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A wave is a periodic disturbance propagating through a medium EM Waves Convey Undulations in EM Fields: Electric field E wave velocity 0 Magnetic field H Electric energy density null Magnetic z energy density Electric and Magnetic Fields are Useful Fictions: Explain all classical electrical experiments with simple equations 4 Maxwells equations plus the Lorentz force law (quantum effects are separate)
L2-1
f = q (E + v o H)[Newtons]
[volts/meter; V/m]
[amperes/meter; A/m]
[newtons; N] [coulombs; C] [meters/second; m/sec ]
1.26 106 Henries
L2-2
MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
Differential Form: Faraday's Law: E = B t Ampere's Law: H = J + D t E H B D J Integral Form: Electric field Magnetic field Magnetic flux density Electric displacment Electric current density Electric charge density
1Tesla
Gauss's Laws D = B = 0
[amperes/meter; A/m]
coulombs/m2 ; C/m2 amperes/m2 ; A/m2 coulombs/m3 ; C/m3
c E ds = A (B t ) da
c H ds = A (J + D t ) da
Stokes da Theorem A ds
A D da = V dv A B da = 0
V A
L2-3
Gauss da Law
VECTOR OPERATORS , ,
Del () Operator:
A = xA x + yA y + zA z
Gradient of :
= x x + y y + z z = x x + y y + z z
= x ( A y B z A zB y ) + y ( A zB x A x B z ) + z ( A xB y A yB x )
A B = A x B x + A y B y + A zB z A = A x x + A y y + A z z x y z A = det x y z Ax Ay Az ( ) = 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z2
L2-4
Curl of A:
Laplacian Operator:
Since: Second derivative in space = const second derivative in time, Solution is any f(r,t) with identical space and time dependences
1Homogeneous
L2-5
Example:
Try:
(2 z2 )Ey oo2Ey
t 2 = 0
( c )2 E+" ( t z c ) = o oE+" ( t z c )
E y ( z,t ) = E+ ( t z c ) + E ( t + z c )
c =1
( o o )
Generally: c 3 108 [m/s] in vacuum more generally The position where arg = 0 moves at velocity c
L2-6
z = t = 0, arg = 0
E+(t z/c)
propagation
z = ct
arg = 0 z
Magnetic Fields:
= xkE+ sin ( t kz )
L2-8
ACOUSTIC WAVES
A wave is a periodic disturbance propagating through a medium Acoustic Waves: Velocity Pressure wave velocity 0 Particle velocity Kinetic energy Potential energy z air molecules