par\pard\qj \li1774\ri1221\sb35\sl-360\slmult0\tx2131 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex105 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f1\f2\fs24 Random method: Ask every single person that you encounter (friend, t
axi driver, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 barber, waiter, etc.) who th

ey think would be affected by a certain issue or project. \par\pard\ql \li1417\s
b190\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Key questions: \par\pard\ql \l
i1774\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\
cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who are the potential beneficiaries?
\par\pard\ql \li1774\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8226?\
ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who will be adversely
affected? \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101
\u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who has exis
ting rights? \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who is li
kely to be voiceless? \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li589
3\sb208\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24
\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\
ql \li1774\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1774\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q
li1774\sb67\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\
fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who is l
ikely to mobilize resistance? \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\
f2\fs24 Who is responsible for the intended plans? \par\pard\ql \li1774\sb104\s
l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24
\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who has the money, skills, or key information? \p
ar\pard\ql \li1774\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul
0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Whose behavior has to c
hange for success to be reached? \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb132\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 The guidelines of the International Institute for Environ
ment and Development (IIED) (2003, \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb0\sl-360\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 p. 4) for \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Stakehol
der Power Analysis\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 demand \u8220?quality multi-stake
holder dialogue.\u8221? The idea \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 here is that
stakeholders should be involved in the SA using appropriate methods (such as \l
ine \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 brainstorming, semi-structured interviews) in
order to gain a realistic picture of their views, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 concerns, and interests. To acquire the desired information, however, it is
necessary to \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 establish open, lively, and fr
uitful dialogue between the parties. Key actions to endure good \line \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 quality dialogue include: \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb85\sl-276\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 allow stakeholders to assist in the identification of ot
her stakeholders \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 ensu
re that stakeholders trust the convenor \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb104\sl-276\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf1\f2\fs24 enable dialogue, not a one-way information feed \par\pard\qj
\li1414\ri1220\sb15\sl-360\slmult0\tx1774 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u8226?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 ensure parties are suf
ficiently prepared and briefed to have well-informed opinions and \line\tab \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 decisions \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb90\sl-276\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf1\f2\fs24 involve stakeholders in defining the terms of engagement \par\pard
\ql \li1414\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 allow stakeholders to voice th
eir views without restrictions and fear of penalty \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb104\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24
\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 include a public disclosure and feedback process \
par\pard\ql \li1774\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 In additio
n, the following can be added: \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\
f2\fs24 Create incentives for participation \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb104\sl-276\s

lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Create feeling of belonging through shared vision / obje
ctives \par\pard\ql \li1414\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \
u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Help to give a
voice to marginalized and minority persons and groups \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\
sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb244\sl-322\slmult0\tx2125 \up0 \expndtw-6\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 3. \tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100
Understanding stakeholders\u8217? characteristics \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1217\sb
149\sl-358\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Und
erstanding the interests, characteristics, and circumstances of the stakeholders
is a key to \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ensuring their cooperation. Met
hods here are: brainstorming with the stakeholder group; semi-\line \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex106 structured interviews; mining existing data from reports, newsp
apers, and so on. After \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 conducting initial, q
ualitative interviews, it is recommendable to conduct a quantitative, \line \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 standardized survey for estimation of frequency and di
stribution of SH characteristics among \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 all st
akeholders. The representative survey produces a realistic picture of the opinio
n of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 stakeholder group. It is important t
o ensure correct methodological procedures in order to \line \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 fulfill validity criteria of the survey (validity, reliability, objec
tivity), and this is can require a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 lot of exp
enditure of resources. The willingness of the stakeholders to participate in the
\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 stakeholder process must be clarified. It w
ill depend on at least four factors: a calculation of \line \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 the costs and benefits that a person will derive from stakeholder invo
lvement; a person's \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\
sb94\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pa
perw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\qj
\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\l
i1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1220\sb2\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 capabilities and abilities to pa
rticipate; a person's opinion of stakeholder involvement; and \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 social pressure to participate in stakeholder involvement. \par\pard
\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb230\sl-322\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 4. Identifying patterns of in
teractions between stakeholders \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb147\sl-360\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Identification of i
nteractions: \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The patterns and contexts of interactio
n between stakeholders \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 have to be recognized
: conflict and cooperation, authority relationships, ethnic, religious, or \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 cultural divisions, historical contexts, and legal
institutions. Assessment of \u8220?The Four Rs\u8221?: \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 Rights, Responsibilities, Rewards, and Relationships with other grou
ps (IIED, 2003, p. 9). \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb120\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Assessment of power (influenc
e) and potential to affect or be affected by (importance): \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f
2\fs24 It is \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 useful to group the stakeholders by p
ower and influence over the process, power meaning the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
103 extent to which stakeholder are capable of persuading or forcing others to t
ake particular \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 decisions or act in certain ways. Po
wer can arise through position in an organization or \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 develop out of personal connections. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb126\sl-353
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholders\u8217? potential influence o
ver the final outcome importance, or potential to affect or \line \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex102 be affected by, the project refers to stakeholders whose problems
, interests, and needs are \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 likely to be a pri
ority (important) for the project. The potential to affect or be affected by \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 resides in from characteristics specific to con
text and location, such as knowledge and rights. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb1

22\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Key questions for assessing whic
h stakeholders have influence and importance might include \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 (IIED, 2003, p.11): \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb90\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\
fs24 Who is dependent on whom? \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
1\f2\fs24 What stakeholders are organized? \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Who has control over resources? \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb10
4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\f
s24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 What problems affect what stakeholders? \par\p
ard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb244\sl-322\slmult0\tx212
5 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 5. \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-6\charscalex100 Summarizing and verification of stakeholder analysis \par\par
d\ql \li1417\sb196\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf1\f2\fs24 Stakeholder tables may be used to summarize the results of the SA (s
ee Tables 1 and 2). \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb222\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 Table 1:
Stakeholder characteriz
ation \par\pard\li3903\sb107\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx5210\tx6471\tx7851\tx9130 \up0
\expndtw-8\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Main interest\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-8\charscalex86 Influence\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Importance\tab
\up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Net impact\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Options
/ ways\par\pard\ql \li9130\sb0\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 forw
ard \par\pard\ql \li2380\sb34\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Stakeh
older A \par\pard\qj \li2380\ri8382\sb53\sl-450\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscal
ex86 Stakeholder B \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Stakeholder C \line \up0 \
expndtw-8\charscalex86 Stakeholder D \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Stakehol
der E \line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex87 Stakeholder F \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\
sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb22\s
l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 7
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft9027\shptop12194\shpright10351\shpbottom12214\shpfhdr0\
shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz278\shplid11
8}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft10351\shptop12194\shpright10371\shpbottom12233\shpfhdr0
\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz280\shplid12

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g8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0
\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\s
l-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1217\sb122\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The information about stakeholder influen
ce and importance is combined in a table that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103
characterizes stakeholders in terms of strategies for engagement (see table 2)
(IIED, 2003, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 p.11): \par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl207\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb29\sl-207\slmul
t0\fi0\tx2268 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Table 2
:\tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex87 Strategies for engagement in dependency from
stakeholders influence and importance\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\par
d\li1417\sb81\sl-207\slmult0\fi963\tx3456\tx6452 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 St
akeholder\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 High importance\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\c
harscalex86 Low importance\par\pard\li1417\sb201\sl-207\slmult0\fi963\tx3456\tx6
451 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 High influence\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86
Collaborate with\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Mitigate impacts, defend agai
nst\par\pard\li1417\sb201\sl-207\slmult0\fi963\tx3456\tx6453 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha
rscalex86 Low influence\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Involve, build capacity
, and secure interests\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Monitor or ignore\par\pa
rd\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1219\sb260\sl-360\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The DFIF (1995b) recom
mends a strategy for each field in the table above - the appropriate \line \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 type of participation by different stakeholders \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 - so that the project can be conducted \par\pa
rd\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 successful
ly. In this sense, the SA provides a basis for decisions on who should participa
te, in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 what ways, during the stages of the pr
oject cycle. Importance is distinct from influence. As \line \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 the DFID (1995b) points out, there will often be stakeholders, especi
ally unorganized primary \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 stakeholders, upon w
hich the project places great importance, even though they are weak in \line \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 terms of their influence. Positioning stakeholders in
relative terms according to the two broad \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cr
iteria indicates relative risks posed by specific stakeholders, and the potentia
l coalition of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 support for the project. These
findings will inform project negotiations and design (DFID, \line \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 1995b). \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb120\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 A diagram can be used for a clear representation of the
relationships and influences among the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 stakeholder
(see Figure 2). \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0
\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\s
l-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-27
6\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\sl
\par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li5893\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5893\sb54\sl-276\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8
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g9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw5994\colsr160\col
no2\colw5606\colsr160\ql \li4551\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb0\sl218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4551\sb119\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs19 Stakeholder C\par\pard\ql \li2719\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2719\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2719\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2719\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2719\sb0\sl-218\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2719\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2719\sb82\sl-218\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholder A\par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0\sl-2
18\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0\sl-2
18\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3867\sb197\sl
-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholder B\par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0
\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0
\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb0
\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3443\sb91\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 Finance\par\pard\column \ql \li7077\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li70
77\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7077\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li70
3\sb39\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholder D\par\pard\ql \l
i7772\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7772\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i7772\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7772\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l
i1638\sb59\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholder E\par\pard\q
l \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\q

l \li587\sb82\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stakeholder F\par\par
d\ql \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li6154\sb0\sl-218\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb93\sl-218\slmult0\tx2776 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Cooperate\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Control
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb
71\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Fig
ure 2: Diagram of different influences between the stakeholders. \par\pard\qj \l
i1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1217\sb227\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Verification of the SA is carr
ied out using the method of \u8220?mirroring.\u8221? Stakeholders are \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex104 presented the results of the SA and asked to give their
opinions on it. Verification is not \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 conside
red completed and successful until consensus has been reached on the characteriz
ation \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 of the stakeholders and their relation
s among each other. This is then a valid representation of \line \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex102 the stakeholders, their perceptions of themselves, and thei
r relationships with other \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 stakeholders.
\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb230\sl-322\slmult0
\tx2125 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 6. \tab \up0
\expndtw-6\charscalex100 Selecting the stakeholder involvement technique \par\pa
rd\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb149\sl-358\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf1\f2\fs24 What is Stakeholder Involvement (SI) actually? As there are n
o standards rules as to what \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 precisely cons
titutes involvement, some sort of definition is required. A very gener
al \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 definition might be: \u8220?Stakeholder i
nvolvement means to affect stakeholders, in any way, by a \line \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 project or plan.\u8221? Involvement means handling and dealing wit
h various stakeholder groups. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 This handling
of stakeholders is consciously intended, because for each stakeholder group we \
line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 need to decide on the specific form involvemen
t will take. However, the role of individual \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
stakeholders can change during the lifetime of the project. Involvement is incl
usion or non-\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 inclusion of stakeholders, incl
usion can vary in degree, and decisions on how stakeholders are \line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 to be included in the project can be made by the project team
exclusively or in negotiation \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 with the st
akeholders. Forms of stakeholder involvement include: information, contro
l, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 consultation, forming of partnerships and
alliances, turning over responsibility and decision-\line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 making power, monitoring, ignoring, and so on. \par\pard\ql \li5893\sb1
70\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9
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idth}{\sv 19755}}
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g10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\s
b0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1
218\sb2\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24
Based on the SA and the project objectives, the appropriate SI technique is sel
ected, whereby \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 the various SI techniques are not eq
ually well suited for all project objectives, as shown in \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 Table 3 below. \par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb0\s
l-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb30\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2236 \up0 \expndtw-8\cha
rscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Table 3:\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex8
6 What stakeholder involvement techniques for what purpose\par\pard\li1417\sb193
\sl-207\slmult0\fi795\tx2893\tx3574\tx4255\tx4936\tx5616\tx6296\tx6976\tx7655\tx
8336\tx9016\tx9695\tx10376 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Pressu\tab \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex86 Incenti\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Media\tab \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex86 Give\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Focus\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\
charscalex86 Repre\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Round\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\ch
arscalex86 Scena\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Future\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\cha
rscalex86 Multi-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Advoc\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\char
scalex86 Conse\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Medi-\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0\fi795\tx2893\tx3574\tx4255\tx4936\tx5616\tx6296\tx6976\tx7655\tx8336\tx
9016\tx9695\tx10376 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 rize\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc
alex86 ves\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 cam-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex8
6 infor-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 groups\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex8
6 senta-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 table\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86
rio\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 work-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 age
n-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 acy\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 nsus\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ation\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-206\slmult0\fi2157\t
x4255\tx5616\tx6296\tx6976\tx7655\tx8336\tx9016\tx9695 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale
x86 paigns\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 mation\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscale
x86 tive\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 groups\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex8
6 work-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 shop\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 c
y\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 plan-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 confer
\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-206\slmult0\fi4198\tx6976\tx8336\tx9016\tx9695 \up0 \exp
ndtw-8\charscalex86 survey\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 shop\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-8\charscalex86 organi\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ning\tab \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex86 ence\par\pard\li1417\sb1\sl-207\slmult0\fi4198\tx8336 \up0 \expn
dtw-8\charscalex86 s\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 zation\par\pard\ql \li1417
\sb1\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 Convin-\par\pard\li1417\sb22\sl
-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2212\tx2893\tx3574 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 cing\tab \up0
\expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\tab \up0 \expndt
w-8\charscalex86 +\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb207\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\char
scalex85 Giving \par\pard\li1417\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx3574\tx4255 \up0 \expn
dtw-8\charscalex86 inform-\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\tab \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex86 ++\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsc
alex85 ation \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-199\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex8
5 Consul-\par\pard\li1417\sb20\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4936\tx5615\tx6976\tx7655 \u
p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 ting\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 +\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-8\charscalex85 ++\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\ch
arscalex85 ++\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb1\sl207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 Forming \par\pard\li1417\sb8\sl-207\slm
ult0\fi0\tx6296\tx6976\tx9695\tx10376 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 con-\tab \up0
\expndtw-8\charscalex86 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 +\tab \up0 \expndtw8\charscalex86 ++\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\par\pard\ql \li1417\ri5007
\sb4\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 sensus \line \up0 \expndtw-8\ch
arscalex87 Taking \par\pard\li1417\sb19\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6296\tx6976\tx7655\
tx9016 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 group\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-8\charscalex86 +\par\pard\ql \li1417\ri5081\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-8\charscalex85 deci-\line \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 sion \par\pard\ql \li
1417\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex85 Imple-\par\pard\li1417\sb1
3\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx6976\tx8336\tx9016 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 menting\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 +\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 ++\tab \up0 \
expndtw-8\charscalex86 +\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb1\sl-198\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\
charscalex85 together \par\pard\li2283\sb81\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4001\tx5232 \up
0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs20 \u8220?empty\u8221?= not
suitable\tab \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex85 \u8220?+\u8221?= suitable\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-9\charscalex85 \u8220?++\u8221?= very suitable\par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl
-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1219\sb158\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The various SI techniques can be grouped i
n the categories (A) influence/ gain approval for \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
project, (B) identify needs (C) develop visions of the future, (D) deal with con
flicts. They are \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 described in brief as follows: \p
ar\pard\ql \li1477\sb190\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf13\f14\fs24 (A) Influence/Gain approval for project \par\pard\qj \li1777
\ri1219\sb172\sl-340\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24
Pressurize\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Pressure is put on stakeholders so tha
t they are more or less forced to do \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 som
ething. This can be political pressure or the pure exercise of power. \par\pard\
qj \li1777\ri1218\sb144\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u822
6?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Incentives\ul0\n
osupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Stakeholders are offered incentives to agree to somethin
g or to do \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 something. Incentives can tak
e the form of money, discounts, or the like. \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1220\sb140\s
l-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\
cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Media campaigns\ul0\nosupersub\cf1
\f2\fs24 : Campaigns are conducted through various media (newspapers, \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 radio, television, Internet) in order to persuade s
takeholders or to move them to \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 perform c
ertain actions. \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1218\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf13\f14\fs24 Give information\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Dissemination of
information using various means: distributing \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 brochures and scientific reports, holding public talks and public scientifi
c meetings, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 and so on. \par\pard\ql \li1
417\sb190\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\
fs24 (B) Identify needs \par\pard\ql \li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5
833\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs
24 10

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g11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\ql \li1777\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1777\s
b0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1777\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1777\ri1
219\sb22\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs
24 Focus groups\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Moderated discussion in small grou
ps, whereby stakeholders express \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 their o
pinions and attitudes. Focus groups can contribute towards opinion-forming in \l
ine\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the group. \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1220\sb1
40\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf1
0\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Representative surveys\ul0\nosupersub
\cf1\f2\fs24 : A representative sample of the population is queried on a \line\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 particular project or issue by means of a struc
tured questionnaire. \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1217\sb145\sl-355\slmult0\tx2137\tx2
137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\f
s24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Round table groups\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs2
4 : Round table groups are consultative groups with participation of \line\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 representatives of all stakeholders affected by a co
nflict or project. The goal is to \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 consid
er problems thoroughly and to seek consensus-building and formulate solutions. \

line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 All participants must have equal rights, i
ndependently of their political or economic \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 influence. \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb191\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 (C) Develop visions of the future \par\pard
\ql \li1777\ri1219\sb155\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
02 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf13\f14\fs24 Scenario workshop\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Using scenari
os prepared by experts, stakeholders work on the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 scenarios in discussion workshops. Based on discussion results, they f
ormulate a plan \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 of action. \par\pard\ql
\li1777\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex107 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Futur
e workshop\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Meant to motivate stakeholders to partic
ipate in the planning \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 process. This tec
hnique has three successive phases: critique, brainstorming, \line\tab \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 realization. Together, the participants design future
scenarios and check the feasibility \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 of
their designs. \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1218\sb120\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx
2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Multi-agency organization\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs
24 : This is the creation of an organizational structure, a \line\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 committee that includes representatives of all affected orga
nizations. The committee is \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 asked by the
government or political institution to give advice and make a decision on \line
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 a specific issue or topic. Based on the commit
tee's visions of the future, it develops \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
action programs. \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb190\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 (D) Deal with conflicts \par\pard\ql \li
1777\ri1219\sb155\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
05 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf13\f14\fs24 Advocacy planning\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Here the goal
is to ensure that the interests of non-organized, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex102 socially disadvantaged, and less able to articulate groups within the
population are \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 considered in the plannin
g process. The groups receive advice, and their interests are \line\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 represented in the appropriate committees and bodies. \par
\pard\ql \li1777\ri1219\sb149\sl-350\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex102 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Con
sensus conference\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : The goal is to have representativ
es of the public, laypeople, \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 assess contr
oversial issues. After hearing presentations by experts and studying \line\tab \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 information, the group prepares a final document. \
par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1218\sb142\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf13\f14\fs24 Mediation\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : In conflict situations, me
diation through neutral third parties is the attempt \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 to reach mutually agreed upon solutions. First, the key issues and
areas of conflict are \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 stated and clarifie
d (interests, aversions, blocks). Then there is an attempt to find \line\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 mutually satisfying ways to resolve the conflict (eva
luate options, check for fairness). \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 When
a solution is agreed upon, the first steps of implementation can begin. \par\pa
rd\ql \li5833\sb150\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 11 \par\pard\se
ct\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg12}{\bkmkend
Pg12}\par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1219\sb2\sl-360
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The results
of the SA can be used when selecting the appropriate SI technique fo
r \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 stakeholders in the following ways: \par\pard\qj
\li1777\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \u8226?

\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 If there are influen
tial stakeholders who are against the project, the technique \line\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 influence/ gain approval for
the project\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 can be used to attempt to win them over.
\par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1220\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 If imp
ortant stakeholders have no interest in the project, it is important to \ul0\nos
upersub\cf13\f14\fs24 identify their \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nee
ds\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 , for it may be possible to stimulate their intere
st in the project via their needs. \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1221\sb140\sl-360\slmu
lt0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 If SA has revealed that SH have not thought at all ab
out future development, the SI \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 technique
\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 develop visions of the future\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\
f2\fs24 should be used. \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1220\sb120\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137
\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 If SA reveals strong conflicts among SH interests, or if
interests of the so-called \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8220?voice
less\u8221? are not being represented, techniques for \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\f
s24 dealing with conflict\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 should be \line\tab \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 implemented. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb120\sl-360\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 What role the project directors can play in t
he framework of the conflict-laden stakeholder \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 proc
ess is dependent upon their control of the process and the decisions. Table 4 be
low \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 provides an overview of project directors\u821
7? roles under the different conditions: \par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par
\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb26\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx2268 \
up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Table 4:\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-7\charscalex87 Role of the project director in dependency of his control ov
er decisions and process\par\pard\li1417\sb192\sl-207\slmult0\fi3231\tx6916 \up0
\expndtw-8\charscalex86 No control over process\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex8
6 Control over process\par\pard\li1417\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\fi963\tx4648\tx6916 \u
p0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 No control over decisions\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca
lex86 Role: Initiator (stimulate the\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Role: Medi
ator\par\pard\ql \li4648\sb1\sl-188\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 process
) \par\pard\li2380\sb29\sl-207\slmult0\fi0\tx4648\tx6915 \up0 \expndtw-8\charsca
lex86 Control over decisions\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Role: Arbitrator,
referee\tab \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex86 Role: Inquisitor\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb
0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb52
\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Fram
eworks of the Social System \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb143\sl-350\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Further, it is important
to clarify whether and to what extent the selected SI technique accords \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex105 with or stands in conflict with important frameworks in the
social system. The following \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 frameworks are signi
ficant: \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1218\sb142\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex103 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24
Political framework: \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Does the type of stakeholder
involvement fit into the existing \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 politi
cal system? \par\pard\ql \li1777\sb210\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Legal f
ramework: \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Does the type of stakeholder involvement c
onform to the laws? \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1218\sb155\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0
f13\f14\fs24 Institutional framework: \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Does the type
of stakeholder involvement follow the given \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 institutional framework? \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1220\sb157\sl-340\slmult0\t
x2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\no
supersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Social framework: \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Does the t
ype of stakeholder involvement conform to social \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\chars

calex100 customs? \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb124\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 If it is foreseeable that the selected SI technique will stand i
n grave contradiction to one of \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 these frameworks,
a different SI technique must be chosen. \par\pard\ql \li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql\li5833\sb242\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 12
8}}
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g13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-32
2\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb205\sl-322\slmult
0\fi0\tx2125 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 7.\tab \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Initiating and implementing the stakeholder involve
ment process\par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb129\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Group processes\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs
24 : Prior to initiating the SI process, it is important to clarify also possibl
e \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 group processes based on the SA. The follo
wing checklist contains questions that should be \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 asked: \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1218\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex105 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs
24 To what extent will hidden agendas and the previous histories of group membe
rs \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 influence their voicing of opinions i
n the group? \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\
fs24 What members of the group will tend to remain silent, and what members of
the group \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 will articulate their opinions
and thus tend to sway the group? \par\pard\ql \li1777\sb190\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf1\f2\fs24 What opinion of the project could end up as the typical opinion of
the group? \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1216\sb155\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs
24 What opinions of the project on the part of respected, outstanding, or power
ful persons \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 in the group could get throu
gh? \par\pard\ql \li1777\sb210\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u82
26?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 What minority opi
nions could get through and how? \par\pard\ql \li1777\sb224\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f1\f2\fs24 Is polarization of the entire group to a particular opinion possible
? \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb139\sl-355\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
When implementing the SI process, an appropriate form that is acceptable to all
parties must \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 be found. Here, questions like the f
ollowing are pertinent: Should the group always meet as a \up0 \expndtw-1\charsc
alex100 whole, or should there also be meetings of sub-groups within the group?
Is the frequency of \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the meetings tolerable to all
participants (time burden)? How binding should group decisions \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 be for the individual members of the group? \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri
1218\sb121\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Further points that must
be clarified and are indispensable if the project is to succeed are the \up0 \e
xpndtw-1\charscalex100 following (these are based in part on \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
3\f14\fs24 The Worldbank Participation Sourcebook\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 , 1
996): \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777 \up0

f13\f14\fs24 Shared interests\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : With no shared
interests, there will be no cooperation among \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 stakeholders. For this reason it is necessary to unmask any commonal
ity in stakeholders' \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 underlying interest
s and to highlight and assure common ground that the stakeholders will \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 recognize as such. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1217\sb
140\sl-360\slmult0\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\c
f10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Credibility of the corporation:\ul0
\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Projects are usually conducted by a corporation - feder
al or \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 municipal authorities or a coalitio
n of organizations and persons \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (NGOs, churches, \p
ar\pard\qj \li1777\ri1218\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 assoc
iations, residents). For credibility, project proponents must be broadly support
ed and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 their members must be persons who have prove
d themselves, who act in an integrative \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 manner, an
d who are held in high esteem. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1218\sb120\sl-360\slmult0\
tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24
\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Legitimization:\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The
corporation of a project must acquire official legitimization in the \line\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 form of financial resolutions, cooperation, and
submission of the required \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 communic
ations to the authorities. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx17
77 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Resources:\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 It is important to c
larify in advance the availability of the resources required \line\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-4\charscalex100 for conducting a stakeholder involvement program adequately
(time, money, know-how). \par\pard\ql \li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i5833\sb154\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 13 \par\pard\sect\sectd
\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg14}{\bkmkend Pg14}\pa
r\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1
417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb82\s
l-276\slmult0\fi0\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs2
4 \u8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Transpa
rency\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : High transparency and comprehensibility of on
going decision processes\par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1218\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex103 make a significant contribution by giving stakeholders the o
pportunity to learn about \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 higher-order decision pr
oblems and abstract planning issues, which ultimately impacts the \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex100 quality of their participation. Ongoing public relations efforts
are necessary in order to \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 assure the flow of infor
mation to the outside. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx1777\t
x1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Collaborative setting of rules for decision-m
aking and procedures\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : At the start of the \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 process, it is important to establish consensus re
garding basic procedures and constitutive \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 decision rules that will hold for the SI process. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1219\
sb120\sl-360\slmult0\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226?
\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Secure expectat
ions\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : Participatory processes are credible only if t
hey have an influence on \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 the decisions t
o be made. At the start of the SI process, the extent to which participatory \li
ne\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 results will be binding in the project it s
hould be clarified. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1218\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx1777\tx17
77\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Motivation of participants\ul0\no
supersub\cf1\f2\fs24 : For influential actors, participating in SI processes, wh
ich not \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 least of all strive towards the
equality of all participants, is connected with risks and a real \line\tab \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 loss of power. The willingness of influential actors to
participate increases if they have the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
possibility of obtaining other resources, such as social prestige, honor, and ac
ceptance of \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 their concerns. \par\pard\ql
\li1417\ri1218\sb144\sl-356\slmult0\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Results for the SH:\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 Before sta
keholders commit themselves to participation, they should \line\tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 be informed as to their role within the SA and as to what they
can expect from the results. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 It is conce
ivable that false expectations and disappointments on the part of stakeholders \
line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 can have consequences of all kinds. These
can start with stakeholders being no longer \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
05 willing to cooperate and can move on to sabotage, open opposition, and possib
ly to \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 disapproval and rejection of the p
roject in public opinion. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1216\sb141\sl-360\slmult0\tx177
7\tx1777\tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Competency of participants\ul0\nosu
persub\cf1\f2\fs24 : If participants are not given sufficient information, there
is \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 the danger that their decision will b
e inconsistent and not base on the facts, with high \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex100 resulting costs. To prevent this, it is essential to ensure that part
icipants are sufficiently \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 technically in
formed as soon as possible. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1218\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx1
777\tx1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Turning zero-sum conflicts into positive
-sum conflicts:\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The attempt should be made to \line\
tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 change potential conflict situations in such a
way that a situation is created in which one \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 actor does not win at the cost of another, but rather all actors gain addi
tional benefit. \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1217\sb146\sl-353\slmult0\tx1777\tx1777\t
x1777\tx1777 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 Institutional integration\ul0\nosupersub\cf1
\f2\fs24 : Participatory processes need to be \u8220?practical in the real world
,\u8221? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 meaning that their organization
and structure can be integrated into overreaching decision \line\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex105 processes and that they take into account participants\u8217?
limited resources in time and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 means. \p
ar\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb122\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 The
above points are examined and clarified so that the suitability of SI can be as
sessed. Of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 course, this is a matter of inter
pretation, and it has to make sense within the specific situation. \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 To arrive at the least distorted interpretation, the asse
ssment should be conducted by a team, \par\pard\ql \li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li5833\sb134\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 14 \par\par
d\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmk
end Pg15}\par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\
slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\ri1219\sb2\sl
-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 or at leas
t by two persons, so that comparison is possible. It is also important to repeat
the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 assessment of the conditions periodi
cally, so that transformation processes do not go \line \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 unnoticed. \par\pard\li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0\par\pard\li1417\sb24
5\sl-322\slmult0\fi0\tx2125 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f1
0\fs28 8.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Continuous and formative evaluation\
par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb132\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 In the best case, every meeting of the SH results in a
plan of goals and actions that are \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 accepted
and borne by all. The entire SI process must undergo continuous evaluation, and
the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 results of the evaluation must constantl

y inform the process, revising it as needed (formative \line \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 evaluation). Evaluation of the process should be conducted in such a
way that (a) after every \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 meeting and (b) oth
erwise, at regular intervals, stakeholders are asked about their satisfaction \l
ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 with the SI process with regard to form, course
of the process, development, results, and \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 m
ore. For a formative evaluation, the results must impact the process. For exampl
e, if some \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 participants are dissatisfied wit
h the form of the process, it should be corrected as quickly as \line \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 possible. The following points should be explored with the s
takeholders in an interview using \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a semi-str
uctured interview protocol (taken and adapted from Project XL, p. 107 f.): \par\
pard\ql \li1777\ri1218\sb120\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 involvement in the proc
ess, including their decision to participate, how they were \line\tab \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex102 invited to participate, and any involvement in their communit
y or with the facility \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 before this proce
ss began \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1218\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137\t
x2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 p
erceptions as to whether the stakeholder participation process was well designed
and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 implemented, including whether it af
forded the stakeholder a real opportunity for \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x105 input, whether the level of involvement and the timeframe of involvement we
re \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 appropriate, and whether there were a
ny barriers to effective participation \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1219\sb145\sl-355\
slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226?
\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 perspectives as to what the stakeholder proce
ss was trying to accomplish, including \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 w
hether the process goals were appropriate and successfully accomplished,
and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 whether the process focused on the
right issues, addressed those issues adequately, and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex100 brought together the right people in the process to effectively rep
resent stakeholder \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 interests \par\pard\l
i1777\sb226\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 perceptions as to the organization of the process\
par\pard\li1777\sb219\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u
8226?\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 roles of the stakeholders, including whe
ther the roles were developed by the company\par\pard\qj \li2137\ri1217\sb5\sl-3
60\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 alone or in conjunction with other stake
holders, the stage in the decision making \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 process a
t which stakeholders became involved, whether the roles were consistent \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex105 with what the stakeholders envisioned when they decided to
participate, and the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 effectiveness of these roles
\par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1219\sb149\sl-350\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226? \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 overall satisfact
ion of stakeholders with the stakeholder involvement process, \line\tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 including their perceptions about the major st
rengths and weaknesses of the \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 stakeh
older involvement process and suggestions for improving the process \par\pard\ql
\li5833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5833\sb116\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 15 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0
\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\qj \li1777\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \
par\pard\qj\li1777\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1777\sb0\sl-360\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\qj\li1777\ri1218\sb22\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104
\ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf1\f2\fs24 how technical issues were addressed in the stakeholder process an
d if this enabled \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 technical information
to be understandable to all participants \par\pard\qj \li1777\ri1218\sb140\sl-36
0\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs
24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the degree to which differences in intere

sts or perspectives existed between \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
stakeholders and how any differences that did exist were addressed \par\pard\ql
\li1777\ri1218\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \
u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 how meetings (
if held) were managed, including issues of setting the agenda and \line\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 ground rules, the use of a facilitator and that person
\u8217?s effectiveness, and whether these \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 meetings provided a good opportunity for dialogue \par\pard\ql \li1777\ri1218\
sb120\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosu
persub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the outcomes of the process,
and whether the stakeholder felt that they had an impact \line\tab \up0 \expndtw
-4\charscalex100 on the outcome, how satisfied they were with the \u8220?Final P
roject Agreement,\u8221? and what \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 outcom
es were most and least satisfying to them and their constituency \par\pard\ql \l
i1777\ri1219\sb140\sl-360\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u8
226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 what had been ac
complished since the signing of the Final Project Agreement, how \line\tab \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 the stakeholders had continued to be involved, an
d the effectiveness of that \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 involvem
ent. \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb230\sl-322\sl
mult0\tx2125 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 9. \tab
\up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 Evaluating completed projects according to sustain
ability criteria \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb147\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 It is necessary to conduct a global,
summative evaluation of the project. The worth and value \line \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex100 of the project aimed for is sustainable development of the region i
n which the project was \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 conducted. Sustainab
le development is a guideline for developing a human society that aims \line \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to satisfy the needs of all people - current or futur
e generations - and to ensure a good quality \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
of life for all. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1218\sb137\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 Project success should be measured on four dimensions of
sustainability: economic, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ecological, soc
ial, and technical sustainability \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (it makes se
nse to include technical \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb4\sl-360\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 sustainability where technical facilities have been ins
talled). Fulfillment of each dimension is \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 assessed
according to criteria. The following presents some initial suggestions for asse
ssment \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 criteria for each dimension: \par\pard\ql \
li1417\sb190\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f
14\fs24 A. Social sustainability \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10
\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the largest possible percentage of the p
opulation has profited from the project \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf1\f2\fs24 as many different groups within the population have profited
from the project as possible \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f
2\fs24 the needs of several generations have been taken into account \par\pard\
ql \li1417\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the highest possible number of j
obs has been created \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex102 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 n
o aggression arose \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 th
e project promoted broad improvement of the populations\u8217? competencies \par
\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\
nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 institutional, political,
and organizational structures were reinforced or established \par\pard\ql \li14
17\sb204\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\f

s24 B. Economic sustainability \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f
11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 independent of external resources, self-su
pporting, funding secured \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs
24 implementation was as rapid as possible \par\pard\ql \li5833\sb144\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 16 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\pap
erh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0
l-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb67\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 project benefit felt a
s early as possible \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb204\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 C. Ecological sustainability \par\pard
\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 no
damage to nature and environment, environmentally friendly \par\pard\ql \li1417
\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\
f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 increase/no reduction of biodiversity \pa
r\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0
\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the health and well bein
g of the population was not impaired, but improved \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb204\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs24 D. Tech
nical sustainability \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the installation functions with no technical problems
\par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?
\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 the installation fun
ctions for as long as possible \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb104\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8226?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs24 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
\f2\fs24 the installation can be repaired and maintained with onsite spare part
s and know-how \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219\sb135\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 If the overall evaluation reveals that some criteria have not been
met, or fulfilled only in part, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the process shoul
d be modified and corrected if it is still possible. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1219
\sb120\sl-360\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Only once the overall evalua
tion of the project is positive can SA and SI be considered to be \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 completed. \par\pard\ql \li1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
1417\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1417\sb224\sl-322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs28 References and suggested readings \p
ar\pard\qj \li1417\ri1248\sb157\sl-300\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
04 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 Babiuch, W. M. & Farhar, B. C. (1994). Stakehol
der Analysis Methodologies Resource Book. Colorado: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 National Reneweble Energy Laboratory. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1249\sb
137\sl-280\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Banville, C., Landry, M.,
Martel, J. M. & Boulaire, C. (1998). A stakeholder approach to MCDA. \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf17\f18\fs20 Systems \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 research\ul0
\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 , 15, 15-32. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1243\sb124\sl-300\
slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Beierle, T. & Konisky, D. (2000).Va
lues, Conflict, and Trust in Participatory Environmental Planning. \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf17\f18\fs20 Journal \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 of Policy Analy
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417\sb194\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2610\tx7869 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Burgoyn
e, J.\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (1994). Stakeholder Analysis. In Ca
ssell, C. & Symon, G.\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (Eds.), \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf17\f18\fs20 Qualitative Methods in\par\pard\li1417\sb69\sl-230\slmult0\fi7
19 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Organizational Research. A Practical Guide \ul0\
nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 (pp. 187-207). London: Sage.\par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1237
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activities\ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 [On-line]. Available: {\field{\*\fldin
st {HYPERLINK "http://www.euforic.org/gb/stake2.htm" }}{\fldrslt {\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf19\f20\fs20\ul http://www.euforic.org/gb/stake2.htm}}} \par\pard\qj \li1417\
ri1236\sb100\sl-320\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
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20 [On-line]. Available: {\field{\*\fldinst {HYPERLINK "http://www.euforic.org/
gb/stake1.htm" }}{\fldrslt {\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs20\ul http://www.euforic.
org/gb/stake1.htm}}} \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1235\sb100\sl-320\slmult0\tx2137 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 Department for Internat
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tors for measuring and assessing \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 primar
y stakeholder participation \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 [On-line]. Available:
{\field{\*\fldinst {HYPERLINK "http://www.euforic.org/gb/stake3.htm" }}{\fldrslt
{\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs20\ul http://www.euforic.org/gb/stake3.htm}}} \par\
pard\qj \li1417\ri1237\sb117\sl-300\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20 Diallo, A. & Thuillier, D. (2004). The success di
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expndtw-3\charscalex100 of African project coordinators. \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f1
8\fs20 International Journal of Project Management\ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs20
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tw0\charscalex100 Grimble, R. & Wellard, K. (1997). Stakeholder methodologies in
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100 principles, contexts, experiences and opportunities. \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f1
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pard\ql\li5833\sb208\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf1\f2\fs24 17 \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-2
40{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\qj \li1417\sb0\sl-320\slmult0 \par\p
ard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-320\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1417\sb0\sl-320\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj\li1417\ri1240\sb135\sl-320\slmult0\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul
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older.html" }}{\fldrslt {\ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs20\ul http://www.iied.org/fo
restry/tools/stakeholder.html}}} \par\pard\ql \li1417\ri1250\sb97\sl-300\slmult0
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xpndtw-3\charscalex100 249. \par\pard\qj \li1417\ri1249\sb120\sl-300\slmult0\tx2
137 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Morrison, K. (2003). Stakeholder involvement i
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oject sponsors and stakeholders (1999). [On-line]. Available: \line \tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-4\charscalex100 {\field{\*\fldinst {HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/project
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ar\pard\ql \li1417\ri1245\sb120\sl-300\slmult0\tx2137\tx2137 \up0 \expndtw0\char
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K. (2003). How to involve stakeholders in fisheries management - a country case
study in Trinidad and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tobago. \ul0\nosup
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alex102 The World Bank\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (1996).\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs20 The World Bank Particip
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A Framework For Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Involvement

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A Framework For Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Involvement

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