Kin thc c bn v in t B cc ca chng Chng ny gii thch cc kin thc c bn v in t M t Cht bn dn it Transito Nhit in tr Cc phn t khc IC (Mch tch

Mch tch hp) My vi tnh

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M t

M t Cc in t cc k nh, l cc ht tch in m chuyn ng quanh mt ht nhn. Cc proton trong ht nhn ny tch in dng in t hc l khoa hc hoc cng ngh cp n cc chc nng ca in t, cng nh vic pht trin v ng dng ca cc b phn, cc mch, v cc thit b lin quan n cng ngh ny. (Cc transito, it, IC (cc mch tch hp) v cc b vi x l l mt s v d v cc ng dng). Cc IC v cc b vi x l gm c cc b phn in t nh cc transito v cc it. Ht nhn. Cc thit b in t ny thay th nhiu thit b c kh trong qu kh. Cc thit b in t c th c thit k c nhiu chc nng hn v nh gn hn cc thit b c kh. (1/1)

Cc cht bn dn

M t Cht bn dn l mt loi vt liu c in tr cao hn in tr ca cc dy dn tt nh ng hoc st, nhng thp hn in tr ca cc cht cch in nh cao su hoc thu tinh. Hai loi vt liu bn dn c s dng ph bin nht l germani (Ge) v Silic (Si). Tuy nhin trong trng thi tinh khit ca chng, cc cht ny khng thch hp vi vic s dng thc t ca cc cht bn dn. V l do ny chng phi c pha vi cht ph gia, l mt lng nh ca cc tp cht phi thm vo nng cao cng dng thc t ca chng. Cc c tnh ca cht bn dn: Khi nhit ca n tng ln, in tr ca n gim xung. Tnh dn in ca n tng ln khi c trn vi cc cht khc. in tr ca n thay i khi c tc dng ca nh sng, t tnh hoc cc ng sut c hc. N pht sng khi t in p vo, v.v... C th chia cc cht bn dn thnh hai loi: Loi N v loi P.

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 Cc cht bn dn loi N: Mt cht bn dn loi N gm c mt cht nn hoc cht silic (Si) hoc germani (Ge), c pha trn vi mt lng nh asen (As) hoc phtpho (P) cung cp cho n nhiu in t t do, c th chuyn ng d dng qua silic hoc germani to ra dng in. Ch "n" ca cht bn dn loi n c ngha l "m"

Cc cht bn dn loi P Mt khc, mt cht bn dn loi p gm c mt cht nn l silic (Si) hoc germani (Ge) c pha trn vi gali (Ga) hoc Indi (In) to ra "cc l", c th coi l cc in t "khuyt" v v cc tch in dng chy theo chiu ngc vi cc in t t do. Ch "p" ca cht bn dn loi P c ngha l "dng" (1/1)

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Cc it

M t Cc it bn dn c ni vi cc cht bn dn loi N hoc loi P. C vi loi it. it chnh lu thng it Zener LED (it pht sng) it quang Cc s ny cho thy dng in chy qua mt it nh th no. (1) Khi cc dng (+) ca cquy c ni vi pha p v cc m (-) ni vi pha N, cc l dng ca cht bn dn loi P v cc dng ca cquy y ln nhau. V cc in t t do ca cht bn dn loi N v cc m ca cquy y ln nhau, v vy y chng v khu vc ni p-n. Do cc in t t do v cc l dng ny ht ln nhau, nh vy lm cho dng in chy qua khu vc ni p-n. (2) Khi o ngc cc cc cquy, cc l dng ca cht bn dn loi p v cc m ca cquy ht ln nhau, v cc in t t do ca cht bn dn loi n v cc dng ca cquy ht ln nhau, v th ko xa khi khu vc ni p-n. Kt qu l, mt lp khng cha cc in t t do hoc cc l dng c to nn khu vc ni p-n, v vy ngn chn dng in chy qua. (1/1)

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it thng 1. M t it thng lm cho dng in ch chy theo mt chiu: t pha p sang pha n. 2. Cc c im Cn c mt in p ti thiu dng in chy t pha p sang pha n. y l cc th d v cc yu cu i vi in p: it silic (A) : khong 0,3V it germani (B) : khong 0,7V Dng in ny s khng chy nu mt in p c t vo chiu ngc li (t pha n sang pha p). Mc d mt dng in cc nh chy thc t, gi l dng in r ngc chiu, n c x l nh khng chy v n khng tc ng n hot ng ca mch thc. Tuy nhin nu in p r ngc chiu ny c tng ln y , cng ca dng in cho php i qua bi it s tng ln t ngt. Hin tng ny c gi l nh thng it, v in p ny c gi l in p nh thng. (1/3)

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3. Chc nng chnh lu (1) in p chnh lu na chu k in p t my pht AC c t vo mt it. V in p c th hin gia (a) v (b) c t vo it theo chiu thun, dng in s chy qua it ny. Tuy nhin v in p c th hin gia (b) v (c) c t vo it ny theo chiu ngc, nn dng in khng c php i qua it ny. V ch c mt na dng in do my pht sinh ra c php i qua it ny. (2) Chnh lu hai na chu k Khi cc A ca my pht l dng, cc B l m, v dng in chy nh th hin s trn ca hnh minh ha (2). Khi s phn cc ca cc u ny ngc li, dng in chy nh th hin s di ca hnh minh ha (2). iu ny c ngha l dng in ra lun lun ch chy v mt chiu qua in tr R. (2/3) u vo Cho dng in chy qua Chn khng cho dng chy qua u ra 4. V d v ng dng Cc it nn dng thng c s dng nh cc b chnh lu cho cc my pht in xoay chiu (3/3)

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it Zener 1. M t Trong khi it Zener cho php dng in chy theo chiu thun, cng chiu vi mt it thng, n cng cho php dng in chy theo chiu ngc li trong mt s trng hp. 2. Cc c im Dng in chy theo chiu thun t pha p sang pha n qua mt it Zener cng chiu vi mt it thng. Mt dng in chy theo chiu ngc li vt qu in p c xc nh trc chy qua mt it Zener. iu ny c gi l in p Zener, n gi nguyn khng thay i trong thc t, bt k cng ca dng in nh th no. Mt it Zener c th n nh vi cc in p Zener khc nhau tu theo s p dng hoc mc ch ca n. (1/2) 3. V d v ng dng Cc it Zener c s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau, mt mc ch quan trng nht trong cc mc ch ny l b iu chnh in p cho mt my pht in xoay chiu. in p ra c iu chnh thng xuyn, bng cch gn it Zener vo mt mch in. (2/2) Dng in thun chiu Dng in ngc chiu (in p ca c quy < in p Zener) Dng in ngc chiu (in p ca c quy > in p Zener) K hiu ca it Zener

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LED (it pht sng) 1. M t LED l mt it lin kt p-n cng ging nh it thng. N pht sng khi mt dng in i qua n theo mt chiu thun, cc LED c th pht sng vi cc mu khc nhau nh mu , vng v xanh lc. 2. Cc c im Cc LED c cc c im sau: Pht nhit t hn v c tui th di hn cc bng in thng. Pht nh sng chi vi mc tiu th in thp. Phn ng vi in p thp (tc phn ng nhanh). (1/2) 3. V d v ng dng Cc LED c s dng trong cc loi n phanh lp trn cao v cc n bo, v.v... (2/2) K hiu ca LED

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it quang 1. M t it quang l it lin kt p-n gm c mt cht bn dn v mt thu knh. Nu t mt in p ngc chiu vo it quang c chiu nh sng, th mt dng in ngc chiu s chy qua. Cng ca dng in ny s thay i theo t l thun vi lng nh sng ri trn it quang ny. Ni khc i, it quang c th xc nh c nh sng bng cch pht hin cng ca dng in ngc khi t in p ngc. (1/2)

2. V d v ng dng Cc it quang c s dng trong cc cm bin nh sng mt tri cho cc my iu ha khng kh, v.v... (2/2)

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Cc tranzito

Cc tranzito thng 1. M t Mt tranzito cha ba lp gm c mt cht bn dn loi p kp gia hai bn dn loi n, hoc mt bn dn loi n kp gia hai bn dn loi p. Mt in cc c gn vo mi lp nn: B (cc gc), E (cc pht) v C (cc gp). Cc tranzito thng chia lm hai loi, npn v pnp, tu theo cch b tr cc cht bn dn. Mt tranzito thc hin cc chc nng sau y: Khuych i Chuyn mch 2. Hot ng c bn Trong mt tranzito npn khi dng in IB chy t B ti E, dng in Ic chy t C n E. Trong tranzito pnp khi dng in IB chy t E (cc pht) n B (cc gc), dng in Ic chy t E n C. Dng in IB c gi l dng cc gc, v dng in Ic c gi l dng cc gp. Do dng in Ic s khng chy tr khi dng in IB chy. (1/4)

3. Cc c tnh Trong mt tranzito thng dng in cc gp (Ic) v dng in cc gc (IB) c mi quan h c th hin trong s ny. Cc tranzito thng c hai chc nng theo cng dng c bn: Nh c th hin trong th bn tri, phn "A" c th c s dng nh mt b khuych i tn hiu v phn "B" c th c s dng nh mt cng tc. 4. Khuych i tn hiu Trong phm vi "A" ca th ny, dng cc gp ln gp 10 n 1000 ln dng cc gc. Do , tn hiu ny m tn hiu vo c khuych i l tn hiu ra t u ra khi tn hiu in "B" (cc gc) ca tranzito c t vo nh tn hiu vo. (2/4)

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5. Chc nng chuyn mch Trong mt tranzito, dng cc gp (Ic) s chy, khi dng in cc gc (IB) chy. Do dng in cc gc c th bt m ON v ngt OFF bng cch bt m v ngt dng in cc gc (IB). c im ny ca tranzito c th c s dng nh mt cng tc ngt. (3/4)

6. V d v ng dng Cc tranzito c s dng trong rt nhiu mch. Khng c s khc nhau v chc nng gia cc tranzito npn v pnp. (4/4)

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Tranzito quang 1. Cc c im Khi tranzito quang nhn nh sng trong khi in (+) c a vo cc gp v dng tip t ca n vo cc pht ca n, mt dng in s chy qua mch ny. Cng ca dng chy qua mch in ny s thay i theo lng nh sng chiu trn tranzito quang ny. Do , nh sng chiu trn tranzito ny c cng chc nng ca dng in cc gc ca mt tranzito thng. (1/2)

2. V d v ng dng Trong cc t, cc tranzito quang c s dng trong cc cm bin gim tc, v.v... (2/2)

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Nhit in tr 1. M t Nhit in tr l mt loi bn dn c in tr thay i theo cc bin i v nhit . Ni khc i, nhit in tr c th xc nh nhit bng cch d in tr. Trong loi nhit in tr ph bin nht, mt nhit in tr c h s nhit m, in tr s gim khi nhit tng. Cng c loi nhit in tr dng, trong in tr s tng ln khi nhit tng. (1/2)

2. V d v ng dng Trong cc xe t, cc nhit in tr c s dng trong cm bin nhit nc v cm bin nhit khng kh np, v.v... (2/2)

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Cc phn t khc Cc phn t khc 1. Phn t p in in tr ca mt phn t p in s thay i khi n chu p sut hoc lc cng. Cng nh vy, c mt s phn t p in sn ra in p. 2. Phn t t tr in tr ca mt phn t t tr s thay i khi t trng t vo n. Gi : V cc thay i v in tr trong cc phn t ny nh, cc IC (cc mch tch hp) c khuych i. Sau in tr ny c bin i thnh xung hoc cc tn hiu tng t s dng chng nh cc tn hiu cm bin. (1/1)

IC (Mch tch hp)

M t Mt IC l t hp ca vi n vi nghn mch in cha cc tranzito, cc it, cc t in, cc in tr, v.v... chng c gn vo hoc gn ln vi mm2 ca chp silic, v c t trong mt khi bng nha hoc gm. Mt IC n c th c mt s kh nng v chc nng c bit, k c kh nng so snh logic 2 tn hiu hoc cc tr s, kh nng khuych i mt in p u vo. Cc IC c mt s u th hn cc mch khng tch hp: V nhiu yu t c th c gn vo hoc gn ln mt chp silic n, cc u ni tip xc c th c gim i ng k, dn n gim cc h hng. Chng nh hn v nh hn nhiu. Chi ph sn xut thp hn nhiu. Tham kho: Mt IC cha rt nhiu cc phn t, ngha l t 1000 n 100.000, c gi l mt LSI (Tch hp quy m ln). Mt IC cha hn 100.000 phn t c gi l VLSI (Tch hp quy m rt ln). (1/1)

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Cc tn hiu tng t v s ho Cc tn hiu in c th chia thnh 2 loi: tng t v s 1. Tn hiu tng t Cc tn hiu tng t thay i lin tc v thng sut theo thi gian. V vy, c im chung ca tn hiu tng t l ch u ra ca n thay i theo t l vi u vo ca n. (1/2)

2. Tn hiu s Cc tn hiu s thay i (M ON v Tt OFF) tng lc theo thi gian. c tnh chung ca mt mch s l ch u ra ca n thay i t ngt khi u vo ca n tng ln ti mc no . Chng hn nh, khi u vo tng t 0V n 5V, u ra vn 0V cho n khi u vo t ti 5V. Tuy nhin u ra ny t ngt nhy ln 5V ngay khi u vo t ti 5V. M v Ngt s ch mt tn hiu ang c chuyn i hay khng. Bnh thng, M c th hin l 1 v Ngt l 0. Khi mt in p c s dng nh mt tn hiu u vo th cn phi ly mt in p no lm chun. Sau , mi in p trn in p chun ny l cc tn hiu 1, v di in p chun l cc tn hiu 0. Chng hn nh, nu t in p chun l 5V, th my tnh s xc nh rng cc tn hiu 9V, 7V v 6V l 1, v mi trong cc tn hiu ny th hin mt tn hiu u vo. Mt khc cc tn hiu 2V v 0V s c coi l "0" v khng c tn hiu u vo no s c coi l tn ti. (2/2)

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Cc mch logic 1. M t Cc IC s cha vi phn t khc nhau. Cc mch trong mt IC s c gi l cc mch logic hoc cc mch s v lp thnh mt t hp cc loi khc nhau ca ci gi l cc cng, nh cc cng NOT, OR, NOR, AND v NAND. V cc cng ny c kh nng c bit x l logic hai hoc nhiu tn hiu, chng cng c gi l cc cng logic. Mt mi quan h logic no c thit lp gia cc u vo v u ra ca tn hiu s. Mt bng thc trnh by mi quan h gia cc u vo v u ra ca tn hiu s trong mt dng bng biu. Trong mt bng chn l, 1 th hin s c mt ca mt in p, v 0, l s vng mt ca n. (1/7)

2. Cng NOT Mt cng NOT truyn mt tn hiu ngc vi tn hiu u vo. Khi mt in p c t ln cc vo A, khng c in p no c truyn cc ra Y. Chuyn chc nng ny vo mt mch in c cng chc nng nh cng NOT. Khi cng tc A ng li (ON), n m (OFF) cc im tip xc trong rle, lm cho n tt. (2/7)

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3. Cng OR Trong mt cng OR, tn hiu ra s l mt ti chng mc m mt trong nhng tn hiu vo l 1. Khi t mt in p vo mt hoc hai u vo A v B, s c mt in p u ra Y. Chuyn chc nng ny vo mt mch in c cng chc nng nh cng OR. Khi mt hoc c hai cng tc A v B c ng li (ON), n ny s sng ln. (3/7)

4. Cng NOR Mt cng NOR l t hp ca mt cng OR v cng NOT. Tn hiu ny ti u ra Y s ch l 1 khi c hai u vo A v B l 0. Tn hiu ny ti u ra Y s l 0 nu mt hoc c hai u vo A v B l s 1. (4/7)

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5. Cng AND Trong mt cng AND, u ra s l 1 khi mi tn hiu vo l 1. S c mt in p u ra Y khi in p c t vo c hai u vo A v B. Chuyn chc nng ny vo mt mch in c cng chc nng nh ca AND. n s khng sng ln tr khi c hai cng tc A v B c ng li (ON). (5/7)

6. Cng NAND Cng NAND l mt t hp ca mt cng AND v mt cng NOT. Tn hiu u ra Y s l 1 khi mt hoc hai u vo A v B l 0. Tn hiu u ra Y s l 0 nu c hai u vo A v B l 1. (6/7)

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7. B so Mt b so s i chiu in p ca u vo dng (+) vi u vo m (-). Nu in p ca u vo dng a cao hn in p ca u vo m b, u ra Y s l 1. Nu in p ca u vo dng A thp hn in p ca u vo m B, u ra Y s l 0. (7/7)

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My vi tnh

M t v cu to 1. M t My vi tnh nhn c cc tn hiu t cc thit b u vo, x l cc tn hiu v iu khin cc thit b u ra. xe Toyota, mt my vi tnh c gi l b ECU (b iu khin in t). Trong cc h thng chung trn xe, cc b phn u vo l cc cm bin, v cc b phn u ra l cc b chp hnh. 2. Cu to Mt my vi tnh gm c mt b CPU (b x l trung tm), cc b nh khc nhau, v mt giao din I/O (u vo/u ra). B nh B nh gm c cc mch in lu gi cc chng trnh iu hnh hoc cc d liu c trao i. C hai loi b nh: ROM (b nh ch c), v RAM (b nh truy cp ngu nhin). B nh ROM khng th thay i hoc xa i. V vy, cc d liu c lu gi s khng mt i d l ngun in b ngt. V vy b nh ROM c s dng lu gi cc chng trnh khng cn phi thay i hoc xa i. B nh RAM l mt loi b nh, trong cc d liu c th c thay i hoc xa i. Bt c d liu no c lu gi s mt i khi ngun in b ct. V vy b nh RAM c s dng lu gi cc d liu c th c thay i hoc xa i thng qua cc php tnh do b CPU thc hin. CPU B CPU ny l trung tm chc nng ca mt my tnh, n gm c mt c cu iu khin v mt b phn tnh ton. N thc hin cc lnh do mt chng trnh ra lnh theo cc tn hiu t cc c cu u vo, v iu khin cc thit b u ra. Giao din I/O Mt giao din I/O bin i cc d liu t cc thit b u vo thnh cc tn hiu c th c b CPU v b nh nhn dng. Ngoi ra, n cn bin i cc d liu do b CPU x l thnh cc tn hiu c th c cc thit b u ra nhn dng. V cc d liu truyn cc tc ca cc thit b I/O, CPU, v cc b phn ca b nh khc nhau, mt trong cc chc nng ca giao din I/O dng iu chnh cc tc . (1/1)

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Bi tp
Hy s dng cc bi tp ny kim tra mc hiu bit ca bn v cc ti liu trong chng ny. Sau khi tr li mi bi tp, bn c th dng nt tham kho kim tra cc trang lin quan n cu hi v dng in. Khi cc bn c cu tr li ng, hy tr v vn bn duyt li ti liu v tm cu tr li ng. Khi tr li ng mi cu hi, bn c th chuyn sang chng tip theo.

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Cu hi- 1
Cc cu sau y lin quan n cc loi it. T nhm t sau, hy chn cm t tng ng vi mi cu hi.

1.

it ny cho php dng in chy theo chiu thun. Khi it ny gm c mt cht bn dn v mt thu knh. N 2. t mt in p theo chiu ngc vt qu gi tr c cho php dng in chy theo chiu ngc li bng xc nh trc, n cng cho php dng in chy theo cch l ra nh sng di in p ngc c t vo chiu ngc li it ny. 4. it ny c s dng chnh lu.

3.

it ny pht sng khi mt dng in chy theo chiu thun.

a) it quang Tr li: 1.

b) it Zener 2.

c) it pht sng (LED) 3. 4.

d) it chnh lu thng

Cu hi- 2
T cm t sau y, chn cc b phn in t c s dng mi phn trong hnh minh ha.
1. B iu chnh in p ca my pht in xoay chiu 2. n phanh lp trn cao

Cm bin nhit nc 3. Cm bin nh sng mt tri ca my iu ha khng kh 4.

a) it quang
Tr li: 1.

b) it Zener 2.

c) it pht sng (LED) 3. 4.

d) it chnh lu thng thng

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Cu hi- 3
Dng s mch sau y, nh du ng hoc Sai cho mi cu sau y.
S. Cu hi ng hoc Sai Cc cu tr li ng

1. n c bt sng trong mch 1 v dng in cc gc chy khi cng tc A c bt m. n bt sng trong mch 1 v dng cc gc chy thm ch c khi cng tc A 2. ln khng c bt m. 3.Trong th 2, gii hn "A" c s dng lm chc nng khuych i ca tranzito. 4.Trong th 2, gii hn "A" c dng lm chc nng chuyn mch.

ng ng ng ng

Sai Sai Sai Sai

Cu hi- 4
T cm t sau y, chn t tng ng vi mi k hiu sau y.

a) Cng AND b) Cng NOT c) Cng OR d) Cng NOR

Tr li: 1.

2.

3.

4.

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