Manual de Simulador Pipe Phase

INTRODUCTION TO PIPEPHASE
Introduction to PIPEPHASE Workbook
The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that agreement. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Simulation Sciences Inc. assumes no liability for any damage to any hardware or software component or any loss of data that may occur as a result of the use of the information contained in this document. Copyright 2001 Simulation Sciences Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be copied and/or distributed without the express written permission of Simulation Sciences Inc., 601 Valencia Ave., Brea, CA 92823-6346. PIPEPHASE, NETOPT,TACITE, and SIMSCI are registered marks and/or trademarks of Simulation Sciences Inc. Windows, Excel, and MS-DOS are registered marks and/or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other products are trademarks or registered marks of their respective companies. Printed in the United States of America, July 2001.
Copyright Notice
Trademarks
Contents
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Defining the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Setting the Input Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Specifying the Global Defaults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Building the Flowsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Entering Source and Sink Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Defining Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Setting up a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Working with Keyword Input Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Viewing the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Fluid Flow Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations . . . . . . . 87 Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . 98 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Introduction
PIPEPHASE is a steady-state multiphase fluid flow network simulator used for the rigorous modeling of oil and gas gathering and transportation systems. PIPEPHASE provides integrated solutions to network problems. It can perform distinct analyses of individual nodes separately and it is also able to incorporate the parameters of interrelated nodes into the total solution. The applications of PIPEPHASE range from the sensitivity analysis of key parameters in a single well, to a multi-year facilities planning study for an entire field. This program also combines an efficient multiphase network solution algorithm with modern oil and gas production analysis techniques to create a unique field design and planning tool. This is coupled with an extensive physical property databank, and integrated with an intuitive Windows-based user interface.
Calculation Engine
PIPEPHASE technology includes:

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Comprehensive physical properties databank and thermodynamic capabilities Fluid types, such as, blackoil, compositional, liquid, gas, steam, and multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid Link devices: pipes, tubing, compressors, pumps, separators, IPRs Well analysis with inflow performance Gas lift analysis Pipeline sphering Sensitivity (nodal) analysis
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PIPEPHASE also comes with two add-on modules, NETOPT and TACITE, which can be installed at the same time as PIPEPHASE provided you have obtained the appropriate security. Contact your sales representative for more information. NETOPT NETOPT provides you with optimization capabilities that allows you to optimize network performance by defining specific operating objectives while satisfying both physical and user-imposed constraints. For example, you can use NETOPT to maximize the oil production from a system of wells operating under injection-limited gaslift, or minimize capital costs for a new pipeline system.
TACITE The TACITE code, developed by IFP, Elf Aquitaine and TOTAL, is a compositional transient multiphase flow simulation tool, for the design and control of oil and gas production pipelines and wells. The program simulates the transient behavior of a fluid flowing through a single-link flow system. The source flowrate and sink pressure are specified as timedependent boundary conditions.
Graphical User Interface
PIPEPHASE GUI features include:

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A true 32-bit Windows-based application Interactive data entry and execution Generate graphs, tables, and charts; view in Microsoft Excel On-line help with hypertext jumps And many more.
This comprehensive range of features enables your company to use one simulator for all phases of business.
PIPEPHASE Engine/GUI Relationship
PIPEPHASE was originally designed with an easy-to-use keyword version, where input information was entered through a text editor. The currently enhanced Graphical User Interface (GUI), however, provides a more user-friendly and interactive environment for data input and flowsheet construction. Although familiarity with the keyword structure can be useful in executing and troubleshooting simulations, this class will focus solely on the GUI for several reasons. The GUI prompts you for the necessary input data, making it easier for you to see what is missing from a particular simulation. Furthermore, the GUI provides a visual description of the process, giving you a better feel for the simulation.
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Calculation Calculation Module Module
Figure 1: PIPEPHASE Components
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Graphical User Graphical User Interface Interface
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Database Database
PFE Text PFE Text Editor Editor
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Keyword File Keyword File
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE RAS RAS
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Report File Report File
Introduction
Where to Find Additional Help

Documents
User manuals are shipped with your copy of PIPEPHASE. A complete set of documents is provided on the CD in the form of .PDF files that are most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader, supplied on the installation CD. If you required additional manuals, contact your sales representative.
Online Help
PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, features, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are available instantly, online, while you work. You can access the electronic contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar.
Technical Support
PIPEPHASE is backed by the full resources of Simulation Sciences Inc. (SIMSCI), a leader in the process simulation business since 1966. SIMSCI provides the most thorough service capabilities and advanced process modeling technologies available to the process industries. SIMSCI's comprehensive support around the world, allied with its training seminars for every user level, is aimed solely at making your use of PIPEPHASE the most efficient and effective that it can be. SIMSCI offers technical support for PIPEPHASE for all questions sent by fax, E-mail or regular mail. In North America, call our hotline support at 1-800-SIMSCI1. When contacting Technical Support, please include the following in your correspondence:
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Name and company, phone and fax numbers Product version number Problem description, including any error messages that you received and the steps necessary to duplicate the problem If you are e-mailing your problem, please include an electronic copy of the .INP or .PP0 and .PP1 files. When calling in a request, please have this workbook available and be near your computer to be able to walk through any difficulties.
About This Workbook

This workbook complements SIMSCI's Introduction to PIPEPHASE training course. Since much of the course time is dedicated to hands-on examples, you will not necessarily go through the document page by page. The workbook does, however, follow the course sequence and you may want to jot notes in the margin. We strongly recommend that you read this workbook from cover to cover once and then use it to refresh your memory later on.
Conventions
Before you begin this workbook, you should be aware of several conventions. These include:
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Italicized text denotes menu items, dialog box names and fields, and lists. For example, File, Save As..., the Source Data dialog box, and Composition Defined. Buttons within dialog boxes are represented as gray-filled boxes with white overlaid text, such as OK , Status , and . Add -> ... Ellipses indicate items that, when selected, bring up a windo or dialog box, for example, Modify... and Enter Data... . Text in < > brackets indicates keyboard strokes. The , icon indicates a cautionary note or a useful tip.
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SIMSCI has made great efforts to ensure that PIPEPHASE is compliant with Microsoft Windows. As a result, much of what follows will be very familiar to experienced Windows users.
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Click, Highlight or Select: Place the pointer on the item and press the left mouse button. Double-click: Same as click except you press the left mouse button twice with only a very short pause between clicks. Open: To open a dialog box or object, place the pointer on the object and click or double-click the mouse. Drag: Move the mouse while holding the left button down
,
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Note:
Remember to save your work often!
Introduction
Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop

The visual engineering of PIPEPHASE makes building a simulation easy. Functional colors, menu-graphics and picture icons guide you every step of the way. On-line references refresh your memory on equations and guidelines. And if you encounter trouble, Help is available when you need it.
Launching PIPEPHASE
To initiate a PIPEPHASE session:

Click Start on the taskbar, select Programs and then SIMSCI. Click on PIPEPHASE. Click OK , then choose File from the menu bar.
The File menu is described below.

Table 1: File Menu Options
Option New Open Import Keyword File Close Save/Save As Copy Simulation Delete Simulation Run Remote Settings View Output File View Keyword File Print Exit Function Initialize a new simulation Open an existing simulation Load a keyword input file into PIPEPHASE Close the active simulation Save the active simulation to a file with the same name, or to a new file Create a new simulation as a copy of an existing one Delete an existing simulation Run the simulation Run PIPEPHASE calculations from a UNIX machine View the output file in the Programmers File Editor View the input file in the Programmers File Editor Print the flowsheet drawing or output report Close the active simulation and exit the program
Main Window
The PIPEPHASE main window, shown in Figure 2, is your primary workspace. This window forms the interface between you and the PIPEPHASE program. This is where you will build and run all your simulations, as well as open files, save the current data, or exit the program. You will use all the familiar Windows features such as toolbar buttons, menus, dialog boxes, and drop-down lists.
Figure 2: PIPEPHASE Main Window
Table 2: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components

Component Title Bar Menu Bar Toolbar Description The window title contains the name of the current simulation and view. All functionality can be accessed through the menus. Shortcut buttons for many commonly used PIPEPHASE operations are provided. These include data entry window buttons and viewing buttons. The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable you to move vertically and horizontally through a window. The bar below the toolbar that gives quick help on the highlighted button. The standard Windows control-menu in the top left corner can be used to move, resize or close the application window
Primary Workspace This is where you draw your flowsheet. Scroll Bars Status Bar Control-menu Box
Menu Bar
Directly below the title bar of the main PIPEPHASE window you will find the main menu bar. It gives you easy access to the command menus.
Table 3: PIPEPHASE Menu Bar

Menu File Edit View General Special Features Help Main Functions File operations: open, close save, import, etc. Manipulate links and nodes on the flowsheet Specify what appears on the main window Add input data - all data can be entered from this menu Enter case study and time-stepping data; access to a number of performance curves and program databases Access the on-line help functions
Many of same commands are available through the buttons on the toolbar.
Toolbar
The toolbar appears just below the menu bar on the main PIPEPHASE window. Using the mouse, you can initiate many actions by clicking the buttons on the toolbar.
Table 4: PIPEPHASE Toolbar Buttons

Button Description Create a new simulation Open an existing simulation Import a keyword input file Save the active simulation Run the simulation and review the results View the output file Print the output file or flowsheet Add a source to the flowsheet Add a sink to the flowsheet Add a junction to the flowsheet Add a calculator to the flowsheet Button Description Define hydrates Select units of measurement Select the components Select thermodynamic method or enter PVT data Set the calculation method Enter the global defaults Define network optimization data Zoom in on a selected area Zoom out Display the entire flowsheet in the main window Refresh the flowsheet drawing
Data Entry Windows
PIPEPHASE provides dialog boxes that allow you to enter data in a logical manner. Throughout this workbook, you will see examples of data entry windows. Within these dialog boxes, there are many different types of data entry devices including check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down lists, and buttons.
Table 5: Data Entry Window Buttons
Button Description All data are saved and the dialog box is closed. All data entered or modified are lost when the dialog box closes. Displays the online help for the dialog box.
OK Cancel Help Introduction to PIPEPHASE
Color Cues
PIPEPHASE uses color cues to inform you of the status of your simulation. The significance of the colors you will encounter while working with PIPEPHASE are summarized below.
Table 6: Color Significance During Data Entry
Color Red Blue Green Gray Significance Required data is missing All necessary data has been entered An item is selected Data field is not available to you
Editing and Viewing the Flowsheet
You can use the options on the Edit menu to modify the placement of objects on your flowsheet diagram.
Table 7: Edit Menu Options
Option Copy Node... Copy Link... Edit Node... Edit Link... Move Node... Draw... Function Copy an existing node to a new node at coordinates X, Y Copy an existing link to a new link Sort, edit, delete, and copy existing nodes or add a new node to the flowsheet Sort, edit, delete, copy, or change the flow direction of existing links Move the highlighted node around the flowsheet using the arrow keys Add text, a line, a rectangle, or an oval to the flowsheet.
You can use the options on the View menu to modify the data displayed on your flowsheet diagram.
Table 8: View Menu Options
Option View Output Node Labels Link Labels Show Pressures Show Temperatures Show Rates Ribbon Bar When the option has a checkmark beside it: View node results or link plots; you cannot make data entries or edits in this mode Node labels are shown on the PFD; for example, S001, D002 Link names are shown on the PFD, for example, L001, L002 Defined pressures (not estimates) are displayed on the PFD Supplied temperatures for each source are displayed on the PFD Defined flowrates (not estimates) are displayed on the PFD Toolbar is visible below the menu bar
Link Device Data Window

Figure 3: Link Device Window
The Link Device Data window, shown in Figure 3, is the workspace into which you add and define your link data for each link on the main window. To open this window, double-click on any link on the flowsheet.
This window is broken up into four sections. Starting from the top lefthand-side, these include:
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Access buttonsenter and exit link device view, and open online
help.
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Edit link functionsedit, delete, reverse, copy and paste functions. Calculation dataenter link data, nodal analysis data, line sizing data,
or TACITE transient data.

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Devices paletteuse this toolbar to add devices to the active link; the
description for each unit is provided in the status line above the toolbar, for example, Pipe.
Defining the Simulation

This chapter describes the objectives, applications, and capabilities of PIPEPHASE. It introduces the concepts involved in pipeline, well, and network analysis and describes how PIPEPHASE tackles them. The numerous simulation and fluid types available in PIPEPHASE are also discussed.
Applications
The broad applications of PIPEPHASE can be categorized into three parts:

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Single pipeline analysis Wellbore analysis Field wide studies
Single Pipe Analysis
PIPEPHASE is a sophisticated tool for the design and analysis of singlephase and multiphase pipelines. The main features of PIPEPHASE involve capacity calculations, condensate drop-out problems, CO 2/ Steam/N2 injection networks, and heated oil pipelines. The rigorous energy balance and detailed heat transfer model enable the accurate simulation of viscous fluids in insulated and/or heated oil pipelines as well as steam injection systems. Capacity calculations form the core of any preliminary process design. PIPEPHASE allows you to specify the desired parameters in a particular field, and accurately calculates the operating conditions necessary to accommodate these values. For instance, as a simple example, if one is given a specified inlet and a desired outlet pressure at a given flow rate, PIPEPHASE calculates the pump power needed to meet these specifications. You could also use line sizing to vary the diameter of the pipes used in order to provide an optimal estimate for the size of the pipes.
Figure 4: Capacity Calculations
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PIPEPHASE also accurately predicts retrograde condensation, or condensate drop-out problems, in wet gas pipelines. The retrograde phenomena is graphically illustrated in Figure 5. Conventional techniques that employ extrapolation to predict the point of retrograde phenomena are invariably incorrect. PIPEPHASE applies a point-by-point PVT anal10 Defining the Simulation
ysis, which has proven to be extremely accurate. This is especially useful when exact solutions are desired.
Figure 5: Phase Envelope
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Steam Injection Networks In steam injection networks, PIPEPHASE allows you to develop operating conditions that will minimize heat loss in the network and optimize energy usage. Large networks require an optimal distribution of heat for maximum energy efficiency. For instance, an even distribution of steam injection throughout the network may not necessarily be the optimal arrangement. Such a configuration may exceed heating requirements in some wells and may fail to provide sufficient energy in others. PIPEPHASE performs rigorous heat transfer calculations to fully describe the energy requirements of each individual well, as well as the network as a whole. Because PIPEPHASE performs a rigorous enthalpy balance, it can be used for single component fluids other than steam. In the example shown in Figure 6, given 600 psia steam at the inlet, PIPEPHASE can calculate the flowing bottomhole pressure.
Figure 6: Steam Injection Networks
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Introduction to PIPEPHASE 11
Heated Oil Pipelines For heated oil pipelines, PIPEPHASE allows for the variation of node parameters (i.e., insulation thickness, heaters, pumps) to meet the pipe specifications. Viscosity characteristics are always taken into account, and the flow characteristics of the fluid can be analyzed exactly. PIPEPHASE can perform accurate calculations in both laminar and turbulent flow regions, as well as analyze the transition region with equal precision. In the event of sludge formation, especially in heated oil pipelines, PIPEPHASE employs a sphering or pigging model to estimate slug characteristics for the design of downstream slug catchers.
Wellbore Analysis
PIPEPHASE provides a comprehensive set of features for the detailed design of production or injection well systems. This includes detailed reservoir inflow performance characterization, a choice of completion models at the sandface, wellbore geometry variations to accommodate typical production, injection or artificial lift (ESP or gaslift) operations, and surface flowline and facilities models simulating most oil field operations. Almost all of the well-known mulitiphase correlations, both empirical as well as mechanistic, are available for a wide range of flowing conditions and inclination angles.
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Figure 7: Wellbore Analysis
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The most common application of PIPEPHASE to wellbore problems is a nodal analysis. PIPEPHASE is equipped with a sensitivity analysis feature, which is a generalized nodal analysis tool. This feature can provide graphical solutions to wellbore problems, where the solution node can be any point along the production string, and the inflow and outflow curves can represent composite multiple parameter behavior. For instance, in modeling a particular well, the inflow and outflow curves can be given by the Productivity Index IPR (inflow) and the tubinghead pressure (outflow). The intersection of these curves provides the solution.
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Performance Analysis Figure 8 illustrates a graphical solution to wellbore calculations. In this case, reservoir performance is given (flowing bottomhole pressure as a function of flow rate). The composite variable in this case is the size (inside diameter) of the pipes. These curves are superimposed on the graph, and the intersection of these curves with the Reservoir Performance curve indicates the solution for each case. The solution gives the operating conditions for the node to meet the desired specifications.
Figure 8: Wellbore Calculations - Varying Pipe Sizes
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Figure 9 is analogous to the previous example with a different variable. Instead of varying pipe sizes, you vary well-head pressure (WHP). Also, reservoir performance is represented by two curves, illustrating the decline in the reservoir pressure with production. Similarly, solutions are indicated by the intersection of the two plots, and the solutions give the operating conditions needed for the given specifications.
Figure 9: Wellbore Analysis Varying Well-head Pressure
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PIPEPHASE also models artificial lift methods. The two methods available to the program are continuous gas lift for enhanced fluid recovery and electrical submersible pump analyses.
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Gas Lift Analysis In a gaslift analysis, separator gas available from the oil well or from an outside source can be used to increase production. The production fluid is considered to be in the tubing and the lift gas in the annulus around it. Using PIPEPHASE, you can investigate the feasibility of injecting gas for continuous gaslift. PIPEPHASE has four gaslift options:
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With specified oil production and lift gas rate, PIPEPHASE generates pressure profiles in the production and injection strings of the well. With specified tubinghead pressure, PIPEPHASE generates table of oil production rate vs. specified lift gas rate. With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corresponding production string pressure, and determines the injection location which is closest to the target outlet pressure. With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corresponding injection string pressures and determines the location which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
Figure 10: Gas Lift Analysis
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PIPEPHASE offers you great flexibility in cases of gaslift analysis. You can analyze the performance of wells currently on gaslift, maximize oil recovery using new gaslift, and determine which gaslift valves should be activated for a specified production scheme. This allows you to study each production well in a field over the life of the reservoir. You can also determine which wells are candidates for gaslift, how production can be improved with gaslift, and which gaslift rates and valve locations are required. Once the performance of an individual well is refined using the gaslift options, the performance of an entire gathering system can be
14 Defining the Simulation
analyzed in the network mode with the injection depth and rate specified for each well. The most common calculation in gas lift problems is the calculation of the optimum gas injection rate. Usually, you are given the following parameters: reservoir pressure, well-head pressure, formation gas-oil ratio, and water cut. Injection pressure and gaslift valve locations are usually fixed, and from this information, you must determine the optimum lift gas injection rate, Q. PIPEPHASE can generate plots of the liquid and oil production versus gas injection rate, as shown in Figure 11, to indicate the optimum gas injection rate required (trial injection rates are used as input to this simulation to generate the desired graph).
Figure 11: Finding the Optimum Gas Injection Rate
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PIPEPHASE also performs rigorous wellbore heat transfer calculations. These are especially useful in steam injection networks with viscous oil (API < 10, or viscosity > 100 cP). As described previously, the object of steam injection networks is to minimize heat loss, and PIPEPHASE takes into account all the necessary parameters to build an accurate model. PIPEPHASE allows user-defined input as well as default values for pipe insulation, heat conduction, convection, heat transfer coefficients, and radiation. It also accounts for time-dependent effects through the Ramey function.
Field Wide Simulation
The network simulation capability in PIPEPHASE can be used to model the interaction between the various elements of a complete oil or gas field, including all of the wells, gathering and injection lines, surface facilities, and contract delivery points. PIPEPHASE also allows the grouping of production from the same zones for simulating time-dependent reservoir pressure decline, and changing well production conditions (increasing GOR and water cut). These capabilities have been linked with the ability to simulate production contracts and changing facilities to create a field planning tool.
15
In a field of interconnected wells, the parameters in each individual well are interconnected. (i.e. changes in the pressure of well 1 may affect well 2). Consider Figure 12 where Well 2 has varying gas lift injection rate, and the resulting back pressure affects the performance of Well 1. Similarly, all of the surface facilities are also interdependent. PIPEPHASE incorporates these effects in performing an overall field calculation.
Figure 12: Field Wide Simulation
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Furthermore, PIPEPHASE is equipped with a new time-dependent production planning capability. One such feature is the Reservoir Decline option, which describes the cumulative production volume calculation based on well grouping. PIPEPHASE provides a simple tank depletion model for gas and condensate reservoirs. It also provides support for user-specified reservoir pressure decline curves, as well as for user-specified decline in well characteristics (changing gas-oil ratio, water cut). Another feature allows you to model changing facilities. The case study feature simulates changing operation setpoints, facilities and delivery contracts over multiple time periods. For instance, the field may require more power (e.g. in pumps) with time, and increasing the horsepower of the pumps affects overall field performance and costs. Regarding contracts, PIPEPHASE allows you to model the behavior of a given field that is under specific contractual constraints. For example, if the field is given a maximum production rate Q which cannot be exceeded due to contractual agreements, the individual components of field must be adjusted to meet the terms of contract. The performance of the field, however, will change with time. For instance, for the first five years, compressor horsepower must be regulated because the maximum field operation exceeds Q. After five years, however, even with maximum power, field production does not exceed Q, and the necessary adjustments must be made to meet production standards.
16
Simulating Networks in PIPEPHASE
The first step in creating a new simulation is to define the simulation type and fluid type. If your fluid is compositional, you can also define the phase of the fluid. When creating a new simulation, by clicking the New button on the toolbar or by selecting File/New from the menu bar, the Simulation Definition dialog box will be opened automatically. If you need to access this dialog box at any time, select General/Simulation Definition from the menu bar.
Figure 13: Simulation Definition Dialog Box
Check the box beside Input Check Only when you want PIPEPHASE to perform a thorough check on your input before performing any calculations. If errors are found, it will not carry out the simulation.
Simulation Type
The simulation type indicates which solution algorithm will be used to solve the simulation. The options are:
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Network Model Gas Lift Analysis PVT Table Generation
Select Network Model if the system you want to simulate is a gathering, distribution, or looped flowsheet system with one or more junctions, or if your system is a single link but you want PIPEPHASE to calculate the pressure at the source of a single link. Select Gas Lift Analysis if you wish to to perform individual well gas lift analyses. This option is for blackoil fluids only. Select PVT Table Generation if you want PIPEPHASE to generate a PVT data file for use in a subsequent run. Using PVT tables increases simulation speed by enabling PIPEPHASE to look up data from tables instead of performing flash calculations.
17
Fluid Models
A fluid model is non-compositional when it can be defined with average gravities at stock tank conditions. A fluid model is compositional when it can be defined in terms of its individual components either directly or via an assay curve. There are seven types of fluid modeled in PIPEPHASE:
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Compositional Black oil Gas Condensate Gas Liquid Steam Compositional/Blackoil
The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the physical properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in empirical correlations, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a special case of a non-compositional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE uses the GPSA steam tables. Non-Compositional Models A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as black oil, gas condensate, liquid, gas, or steam. Black oil and gas condensate are twophase, with one phase dominant. Gas and liquid fluid models are singlephase. Steam can be single or two-phase. When working with multi-phase non-compositional fluids in PIPEPHASE, you must supply specific gravity (reference density) data for gas, liquid, and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present. In the case of single phase fluids, you need specify the reference density of that phase only. PIPEPHASE employs empirical correlations (e.g. Vasquez, Standing, Glaso) to calculate certain fluid properties. You can define the method by which PIPEPHASE calculates these properties. For instance, you can choose Vazquez, Standing, or GLASO correlations for viscosity, or Standing or Hall-Yarborough correlations for compressibility factor. The default correlation depends upon the fluid being used.
18
Blackoil Model
Black oil is a two-phase fluid model based on the reference gravities of the two phases and the volumetric phase ratio (Gas-Oil Ratio) at stock tank conditions. You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid, and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present.
Gas Condensate Model
Gas condensate is a multiphase non-compositional fluid with gas predominating. All properties of gas condensate are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations. Gas condensate models are very useful in simulating the behavior of light oil with APIs greater than 45.
Single-Phase Liquid Model
All properties of a non-compositional liquid are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity and built-in correlations. You must define the liquid as water or hydrocarbon (oil), and supply its gravity.
Single-Phase Gas Model
All properties of a non-compositional gas are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the specific gravity, which you specify, and built-in correlations. You can also specify which correlation is to be used. Contrary to black oil, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available laboratory data.
Steam Model
Steam is a non-compositional fluid that is allowed to exist in two phases. You cannot override the steam table data contained within PIPEPHASEs data libraries. However, all pressure drop correlations which are available to compositional fluids are also available to the steam model. Compositional Model There are three methods for defining components in PIPEPHASE:
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Selecting individual components from the PIPEPHASE library. Defining individual components as petroleum pseudocomponents. Defining an assay curve and having PIPEPHASE divide it into petroleum cuts.
PIPEPHASE will then predict the fluids properties by applying the appropriate mixing rules to the pure component properties. Unless PIPEPHASE is instructed otherwise, it will perform phase equilibrium calculations for the fluid and determine the quantity and properties of the liquid and vapor phases.
A compositional fluid can be defined in terms of any combination of these options. You can have different compositions at each source.
Pure Library Components
The SIMSCI library contains over 2000 components. For all components, the databank contains data for all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties necessary to carry out phase equilibrium calculations. For all common components, the databank also contains a full set of transport properties necessary to carry out the pressure drop and heat transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or override the library data with your own, you can do so.
Petroleum Components
PIPEPHASE allows you to enter individual petroleum components, which are represented as cuts or sections of a hydrocarbon stream with defined average boiling points, specific gravities, and other thermophysical properties. You can define individual components as petroleum components by specifying at least two of the following three properties for each component:
s s s
Normal boiling point Gravity Molecular weight.
PIPEPHASE will predict the third property if you omit it. PIPEPHASE uses industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent. You can select the method most suitable for your own mixture.

Click Petroleum... in the Component Selection dialog box and enter the data. You can provide names for the individual cuts, or have PIPEPHASE define names based on the cuts' NBPs.
Assay Data
A component breakdown for petroleum-based streams, such as crude oil, is difficult to obtain, because they contain thousands of distinct compounds. Usually these hydrocarbon streams are characterized in terms of laboratory test data (also known as assay data). This typically includes distillation data, gravity data, and an analysis of the low-boiling pure components (the lightends). PIPEPHASE derives a set of petroleum components from this assay data by using industry standard characterization techniques. These derived components are used to model the streams given by assay data.
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If your fluid is defined by an assay curve (TBP, D86, D2287, or D1160), PIPEPHASE will divide it into a number of cuts. You can control the number of cuts and the ranges they cover. Each of the cuts is then treated as a pseudo-component, as described previously. You can also define a lightends analysis to go with the assay curve. The lightends can be defined using the pure library components database. To construct the assay curve, along with the boiling point curve, you must supply average density, and you can also supply density curve data or molecular weight data. From user-supplied data, PIPEPHASE uses a specified curve fitting procedure to best fit the assay data. An example is the SPLINE method, in which a cubic spline is fitted to all internal points and the normal probability distribution is used for extrapolation beyond the first and last data points. This method is also the default fitting method. You should try to define the temperatures such that they encompass the TBP ranges for all stream assay data. Several correlations are available for calculating critical constants, molecular weights, and gravities.
Phase Designation
If you believe that the phase of your compositional fluid will not change throughout the simulation, you can specify that phase (liquid or gas). PIPEPHASE will bypass the flash calculations to increase the speed of your simulation. You must be sure that the fluid remains in the phase which you specify for the entirety of the simulation, since any liquid dropout or vaporization which may occur in reality will be missed, and results will then be erroneous.
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Setting the Input Units of Measure

Almost every item of data you will enter in PIPEPHASEwill have units of measure. For simplicity, units of measure in PIPEPHASE have been arranged into four standard pre-defined sets: Petroleum, English, Metric and SI. You select the set that nearest matches the needs of your simulation and then override the pre-defined units for individual quantities. For example, you can select the Metric Set and override the Celsius temperature unit with Kelvin. To change the default units of measure set for a simulation, click the Units of Measure button on the toolbar or select General/Input Units of Measure to open the Input Dimensions dialog box. This dialog box (Figure 14) automatically appears when you define a new simulation.
Figure 14: Input Dimensions Dialog Box
By default, the standard Petroleum set is the global default used to start each simulation.

To change the default set, select a set from the System list. Make any changes to individual units, as desired and click when finished.
OK
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Setting the Input Units of Measure
Standard Sets
The units of measure in the standard sets are shown below.

Table 9: Standard Units of Measure
Petroleum Temperature Pressure Molar Rate Weight Rate Liquid Volume Rate Gas Volume Rate Default Basis Conductivity Heat Transfer Coefficient Fine Length Coarse Length Pipe Length Water Density Oil Density Gas Density Power Duty Viscosity Velocity F psig lb-mol/hr lb/hr bbl/hr 106 ft3/hr liquid volume Btu/hr-ft-F Btu/hr-ft2-F in ft ft sp gr API sp gr hp 106 cP mph Btu/hr English F psia lb-mol/hr lb/hr ft3/hr 106 ft3/hr gas volume Btu/hr-ft-F Btu/hr-ft2-F in ft ft sp gr API sp gr hp 106 cP ft/s Btu/hr Metric C bar kg-mol/hr kg/hr m3/hr 106 m3/hr gas volume kcal/hr-m-C kcal/hr-m2-C mm m m kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kW 106 cP km/hr kcal/hr SI K kPa kg-mol/hr kg/hr m3/hr 106 m3/hr gas volume W/m-K kW/m2-K m m m kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kW 106 kJ/hr Pa-sec m/s
Output Units of Measure
Normally, the output report is in the same units as the input set. However, you can define a different set of units for the output. If you do want output in a different set of units it is good practice to get it in the input unit set as well, so that you can check the correctness of your input data.

Select General/Output Units of Measur . Check the Use Output Units of Measurement box, and select the set from the System drop-down list.
You can override specific variables by selecting the appropriate units from each drop-down list. By default, an additional report with the output dimensions is generated. If desired, the output dimensions can replace the input dimensions by checking the Replace Standard Output radio button in the Output Dimensions dialog box.
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Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data

The thermodynamic or PVT data required for the simulation depends on the fluid type defined as the simulation definition. For any non-compositional simulation, you can enter up to 99 property sets. The required data entry for each fluid type is described below. When creating a new simulation, the PVT Data dialog box will be opened automatically. If you need to access this dialog box at any time, click the Thermodynamic Data button on the toolbar or select General/ Thermodynamic Data... from the menu bar.
Blackoil Models
Figure 15: Blackoil/ Compositional PVT Data Dialog Box
For blackoil or blackoil/compositional mixtures, you must enter the gravities (or densities) for each of the three potential phases of the fluidoil, gas and water. All other data are optional.
You can enter a mole percentage for any or all of the listed contaminants (nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide). Entry of data here will effect a change in the compressibility factor for the gas phase according to built-in correlated curve relationships. Regarding Antoine viscosity data, you can enter one temperature and one viscosity to define a constant viscosity of the dead oil, or enter tw points for regression onto a two-point Antoine curve. The viscosities are interpolated and extrapolated on a log-scale for all other temperature conditions. If multiple sets of two-point viscosity data are supplied, then the two temperature points must be identical for each set.
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If laboratory data is available, you can adjust the properties that PIPEPHASE calculates from its built-in correlations so that they more closely fit the measured data. Since the data adjusts the properties computed by the Standing correlation, you must specify Standing for all properties on the Correlation list or dialog box. You can define the method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a non-compositional compressibility factor. The available correlations are the Standing-Katz, Hall-Yarborough wet gas, and Hall-Yarborough dry gas methods. You can also define the methods that PIPEPHASE uses to calculate Formation Volume Factor (FVF) and Solution Gas Oil Ratio (SGOR). For the FVF, you can choose the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Standing, or Glaso methods. To calculate SGOR, you can define the TUFFP Vazquez/ Beggs, Lasater, Standing, or Glaso correlations. There are numerous viscosity correlations available for each phase. For oil, there are the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Beal-Standing/Chew-Conally and Glaso correlations. For the viscosity of gas, the Lee, et. al., and Katz, Carr, et. al. methods can be used. If you want to specify a specific correlation for mixing, you can choose one of three methods: Volumetric averaging, API Procedure 14b, and Woelflin (loose, medium, or tight). You can adjust the Woelflin Oil/ Water mixing correlations by entering your own data.
Gas Condensate and Gas Models
As for the blackoil model, you must enter are the gravities (or densities) for each of the three potential phases of the fluid, while all other data are optional. Enter the contamination concentrations as you did for a blackoil fluid. You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid and water phases, even if you do not expect them all to be present. You can define the amount of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide in the well which adjusts the compressibility factor calculations. You can also specify a gas specific heat ratio (c p/cv) to override the internal value set as a default. You can also specify which correlation is to be used. The available correlations for gas viscosity are the Lee and the Katz-Carr methods. For the z-factor, you can use the Standing-Katz, theHall-Yarborough wet gas, or the Hall-Yarborough dry gas model. In the case of gas condensate models, you do not have a choice as to which correlations are to be used for calculating fluid properties. Also,
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as opposed to black oil calculations, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available data.
Figure 16: Gas Condensate PVT Data
The PVT dialog box for a single phase gas is similar to Figure 16 except that the data entry field, Condensate, is not an option.
SinglePhase Liquid Model
The liquid can be designated either as hydrocarbon or water. Depending on your selection, the appropriate correlations are used to calculate the physical properties. Hydrocarbon liquids are restricted to having a density less than pure water. If the liquid density is greater than or equal to 1.0 (specific gravity), the liquid must be defined as water. You must provide the gravity or density of the liquid. All of the physical properties will be calculated from the density using correlations. Youll want to define the heat capacity when it is important to calculate the heat transfer effects.
Figure 17: Single Phase Liquid PVT Data
If a hydrocarbon contains viscous tars, the default correlation used to estimate the viscosity may not be accurate enough. In this case, the viscosity can be set as a fixed value, or fit to a temperature-dependent Antoine equation. Either select Fixed Viscosity and enter a value, or select Antoine and enter two temperatures and their corresponding viscosity values.
26 Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data
Note:
If two-point viscosity data is supplied for more than one property set, the temperature values must be the same. This is required to calculate the proper mixture viscosity when the tw fluids merge, for example at a junction node.
You can supply liquid viscosity data to override the internally predicted data. You can do this by either defining the viscosity as a single value or as a two-point viscosity curve. Similarly, you can supply a single constant value for liquid specific heat to override the internally predicted data. You can specify the correlation used to calculate oil or water viscosity. The options for viscosity correlations are: for oil, Vazquez, Standing, and GLASO; for water, Beal and ASME Steam tables. However, unlike black oil, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any available laboratory data.
Steam Model
Enter the gravity, or density, of the water to represent the amount of dissolved salt present in the water, which becomes important if large elevation changes are present. When using steam, you can specify the gravity of the condensed water to be more than 1.0 to take into account dissolved solids. You can also specify steam quality if the steam is saturated. If the steam is superheated or the water is subcooled, you must specify both the temperature and the quality.
Figure 18: Steam PVT Data
Note that the steam (or any single component fluid) model is based on an enthalpy balance.
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Compositional Model
For compositional models, PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correlation, an equation of state, or a liquid activity method to calculate thermodynamic properties at the flowing conditions and hence to predict the split between the liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermodynamic property calculation method depends on the components in the fluid and the prevailing temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also provides a number of methods that can rigorously calculate vapor-liquidliquid equilibrium and solid-liquid equilibrium. Generally you must select methods for calculating these thermodynamic properties:
s s s s
Equilibrium K-values Enthalpies Entropies Densities.
In PIPEPHASE, thermodynamic methods are arranged into systems. When you choose a thermodynamic system, PIPEPHASE will provide default methods for each of these thermodynamic properties. You can override these defaults. For example, if the Soave-Redlich-Kwong thermodynamic system is selected, the default liquid density method is API. You can replace this with another method, for example, Lee-Kesler should you feel Lee-Kesler will predict the liquid densities more accurately for your simulation.
Figure 19: Thermodynamic Methods for Compositional Sources
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To cite a few method examples, for the calculation of K-values, the following methods can be used for heavy hydrocarbon systems:
s s s s
Braun K10 Grayson-Streed Peng-Robinson Soave-Redlich-Kw
For some systems, notably close-boiling mixtures, the standard equations do not adequately reproduce experimental phase equilibria data. You can improve the predictability of many of the equations of state, or liquid activity coefficient methods by inputting your own binary interaction parameter values. For example, you can tune the PR, SRK, BWRS, and LKP equations. If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you can select a method for calculating aqueous liquid and vapor enthalpies either by a simplified method which assumes that the steam is at its saturation point, or by a rigorous method which takes into account the degree of superheat of the vapor, if any. Energy considerations in pipelines must take into account three main factors: (1) the energy transfer to the environment, (2) frictional forces, and (3) expansion cooling within the pipe, also known as the JouleThompson effect. In the Joule-Thompson phenomena, as pressure decreases, the gas expands and there is subsequent cooling of the fluid. In the case of large pressure drops, large fluid expansion may be observed, and the fluid temperature may drop below the ambient temperature.
Transport Methods
The SIMSCI databank contains pure component data for the thermal conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity of liquids and vapors as functions of temperature. You can choose to use these data and simple mixing rules to predict the flowing properties of the fluid. Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property prediction methods and mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons. Some 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and thermal conductivity from the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose to use the TRAPP data, all of your components must be TRAPP components and you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay data.
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In the case of oil and water mixing, you can use the same correlations available to the black oil case: Volumetric averaging, API procedure 14B, and the three variations of the Woelflin emulsion procedure. To override the mixture liquid viscosity predictions, you can supply a two-point liquid viscosity curve for either the hydrocarbon liquid phase, the water phase or the total liquid. A different viscosity curve may be supplied for each source, however the temperature points must remain the same. In most cases, a single set of thermodynamic and transport methods is adequate for calculating properties of all sources. However, your flowsheet may contain sources with widely varying compositions or conditions such that they cannot be simulated accurately using just one set. To account for this, you can define more than one set of methods (there is no limit) and apply different sets to different sources.
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Specifying the Global Defaults

This chapter describes how you can set global defaults for pressure drop methods, thermal considerations, roughness, and transition Reynolds number. Click the Global Defaults button on the toolbar to set up these default methods and values. The Global Defaults dialog box appears (Figure 20). These settings will be used throughout the simulation unless specifically over-ridden. In this way, repetitive data entry can be avoided, particularly when entering device data.
Figure 20: Global Defaults Dialog Box
Flow Correlation Defaults
You must specify the Pressure Drop flow correlation to be used to calculate pressure drops along lengths of the pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli. The default is Moody. The correlations available depend on the fluid type: gas, liquid, compositional, blackoil, gas condensate or steam. The selected correlation will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless you specify a different correlation on an individual device. You can also enter user-defined correlations supported by PIPEPHASE.
Click Flow Correlations..
to set the default flow code method.
Palmer Corrections
Palmer corrections are factors which can be used with any non-mechanistic pressure drop correlation except Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill No-Slip, in order to adjust for uphill and downhill multiphase flow pressure drops. The defaults are those recommended for Beggs & Brill and Beggs, Brill & Moody correlations: 0.924 for uphill, and 0.685 for downhill.
Click Palmer Corrections... to set default values for Palmer uphill and downhill correction factors for pipes, tubing, risers, or annuli.
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These data will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless you specify different data for an individual link device.
Inside Diameter Defaults
You can specify default sizes for each of the riser, pipe, annulus and tubing devices. These data will be used for all devices in the simulation unless you specify different data for individual devices.
Click Inside Diameter Defaults.. to set default values for actual or nominal diameters and schedules for pipes and other flow devices.
The inside diameter can be specified on the basis of the actual inside diameter of the device or (except for annulus) as a nominal diameter. The relationship between nominal and inside diameter is determined by the schedule and is defined in the Flow Device Size database.
Thermal Defaults
PIPEPHASE allows you to select the heat transfer default method for calculating heat transfer for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in the simulation. As well, you can enter the default ambient temperature for the medium surrounding all pipes, and the default geothermal temperature gradient for all well tubing heat transfer calculations.

Click Heat Transfer Defaults... to select the default method for calculating heat transfer for all flow devices in the simulation. Click Heat Transfer Coefficients... to enter default heat transfer coefficients for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in the simulation. Click the appropriate button to set the defaults for the medium surrounding the pipes in the simulation. You can set heat transfer defaults for soil, water, air, and pipe insulation.
Miscellaneous Defaults
PIPEPHASE also allows you to set the flow device inside roughness for all devices, flow efficiency, transitional Reynolds number, and when the Hazen-Williams equation for single phase liquids has been enabled, the HW coefficient. Use the flow efficiency parameter to adjust pressure drops. It employs a linear relationship with the local flow rate in the flow device. This should be used to match field data only when all other relevant flow variables (such as roughness, heat transfer coefficient, etc.) have been evaluated for effect on pressure drop. Enter the transitional Reynolds number which is used internally as the transition point from the laminar to the turbulent flow regime.
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Specifying the Global Defaults
Building the Flowsheet

The flowsheet you construct in PIPEPHASE acts as the blueprint for your process. Each component in the flowsheet will require user-specified data before the simulation is run. While building the flowsheet, PIPEPHASE will inform you of any missing or inconsistent data through message dialog boxes. The data entered in flowsheet construction in the GUI is automatically exported into a keyword file, upon which the simulation run is based.
Flowsheet Terminology
The flowsheet consists of nodes and links. Nodes are connected by Links. Each link starts at a node and ends at another node. A node can be a Source, a Sink, or a Junction. A source is a point at which fluid enters the piping system. A sink is a point at which fluid leaves the piping system. A junction is a point where two or more links meet. Each link consists of a series of flow devices: pipes, fittings, and process equipment and unit operations. The direction of flow is indicated by arrows on the flowsheet. If the fluid flows in a direction opposite to the arrows, then the results will indicate a negative flowrate.
Types of Networks
There are two basic types of networks tree networks and looped networks. Tree Networks Tree networks are those which involve the distribution of a large amount of fluid to a number of different sinks, or the gathering of a particular fluid from a number of sources. The latter is especially common in offshore black oil gathering systems. When all sink flowrates (q) are fixed, and the source pressure P is known, the network is called a spur network. In the case of the second figure above, the sum of the flow rates of nodes B through H equals the flow rate at the source P (node A). All the flow rates are known, and from these values, you can find the pressure at junction H through simple single link calculations. Since cumulative rates are known along with the starting pressure for every sub-branch of the network, the entire network
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can be solved by simply marching towards each sink. Therefore, in the case of spur networks, different links need not be solved simultaneously. In some cases, only a few links in a network may be spur links. PIPEPHASE identifies these links and solves the remainder of the network first, using the PBAL algorithm to perform a simultaneous solution. Once it reaches this solution, PIPEPHASE continues to solve the remaining spur links. There may be some cases in which PIPEPHASE is able to solve the main body of the network, but may fail in solving the spur links. Looped Networks PIPEPHASE solves networks iteratively. Whichever algorithm you use, PIPEPHASE starts with an initial estimate of flowrates in all links and pressures at all nodes. It adjusts these values until it has reached a converged solution within a predefined tolerance. Because of the comple nature of some networks, PIPEPHASE allows you to make adjustments to a large number of parameters that it uses during the solution procedure. Networks which include loops fall into two basic categories -- those in which all link flow directions are known, and those in which one or more link flow directions are unknown. The former networks are described as simple loops while the latter are known as complex loops. In simple loops, you can instruct PIPEPHASE not to attempt to reverse flows during the solution procedure. However, if you incorrectly define a loop link flow direction, and then instruct PIPEPHASE not to reverse flows during simulation, the network will fail to converge. In such cases, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message, and you can inspect the iteration history to find which link is producing the error by identifying the link which has a near-zero flow. Some network simulations include more than one loop configuration, where one or more of the loops contains links in which the flow direction is not known. Such cases are known as complex loops.
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Building the Flowsheet
This is common in existing designs, and must be addressed in a special manner. Problems are usually not found in looped networks until at least one simulation has been run. If the problem has not converged, you can generate the full iteration output. You can then inspect this output report to diagnose the problem. In some cases, PIPEPHASE may decide to reverse the flow in a particular link in a loop. By doing this, the solution path begins to diverge and a final solution is no longer achievable. Placing a check valve in that link will prevent the flow reversal.
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Entering Source and Sink Data

The most simplest flowsheet in PIPEPHASE is comprised of a source connected by a link to a junction or to a sink. The source, junction, and sink names must be unique, 4-letter alphanumeric names. For a network, the first source name defaults to S001 and the source number is automatically incremented as new sources are created. Then similarly, the first junction begins with J002, and the first sink begins with D003. For a single link, you must specify two of the following variables:
s s s
source flowrate (which is also the sink flowrate), source pressure, and sink pressure.
Inactivating Units You can inactivate any source, junction, or sink on the flowsheet by checking the box in the appropriate unit dialog box thus removing it from the calculations.
Sources
PIPEPHASE requires the properties of the fluid to calculate pressure drops, heat transfer, and phase separation. There are two major classifications of fluid models: compositional and non-compositional. The PIPEPHASE program supports all of the well known empirical methods for determining the properties of oil, water, gas, and oil-water emulsions. You must also define the total flowrate and pressure at the source. If these values are to be set operating conditions, then you can indicate that they are fixed values. If these are allowed to vary to meet specified production values, then they can be entered as estimated values. If the pressure is estimated, the inputted value will be used as an initial guess and PIPEPHASE will calculate the correct source pressure. Note that the choice of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions of the simulation. Similarly, the source flowrate must be either fixed or estimated (default). You can reference a source to another defined source by selecting the Use Reference Source radio button. You can then define that flowrate, temperature and/or pressure will be copied from another source.
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Non-Compositional Sources Besides the source name, the enthalpy, pressure, flowrate, gas/oil ratio and water cut are required data for blackoil sources. If you do not provide a value gas/oil ratio (GOR) or water cut, they will both be set to zero. A temperature value is also required for PIPEPHASE to compute enthalpy changes between nodes during calculations.
Figure 21: Black Oil Source
In addition to fluid composition and properties, you must specify the fluid enthalpy at the source. For steam sources, you must define the pressure and quality of a saturated steam source. The temperature must be specified only if the steam is superheated ( quality 100%) or subcooled (quality 0%). When working with downhole nodes, you can specify the temperature at a node if it is available (e.g. reservoir temperature). Compositional Sources Compositional sources are used to introduce fluid into the flowsheet for the compositional fluid type. Besides the source name, the enthalpy, pressure, flowrate and composition are required. The pressure and flowrate are the boundary conditions for the simulation and can be either fixed or estimated. Any parameter that is estimated will be solved for by PIPEPHASE. The PVT property set refers to the two-point viscosity PVT data which can be input and made available to any compositional fluid source. Therefore, if appropriate, select the set associated with the source fluid.
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Figure 22: Compositional Source
Component data can be entered in three ways:

s
Enter the actual source composition, comprised of the library and petroleum components. Describe the source by distillation curve data rather than on a component-by-component basis. Reference the source composition to another source; flowrate, temperature and/or pressure can also be copied from another source.
The temperature is required for a multi-component source in order for PIPEPHASE to perform a flash calculation to ascertain fluid conditions at the source. For a source with only a single component, you can define the two phase enthalpy by the quality or single phase enthalpy by the temperature. Liquid is defined by quality = 0 and vapor by quality = 100 (default). Quality is entered as vapor mass percentage.
Junctions
A junction is a point at which at least three links enter and exit. If there is just one link going in and one link coming out, then the junction is not necessary and the link devices may be put on the same link. The net flowrate in the junction is zero, since the flow in must equal the flow out. PIPEPHASE allows a maximum of twenty sources linked to a given junction. If you want to attach more than twenty sources, you should enter them in sets of twenty into two separate junctions, and link the two junctions together with a very short, large diameter pipe. Besides the junction name, the junction pressure can be estimated. If a pressure estimate is not given for the junction, PIPEPHASE will calculate an estimated pressure. This pressure estimate is then used to deter-
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mine the flowrate estimates based on the estimated pressure drop for each link. Although specifying the junction pressure is optional, an initial estimate may prove useful in speeding up the solution. You can enter the temperature of the rock formation at this junction, which is used when the junction is subsurface.
Sinks
Sinks are used to remove fluid from the flowsheet. The sink node requires two parameters to be specifiedpressure and flowrate. If these are desired set points, then they can be entered as fixed values. However, if they are to be calculated, you need to provide an initial estimate and PIPEPHASE will calculate the final values. Again, note that the choice of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions of the simulation.
Figure 23: Sink
The sink temperature is generally calculated and is not available for data entry. However, the sink temperature is required for gas lift simulations when option 4, locate gas lift valve to match desired casing head, is used.
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PIPEPHASE also provides you with two other units that you can add to the flowsheethydrates and the calculator. These are described below.
Hydrates
The Hydrates unit predicts the pressure and temperature regime in which the fluid at a node (source, sink, or junction) is vulnerable to hydrate formation. Different ranges of temperature and pressure can be examined. Calculations assume the presence of free water for hydrates to form. Hydrate calculations are available only for compositional fluid types. You can also study the effect of NaCl, methanol, ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate inhibitors. You can associate a hydrate unit with any source, sink, or junction; however, you cannot associate a hydrate unit with a link.
Calculator
The calculator is a versatile utility module that allows you to perform FORTRAN-like calculations on information from the flowsheet and to transfer the results to other unit operations. The calculator interacts with, and is calculated along with other flowsheet modules. Therefore, placement is important for proper execution. You can associate a calculator with any source, sink, or junction; however, you cannot associate a calculator with a link. The calculator dialog box has two sections: the upper section for setup (assignment of unit parameters to be retrieved from the flowsheet, initialization of constants, descriptive labeling of results, and sizing of arrays); and the lower section for the procedure statements which perform the actual FORTRAN calculations.
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Defining Links
Recall that a link is defined as a connection between two nodes. The link can consist of one or more devices, and can contain a number of flow, equipment, and completion devices. Figure 24 shows a typical link between a source and a sink.
Figure 24: Simple Link
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Each link consists of a series of flow devices. Each flow device, in turn, is characterized by its structure, pressure drop, and heat transfer parameters. A pipe, riser, annulus, tubing, and Inflow Performance Relationship model are all flow devices. All but the latter have length, may be horizontal or vertical with an accompanying elevation change, and have defined diameters. Each flow device usually undergoes a pressure drop, which is dependent upon the flow codes, roughness, and flow efficiency of each device. The flow code defines which pressure drop and holdup method is to be used for the calculations. The roughness is the pipe inside roughness in short length units. Flow efficiency is given as a percentage. This parameter is recommended only when other parameters have been varied in order to match field data. Heat transfer parameters can also be user-specified or left to default values. The ambient temperature may or may not have a vertical gradient. The default overall heat transfer coefficient, U, is set to 1. More detailed heat transfer parameters, such as conductivity of surroundings, insulation, etc., are available if the you want to enter these values as well.
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Pipe
Pipes are flow devices through which fluid flows from one point to another. Pipes can have any orientation (horizontal, vertical, or inclined). The elevation change is defined on a relative basis, and the ambient temperature is dependent upon the medium: air, water, or soil. Pipes can also be insulated or left bare. The mandatory data for a pipe device include name, length and diameter. The optional data include elevation change, roughness, heat transfer and pressure drop method.
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For most systems, the total pressure drop is dominated by frictional forces. The friction factor is determined by the fluid velocity, the pipe roughness and the multiphase flow pattern. The fluid velocity is constrained by the flowrate and the inside diameter of the pipe. The heat transfer from the pipe is calculated at the same time as the pressure drop. The heat transfer can either be turned off (isothermal), set b an overall heat transfer coefficient or calculated from the specified surroundings. The pipe, insulation and ambient conditions can all be set by selecting the appropriate heat transfer option. Initial default values for the Pipe Inside Diameter, Pipe Roughness, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Method can all be set through the Global Defaults dialog box, which can be accessed by clicking the corresponding button on the toolbar:
Riser
Risers are vertical or near-vertical with flow in an upward direction only. Elevation is measured in an absolute basis, and there is usually an ambient temperature gradient with varying elevation. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and ambient conditions. To specify a downcomer, you can use a pipe with a negative elevation change. For oil or gas well applications, tubing should be used. Like the pipe, initial default values for the Inside Diameter, Roughness, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Method can all be set in the Global Defaults dialog box.
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42
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Tubing and Annulus
Tubing and annuli have vertical or inclined flow. Wireline length is defined as the length from the surface to the pipe end. Depth is the actual vertical depth taken from the surface. Heat loss for tubing and annuli is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient and geothermal gradient. Initial default values for the Inside Diameter, Roughness, Heat Transfer, and Pressure Drop Method can all be set in the Global Defaults dialog box.
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Reservoir Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) device models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure draw-down or pressure drop at the sand face in a well. Several IPR models are supplied in PIPEPHASE. You can select from five standard models or you can write your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow performance relationship. The Productivity Index (PI) model is used for single-phase liquid systems. The Vogel coefficient model is more suitable for multiphase, liquid-dominated systems, while the gas flow model is best for multiphase, gas-dominated systems. Alternatively, user-defined IPR models may be linked to PIPEPHASE and data for them entered through the IPR device. You can enter tables of reservoir pressure, cumulative production, GasOil Ratio, Condensate-Gas Ratio, Water Cut and Water-Gas ratio. These are used in timestepping to simulate reservoir decline with time. You can enter curves that correlate reservoir pressure or cumulative production with flowing bottomhole pressure and flowrate. These data are then regressed onto one of the standard models. For an IPR with a gas basis, you can specify a drawdown formulation. The Flow Well Pressure, P wf, curves in Figure 25 are user-supplied curves generated from a reservoir simulator. Each individual curve is based on the current reservoir conditions. The time-dependency of each curve is based on the Reservoir Pressure, P r, or the Cumulative Production, Np. With increasing Reservoir Pressure and decreasing Well Pressure, the pressure gradient increases, and the production rate increases. Since cumulative production varies inversely as Reservoir Pressure, the opposite trend is observed for the dependence of production rate on Cumulative Production.
43
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The Linear Productivity Index equation shown above is valid only for single-phase flow above Boiling Point Pressure (BPP). Q o denotes the production rate, and PI the productivity index. This equation is derived from the pseudo-steady state equation from Darcys Law. Q o = PI ( P r Pwf ) (1) Darcys Law applied to an oil well in the center of a reservoir is given as: kh ( P r P wf ) Q o = C --------------------------------------------------(2) B o o ( ln x 0.75 + S ) For gas wells, it is expressed as: kh ( P r P wf ) Q o = C -------------------------------------------------------------------- g T r Z ( ln x 0.75 + S + DQ ) where: k = effective permeability h = thickness Bo = oil formation volume factor g = viscosity x = shape factor S = skin factor D = non-Darcy flow constant It is important to specify the basis for the Productivity Index model. The default basis in PIPEPHASE is oil.
2 2 (3)
44
Defining Links
Solution Gas-Drive Reservoir The Linear PI model is not valid for flow below the bubble point, in which multi-phase flow may occur. This is the case with Solution GasDrive Reservoirs. The IPR curve varies with cumulative production. Vogel (1968) modeled this variation by deriving the following equation: P wf P wf 2 Qo ----------- = 1.0 0.2 ------- 0.8 ------- Pr Pr Q max Above the bubble point: 1.8 ( Q max Q b ) PI = ------------------------------------Pb
(4)
(5)
where Qb is Qo at the bubble point.

Figure 26: Inflow Performance Curves; Vogels Curve Below Bubble Point
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Fetkovichs Gas Flow Equation The Fetkovich equation (1975) is derived from the radial flow equation, and is expressed as: 2 2 n Q g = C p ( P r P wf ) (6) This equation can be expressed graphically by taking three well-test data points and plotting them on a logarithmic scale, as shown above. The resulting line will have a slope n, where 0.5 < n < 1.0, and the intercept is log Cp. The greater values of the slope n indicate laminar flow, while smaller values indicate turbulent flow. The Forsheimer (Laminar-Inertial-Turbulent) equation is analogous to the Fetkovich equation. ( P r Pwf ) = AQ g + BQ g Plotting (Pr2-Pwf2)/Qg will yield a line of slope B and intercept A.
2 2 2 (7)
45
Figure 27: Three-Point Isochronal Test for Gas Flow Coefficients
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Horizontal Wells Typically, one observes 3-10 times productivity increase in horizontal wells. The key simulation issues in these cases are:
s s s
IPR segmentation for increasing velocity Velocity gradient component of pressure drop Coning
Bottomhole Completions
Bottomhole completion describes the interface between a reservoir and a well. There are two types of completion: gravel packed and open perforated. The pressure drop through a completion is calculated from permeability and other data you input. PIPEPHASE uses the Jones model for gravel-packed completion and the McLeod model for open-perforated completions. The McLeod equations are based on radial flow, while the Jones equations are based on linear flow.
Figure 28: Completion Models
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46
Defining Links
Equipment Devices
This section describes link devices available in PIPEPHASE that have not yet been described in this chapter. Pumps are equipment devices used to increase the pressure in a liquid line. Pump devices are not available for steam or single-phase gas fluids. The mandatory data for a pump device includes the pump name and one of the following: power, outlet pressure, or pump curve (flowrate vs. head). The optional data for a pump device include adiabatic efficiency number of stages, maximum pressure and maximum power. Pump devices should only be used for incompressible fluids. If the fluid is compressible, then the compressor unit should be used instead. You can also set limiting conditions in the form of maximum power and maximum pressure (discharge). To specify suction pressure, you must use the multi-stage compressor. The multi-stage compressor describes a single or multi-stage, multi-train compressor station. It can model the effect of intercoolers and scrubbers. This unit cannot be used for steam systems. If you specify the suction (inlet) pressure for this unit, a special subnetworking algorithm is invoked. This algorithm sizes the compressor power requirements. A heater/cooler simulates the addition or removal of heat to a fluid. You must specify pressure drop and either: total heater/cooler duty or outlet temperature. You may also set limiting conditions (optional) by specifying a maximum duty and/or a minimum/maximum temperature. A separator removes a defined portion of a selected phase from a multiphase stream. It can separate vapor, liquid, liquid water and/or condensate. The fluid that is removed is lost unless it is reinjected. You must specify either the flowrate or percentage of the required phase to be removed. This device does not operate with steam, and is valid for compositional fluids, black oil and condensate problems. The latter problems can be treated by selecting a qualifier for a particular effluent phase. The injection device is used for introducing an injection stream from a lateral source or re-introducing a stream from a separator to a point downstream. Equipment devices cannot be used on the separated stream, but you can flash the stream to the desired temperature and pressure. This device is only used for compositional fluids in single links, and it can also be used for compositional fluids from separators in networks. A check valve prevents flow reversal in a given link. You must specify a check valve diameter when implementing this device. You can change the check valve discharge coefficient. This device is especially useful in network calculations.
47
The gas lift valve injects a gas stream into the production tubing, to enhance fluid recovery. You must specify gas flowrate, and you can change gas solubility in oil. This device can be used only for blackoil fluids, and gaslift problems. A separate liftgas PVT data set is required in order to properly describe the gas used. A regulator is used to fix the pressure in the link immediately downstream from it if the upstream pressure is greater. If the stream pressure is lower than the regulator pressure, then the regulator does not change the downstream pressure. This device is especially useful in network calculations. The regulator unit allows you to specify suction pressure as well. A choke restricts flowrate and creates a pressure drop. This device introduces a discontinuity into the defined network structure. The balance between the parts of the network upstream and downstream of this device is solved by PIPEPHASEs subnetworking algorithm, which sizes the choke. You must specify the choke diameter, and you can vary the choke discharge coefficient, as well as the heat capacity ratio. An electric submersible pump is an equipment device used to increase the pressure in a liquid line. Pump devices are not available for steam fluids. You must provide one of the following: power, outlet pressure or pump curve plus motor horsepower, auxiliary power, head degradation, minimum submergence, casing head pressure, or vertical pressure gradient. Orifices, nozzles and venturimeters are fitting devices used to restrict or to measure the flowrate through the pipe. If being used to restrict the flowrate, the pressure drop across an individual orifice, nozzle or venturimeter may be large. You must supply the inside diameter of the inlet, type of orifice and the orifice diameter. Pipe tees are fitting devices used to merge two pipes into one or split one pipe into two directions. To be consistent, the tee should be the last device in a link going to a junction The junction node should have two other links either entering or exiting. Any other arrangement of a tee will be modeled as if the third end of the tee is capped off. Pipe bends are fitting devices used to change the direction of the flow. DP-DT devices simulate equipment for which no standard PIPEPHASE model exists. These devices are typically used to model the performance of specially designed valves and fittings. For these devices, you supply data relating the fluid flowrate, the pressure change and the temperature change in tabular form. These devices can model Wellhead Productivity accurately. If a wellhead flowrate versus pressure graph is available, data from the well test or from the simulation can be used to eliminate the wellbore from the problem.
48 Defining Links
Setting up a Case Study

The Case Study option provides the facility to perform parametric studies and to print multiple problem solutions in a single computer run. Case studies are always performed after the base case problem has been solved. If the base case problem cannot be solved for any reason, then no case studies are performed. Each case study analysis is performed based on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up to that time. Case studies are an efficient means of obtaining solutions for multiple scenarios to a given problem, and result in large savings in both computer time and cost. For problems requiring iterative solutions, the converged results of the last solution are used as the starting values for the next run. This can result in large computer time savings in runs involving large networks, where it typically takes several iterations to move from the initial pressure estimates to the final converged solution. There is no limit on the number of parameters varied per case study or on the total number of case studies that can be in a given run. The cumulative changes up to a given case study run may be erased and the original base case restored at any time. PIPEPHASE allows you to perform 10 cases and 10 changes per case. Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you input, it is best to make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding from high values to low values or low values to high values, but not in random order. This enhances convergence and minimizes total computer time.
Entering Case Study Data
You can enter case study data before you run the base case. When the program runs, the base case will be executed first and the case studies will be executed afterwards. Alternatively, you can run the base case first, then enter case study data and execute the case studies. You can open an already solved flowsheet, add case study data to it and then execute the case studies. You must specify which parameters are to be changed. For each parameter you must supply the:
s
Change Variable Namesselect a source node, sink node, link device,
constraint, or network convergence parameter on which the case study is based.

s
Data Sourceset data to a specified value or have a calculator set the
values for you.
49
Parameterlist box displays all the parameters that can be changed
for that particular item. These are explained in greater detail later in this chapter.
s
Change Variable Tothe value for the parameter being changed.
Figure 29: Example Case Study Parameter
Change Types
You can make changes in three different ways.

Global Changes You can change one parameter in the entire problem
using a global command. You do this by supplying the type of parameter you want to change, its old value, and the new value. Only those specified parameters with that old value will then be changed.
Individual Changes Source, sink, and device parameters can be changed
individually. You must specify a name for each source, sink, or device where a parameter change is desired.
Cumulative ChangesWhen performing case studies, you must keep in
mind that any variable changes you input are cumulative. That is, the variable you change in the first case run (after the base case) remains changed for the next run, unless you specify that base case parameters are to be restored.
Variables
Source and Sink Variables When performing case studies on sources, you can vary the pressure, temperature, or flow rate at the source, regardless of fluid properties. The number of additional variable parameters is dependent upon the type of fluid you are working with.
50
When working with compositional fluids, you can also vary the composition of the source stream. In cases of black oil studies, the Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR) and Water Cut parameters can be changed. For Gas Condensate fluids, you can vary the condensate/gas ratio or the water/gas ratio. For steam, you can change the quality. Although there are few variables one can vary in the sink, these are of prime importance in the design of production fields. The desired flowrate (production) at the sink often determines the efficiency or feasibility of a given design. Thus, the flow rate is one of the allowable case study variables for the sink, as well as the pressure and the injectivity index. Pipe Variables In many wells, the inlet (reservoir) and outlet (wellhead) parameters are usually desired or fixed values, and the equipment linking the two are subject to adjustments to meet specific production goals. Such equipment includes the connections in the system, such as pipes, tubing, annuli, and risers. PIPEPHASE can vary the inner diameter (nominal or actual), roughness, heat transfer coefficient U, and/or the pressure drop for each of these connection devices. Additional parameters can be varied for each distinct component. For pipes, you can vary the length, the elevation change, and or the ambient temperature of the surroundings. For tubing and annuli, you can also vary the temperature gradient. When working with an annulus, you can also change the outer diameter. Device Variables Variation of device variables is especially useful when you are modeling an existing system. It would be impractical to change the connections, such as the pipes or tubing, and so if performance specifications are not being met, the easiest parameters to vary are found in these devices. For pumps and compressor, you can change the power, pressure, and efficiency. You can also vary the number of stages (i.e. single stage or multistage compressor/pump), and certain parameters such as curves and efficiencies can be varied for different stages. In heat exchange networks, you can vary the duty, outlet temperature and pressure drops of any heaters or coolers present. In links, when working with Inflow Performance Relationship devices (IPRs) you can vary the Productivity Index (PI), and/or the coefficient or the exponent in the corresponding IPR model (e.g. coefficient in Fetkovich gas deliverability model, exponent in the Vogel equation).
51
Executing the Case Study
Click the Run button to execute the simulation. By default, the Base Case and all case study cycles will be executed. You can restrict this using the Execution Options list option in Case Study Parameters and Results dialog box. A Case Summary report is always produced at the end of the output file. It shows the node pressures, temperatures, and flowrates for each case.
52
Working with Keyword Input Files

Keyword input files (.INP) are free format ASCII text files that define a PIPEPHASE simulation using specific commands known as keywords. You can import and run keyword files within the graphical user interface. Keyword files play many important roles in PIPEPHASE:
s
They provide an alternate interface with the PIPEPHASE calculational module. They allow you to maintain compatibility with simulations that were run with earlier versions of PIPEPHASE. If you need help with a simulation, you can send your keyword file to SIMSCI for technical support. They provide a compact means of storing simulation input. If you have several similar flowsheets to run, you can create the first simulation within the GUI and then modify its keyword file for each scenario.
s s
You can import existing keyword files into the GUI using the Import... option from the File menu. Keyword files are easy to read and understand and data are entered in the following order:
GENERAL DATA COMPONENT DATA NETWORK DATA THERMODYNAMIC DATA PVT DATA STRUCTURE DATA UNIT OPERATIONS DATA CASE STUDY DATA
53
Running the Simulation

The PIPEPHASE solution algorithm can be used to solve any type of pipeline network, from complex, multiphase looped systems to singlephase gas transmission lines. This chapter describes network calculation methods, techniques for achieving better convergence, and the run options available in PIPEPHASE. Internally, PIPEPHASE generates a set of material and pressure balance equations from the input data, and proceeds to solve these equations simultaneously using a Newton-Raphson scheme and a matrix solver. As will be seen in the following section, almost any combination of flow and pressure node conditions can be solved, which gives you tremendous flexibility in solving a wide variety of problems. To assist in setting up networks and to follow good simulation practice:
s
Each boundary node should have one fixed value and one estimated value. At least one boundary node pressure must be fixed.
Pressure Balance Method The methodology for determining the pressure and flow distribution in a pipeline network is based on a pressure balance ( PBAL) solution algorithm. From a network flow balance, the PBAL algorithm first identifies the set of starting link flows which is the minimum set of link flow rates that completely define the network flow distribution. Spur links, which are flowrate-specified isolated sections that do not affect the rest of the solution, are identified and solved, independently of the general network solution. The primary variables for the solution matrix are the starting link flowrates and all unknown pressure values at source boundaries. Pressure imbalances are computed at all fixed pressure sink junction node boundaries, as well as at nodes with two or more incoming flows. Mass Balance Method The mass balance (MBAL) solution method is used to provide PBAL with a good initial estimate of the flow and pressure distribution in the network. This method may also be selected for single phase networks. The algorithm is based on the principle that the sum of all flows into (and out of) all nodes in a network must equal zero in steady-state.
54
Calculation Methods
To perform pressure drop and heat transfer calculations, PIPEPHASE divides each flow device into calculation segments. The segment calculation takes into account frictional, elevational, and accelerational pressure drop components. Frictional pressure drop is due to the shear stress between pipe wall and fluid. Elevation pressure drop is a result of the conversion of fluid potential energy into hydrostatic pressure and the accelerational pressure drop is the gain or loss in pressure due to changes in velocity of the fluid. In addition to the pressure balance of the pipe segment, an energy balance is also performed. There must be a balance between energy coming into the segment and energy leaving it. Energy can enter or leave with the fluid or through the flow device walls. The transfer through the walls is governed by the temperature difference between the average fluid flowing temperature and the ambient temperature and by the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Forward Traverse
The calculation segment and pressure drop and temperature change equations are the heart of PIPEPHASEs calculational capability. For flow devices, the calculation segments are strung together and the solution procedure is sequential. Calculation begins at the inlet where the conditions are known. The heat and momentum balance equations are solved, in an iterative fashion for this first segment and the conditions at the other end are found. These calculated conditions become the known conditions for the inlet to the next segment. Calculations progress sequentially until the end of the device is reached. Further flow devices are calculated in the same way until the end of the link is reached. This calculational method is a forward traverse method, which means that the calculation proceeds in the direction of the flow. PIPEPHASE works in segments to determine the pressure, temperature, hold-up, and flow pattern distribution in all flow devices: pipe, riser, tubing string or annulus. A segment is the smallest calculation increment of a larger length of pipe, as shown in Figure 30.
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Figure 30: Pipe Segment
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Separate segment sizes can be specified for all horizontal (pipe) and vertical (tubing, annulus, riser) flow devices, either as segment length or the number of segments per device, through the Network Calculation MethIntroduction to PIPEPHASE 55
ods dialog box. These options should be considered prior to any simulation involving significant changes in fluid density. Almost all multiphase and single-phase gas applications, as well as single-phase liquid models with sharp thermal gradients fall under this classification. A flow device may be internally divided automatically by PIPEPHASE into several compositional segments based on a maximum limit to the enthalpy change per segment. This includes pipes, risers, or tubing. A shorter segment size will increase the accuracy of the simulation at the expense of computation time. If you are unsure of an optimal segment size, the simulation should be run first with default segmenting. In subsequent runs, you should adjust segment sizes on the basis of the results of the prior simulations until the optimal point is defined.
Solution Algorithm
Figure 31: PIPEPHASE Solution Algorithm
Figure 31 outlines the segment calculation procedure for every pipe, tubing, annulus, and riser for compositional and steam systems.
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This procedure is iterative, and it requires average conditions of pressure and temperature in order to calculate the phase equilibria and physical properties of the system. These values are then used for the pressure drop and energy balance calculations. To achieve this, PIPEPHASE employs an inner loop for the convergence on pressure, and an outer loop for enthalpy convergence. For black oil or single-phase fluids where there are no enthalpy calculations, the segment calculation procedure reduces to a single iteration loop.
56
Line Sizing
For single links, PIPEPHASE can calculate the sizes of pipes, risers, and tubing to meet either a pressure drop or a maximum velocity criterion. You can select from three options:
s s
One flow device with fixed source and sink pressures. Multiple flow devices with fixed source pressure and maximum velocity specification. Multiple flow devices with sink pressure and maximum velocity specification.
With a fixed source pressure and sink pressure, PIPEPHASE sizes all flow devices to the same diameter. With a fixed source or sink pressure and maximum velocity, PIPEPHASE sizes each device separately. You can select all flow devices to be sized or you can select only particular ones for sizing. You can also supply a set of maximum velocities and a corresponding set of diameters or slip densities. During the sizing run, PIPEPHASE checks to see if a device size is such that a maximum velocity is not exceeded. If this specified or calculated maximum velocity is exceeded, then PIPEPHASE will select the next higher line size. Recall that if a range of line sizes is not specified, PIPEPHASE defaults to the schedule 40 inside diameters. You can override this list by specifying your own preferred line sizes. Note that the line sizing option does not result in a decrease of the device diameter. The maximum velocity can be based on one of two criteria. If desired, you can enter a set of maximum velocities corresponding to a set of inside diameters or densities (economic velocity). If you do not enter this data, PIPEPHASE will use the erosional maximum velocity criteria, VEM, as shown below. 100 Tabular Data Default VMAX = f ( f ) = -------(8) f You can change the value of the erosional velocity constant, which is 100 above. You can also enter values for the two-phase slip densities corresponding to the set of maximum velocities.
Sphering (Pigging)
Sphering of a wet gas pipelines is a common operating practice to improve the flow efficiency of the pipeline. PIPEPHASE uses a modified form of the Barua-modified-McDonald-Baker (MB) pigging model to simulate the sphering process. The MB model is a successive steady state model. Normal two-phase flow is represented in Figure 32.
57
Figure 32: Normal Two-Phase Flow (Stratified)
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The pig is launched after steady state flow has been reached. After the pig has been launched four distinct zones of flow occurs in the pipeline the re-established two phase flow zone, the gas flow zone, the liquid slug flow zone and the undisturbed two-phase flow zone. The model assumes that the inlet flow rate remains constant at the steady state rate after the pig has been launched.
Figure 33: Two-Phase Pipeline Flow with Spheres
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PIPEPHASE predicts the pressure profile, length of each zone and the position of the sphere as a function of time. In addition, when the liquid slug reaches the end of the pipeline a special slug delivery model is used to model the slug delivery when the liquid slug accelerates. Next calculation continues after slug delivery is completed to calculate the time it takes for steady state flow to be re-established in the pipeline. The first sphere must be launched at the inlet of the first pipe. Subsequent pigs may be launched from downstream pig launching stations when the upstream pig(s) reach the downstream pig launching station. To model the pigging process the pig diameter must be specified in the first pipe. To specify downstream pig launching stations, specify the pig diameter for the corresponding pipe. The program interprets the launching station to be the inlet of the pipe.
Setting the Calculation Tolerances
For networks that require iterative calculations, you can set the pressure convergence tolerance for the solution. For instance, if you do not specify a tolerance pressure value, PIPEPHASE allows for a tolerance of 2 psi. It will then perform the required iterations until it reaches a pressure that is within 2 psi of the desired value. Setting tighter tolerances results in more accurate solutions, at the expense of more calculation time. The
58
tolerance should commonly range between 0.5 to 5 psi for pressure. If you anticipate a large drop in pressure, then it may be appropriate to set a higher tolerance. Conversely, for small pressure gradients, you should set a tighter tolerance value. PIPEPHASE allows you to specify tolerances for other parameters, as well. When using the MBAL method, you can specify the flow tolerance, with the units depending on the fluid type (bbl/day for liquid and black oil, MM ft3/day for gas and gas condensate, and MM lb/hr for compositional fluids and steam). You can also specify temperature tolerance for MBAL networks. For PBAL network solution methods, in addition to the pressure tolerance, you can also specify the rate to improve convergence in networks with chokes in critical flow.
Getting Better Convergence
The best way to ensure that PIPEPHASE calculations converge for a particular network is to make sure that the problem is structured properly before running the simulation. The following are a few general recommendations on how to set-up networks to avoid the majority of problems during the solution procedures. These recommendations are preventive measures rather than actual troubleshooting guides for non-converging simulations. Such simulations may require greater attention, depending on the severity of the error. If you specify fluid flowing from a node of low pressure to another of larger pressure, PIPEPHASE will not be able to calculate a solution, unless it reverses the flow. There are cases where the sink node will have a greater pressure than the source node after a solution is reached, as in the case of a pump in a single link. Also, in cases of downhill flows, if gravitational forces are dominant, the flow may be a direction contrary to the pressure gradient. Generally, you should supply pressure estimates only at nodes where a value can be confidently predicted. Every internal node (junction) must have at least one outflowing link and at least one inflowing link. The junction node should only be used in two circumstances:
s
1.
2.
The network structure dictates that one or more links are joining together or splitting apart. You require the generation of a phase envelope or two-phase flo map or flash report (compositional runs only) at a particular point in the network which is not described by any other node.
59
3.
There are no other reasons for using junction nodes other than the two previously given. Adding unnecessary nodes only serves to increase the size of the matrix and so increase computing time. Therefore, while there is a tendency for neatness in input by splitting long links into smaller links using junctions, you should bear in mind the possible detrimental effect on the simulation solution procedure. Thus, reducing the number of junctions results in quicker convergence. In the figure shown below, two extra junctions (unnecessary) have been taken out while still retaining all the flow devices.
Note:
Outside of their uses that have been previously indicated, junctions must be viewed as simulation devices only, and should not be confused with any physical representation of the plant.
4.
The first two primary guidelines for good simulation practice when setting up any network simulation in PIPEPHASE are:
s s
There should be only one link to a sink node. There should be only one link from a source node.
In the preceding discussion about junctions, we noted how useful it would be to eliminate superfluous nodes. In the case depicted below, it would seem that we are contradicting this principle by adding two junctions to the already existing design. However, the two guidelines given above take precedence over the number of junctions in the network. In other words, it is preferable to have more junctions rather than to have more than one link coming from a source or going into a node. In some cases, two or more links can be attached to a source or a sink, as shown below. To overcome this limitation, you can construct a dummy pipe to connect the source to a junction. This pipe should have a nearzero pressure drop (short length, large diameter). Similarly, you can connect a dummy pipe to the sink. PIPEPHASE can then solve the resulting network.
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60
5.
Some solution paths may oscillate widely due to flow reversals. To prevent flow reversal in specific links, you can implement a regulator into the network. Regulators can be used as zero-pressure drop devices that force flow in a specific direction. For instance, if a certain link is experiencing multiple flow reversals, you can use a regulator to stabilize these oscillations. In the case of flow reversal in interconnected links, you should use the check valve only in the link that causes the first flow reversal. Generally, you should avoid the excessive use of check valves. If all the link flow directions are known, however, you can select the No Flow Reversal option instead of specifying a check valve in every link of the network. If solution path oscillates widely due to flow reversals:
s s s
Use No Flow Reversal option if flow direction in every link is known Use Check Valves in key links if direction is not known in every link Use Flow Rate Damping
Run Options
You can run a PIPEPHASE simulation in several ways:

s s
Interactivelyrun and solve the active simulation. Run Otherlaunch
other user applications from the PIPEPHASE simulation environment.
you to create a simulation on your PC and run it on a remote UNIX machine.
Run Remoteallows
Interactive Run Capabilities
To run your PIPEPHASE simulation interactively, click the Run button on the toolbar, or select File/Run from the menu bar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. From this dialog box, you can check simulation data, run simulations, stop and restart simulations, and link to the Results Access System (RAS) programs.
61
Figure 34: Run Simulation and View Results Dialog Box
The following options can be selected for running a simulation:

Solve Networksolves the problem as a steady state solution. A keyword input file ( .INP) is first written and the batch execution is initiated. If an
input file already exists, you are asked if it should be overwritten.

Nodal Analysisperforms
detailed engineering analysis of nodes within a
single link.
Line Sizingperforms
detailed engineering analysis of line sizing within a keyword file from the designated source.
single link.
Create Keyword Filegenerates a Run Keyword Fileruns
the selected keyword file.
Component Lumpinggenerates
the binary components from the component lumping data. This option appears for compositional transient systems only. The component lumping operation can be run at any point in the modeling as long as components have been defined. [ TACITE only]
Transient Simulationsolves [TACITE only]
the system using transient simulation data.
Report options will be discussed in the next chapter.
62
Run Other
The Run Other option allows you to to launch other user applications from the PIPEPHASE simulation environment. This is useful for running additional engineering applications such as the POPOHZN horizontal well model developed by JNOC. To access other applications:

Click Run Other... within the Run Simulation and View Results log box.
dia-
Select Properties... to configure the application. This allows you to name the application and specify the commands used to invoke the application. Use Browse... to find an executable application.
The configuration also supports additional commands such as specification of the initialization file. For example, the RAS application could be configured as follows:
Application Title: Application Run File Application Argument List:
Results Access G:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\GUI\WINRAS.EXE /i=G:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\USER\PIPEPHASE.INI
Run Remote
PIPEPHASE gives you the ability to create a simulation on your PC and run it on a remote UNIX machine. When you install PIPEPHASE, a batch file named XXREMOTE.BAT will be added to your GUI directory, typically \PIPEPHASE\GUI. This file will allow you to access the remote batch capabilities of PIPEPHASE, assuming that you have the PIPEPHASE calculation engine on a networked UNIX machine. Normally, you should not need to modify this file. In order to use the Run Remote feature, you must define the settings for your configuration.

Select File/Remote Settings from the menu bar. Check the Run Calculations on Remote Computer box to enable this option. Check the Minimize Screen During Execution box to have the program run in the background.
You must supply the following information:

s s
The operating system local on your PC. The host name, user ID, and user files directory path for your remote host machine. Select either the TELNET or RSH option for communicating with the remote host. For the TELNET option, you must also supply a user password.
63
Viewing the Results

In addition to the standard output report format, you can generate and view plots, tables, and flowsheet diagrams from PIPEPHASE. This chapter describes how to view these simulation results through the flowsheet, output file, and the Results Access System, and how to integrate them into accurate, professional reports.
Interactive Output
You can interactively view summary results for sources, junctions, and sinks in two ways:
s
Select View Output from the menu bar, and make your selections from the View menu. According to your selection, the node and link labels, pressures, temperatures, and flowrates are displayed directly on the flowsheet.
In the View Output mode, double-click on a source, junction, or sink. The temperature, pressure, and total liquid flowrate (oil + water) for that node is displayed, as shown below.
You can interactively view summary results for links by double-clicking on the link when the program is in the View Output mode. The Link Plot Selection dialog box appears. PIPEPHASE provides you with four plot types.
Note:
To view these plots, select Device Detail as Part, and Plots as Part under Print Options from the General menu before running the simulation.
64
Viewing the Results
For example, the Pressure versus Distance plot is shown below.

Figure 35: Pressure vs. Distance Plot
Output Report
You can examine most of your simulation results through the output report (.OUT) file. PIPEPHASE contains a wide variety of report options for customizing your output format. In the Print Options dialog box, you can choose, amongst other things, which portions of the input data you would like reported. The default print options are given in Table 10 below.
Table 10: Default Print Options
Print Option RAS Database Input Reprint Device Detail Device Style Property Data Plots Flash Report Link Slug Report* Iteration Printout Connectivity Plot Flow Regime Map Optimization Printout Control Default Setting None Full Summary Both None None Full None Off On Off Part
* Item is activated only when Device Detail is set to Part or Full.
The output report for your simulation is automatically generated after the simulation has converged. To view the output report, select Output Report from the Report list box in the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box, and click View . The report is opened in the Programmers
File Editor, provided by PIPEPHASE. PIPEPHASE appends the .OUT extension to your file name and saves the output file in the same directory that you saved your simulation files. The default directory is C:\SIMSCI\PPHASE\USER. The output from a PIPEPHASE simulation is in three main sections which correspond to the three phases of the PIPEPHASE simulation run. These are the input check and input data reprint; intermediate solution history and output; and the final results output. PIPEPHASE will only continue from one section to the next if no errors are detected. If errors are found, either in the input data or during the solution procedure itself, self explanatory messages will be printed and the simulation will either terminate or, in the case of a solution procedure error, PIPEPHASE will try to resolve the problem and continue with the simulation. A reprint of your keyword input data file is always created for each output file. PIPEPHASE cross-checks the data for logic and consistency. By default, it also prints out the full set of input data which shows all the default values used, as well as the user-supplied data. All, or part, of this full input data reprint can be suppressed if desired via the Print Options dialog box. During solution of a network, PIPEPHASE iterates until it converges to within the tolerance you set, or that which is set by default. A summary of any errors or warnings encountered during that iteration will be produced at the end of each iteration. The iteration option can be used to request additional printout which shows flowrates and pressures at each iteration of the solution path. This can be particularly useful if you have inadvertently given conflicting specifications in the problem setup and the program has failed to resolve the inconsistencies. If well test data have been specified, the inflow performance coefficient is calculated before the solution calculations and the report appears in the intermediate output. The solution output is made up of a number of sections, as indicated below:
s s s s s s s
Flash Report Separator Report Link Summary Node Summary Device Summary Structure Data Summary Velocity Summary
s s s s s s s
Results Summary Link Device Detail Report Link Property Detail Report Slug Report Case Summary Sensitivity Analysis Sphering Report
66
Viewing the Results
Flash Report
A flash report is produced by default for each node in a compositional run unless property tables are being used. This report contains the temperature, pressure, composition, flowrate, and properties for each phase present at each node. The link summary is produced by default for all PIPEPHASE simulations and shows the flowrates, pressure, temperature, and holdups for each link in a tabular format. The flowrates displayed are the volumetric rates at actual flowing conditions for each phase. A negative flowrate indicates that the fluid flow is opposite to the way it is drawn on the flowsheet. The node summary is produced by default and shows the flowrates, pressure, and temperature at each node in a tabular format. The flowrate is shown for each phase, but the flow basis depends on the fluid type. For a single-phase liquid or gas, standard volumetric rates are shown. For a compositional fluid, weight flowrates and gravity are also given. The device summary is produced by default and summarizes each device (pipe, fitting, or item of process equipment) in the order in which they were defined in the link. The table in the report shows the correlation used, inside diameter, length, elevation change, liquid holdup, and the outlet temperature, pressure and liquid fraction. For compositional fluids, a phase envelope and its data points are shown. The Taitel-Dukler Flow Regime map is produced for two-phase flow.
Link Summary
Node Summary
Device Summary
Results Access System
The Results Access System (RAS) is a post-processing feature in PIPEPHASE that allows you to configure and view text reports, tables, and plots of transient results data. RAS provides multiple formats to display the data in an effort to satisfy the range of available software to all users. To prepare data for RAS, your run must contain the command to create a database in order to use the RAS. This command is found in the Print Options dialog box. The database is not required for Sensitivity Analysis and Gas Lift simulations as the RAS produces customized plots to view these results. To run the Results Access System:

After the simulation has converged, click Results Access System in the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box. To activate this dialog box, select File/New to create a new RAS database. Select your file with extension .RAS.
67
Figure 36 shows the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box.

Figure 36: Results Access System
From the General menu, your options are:

Output Format Changeschange
the output units of measure of all results
for the current simulation.

Report Optionsallows
you to choose the plotter used to graph data.
Tables
Tables display results numerically, in a sorted or grouped manner with appropriate headings. They are viewed in a spreadsheet application. A minimum of one plot definition is required. PIPEPHASE RAS allows you to plot inlet/outlet data or all segments data for either the base case or the optimized case. The table is organized by device, link or variable, as you desire. Table title is optional and will be defaulted if left blank. The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature.
To create a table, click View/Edit... for Table Options from the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box (Figure 36). The RAS Table Options dialog box appears. Define the table type and the data to be tabulated. Click Add to specify the table variables from selections in the RAS Table Data Options dialog box.
Table data options depend on the simulation type and device link data.
Make your Device and Variable selections from the list boxes and click Add Selection when complete.
Viewing the Results
68
Figure 37: Table Data Options Dialog Box
When youve added all your selections, click to return to the Done RAS Table Options dialog box. Click View to display the table.
Figure 38 shows an example of a table created in RAS. Both the base case and case study are shown for both devices in the link.
Figure 38: RAS Table
Plots
PIPEPHASE allows you to view multiple user-selectable dependent variables on the same plot. You can analyze data along the length of the pipeline for the base case or any other case in the case study. When multiple segments are defined, there is an option to plot the segments at the actual location along the pipe, or plot all points with a starting length of zero. This option is recommended for comparing device data.
To create a plot, click View/Edit... for Plot Options from the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box (Figure 36). The RAS Plot Options dialog box appears.
The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature. Plot labels are optional and will be defaulted if left blank.
Define the data to be plotted and enter label names.

69
Click Add to specify the plot variables from selections in the RAS Plot Data Options dialog box.
Note that this dialog box is essential identical to the Table Data Options dialog box (Figure 37). Plot data options depend on the simulation type and device link data.

Make your Device and Y-Variable selection from the list boxes and click Add Selection when complete. When youve added all your selections, click Done to return to the RAS Plot Options dialog box. Click View to display the plot.
Figure 39 shows an example of a plot of the temperature profile along a heavy crude pipeline.
Figure 39: RAS Plot
Plot Viewer You have a choice of viewing these plots in either the SIMSCI Plot Viewer or Microsoft Excel 5.0/7.0 Plotter. Plotting graphs in the Plot Viewer is convenient in saving CPU time and conserving RAM. However, you cannot edit the format or display of the graph in this Plot Viewer. If you want to edit the presentation of the graph, such as format the axes labels, change the legend, or use different fonts for the title, etc., you should use Microsoft Excel.
70
Viewing the Results
Fluid Flow Basics

When one encounters the complexity of multiphase fluid flow, the question arises as to why it would not be simpler to design systems which separated phases at or close to the source, thereby encouraging single phase flow throughout the network. This would eliminate the need for the complex calculations that multiphase flow demands, saving time from both a design and maintenance perspective. So, why bother with multiphase flow at all? The answer lies in the practical and economical concerns in the construction of piping networks. Multiphase flow is especially economical in an offshore environment. Building large separation equipment at the wellhead would be difficult and expensive, due to the high cost of offshore platform space. Another concern regards safety issues. Bulky equipment offshore introduces greater fire hazards and requires more maintenance. Furthermore, it is easier to build and maintain a few separators in one site than to support a number of separators spread out across a large field. The most practical and economical design, therefore, would be to take the multiphase fluid at the source, transport it through pipes to the onshore facility, and perform the separations onshore.
SinglePhase Flow
The theoretical basis for fluid flow equations is the general energy equation, which expresses the balance or conservation of energy between two points in a system. The energy equation can be modified, using thermodynamic principles, to form a pressure gradient equation, as shown in equation (9). This equation describes the pressure variation in a pipe inclined at some angle to the horizontal. dP dP dP dP ------ = ------ + ------ + ------ dL elevation dL friction dL acceleration dL g d dP f - ------ = ---- sin + ----------- + ----- ----gc dL 2g c d g c dL
2 (9)
The elevation change component is applicable to compressible or incompressible, steady state or transient flow, in both vertical and inclined flow. It is zero for horizontal flow only. For downward flow, sin is negative, and the pressure increases in the direction of the flow. The friction loss term applies to any flow at any pipe angle. It always causes a pressure drop in the direction of the flow. In laminar flow, friction losses are linearly proportional to fluid velocity. In turbulent flow, these losses are proportional to vn, where 1.7 n 2. The friction factor,
f, in the frictional losses term, is a function of the Reynolds number and pipe roughness. The acceleration term is zero for constant area, incompressible flow. For any flow condition in which a velocity change occurs, as in the case of compressible flow, pressure drops in the direction of increasing velocity.
Friction Factor
The friction factor, f, is a ratio of the pipe wall shear stress to the kinetic energy per unit volume. It is a function of the absolute roughness of the pipe divided by the inside diameter. It is also dependent upon the Reynolds number, which is the ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces acting on the fluid. When the Reynolds number is small (Re < 3000) viscous forces are dominant, and the flow is said to be in the laminar flow region. Higher Reynolds numbers indicate dominant inertial forces, and this region is called turbulent flow. Laminar flow is characterized by a parabolic velocity profile, while a flat velocity profile is observed in turbulent flow. d f = function --, Re , where Re = --------d
(10)
Figure 40: Single-Phase Flow
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Several correlations have been developed expressing the dependence of f upon the /d ratio and Reynolds number. One commonly used correlation for the single phase friction factor is the Moody diagram.
Multiphase Flow
In the past (and in some cases, even today), it was common practice to use the simplistic correlations used for single-phase flow, and to extrapolate them to describe multiphase flow. If pure liquid flow had some given flow characteristics, and pure gas flow had another, then logically, twophase flow should be a composite of these two flow regimes. Not only is this not the case, but the pressure drop between the two cases differs b at least one order of magnitude. As we shall see, the simple definitions that we have applied to parameters such as the friction factor, are subject to more rigorous analysis in the case of multiphase flow.
72
Fluid Flow Basics
Pressure Drop
The pressure gradient function given in equation (9) applies for any fluid in any steady state, one dimensional flow, in which friction (f), density (), and velocity (v) can be defined. The definition of these variables is what causes most of the difficulty in describing two-phase flow. The calculation of pressure gradients requires values for certain flo conditions, such as velocity and fluid properties. These fluid properties include density, viscosity, and in some cases, surface tension. When calculating these values for multiphase flow, one encounters certain mixing rules and definitions unique to this application. Before adapting the previously derived pressure gradient for multiphase conditions, one should define and analyze some of the more important properties pertaining to multiphase flow. Equation (10) below is of an identical form as that for single phase flow, but one should note that the subscript m (for multiphase) denotes that these parameters are not set values, but can be dependent on the flow conditions. In particular, they are dependent on the relative distribution of the gas and liquid phases. dP dP dP dP + ------ + ------ ------ = ------ dL elevation dL friction dL acceleration dL f m m m m m d m g dP ------ = ---- m sin + ------------------ + ------------ --------gc g c dL dL 2gc d
2 (11)
Liquid Holdup
AG AL
Liquid holdup is defined as the ratio of the volume of a pipe segment occupied by liquid to the volume of the pipe segment. That is, AL volume of liquid in a pipe segmen H L = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = -----------------volume of pipe segment AL + Ag where V = Vg + VL and A = Ag + AL. The value of HL varies from zero, for single-phase gas flow, to one, for all liquid flow. The most common method of measuring liquid holdup is done by isolating a segment of a flow stream between two quick-closing valves, and then measuring the amount of liquid trapped. The remaining space is occupied by gas, and this space is referred to as gas holdup or gas void fraction. This is denoted by Hg and is related to HL by: Hg = 1 - HL No-Slip Liquid Holdup No-slip liquid holdup is defined as the ratio of the volume of the liquid in a pipe segment divided by the volume of the pipe segment which would exist if the gas and liquid traveled at the same velocity (no-slippage).
(12)
73
This ratio is calculated from the measured gas and liquid flowrates by the equation: qL H LNS = ---------------(13) qL + qg where qL and qg denote the in-situ liquid and gas flow rates, respectively. Note that the liquid holdup HL is not equal to the no-slip liquid holdup HLNS. To illustrate the difference between liquid holdup and no-slip liquid holdup, consider the example given in Figure 41. These two cases describe two-phase fluid flow along a pipe. The first case describes an uphill flow, while the second case indicates downward flow.
Figure 41: Liquid Holdup Dependency on Elevation
Uphill
Downhill
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VL < VG HL > HLNS
VL VG HL HLNS
In the case of uphill and horizontal flow, the gas flows more quickly than the liquid. This is due to the greater influence of gravitational forces upon the liquid than the gas. Also, the less dense gas phase is much more buoyant, or lighter, than the liquid, and flows upward more easily. Therefore, since Vg (velocity of gas) is greater than VL (velocity of the liquid), then from the previous equations describing HL and HLNS, we can see that HL > HLNS. Mathematically, AL qL AL VL H L = ------------------ > H LNS > ---------------- = -----------------------------------AL + Ag q L + qg ( AL V L + A g V g )
(14)
In the case of downhill flow, gravitational forces exert a greater force upon the liquid than the gas, and therefore, the liquid is pulled downward at a greater velocity than the gas (due to greater liquid density). Since VL > Vg in this case, the same equation applies, but the inequality is reversed: HL HLNS
74 Fluid Flow Basics
Horizontal Flow Patterns
Whenever two fluids with different physical properties flow simultaneously in a pipe, a wide range of possible flow regimes exists. The flo pattern of a given system refers to the distribution of each phase in the pipe relative to the other phase(s). Numerous studies have given rise to standard names given to particular patterns, some of which are shown in Figures 42 through 44. 1^ê\Qb GQfi
Figure 42: Segregated Flow
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Many pressure loss correlations rely heavily on a knowledge of the existing flow patterns in a given pipe. The description of these flow patterns is what distinguishes the engineers approach to multiphase problems from other perspectives. To clarify this point, examine the following:
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From a mathematical perspective, the introduction of another phase in a fluid flow problem introduces three new equations into the problem (mass balance, energy balance, and pressure gradient). The interdependence of these equations along with those of the other phase brings much complexity to the problem. From a design perspective, the new phase gives rise to another complication: flow patterns. From the acceptable flow patterns illustrated in these figures, one has another parameter to define the system. From a physicists perspective, the second phase modifies the sonic wave propagation of the system. Sound travels faster through a liquid medium than in a gaseous medium, and so one would expect sound to travel in a two-phase medium at a speed somewhere in between the liquid and gas systems. Contrary to this expectation,
75
sound actually travels an order of magnitude slower in two-phase systems than in either liquid or gas mediums.
s
Finally, from an engineering perspective, the addition of an extra phase gives rise to flow patterns, of which the slug flow pattern, illustrated in Figure 44, is the most troublesome and complex to deal with. In single phase flow, the goal was to maximize the capacity of the flow system. In multiphase flow, the goal invariably is to predict, minimize or even eliminate slug flow.
The prediction of flow patterns for horizontal flow is more difficult than for vertical flow. In horizontal flow, the phases tend to separate due to differences in density, causing a form of stratified flow to be very common. When a pipe is inclined at some angle other than vertical or horizontal, the flow patterns take other forms. For inclined upward flow, the pattern is almost always slug or mist. The effect of gravity on the liquid precludes stratification. For inclined downward flow the pattern is usually stratified or annular.
Flow Regime Correlations
Recall that the general pressure gradient equation was composed of three terms: an elevation term, a frictional term, and an acceleration term. The elevation term depends on the density of the two-phase mixture and is usually calculated using a liquid holdup value. The friction term requires the evaluation of a two-phase friction factor (recall Moody diagram in single phase calculations). The acceleration term is usually negligible unless dealing with cases of high flow velocities. The correlations that have been developed for predicting two-phase flowing pressure gradients differ in the manner they use to calculate the three individual pressure gradient components. The correlations are too numerous to describe in detail, so it will suffice to point out the main differences between the multiphase and single phase correlations. Multiphase correlations are based on mixture velocities (sum of superficial velocities, rather than actual velocities). Flow patterns must be taken into account, and these are functions of the superficial velocities, inclination angle, and fluid physical properties. Liquid holdup must also be known to calculate the corresponding density and viscosity values. The friction factor is dependent upon all these aforementioned parameters, and the choice of which correlation to use to evaluate f depends on the demands of the simulation or calculation. These equations are presented below: qL qG v SL = ---- , v SG = ----Superficial Velocities A A
Liquid Holdup
m = H L L + ( 1 H L ) G m = H L L + ( 1 H L ) G
76
Fluid Flow Basics
Mandhane Flow Regime Map The relative distribution of gas and liquid in pipes is known as flow pattern or flow regime. In 1972, G. W. Govier and K. Aziz demonstrated that the importance of relative volumes of each phase on flow pattern suggests that logical coordinates for a simple flow pattern map are vSG and vSL, the superficial velocities (as opposed to earlier work, which used mass flux rates as coordinate axes). In 1974, J.M. Mandhane extended the work of Govier and Aziz and constructed the Mandhane Horizontal Flow Pattern Map, which is shown in Figure 45.
Figure 45: Mandhane Flow Regime Map
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To illustrate the use of the Mandhane map, consider the following example: given the following data for a wet gas pipeline, calculate the flow regime: Gas flowrate = qg = 18.0 ft3/sec Liquid flowrate = qL = 0.77 ft3/sec Pipe diameter = 16.0 in. = 1.33 ft Calculating the superficial velocities yields values of 12.9 ft/sec and 0.55 ft/sec for the gas and the liquid, respectively. Using the Mandhane map, we see that this falls within the slug flow region. In fact, many of the problems encountered in industry reveal pipelines that flow in the slug flow regime. The work of Mandhane is restricted to horizontal pipes, but in common practice, it is almost impossible to get a completely horizontal pipelines. In most, if not all, cases, slight inclinations will occur, and even small changes in inclination angle (<1) can cause dramatic changes in the flow regime.
77
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea Flow Regime Map In 1976, Y. Taitel and A. Dukler extended the Mandhane study to account for variations in pipe inclination. The Taitel-Dukler Map is an excellent model which gives a mechanistic analysis of flow regime boundaries for horizontal and near-horizontal flow. (Barnea later extended this analysis to the range of inclination angles.) The basis for this model is that the most common flow regime for horizontal flow is stratified liquid. To consider other flow regimes, they examined the mechanism by which a change from stratified flow could be expected to occur.
Figure 46: Taitel-Dukler Flow Regime Map
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Taitel and Dukler presented criteria for the following changes of flow regimes:
s s s s s
Stratified to Intermittent Stratified to Annular Intermittent to Dispersed Bubble Stratified Smooth to Stratified Wavy Annular to Intermittent or Dispersed Bubble
They used this criteria to predict the flow regime for both horizontal and near-horizontal flow. They did not state an inclination angle at which their flow regime boundaries are no longer valid. They superimposed their criteria upon the existing Mandhane map to generate the flow regime shown in Figure 46, which shows the effect of inclination on transition boundaries. The Taitel-Dukler results reaffirmed the observation that slight positive inclination angles promote slug formation and slight negative inclina78 Fluid Flow Basics
tions promote stratification. Their studies revealed that angles as low as 1 cause significant changes. Duns and Ros Flow Regime Map The work of Duns and Ros is an example of the more rigorous studies involving vertical multiphase flow. They considered the contribution of both slip and flow regimes, eliminating common simplifications such as the no-slip condition. They developed correlations to predict liquid holdup and friction factor, and they also developed methods to predict which defined flow regime exists at a given point.
Figure 47: Duns and Ros Flow Regime Map
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The flow regimes are defined as functions of the dimensionless quantities Ngv (Gas Velocity number) and N Lv (Liquid Velocity Number). These are shown in Figure 47 above. There are four main flow regimes which may occur in a vertical pipe.
Region 1: Bubble Flow Region.
The pipe is almost completely filled with liquid and the free gas phase is present in small bubbles. The bubbles move at different velocities and except for density, have little effect on the pressure gradient. The liquid phase is always in contact with the pipe wall. The gas phase is more pronounced. Although the liquid phase is still continuous, the gas bubbles coalesce and form plugs or slugs which almost fill the pipe cross section. The gas bubble velocity is greater than that of the liquid. The liquid in the film may move downward at low velocities. Both the gas and the liquid have significant effects on the pressure gradient.
Region 2: Slug Flow Region.
79
Region 3: Mist Flow Region. The
gas phase is continuous and the bulk of the liquid is entrained as droplets in the gas phase. The pipe wall is coated with a liquid film, but the gas phase predominantly controls the pressure gradient. The change from a continuous liquid phase to a continuous gas phase occurs. The gas bubbles may join and liquid may be entrained in the bubbles. The gas phase effects are predominant, though liquid effects are also significant.
Transition Region.
Ansari Flow Pattern Map The Ansari correlation is also available in PIPEPHASE for modeling upward two-phase flow. In 1988, A.M. Ansari developed a comprehensive model composed of a sub-model for flow-pattern prediction and a set of independent mechanistic models for predicting flow characteristics such as holdup and pressure drop in bubble, slug, and annular flow. The first step in this analysis is the development or prediction of flo patterns. Based on the work of Barnea, Taitel, et.al., Ansari predicted different flow patterns by defining transition boundaries among bubble, slug, and annular flows. This Ansari Flow Pattern Map is shown in Figure 48.
Figure 48: Ansari Flow Pattern Map
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Boundary A shows the transition from Bubble to Dispersed Bubble flow which occurs at high liquid rates. In this transition, turbulent forces break large gas bubbles down into small ones. Boundary B shows the transition from Bubble to Slug flow, which is characterized by the coalescence of small gas bubbles into large Taylor bubbles.
Boundary C is the transition that occurs at high gas velocities, in which the dispersed bubble flow is dominated by turbulence that prevents any agglomeration. Boundary D, the transition to annular flow, is based on the gas-phase velocity required to prevent the entrained liquid droplets from falling back into the gas stream. Barnea modified this transition point by taking into account the effect of liquid film thickness. The second step is the development of physical models for the flow behavior in each flow pattern. This results in distinct models for bubble, slug, and annular flow. Due to the complexity of churn flow, it is not modeled separately, but is treated as part of slug flow.
Addressing Problems Unique to Multiphase Flow
The approach one takes towards a multiphase problem is considerably different from that taken for a single-phase system. Although both concern the solution or evaluation of the pressure drop equation, the multiphase problem involves parameters that are not only dependent upon factors absent in single-phase calculations (i.e. holdup), but are also interdependent with each other. Many correlations for multiphase flow, therefore, demand a simultaneous or iterative solution for certain parameters. For instance, many equations used for predicting two-phase flowing pressure losses can be solved explicitly for a two-phase friction factor. However, the resulting equations are usually a function of liquid holdup. Therefore, a valid comparison of friction factor correlations would rely on using data for which measured holdup data, as opposed to predicted values, were available. These correlations themselves are dependent upon the flow regime. Many correlations for pressure drop and/or liquid holdup are only valid for specific regimes. Use of the Mandhane map for horizontal systems provides an accurate tool for placing a particular system in a flow regime. However, the Mandhane map is restricted to horizontal flow, and when inclinations are present, as they almost always are, then the TaitelDukler-Barnea Flow regime map provides a more accurate description of the system.
Phenomena Unique to Multiphase Flow
Heading Phenomena in Vertical Upward Flow In single-phase vertical upward flow, the pressure gradient increases with increasing flowrate, as expected. A different phenomena is observed for two-phase flow. To understand this, recall that the pressure gradient expression has three components: an elevation term, a friction term, and an acceleration term. At low flowrates, the pressure gradient is dictated by the elevation term. In this region, the pressure drop decreases with increasing flow rate. The flow is unstable at this level, and in indus81
try, one may observe sporadic, irregular fluid flow (i.e., alternating between no flow to sudden spurts of fluid flow).
Figure 49: Modeling Vertical Upward Flow
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When more gas is present, the elevation component is not as significant and the friction component begins to predominate. With lower pressure drops, the amount of gas in the pipe increases, and at a particular point (indicated by the minimum of the U-shaped curve in Figure 49) frictional forces dominate, and one observes an increase in the pressure gradient with increasing flow rate. This is the stable region of flow. This phenomena is unique to two-phase flow because of the large difference between liquid and gas densities. In single-phase flow, there is no critical point at which the density of the system changes dramatically with lower pressure or higher flowrate. Density remains roughly constant. When two-phases are present, however, one reaches a critical flowrate at which density, and consequently elevation, factors are overridden by frictional forces, giving rise to this phenomena. Terrain-Induced Slugging This phenomena is very common when liquid flows at a very slow velocity in a downward direction, then has to climb after a certain point. Low liquid velocity makes it very difficult for the fluid to ascend the pipe, and thus, liquid tends to settle down at the valley between the two pipes. Liquid builds up until the flow space is completely occupied, blocking any gas from passing through. At this point, pressure builds up constantly until it is large enough to actually force the liquid to flow upwards along the pipe. This type of flow falls in the slug flow regime, and gives rise to the term, terrain induced slugging.
.. .... . . .. .. ... . . ....
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82
Fluid Flow Basics
Small Pressure Recovery in Downward Stratified Flows Gravitational forces predominate downward stratified flows. In single liquid-phase downward flow, one measures a distinct pressure gradient between the inlet and outlet of a pipe. In the presence of gas, however, this pressure recovery decreases significantly, due to gravitys negligible effect on the gas. Using gas phase models in these cases models the flow regime better, and in doing so, the calculated pressure recoveries are much lower than those expected for liquid systems. Flow Patterns As demonstrated in the Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map, flow patterns are strongly influenced by pipe inclination. This is especially significant because one almost always has slight inclination in even horizontal pipes. Angles of 1 can produce dramatic differences in flow regimes.
Heat Transfer Calculations
PIPEPHASE performs an energy balance on pipes, risers, tubing, and annuli. The heat transfer depends on the fluid temperature, properties, and flowrate, the temperature and properties of the surrounding medium, and the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the medium. PIPEPHASE does not model heat transfer to the surroundings for fittings and equipment devices. For non-compositional gas or liquid fluid models, you can suppress heat transfer calculations for individual flow devices, by specifying isothermal calculations in the general gata list. PIPEPHASE uses a default value for the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, of 1.0 BTU/hr-ft2F. You can also specify different U values either globally or for individual components. For a pipe or tubing, you can supply an overall coefficient or you can request detailed heat transfer calculations. Detailed heat transfer calculations are invoked when you input any one of the parameters required to carry out the calculations. You also supply data for ambient temperature and geothermal gradient. The resistance to heat transfer in wellbores consists of a steady-state component (resistance from tubing to wellbore) and a transient component (resistance from wellbore to rock). The transient effect is modeled by the Ramey FTD function, which is an analytical solution to the diffusivity equation for a homogeneous medium. For partially buried pipes, PIPEPHASE uses a modified form of the Neher formulation to account for heat transfer in the buried part. The Neher formulation applies to totally buried pipes.
83
PIPEPHASE uses the Churchill correlation to model heat transfer in the different flow conditions in a pipelaminar, turbulent, and the transition region between laminar and turbulent flow For many pipelines, a balance must be reached between the retention and addition of heat. Heavy crudes usually have such high viscosities and sensitive temperature-viscosity functions that it is important to keep the flowing temperature as high as possible. Waterflood lines in cold environments must be kept above the freezing point. Liquid dropout and hydrate formation in gas and gas/condensate lines can be limited by maintaining or increasing the flowing temperature. There are two ways of doing this insulate the line or install heaters along the line. PIPEPHASE allows up to five layers of insulation for pipes, with user-specified or default conductivities. For onshore pipelines, burying the line or covering it with earth is sometimes an effective means of retarding heat loss. For offshore pipelines, burying the pipe prevents damage by protecting it from anchors or offshore construction material. Generally, some combination of heaters, insulation, and burial constitutes an optimum or nearly optimum operation. Arctic environments usually disallow the burial option because of damage to the permafrost layer. If the compositional fluid model is used, PIPEPHASE performs rigorous heat transfer calculations while taking into account compression and expansion heating effects as well. In the case of downhole applications, you can also input a temperature gradient.
Temperature Calculations
Heat flow through pipes is characterized as: Q = ud ( T f T A )L 1 U = ---------------------------------Resistances

(15) (16)
PIPEPHASE calculates heat loss in pipes to determine the temperature changes. Equation 15 shows the basic function for calculating heat loss, Q, over a segment of length L. T f and TA are the temperatures of the fluid and ambient medium, respectively. The pipe diameter is given by d, and U represents the overall heat transfer coefficient. For pipes in PIPEPHASE, the U-value defaults to a value of 1.0 BTU/hrft2F, unless you specify otherwise in the input. PIPEPHASE is able to rigorously calculate the U-value, and also allows you to override individual heat transfer coefficients, if desired. Figure 50 shows a cross-section of a pipe, including each layer through which heat must pass to be transferred from the fluid to the surroundings, or vice-versa. These layers have an overall resistance comprised of the sum of the resistances of the individual layers.
Figure 50: Insulation Layers
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The U-value for a pipe is calculated from equation (16) above. Overall resistance is given by: Resistances = Rinside, film, + Rpipe + Rinsulation + Rsurr + Rinside + Routside + Rrad
Resistance RInside, Film RPipe RInsulation RSurr RInside ROutside RRad Due T Boundary layer on the inside of the pipe Material from which the pipe is made Insulation (up to five concentric layers) Surroundings (soil, air, water) An additional fluid resistance inside the pipe (user-defined) An additional ambient fluid resistance on the outside of the pipe (userdefined) Radiation
The last three terms, additional resistance inside the pipe, additional resistance outside the pipe, and radiation, are optional entries.
Large Elevational Changes
The phenomena previously described must be restricted to horizontal flow. When you impose large elevation changes in pipes, the temperature profile of the fluid takes on a different form than those shown in the preceding graphs. When fluid flows downward, as shown in Figure 51, heating effects occur due to the change in elevation (higher fluid velocity, and therefore, higher kinetic energy). Due to this heating effect, the fluid temperature actually approaches an asymptotic temperature that is greater than the ambient temperature. Note the pronounced difference between this case and the Joule-Thomson effect. In horizontal flow, the fluid temperature drops below the ambient temperature, but in the cases of large elevation, the fluid temperature does not even reach the ambient value.
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Figure 51: Large Elevational Changes

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85
PIPEPHASE performs more rigorous enthalpy calculations for the compositional model (to satisfy the enthalpy balance), and the resulting temperature profile for this case more accurately simulates that produced b a non-compositional model. A graphical comparison of the compositional and non-compositional model are shown in Figure 52.
Figure 52: Rigorous Heat Transfer
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Gas lines coming down mountains often exhibit the behavior shown by the compositional model in Figure 52. This model incorporates the heating effects due to the change in elevation. Note that the fluid temperature does not drop to the level of the ambient temperature. In the case of the non-compositional model, the fluid temperature drops down to the ambient value. This illustrates that by employing more rigorous heat transfer calculations, severe design errors, such as wrong pipeline sizing, can be avoided.
Effects of Temperature
The importance of the effect of temperature on all system calculations cannot be overstated. Since temperature can have profound effects on fluid properties, phase split, pressure drop/holdup, hydrate formation, wax deposition, and flow pattern (among other parameters), any changes in temperature need to be modeled as accurately as possible. Of primary importance is the effect of temperature on fluid properties. These properties influence most, if not all, of the major calculations that PIPEPHASE performs. Since temperature affects the gas-liquid phase split, pressure drop and holdup calculations are very sensitive to temperature gradients. This determines the flow regime (flow pattern) of the system, upon which the pressure drop calculations are based (i.e., friction factor correlations). PIPEPHASE also has a built-in correlation to determine the point and the type of hydrate formation with the compositional model.
86
Fluid Flow Basics
Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations

PIPEPHASEs downhole capabilities include the following applications:
s s s
Gas Lift Analysis Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) Time Dependent Production Planning
Gas lift analysis is used to investigate the effects of lift gas on well production. Another common method of artificial lift is the electrical submersible pump (ESP) . These pumps improve the productivity of wells with flow rates ranging from a few hundred barrels to tens of thousands of barrels per day. Production planning involves the time-dependent interaction between the producing formation(s), and all of the wells, gathering lines, and surface facilities in an oil or gas field, and the impact of this interaction on the overall development strategy of the operating company. PIPEPHASE supplies this capability through its time-stepping feature.
Gas Lift Analysis
ProblemThe
bottom hole pressure is too low to support the fluid column the density of the fluid column by injecting gas into the
in the well.
RemedyReduce
tubing.
DilemmaGas
injection creates additional back pressure which reduces production rate. Reservoir pressure decreases gradually once a field is brought into production. Often there arise situations where the reservoir pressure becomes so low that it is insufficient for the well fluids to reach the wellhead. In these cases, the pressure in the tubing must be artificially boosted, or lifted, to enable the reservoir fluids to reach the surface. Such procedures can be performed by using artificial lift methods. Gas lift is one of the more common artificial lift methods used in the petroleum industry. Other methods include sucker rod pumping, electric submersible pumps, and plunger/chamber lift, to name a few. In gas lift, the object is to introduce gas near the bottom of the tubing string. This injected gas lightens the fluid between the injection point and the wellhead. Thus, the available bottom hole pressure becomes sufficient to lift this column of aerated fluid to the top. Gas can be injected
continuously (continuous gas lift) or in spurts (intermittent gas lift). PIPEPHASE allows you to model a continuous gas lift analysis, in which you can specify the fluid properties of the gas, specify valve locations, as well as other parameters. Figure 53 shows a typical gas lift installation where gas is injected down a packed annulus and oil and gas are produced through the tubing. Although the reverse case is sometimes possible (though very unusual), it is not presently supported by PIPEPHASE.
Figure 53: Gas Lift
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In this case, we assume that the static fluid level is somewhere between the topmost valve and the wellhead. Once gas is injected through the annulus, the topmost valve is designed to open first. This lightens the fluid above the topmost valve, causing a reduced pressure on the valve second from the top. The second valve then opens, injecting more gas into the tubing. This process repeats as more and more valves keep opening. Once a lower valve opens, the upper valves are normally designed to close. You will see that the gaslift effects generally increase with depth. Only the bottom most valve allows gas passage into the tubing. This is called the operating valve . The valves above this one merely help in bringing the well into production (i.e. unloading the well). They are therefore called unloading valves. In steady-state operation, PIPEPHASE can calculate the depth of the operating valve.
Designing a Gas Lift System
The main problems faced by the engineer in gaslift design include:

s s s
How much gas should be injected? At what depth should gas be injected? What is the casing head pressure limit?
88
s s
What is the wellhead pressure required for target flowrate? What is the depth of the operating valve?
There are four options in PIPEPHASE for gaslift analysis:

s
Generate the pressure profile for a fixed oil production and lift gas rate. Generate a table of oil production versus lift gas rate for fixed pressures. Locate the gas injection valve to match required tubing head pressure. Locate the gas injection valve to match required casing head pressure.
This dialog box appears as part of the simulation definition, and therefore you must enter data into one of these options before continuing on to the next dialog box. You can access these options again anytime by selecting Special Features/Gas Lift... from the menu bar. Gaslift analysis is limited to single link, black oil, continuous gaslift systems. You must follow certain basic rules when setting up gaslift problems, such as: 1. PVT data sets must be available for both the produced reservoir fluid and the injected gas. 2. The production string is automatically named PROD and the gas injection string (annulus) is named GASL. 3. Gas injection rates are user-specified. Option 1 Pressure Profile In Option 1, Pressure Profile, the casing-head pressure and the lift-gas injection rate are fixed. Given values for these parameters, PIPEPHASE calculates the pressure profiles in both the annulus and the tubing for the corresponding production rate. When specifying a gaslift calculation with this option, PIPEPHASE will prompt you to enter values for the lift gas injection pressure and temperature at the casing head, lift gas injection rate, and the vertical depth from the well head to the lift gas injection valve. You can also enter the percent of soluble lift gas which dissolves in the well fluid. This value is defaulted to 100%, and generally should not change.
89
Figure 54: Option 1: Pressure Profile

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Since you know the injection rate along the well depth, obtaining the annulus pressure profile is relatively simple. Pressure profile calculations in the tubing are done as follows: 1. As oil rate is fixed (calculated from the injection rate), the bottomhole flowing pressure is known, then 2. Use formation GOR to calculate the pressure gradient from the bottomhole to the operating valve, 3. Use total GOR (formation = injection) to calculate the pressure traverse from the operating valve to the wellhead. Option 2 Injection Performance In Option 2, Injection Performance, PIPEPHASE generates a table of oil production versus lift gas rate, given fixed values for wellhead pressures, valve depth and the casing-head pressure. When selecting gaslift option 2, PIPEPHASE will ask you to further specify the injection rates. You can specify up to nine lift gas injection rates in standard gas volume units, and all entries must be greater than zero. As in option 1, you can also enter a value for the percent solubility of the lift gas in the well fluid (generally 100%). For each gas injection rate, there will be an oil flow rate that satisfies the system constraints. At lower gas injection rates, increasing the rate lightens the well fluid and therefore causes a production increase. However, at higher injection rates, the frictional losses in the tubing may be so high that this trend is reversed. There is, therefore, an optimal injection rate, as shown in Figure 56.
90
Figure 55: Option 2: Injection Performance
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Figure 56: Example Gas Injection Curve
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Note that continuously increasing lift gas rate does not necessarily result in increased production rate. When frictional forces dominate, higher injection rates actually decrease production. The optimal gas injection rate and the corresponding oil production achievable are indicated by the arrows. Option 3 Valve Location - Fixed Tubing Head Pressure (THP) When you select gaslift option 3, Valve Location - Fixed TH , PIPEPHASE will prompt you to specify lift gas injection temperature and pressure at the casing head, injection rate, and up to eight vertical depths from well head to lift gas injection valves. From these specified values, PIPEPHASE will then locate the gas injection valve to match the required tubing head pressure. Figure 57 shows a plot of injection depth versus the production string outlet pressure, which you must also specify. Note that greater injection depths process higher wellhead pressures.
91
Figure 57: Option 3: Valve Location Fixed THP
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Option 4
Valve Location - Fixed Casing Head Pressure (CHP) Option 4, Valve Location - Fixed CH , generates a casing head pressure versus gas injection depth curve. PIPEPHASE models valve performance by using the orifice gas pressure drop equation. Identical to option 3, PIPEPHASE prompts you to enter values for lift gas injection temperature and pressure at the casing head, injection rate, and up to eight vertical depths from well head to lift gas injection valves. Also, you can enter the percent solubility of the lift gas in the well fluid, which is generally 100%.
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Figure 58: Option 4: Valve Location Fixed CHP
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Gaslift option 4 allows you three additional entries: 1. Orifice inside diameters corresponding to the gas-lift injection valves. 2. Inside diameters of tubing above gaslift valves corresponding to the gas-lift injection valves. 3. Orifice coefficients corresponding to the gas-lift injection valves.
92 Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations
Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP)
Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) are applicable to a wide range of operating conditions: deep formations, high viscosity fluids, directionally-drilled wells, etc. The primary limiting factor in the efficient operation of an ESP is the amount of associated free gas produced. Free gas (as opposed to gas in solution), which in limited quantities actually improves operation (by increasing overall fluid buoyancy), also progressively degrades performance due to cavitation, ultimately creating a gas lock, at which point the pump ceases operation. T prevent such performance degradation, free gas is frequently (partially) separated downhole, and reintroduced into the production stream downstream of the chok (venting to the atmosphere not being permitted in most areas). The ESP model in PIPEPHASE simulates a downhole pump in terms of its effects on the hydraulics of the well-bore. This includes logic to handle specific features such as gas separation at the inlet (and subsequent re-injection at the surface), and the effect of viscosity on pump performance. Clicking the ESP button in the Link Device Data window brings up the Electrical Submersible Pump dialog box, shown in Figure 59. This is the original Pump dialog box with an additional button for the entry of ESPspecific data.
Figure 59: Electrical Submersible Pump Dialog Box
93
There are two categories of data entry under the Electrical Submersible Pump dialog box. The first category is for data specific to the pump, and the second for data specific to a downhole separator located immediately upstream of the pump (to reduce the gas ingestion). Pump-specific data include auxiliary power, submergence depth, casing head pressure, and the vertical pressure gradient. A check box for the Riling correction factor is provided for viscosity-related corrections to the pump performance curves. The Head Degradation Curve (maximum of 5 points) allows the specification of degradation as a function of gas fraction. When a downhole separator exists, you are prompted for the separator name, and either the gas ingestion percent (GIP) rate for the pump, or the pump OD and casing ID, to calculate the GIP internally. Under the Electrical Submersible Pump Curve dialog box, you have a choice of entering up to ten data points or the three constants in each of the quadratic equations representing the head, efficiency and horsepower in terms of the in situ volumetric flow rate.
TimeStepping Production Planning
Although PIPEPHASE is a steady-state simulator, it can accurately model well behavior over an extended period of time. Typically, the time period of analysis extends from a few years to the entire producing life of the field. For such periods, a quasi-steady-state approach is expected to be an adequate representation of the time-dependent problem. This approach can be achieved through successive steady-state PIPEPHASE simulations, each representing a time-step in the operating history of the field. The main components of the time-stepping analysis are:
s s s
Well Grouping Reservoir Depletion Facilities Planning
Well Grouping
Each of the well completion zones in a gathering network from a specific formation or reservoir. The decline in the reservoir pressure with time and the changes in the characteristics of the fluid produced are a function of the total fluid volume produced form the reservoir. For the purposes of these claculations, a well completion is associated with a reservoir group. A reservoir group includes all of the producing zones that contribute to its depletion.
94
Reservoir Depletion
The depletion of a reservoir over the life of a field is represented by a decline in average reservoir pressure that affects the production capacity of the associated wells. Additionally, with time, the composition of the product fluid changes. For most reservoirs, the gas-oil ratio increases with time; for a reservoir with an active water drive, the produced water cut increases as the water table creeps up. The reservoir depletion feature will predict the average decline in reservoir pressure for all the completions in the reservoir as a function of the cumulative produced volume. In addition, at the end of every time step, it will update the water cut and GOR in each associated completion zone as simplified functions of the cumulative production rate (or reservoir pressure).
Figure 60: Reservoir Pressure Over Time
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In PIPEPHASE, the user-specified data for reservoir depletion includes the initial cumulative production rate (Q cum) and the basis for Qcum calculations. The default value for initial Q cum is zero (virgin field) and the default calculation basis is oil (or gas for a gas field). At every time step, PIPEPHASE calculates Q cum by adding production from all the grouped wells. PIPEPHASE also calculates the change in the average pressure, Pr, average, for the reservoir. It is important to note that the initial value of the reservoir is taken to be the value you specified in the Source dialog box. Subsequent values of P r are calculated from Pr, average. This is a different case from the time-step calculations for fluid characteristics, water cut and GOR. In these cases, the initial values are taken from the initial IPR curves rather than those specified in the Source dialog box.
95
Well Depletion
Production Rate The reservoir pressure declines by an amount calculated from the grouped wells. This affects the IPR equation or the tabular data for the IPR, since the reservoir pressure, Pr, is the common variable in most IPR equations. Figure 61 illustrates the dependence of production rate upon wellhead pressure and reservoir pressure. As the reservoir pressure declines, so does cumulative production.
Figure 61: Wellhead Pressure as a Function of Production Rate
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Fluid Characteristics For an active water drive reservoir, the water cut, fw, will increase significantly with increasing production. The data for the f w decline curve can be input in the IPR Decline Data dialog box. However, you must also specify an initial value for fw in the input dialog box for the Source node. Therefore, an ambiguity may exist between the IPR calculated value for initial f w and that entered into the source data. To resolve any discrepancy, PIPEPHASE will use the value calculated from the IPR curve. This data is well specific, and therefore, gives a more reliable value than that input into the source node, which may be an average value.
Figure 62: Water Cut and GOR as a Function of Production Rate
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Similarly, for a Solution Gas Drive Reservoir, the Gas:Oil Ratio (GOR) varies with increasing production. To properly model this time-dependent variation, PIPEPHASE uses the values from the IPR decline curve
96 Applying PIPEPHASE to Downhole Operations
(if you have supplied these). Otherwise, PIPEPHASE uses the initial GOR value youve specified in the Source node. In cases of enhanced oil recovery, PIPEPHASE allows you to specify additional parameters to more accurately model the system. In the case of pressure maintenance in an oil field, an additional well is used to inject fluid (for example, water), into the reservoir to prevent or hinder the decline of reservoir pressure. The cumulative production then becomes a function of the amount of fluid being injected and the physical properties of that fluid.
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Q cum = Q cum, initial
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i=1
(17)
injection well
production well
If water is injected into an oil reservoir, a given volume of water will not have the same pressure as an equivalent volume of oil. Therefore, PIPEPHASE allows you to enter a Formation Volume Factor (FVF), which takes into account the fluid properties. The FVF is represented by B in the equation above. PIPEPHASE also allows you to specify a deliverability basis for the calculations. The default basis is oil, and this is indicated by the Bo in the denominator within the summation above.
97
Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis

Sensitivity or Nodal analysis allows you to graphically represent the flow and pressure behavior of wells, pipelines and other single link systems when input parameter(s) are varied over a range of values. The single link option must be chosen to activate nodal analysis/sensitivity analysis.
Dividing the Link
The link is divided into two sections at any point on the link. This point is called the Solution Node which you can specify. The section upstream of the solution node is called the Inflow Section. The section downstream of the solution node is called the Outflow Section. Figure 63 shows the solution node at the wellhead. The well is in the inflow section and the surface flow line is in the outflow section.
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Figure 63: Dividing the Link Concept
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The Inflow Performance curve is the plot of the solution node pressure PSN as the flow rate is varied in the Outflow section keeping the sink pressure constant. Note that PSN increases with flow rate.
Figure 64: Performance Curves
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For the given link with a fixed source and sink pressure the solution node pressure calculated in the inflow section must have the same value as the solution node pressure from the outflow section.
Figure 65: Inflow and Outflow Definitions
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Graphically this is represented by the intersection of the the Inflow and Outflow performance curves. The intersection point represents the solution node pressure and the flow rate that you will get for the link.
Figure 66: Inflow and Outflow Performance Curves
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A family of Inflow curves can be generated for a range of values of an Inflow parameter. In this case, the parameter is the source pressure. A family of Outflow curves can be generated for a range of values of an Outflow parameter. In this case, the chosen parameter is the sink or outlet pressure. When the families of Inflow and Outflow Curves are overlaid on the same plot we get the plot shown in Figure 67. When a pair of inflow and outflow curves intersect each intersection point represents the operating flow rate and solution node pressure for the link for the values of the parameters each curve represents. For example, Q1 is the flow rate in the link if the source pressure is 600 psia and the sink pressure is 100 psia. The pressure at the solution node is P1. The nodal analysis plot concisely represents the system behavior (P SN and Q) of the link when the Inflow and Outflow (plot) parameters vary over a range of values. This information would be useful for predicting system behavior or in making decisions on how to control the system to obtain the desired behavior.
99
Figure 67: Demonstrating the Relevance of Intersections of Performance Curves
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Terminology
Sensitivity Parameters When generating a nodal plot you have to select one parameter for each family of Inflow and Outflow curves ( Sensitivity parameter). Typical choices of a parameter could be the reservoir pressure for Inflow and flow line ID for Outflow. You can select up to 5 values for each parameter. This implies up to 5 Inflow and 5 Outflow curves may be generated. Up to 5*5 = 25 intersection points may be obtained. The chosen parameters must be from the base case input data. To generate the curves, up to 10 flowrates may be specified. Compound Parameter Typically, we choose one parameter. In PIPEPHASE, several parameters can be compounded into one parameter. Such a parameter is called a compound paramete . A compound parameter may be the ID of a tubing and its corresponding roughness. It may be a combination of parameters from different devices. For example, one set of values of the pump power, pipe ID and heater duty can be compounded as one compound parameter value. In PIPEPHASE the available parameters are divided into 7 categories. Compounding can be done only with parameters belonging to the same category. The only exception to this is the source data category and the IPR data which belongs to the structure data category. IPR data can be compounded with source data.
100
Single Link Calculations
A solution node can be specified by one of 3 ways:

s
Specify the device name. The solution
node will be placed at the inlet of the device. If it is the first device in the link, the source parameters will belong to the Inflow section.
Specify the Source name. The solution
node will be at the source. In this case no Inflow section (and data) can exist. Similarly, specify the Sink name. The solution node will be at the sink. In this case no Outflow section (and data) can exist.
In this case the solution node will be located at the outlet of the last device in the link. The Sink parameters may be in the Outflow section. Note that when you select the Inflow parameters the parameter must belong to the Inflow section. When you select the Outflow parameters the parameter must belong to the Outflow section. It is a common mistake to mix up the flow section and the choice of parameter.
Specify Bottom or Sink.
The structure data input requirements include:

s s
The source and sink pressures must be specified. The source flow rate must be estimated.
Additional plots generated in PIPEPHASE include the solution node temperature as a function of flow rate for each Inflow parameter value and the sink temperature for each Outflow parameter. To generate a nodal analysis plot you must select an Inflow and an Outflow parameter and the range of values you want to use for each parameter. All the parameters are divided into 7 categories. Compounding of parameters is allowed within each data category only with the exception of source/sink parameters and corresponding new IPR Device parameters. These two sets of parameters may be compounded even though the belong to different categories. Category 4 above refers to the non-compositional source properties that can be defined for Sensitivity Analysis. The Lateral Source (categories 6 and 7) refers to a subsidiary feed, such as an injection device, which acts as an additional source to the Main source.
101
Table 11: Available Parameters

Categor Source Sink Structure Completion Pipe Tubing Riser Annulus Choke Compressor Pump Heater Cooler Separator Injection Sales Glvalve IPR PVT Main Source Compositional Lateral Source Compositional Lateral Source Device Available Parameters Pres, PI, Vogel, Coeff, Exp Pres, II, Coeff, Exp Shots, Perforation Diameter, Penetration Depth, Tunnel ID, Rough, U, Floweff ID, Rough, U, Floweff ID, Rough, U, Floweff ID, Annulus, OD Tube, Rough, U, Floweff ID, Coeff Stages, Power, Pres, Eff Stages, Power, Pres, Eff Duty, Tout, DP Duty, Tout, DP Percent, Rate Temp, Pres Rate Rate, Dissolve RVAL GOR, WCUT, CGR, WGR, Quality Composition Composition Rate, Temp, Pres
Nodal Analysis Output
Nodal Analysis output consists of the following:

s
The Nodal Pressure plotdisplays the solution node pressure versus flow rate curve for each value of the sensitivity Inflow and Outflow parameter. The plot data is included. The Nodal Temperature plotdisplays the solution node temperature versus flow rate curve for each Inflow parameter value and the sink temperature versus flow rate for each Outflow parameter value. The plot data is included.
If completions exist in the simulation, a family of completion pressure drop versus flow rate is plotted for each Inflow parameter if the completion is in the Inflow section or Outflow parameter if the completion occurs in the Outflow section. The plot data is included. The intersection points are reported in the output report.
Figure 68 shows a typical nodal pressure plot. The Inflow parameter is source pressure and the Outflow parameter is pipe ID Increasing source pressure increases flow rate and increasing pipe ID increases flow rate.
102 Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis
The nodal plot helps to decide what source pressure and pipe ID combinations would be feasible for a desired throughput.
Figure 68: Nodal Pressure Plot
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Features Unique to the PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE offers many nodal analysis technical features not commonly found in standard nodal analysis packages. The compositional capability with the extensive SIMSCI component library is one example of these features. This allows rigorous simulation of phase behavior and heat transfer that is not possible with black oil type approaches. Other fluids that can be used include steam, black oil, liquid, gas and gas condensate models. PIPEPHASE solves the total energy balance equations. This enables the calculation of both pressure and temperature profiles in the link. Also, you have the option of conveniently defining the location of the solution node. The best choice of the solution node location changes from problem to problem and where field data may be available for comparison. As you have seen earlier, you can use all standard PIPEPHASE equipment devices in the sensitivity analysis. A number of parameters for each device are available for you to vary, in order to fully study the effects of specific parameters on the overall system performance. In addition to devices which affect pressure drop, PIPEPHASE allows the study of temperature change devices (heater/cooler capacity). The option of combining, or compounding, parameters together is a practical feature which can save considerable simulation time. Several sensitivity variables can change in unison like a single parameter. This feature also allows you to organize the sensitivity analysis more, which is especially useful when working with a large number of parameters.
103
PIPEPHASE Sensitivity Analysis is structured such that virtually any oilfield production/injection problem or any pipeline problem can be analyzed. The fluid composition itself can be changed. You can perform a gaslift analysis using the black oil model using the gaslift analysis option. But the Sensitivity Analysis feature also allows you to carry out a compositional gaslift analysis by using the Injection device. Finally, the nodal analysis can be done in conjunction with PIPEPHASEs Case Study option. This allows you to vary other parameters, independent of the nodal analysis parameters. This enables you to efficiently generate an unlimited number of plots in one simulation run.
104
Index
A
Algorithm, solution Annulus Ansari flow regime map Antoine viscosity data Applications field wide simulation single pipe analysis wellbore analysis Artificial lift applications gas lift method Assay data 56 43 80 24 15 10 12 12 14 20 limitations parameter running a variables Change types Change variable names Check valve Choke Color cues Component lumping Components defining entering data generating from assay data library lightends data petroleum Compositional fluid model options phase type source thermodynamic data transport methods Compound parameter Compressor Contaminants Convergence, ways to obtain Calculation methods algorithm convergence forward traverse line sizing mass balance method pressure balance method rules segments tolerances Calculator Case study change types change variable names cumulative changes entering data functionality global changes individual changes 56 59 55 57 54 54, 59 54 55 58 40 50 49 50 49 49 50 50 Correlations flow flow regime fluid properties mixing oil, water pressure loss viscosity Cumulative changes, case study 49 50 52 50 50 49 47 48 8 62 19 38 20 20 21 20 19 21 37 28 29 100 47 24, 25 59 31 76 18 25 27 75 25 50 electrical submersible pump gas lift analysis time-stepping analysis Downward stratified flow DP-DT device Duns and Ros flow regime map 93 87 94 83 48 79
E
Edit menu Electrical submersible pump (ESP) applications curve data data requirements Elevational changes effect on temperature 8 93 94 93 85
B
Blackoil model fluid type PVT data Bottomhole completions Bottomhole pressure calculating 19 24 46 11
F
Fetkovichs gas flow equation Field wide simulation applications reservoir decline File menu Flash report Flow correlation defaults Flow efficiency parameter Flow patterns horizontal vertical Flow regime correlations Flow regime maps Ansari Duns and Ros Mandhane Taitel-Dukler-Barnea Flowsheet editing junction links network types sink source terminology viewing 45 15 16 5 67 31 32 75 79 76 80 79 77 78 8 38 41 33 39 36 33 8
D
Data entry windows Defaults See Global defaults Device summary Distributed flow Downhole operations 67 75 7
105
Fluid characteristics, reservoir Fluid models blackoil compositional gas condensate non-compositional single-phase gas single-phase liquid steam model Forsheimer equation Friction factor
96 19 19 19 18 19 19 19 45 72
overall U-value performing pipe temperature Heated oil pipelines Heater/cooler Help documents online technical support Holdup, liquid Horizontal flow patterns distributed flow intermittent flow segregated flow HW coefficient Hydrates
41, 83 83 42 84 12 47 3 3 3 73 75 75 75 32 40
reprint in output file running
66 62
L
Laminar flow Library components Lightends Line sizing entering data maximum velocity options running Link annulus bottomhole completions check valve choke compressor definition dividing the DP-DT gas lift valve heater/cooler injection device IPR multi-stage compressor pipe pumps regulator riser separator summary tubing Link Device Data window features opening Liquid holdup defining no-slip Liquid model fluid type PVT data Looped networks 72 20 21 9 57 57 62 43 46 47 48 47 41 98 48 48 47 47 43 47 42 47 48 42 47 67 43 9 9 73 73 19 26 34
Forward traverse calculation method 55
G
Gas condensate model fluid type PVT data Gas lift analysis designing in PIPEPHASE injection performance modeling modeling options optimum gas injection rate PIPEPHASE options pressure profile simulation type typical installation valve device valve location - fixed CHP valve location - fixed THP Gas model fluid type PVT data Global changes, case study Global defaults flow correlations flow efficiency parameter HW coefficient inside diameter Palmer corrections thermal transitional Reynolds number 19 25 88 90 14 89 15 14 89 17 88 48 92 91 19 25 50 31 32 32 32 31 32 32
I
Individual changes, case study 50 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) Fetkovichs gas flow equation 45 modeling 43 Productivity Index (PI) model 43 solution gas-drive reservoir 45 Injection device Injection performance, option 2 Input units of measure See Units of measure Inside diameter defaults Insulation Interactive output Interactive run capabilities Interconnected wells Intermittent flow 32 84 64 61 16 75 47 90
J
Jones gravel-packed completion Junction data requirements inactivating 46 38 36
H
Heat transfer calculations defaults effects of temperature insulation layers large elevational changes methods 11, 15 32 86 84 85 55
M K
Keyword input file creating data entry order importing 62 53 5 Main window color cues components data entry windows menu bar 8 6 7 6
106
Index
opening Link Device Data window 9 toolbar 7 workspace 5 Mandhane flow regime map Maps, flow regime Ansari Duns and Ros Mandhane Taitel-Dukler-Barnea Mass balance method Menu edit file view Menu bar Multiphase flow downward stratified flow horizontal flow patterns liquid holdup modeling pressure drop problems unique to sphering (pigging) terrain-induced slugging vertical flow patterns vertical upward flow Multi-stage compressor 77 80 79 77 78 54
Node summary Non-compositional fluid models define source requirements No-slip liquid holdup
67 18 37 73
inflow/outflow parameters link profiles nodal temperature pressure vs. distance print options production vs. gas injection rate RAS example Pressure balance method Pressure drop function
102 64 102 65 64 15 70 73 75 89 64 96 47 24 25 25 26 27 17
O
Online help Optimization Optimum gas injection rate Output link profiles nodal analysis node and link labels node simulation results Output format changes Output report sections See Also Report units of measure Overall heat transfer coefficient 3 1 15 64 102 64 64 68 66 23 41, 83
54, 59
Pressure loss correlations Pressure profile, option 1 Print options Production rate Pumps PVT data blackoil model condensate gas gas fluids liquid model steam model PVT table generation
McLeod open-perforated completion 46 8 5 8 6 83 75 73 72 73 81 58 82 79 81 47
Q P
Palmer corrections Parameters case study compound sensitivity Performance curves Petroleum components Phase envelope Phase type Pipelines, heated PIPEPHASE applications components GUI launching main window NETOPT add-on simulating networks in TACITE add-on technology window components Pipes Plot viewer Plots creating in RAS 31 Quality 37
R
50 100 100 98 20 10 21 12 10 2 2 5 5 1 17 2 1 6 42 70 69 Reference source Regulator Report device summary flash link summary options summary Reservoir decline option Reservoir depletion Reservoir performance curve Reservoir pressure Reservoir, solution gas-drive Results link profiles nodal analysis node Results Access System (RAS) output format plot viewer plots report options 36 48 67 67 67 68 67 16 95 13 96 45 64 102 64 68 70 69 68
N
NETOPT Network model Networks looped running tree types New file Nodal analysis application calculations compound parameter dividing the link entering data features unique to PIPEPHASE inflow/outflow curves output running sensitivity parameters terminology wellbore applications 1 17 34 62 33 33 5 98 101 100 98 9 103 98 102 62 100 100 12
107
running tables Retrograde condensation Reynolds number laminar and turbulent flow transitional Risers Run options interactively run other run remote
67 68 10 72 32 42 61 63 63
Solution algorithm Source compositional fluid data requirements entering component data estimated values fixed values inactivating non-compositional reference temperature requirement Sphering modeling Start PIPEPHASE Steam injection networks
56 37 36 38 36 36 36 37 36 37, 38 57 5 11 19 27
Tolerances Toolbar Transitional Reynolds number Transport methods Tree networks Tubing Turbulent flow
58 7 32 29 33 43 72
U
Units of measure output pre-defined sets standard sets UNIX, running PIPEPHASE on 23 22 23 63
S
Save Segments, calculation Segregated flow Sensitivity analysis See Nodal analysis Sensitivity parameters Separator Simulation changing the UOM copying and deleting creating a new defining editing printing running saving a viewing Simulation type gas lift analysis network PVT table generation Single pipe analysis capacity calculations heated oil pipelines phase envelope steam injection networks Single-phase flow acceleration term elevation change friction loss modeling Single-phase gas model Single-phase liquid model Sink inactivating requirements Slugging, terrain-induced 100 47 22 5 5 17 8 5 5 5 8 17 17 17 10 12 10 11 72 71 71 71 19 19 36 39 82 5 55 75
Steam model fluid type PVT data
V
Valve location fixed CHP, option 4 fixed THP, option 3 92 91 51 51 50 79 81 8 25
T
Tables creating example TACITE component lumpring entering transient data running Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map Technical reference flow regime correlations friction factor horizontal flow patterns multiphase flow multiphase phenomena single-phase flow vertical flow patterns Technical support Temperature calculations Terrain-induced slugging Thermal defaults Thermodynamic data handling water method applications options pre-defined methods transport methods Time-stepping analysis components reservoir depletion well depletion well grouping 68 69 2 62 9 62 78 76 72 75 72 81 71 79 3 84 82 32 29 29 28 28 29 94 95 96 94
Variables, case study device pipe source and sink Vertical flow patterns Vertical upward flow View menu Viscosity correlations
W
Water cut Water, thermo for handling Well depletion fluid characteristics production rate Wellbore analysis graphical solution heat transfer calculations nodal analysis overview varying pipe sizes varying well-head pressure Wells grouping horizontal interconnected Workbook conventions 96 29 96 96 13 15 12 12 13 13 94 46 16 4
108
Index
Contents
Black Oil Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Black Oil Flowline with Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Compositional Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Gas Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Case Study of Black Oil Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Heavy Crude Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Pipeline Sphering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Looped Black Oil Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Black Oil Gathering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Two Well Gas Lift Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Steam Injection Well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Forecasting Well Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Three-Year Decline Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Ridge Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Appendix - Keyword Input Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 All diameters in the example problems are in actual measurement unless otherwise stated.
Black Oil Pipeline

#
TASK
Black oil flows through a pipeline with an inner diameter of 10 inches and a pipe roughness of 0.002 inches. The pipeline drops 1,000 feet over its 20,000 foot length. The fluid properties at the source are listed in Table 1.
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Figure 1: Black Oil Pipeline
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Table 1: Source Fluid Properties

Property Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity Temperature Gas/Oil ratio Water Cut Value 30 0.75 1.05 120F 200 ft3/bbl 10%
Part A
Create a new simulation BLKOIL. The SOURCE pressure is 1000 psig and the SINK pressure is 500 psig. Use 100000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink. For these conditions, what is the oil flowrate? What is the water flowrate?
Part B
In a second run, keep the source pressure at 1000 psig, but use a fixed flowrate of 100,000 bbl/day of oil. As for initial sink estimates, use 100,000 bbl/day for flowrate and 500 psig for pressure. Note that for blackoil problems, the source flowrate is based on the oil flowrate, not the total flowrate. What will the sink pressure be?
SOLUTION
Part A Begin by launching PIPEPHASE (double-click the PIPEPHASE icon or select PIPEPHASE from the SIMSCI folder on the Start menu). Step 1 Create a New Simulation

Select New from the File menu or click the New button on the toolbar. The New File dialog box appears. Name the simulation BLKOIL and click OK to save your data.
Step 2
Enter Simulation Description The Simulation Description dialog box appears.
Enter the Problem, Site, and User information along with the problem description in this dialog box.
These entries are optional and you can access this dialog box later by selecting Simulation Description from the General menu.
Click OK to save your data and exit this dialog box.
Step 3
Enter the Simulation Definition and Input Dimensions The Simulation Definition dialog box appears. Network Model is the default Simulation Type and Blackoil is the default Fluid Type, which are appropriate for this problem. Later, you can access this dialog box by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu.
Click OK to accept the default definitions.
The Input Dimensions dialog box appears, showing Petroleum as the default dimension set. These defaults are acceptable for this problem.
Click OK to accept the default dimensions.
You can access this dialog box later by selecting Input Units of Measur from the General menu, or by clicking the Input Dimensions button on the toolbar. Step 4 Enter PVT Data The Fluid Property Data dialog box appears.

Click New... to enter the Blackoil fluid properties in the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box. Fill in the Oil API Gravit , and the Gas and Water specific sravity data.
Black Oil Pipeline
Click OK to save entries. Click OK again to exit to the flowsheet.
You can make edits to the PVT data at any time by selecting PVT Data from the General menu or by clicking the PVT button on the toolbar. Step 5 Build the Flowsheet

Build the flowsheet by clicking the source toolbar button and then clicking again to position the unit on the flowsheet. Do the same for the sink unit. Select the source unit by clicking on the icon once. A red square appears on the node and the border of the node turns green to indicate that the node has been selected. Connect the source and sink units by clicking inside this square and, while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor towards the sink and release.
Step 6
Enter Unit Data

Source Data

Double-click the SOURCE unit on the flowsheet to open the Black Oil Source dialog box. Fill in the Pressure, Temperature, GOR, and Water Cut data from Table 1. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate. Click OK to save the data and close the dialog box.
Sink Data

Double-click on the SINK unit to open the Sink dialog box. Enter the SINK pressure data. Again, by default the flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate at the SINK.
Step 7
Enter Link Data

Double-click on the LINK between the two units to open up the Link Device Data window. Click on the PIPE button in the device palette to add a pipe to the link and to open the Pipe dialog box for that pipe.
Enter the Length, Elevation Change, Inside Diameter, and Pipe Roughness data from Table 1. Elevation Change is positive for uphill flow and negative for downhill flow.
Note:
When complete, click OK to save the entries and return to the Link Device Data window. Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flowsheet.
Step 8
Run the Simulation and View the Results When data entry is complete, the borders of all the icons and link lines on the flowsheet turn blue. The outlines of the entered device icons in the Link Device Data window turn blue as well. Any selected item is outlined in green rather than blue. To determine if the data is complete for that item, click on an empty region of the flowsheet. If the data is not complete, the outline will turn red instead of blue. If any item is outlined in red, double-click on it to enter the remaining data.

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is 107,571 bbl/day and the standard water flowrate is 11,952 bbl/day.
Note:
Your results may vary slightly due to the initial estimates and the specified convergence tolerances ( 2 psi for the pressure).
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Output File button on the toolbar.
To view the node output on the flowsheet, select View Output from the View menu, and double-click on a unit.
The temperature, pressure, and total liquid flowrate (oil + water) for that node in Blackoil type simulations is displayed. For example, if you double-click on the SINK, the dialog box shown in Figure 2 appears.
Black Oil Pipeline
Figure 2: Sink Summary on Flowsheet
To view Pressure vs. Distance or Temperature vs. Distance plots, select Device Detail as Part, and Plots as Part under Print Options from the General menu before running the simulation. After convergence select View Output from the View menu or double-click on the LINK. Choose the plot by clicking on one of the buttons in the Link Plot Selection dialog box that appears. Part B Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as BLKOILB. To find the SINK pressure with a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 100,000 bbl/day and a 1,000 psig SOURCE pressure, perform the following tasks:

Select the View Output option from the View menu to return to the edit input mode. Double-click on the SOURCE, activate the Fixed radio button for the oil flowrate, and enter a value of 100,000 bbl/day. Double-click on the SINK, activate the Estimated radio button for the pressure, and enter a value of 500 psig, so that the pressure is calculated by PIPEPHASE. Rerun the simulation and view your results.
From the Node Summary, you will find that the SINK pressure is now calculated to be 678 psig.
Black Oil Flowline with Devices

#
TASK
The flowrate through an oil well is controlled using a choke at the wellhead. For a 1 inch diameter choke, the desired wellhead pressure is 200 psig. Because the reservoir is unconsolidated sandstone, a gravel-packed completion has been used.
Figure 3: Oil Well
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The upper portion of the tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. The lower portion is 1.995 inches in diameter. The reservoir pressure is 3,000 psig and the reservoir temperature is 190F. The temperature gradient in the earth at this location is 2F/100 feet. Assume an average overall heat transfer coefficient (U) of 10.0 Btu/hr-ft2-F. The gravel-packed completion has a perforated zone 30 feet long, with 8 shots/foot. The expected size of the perforations is 0.39 inches in diameter and 3 inches deep. Table 2 gives the properties of the reservoir fluid.
Table 2: Reservoir Fluid Properties
Property Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity Gas/Oil ratio Water Cut Value 35 0.71 1.02 300 ft3/bbl 20%
Part A
Create a new simulation named OILFLW. Use 500 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink. For these conditions, what is the oil flowrate?
Part B
A pipeline is proposed to transport the oil from the wellhead to a central storage tank. First, all of the gas phase is separated for re-injection into the reservoir to maintain the pressure. A pump (efficiency = 85%) is used to raise the fluid pressure to 700 psig. The 2.441 inch diameter pipeline to the storage tank is 15,000 feet long with an elevation increase of 200 feet.
Figure 4: Transportation Pipeline
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As for initial sink estimates, use the value calculated in Part A for flowrate and supply 200 psig for the sink pressure. How much gas is being removed at the wellhead? What is the required horsepower of the pump? What will the sink pressure be?
SOLUTION
Part A Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name the simulation OILFLW. Step 1 Enter Simulation Description
Enter a description in the Simulation Description dialog box.
Step 2
Define the Simulation and Input Dimensions In the Simulation Definition dialog box, keep Network Model as the Simulation Type and Blackoil as the Fluid Type. In the Input Dimensions dialog box, keep the units of measure as Petroleum.
Step 3
Enter PVT Data The Fluid Property Data dialog box appears next.

Click New to open the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box. Supply the Oil API Gravit , and the Gas and Water specific gravity data and click OK .
7
Step 4
Build the Flowsheet
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a link.
Step 5
Enter Unit Data

Source Data

Double-click on the SOURCE unit on the flowsheet to open up the Black Oil Source dialog box. Using the data provided in Table 2, fill in the fields for source Pressure, Temperature, GOR, and Water Cut.
By default, the Oil Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Provide an initial estimate for the oil flowrate at the SOURCE. No information is given to relate the reservoir conditions to the flowing conditions. If a Productivity Index (PI) or any other Inflow Performance Relationship, IPR, information was given, then P and T at the SOURCE would be the reservoir P and T. With no IPR data, they are the flowing bottomhole pressure and temperature.
Note:
Sink Data

Double-click on the SINK icon to open up the Sink dialog box. Enter the SINK pressure. Again, by default the flowrate Estimated radio button is activated indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate the flowrate. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this flowrate.
Step 6
Enter Link Data

Double-click on the LINK to open up the Link Device Data window. Click on the GRAVEL PACKED COMPLETION button. The Gravel Packed Completion dialog box appears. Enter the Perforation Interval, Shot Density, Tunnel Length, and Perforation Diameter data.
For a LINK with multiple sections, the order in which you list the devices is critical. You must enter the section of tubing farthest from the surface first. In this case, the bottom section of the tubing string is entered first.
8 Black Oil Flowline with Devices
Click on the TUBING button. The Tubing dialog box appears. Enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside Diameter data into the appropriate fields. Remember that the Measured Wireline Depth of tubing is the total length starting from the surface to the bottom of that tubing string, and the True Vertical Depth is the depth from the surface to the bottom of that tubing string.
Note:
For the lower section, the measured wireline depth is 8,000 feet (= 4,500 + 3,500); and the true vertical depth is 6,500 feet (= 3,200 + 3,300).
Change the Heat Transfer Method from Default to U-Value. Enter the average overall heat transfer coefficient and temperature gradient data. To enter the upper section of the tubing string, click the TUBING button again. Another Tubing dialog box for the second TUBING device in the link appears. Enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside Diameter data of the TUBING section next to the source. This time the measured wireline depth is 3,500 ft, and the true vertical depth is 3,200 ft. Make the necessary changes to the Thermal Calculations Area. Add a choke device by clicking the CHOKE button and enter the Choke Diameter. Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flowsheet.
Step 7
Run the Simulation and View the Results When the data is complete, the outlines of all the icons and link lines turn blue on the flowsheet. If there is an item with a red outline, doubleclick on it to enter the remaining data. Remember selected icons and link lines are green so you must click away from the flowsheet to see its true status.

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is 2,471 bbl/day, the standard water flowrate is 618 bbl/day, and the standard gas flowrate is 0.7412 MM ft3/day. To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Output File button on the toolbar. Save your simulation before starting Part B. Part B Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as OILFLWB. To find the SINK pressure for a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 2,471 bbl/ day, perform the following tasks:

In the Black Oil Source dialog box, click the Fixed radio button for the oil flowrate and enter a value 2,471. In the Sink dialog box, click the Estimated radio button for the SINK pressure. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. In the Link Device Data window, click once on the CHOKE device so that the additional devices are added after it. Add the SEPARATOR, PUMP, and PIPE devices to the LINK and input the supplied data for each. Change the Device Detail to Part or Full in the Print Options dialog box, accessed by selecting Print Options from the General menu. Rerun the program and view your results.
From the Node Summary, you can see that the SINK pressure is 163 psig. From the Link Device Detail Report, you can see that the amount of gas removed is 0.670 MM ft3/day and the required pump power is 32.2 hp.
10
Compositional Pipeline
#
TASK
A 24-inch diameter pipeline transports crude oil 200 kilometers, over an elevation increase of 400 meters. The desired sink pressure is 10 bar and the ambient temperature is 20C.
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Figure 5: Crude Oil Pipeline
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Use 500,000 kg/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink. Part A Use metric dimensions for everything except the fine length, which is in inches. Set the Print Options for link plots to Full. Table 3 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table 4 gives data for the higher-boiling components.
Table 3: Source Composition and Conditions
Component H2S C1 C2 C3 IC4 NC4 IC5 Pressure Temperature Mole % 5.4 2.0 14.3 16.3 2.9 8.6 3.1 74 bar 74C Component NC5 NC6 C78 C910 C11+ C20+ Mole % 2.9 4.1 8.5 4.0 20.0 7.9
Table 4: Petroleum Component Properties

Petroleum Component C78 C910 C11+ C20+ Molecular Weight 109 137 207 354 Density (kg/m3) 748 795 944 1036 547 Boiling Point (C)
11
What is the flowrate? Do the fluid conditions cross the phase envelope? Does the fluid temperature drop below the ambient? How much time did the calculations take? Part B Generate a PVT table for the flash calculations and run the simulation again. What is the gas gravity? What is the oil gravity? What is the oil flowrate? What is the gas/oil flowrate ratio? How much time did the calculations take? Part C Convert the simulation to a black oil fluid and run it again. What is the oil flowrate? How much time did the calculations take?
SOLUTION
Part A Step 1
Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name the simulation CPIPE.
Define the Simulation and Input Dimensions

In the Simulation Definition dialog box, keep Network Model as the Simulation Type. Select Compositional as the Fluid Type. In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select Metric from the System drop-down list. Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the tubing diameter is given in inches. Change the Default Basis to Weight.
12
,
Step 2
Note:
If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in the new units, only the units are changed.
Enter Component Data
In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... in the Library Components area to bring up the Library Component Data dialog box.
Under the Component Family List, Standard Production Set is the default. The components from H2S to NC6 are listed in the Specific Components Available for Selection section.
Select the library components listed in Table 3, and then click the Add Components to place them in the Add these Library Components to the Component List box. Alternatively, you can double-click on the components to add them into this list immediately. Clicking OK saves this list and returns you to the Component Data dialog box. Click Add... in the Petroleum Fractions area, enter the petroleum components listed in Table 4, and click OK to save the entries.
You can access the Component Data dialog box later by clicking on the Component Data button on the toolbar Step 3 Build the Flowsheet
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a link.
Step 4
Enter Unit Data

Source Data

Double-click on the SOURCE unit and enter the temperature and pressure. Provide an estimate for flowrate. Click Define Composition in the Composition field and enter the composition of the previously selected components. Choose Save from the Worksheet menu.
Sink Data
Double-click on the SINK and enter a Fixed value for the SINK pressure. The Estimated radio button for the flowrate is selected by default. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate at the SINK.
13
Step 5
Enter Link Data Double-click on the LINK to open up the Link Device Data window.

Click on the PIPE button and enter the Length, Elevation Change , and Inside Diameter data. Select the U-Value method from the Heat Transfer drop-down list and enter the Ambient Temperature in the activated field. This overides the global default.
Step 6
Run the Simulation and View the Results When the data is complete, the outlines of all the icons and link lines turn blue. A red outline indicates incomplete data entry.
Tip:
Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS Database options (select Print Options under the General menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by clicking Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the total flowrate is 1,180,910 kg/hr.

To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output from the View menu. Double-click on a NODE to see its pressure, temperature, and flowrate. Double-click on the LINK to bring up the Link Plot Selection dialog box and click Temperature vs. Distance .
The temperature plot in Figure 6 shows that the fluid temperature never drops below the ambient temperature. Since the gas phase is just developing, the Joule-Thompson effect is weak.
14
Figure 6: Temperature vs. Distance Plot
Click Run Results Access System within the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box to access the Results Access System (RAS). To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select File/New to create a new RAS database. Select CPIPE.ras (Figure 7).
Figure 7: PIPEPHASE RAS Dialog Box
Click Special Plots... . Check the Phase Envelope box and click View Plot phase envelope (Figure 8). to display the
This also shows the fluid state through the pipe's length with respect to the phase envelope.
Figure 8: Phase Envelope
Save your simulation before starting Part B. Part B Generate a PVT table to speed up the flash calculations. Before making any changes, save the file as CPIPEB. Make the following changes:

Select the PVT Data from the General menu or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click Edit... and check the box next to Click the button to enter the data.
Generate PVT Table... .
Enter the Source Name and a range of pressures and temperatures that spans the expected range. A reasonable range is 5-75C and 575 bar with 10 degree and 10 bar increments respectively. Run the simulation.
Runs using the PVT table to interpolate the physical properties are about 5-6 times faster than using the flash calculations. From the Node Summary section of the output report, the fluid properties to simulate a black oil are: Gas specific gravity = 1.47 Oil specific gravity = 0.88 Gas/Oil Flowrate Ratio = 97 m3/ m3 Oil Flowrate = 1083 m3/hr
16 Compositional Pipeline
,
Part C
Note:
Use PVT table generation when no SEPARATOR or INJECTION (from a SEPARATOR) devices exist in the LINK or when all SOURCEs have the same composition. The composition of the fluid must remain the same throughout the system.
Convert the simulation to a blackoil fluid to see how this non-compositional approach affects the results. Before making any changes, save the file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the new simulation CPIPEC. Make the following changes:

Change the simulation type to Blackoil by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu. Change the Gas Densit , Oil Density, and Water Density units to specific gravity (sp gr) by selecting Input Units of Measure from the General menu or by clicking the Input Dimensions toolbar button. Select PVT Data from the General menu, or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click New... in the Fluid Property Data dialog box. In the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box, enter the specific gravity of the gas and oil calculated in Part B, and set the specific gravity of water to 1. Double-click on the SOURCE, enter the Gas/Oil Ratio calculated in Part B, and select the Property Set number as 1 from the dropdown list. Enter 0 for the water cut. Rerun the program, and compare the results of the compositional and the non-compositional solutions.
You will find that the black oil flowrate is now 620 m 3/hr, significantly lower than the compositional oil flowrate of 1,083 m 3/hr. This change is caused by the different representations used for the fluid physical properties. The non-compositional run took 3 seconds, compared to 4 seconds for the PVT table calculation/interpolation, and 15 seconds for the compositional flash. These values will vary depending upon CPU speed.
17
Gas Well
#
TASK
A gas well is drilled in two stages: vertically for 1,067 meters, and then at an angle for 935 meters (another 610 meters deep).
Figure 9: Gas Well
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The tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. Use metric dimensions for everything except the fine length. Table 5 gives the composition and source conditions of the inlet gas.
Component Methane Ethane Propane Pressure Temperature Flowrate Mole % 80% 15% 5% 74 bar 74C 0.01 MM m3/hr (STP)
Provide initial sink estimates: pressure= 50 bar, flowrate= 100,000 kg/hr. Part A What is the pressure drop to the surface? What is the specific gravity of the gas? Part B Convert the simulation to a non-compositional single-phase gas and run it again. What is the pressure drop to the surface now? What is the actual flowrate at the source?
18
Gas Well
SOLUTION
Part A Step 1
Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the simulation GWELL.
Define the Simulation and Input Dimensions

In the Simulation Definition dialog box, keep Network Model as the Simulation Type and choose Compositional as the Fluid Type. In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select Metric from the System drop-down list. Change the Default Basis from Moles to Gas Volume. If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in the new units, only the units are changed.
Note:
Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the TUBING diameter is given in inches.
Note the warning that SINK flowrates must be specified in Weight units for compositional fluids. Step 2 Enter Component Data
In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... in the Library Components field to open the Library Component Data dialog box.
Under the Component Family List, Standard Production Set is the default and the components of this set are listed in the Specific Components Available for Selection section.
Highlight components C1, C2, and C3 and click Add Components to add them to the Component List.
You can access the library components again by clicking the Component Selection button. Step 3 Build the Flowsheet
Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet and connect.
Step 4
Enter Unit Data

Source Data
Double-click on the SOURCE and enter the Temperature and Pressure data. When entering the flowrate, first select the Fixed radio button.
19
Click Define Composition... and enter the composition for the previously selected components from Table 5. Select Save from the Worksheet menu when complete. Because no Inflow Performance Relationship, IPR, information is given to relate the reservoir conditions to the flowing conditions, the SOURCE P and T are the flowing bottomhole pressure and temperature. If an IPR was given, the SOURCE P and T would be the reservoir P and T.
Note:
Sink Data

Double-click on the SINK to enter the Sink dialog box. Check the Estimated button for the pressure and provide an initial estimate. By default, the Estimated button for the flowrate is activated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this value. Supply an initial estimate for the gas flowrate.
Step 5
Enter Link Data
Double-click on the LINK to open up the Link Device Data window.
For a LINK with multiple devices, the order in which you list the devices is critical. You must enter the section of tubing next to the SOURCE first. In this case, the deviated section of the tubing string is entered first.
Click on the TUBING button and enter the Measured Wireline Depth, True Vertical Depth, and Inside Diameter data. Remember that the Measured Wireline Depth of tubing is the total length starting from the well head, and the True Vertical Depth is the depth from the well head to the start of that tubing section.
Note:
For the deviated section, the measured wireline depth is 2,002 meters (= 1,067 + 935); and the true vertical depth is 1,677 meters (= 1,067 + 610).
To enter the vertical section of the tubing string, click the TUBING button again and enter the data for this segment (measured wireline depth is 1,067 m; true vertical depth is also 1,067 m).
20
Gas Well
Step 6
Run the Simulation and View the Results

Tip:
Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS Database options (select Print Options under the General menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by clicking Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
The Link Summary shows the pressure drop to the surface is 54.9 bar and the actual flowrate at the SOURCE is 0.000148 MM m 3/hr. The specific gravity of the gas is found in the Node Summary section of the report. You should get a value of 0.68.
To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output from the View menu and double-click on a NODE to see its Pressure, Temperature, and Flowrate.
Part B
Convert the problem to a non-compositional single-phase gas, run it again and note how this affects the results. Before making any changes, save the file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the ne simulation GWELLB. If necessary, select View Output from the View menu to return to edit input mode. Make the following changes:

Change the simulation type to Gas by selecting Simulation Definition from the General menu. Change the gas density units to specific gravity by selecting Input Units of Measurement from the General menu or by clicking the Input Dimensions button on the toolbar. Select PVT Data from the General menu, or click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. Click New... in the Fluid Property Data dialog box and enter the specific gravity of the gas from the compositional run. Double-click on the SOURCE and set the PVT Property Set number to "1". Rerun the simulation and compare the results of the compositional and the non-compositional solutions.
From the Link Summary, you should find that the pressure drop is now 60.1 bar. The actual flowrate at the source is 0.000146 MM m3/hr.
21
Case Study of Black Oil Pipeline

#
TASK
Starting with the Black Oil Pipeline simulation, Part B as the Base Case, run six cases to study the effects of the following parameters on the pressure drop:
s s s s s s
Inside diameter Elevation change Pipe roughness Heat transfer coefficient Flowrate at source Pressure drop correlation
Use the Restore Base Case option in each case to set the changed parameters back to the original values. Provide initial estimates for the sink: Pressure = 500 psig, Flowrate = 100,000 bbl/day. Fill in Table 6 and answer the following questions. In the original Black Oil Pipeline problem, Part B, the pressure drop was 323 psig.
Table 6: Case Study Data
Case Study Parameter Inside diameter Elevation change Pipe roughness Heat transfer coefficient Total rate at source (oil basis) Pressure drop correlation From Value 10 -1,000 0.002 1 100,000 BBM To Value 11 -1,100 0.0022 1.1 110,000 DE Pressure Drop Difference From Source-Sink Base Case
Which three parameters have the largest effect on the pressure drop? Which two parameters have the smallest effect on the pressure drop?
22
SOLUTION
Step 1 Copy a Simulation and Open

Select Copy Simulation from the File menu and copy the simulation BLKOILB to BLKOILCS. Select Open from the File menu and choose BLKOILCS file. This is the Base Case.
Step 2
Enter Case Study Information

Select Case Study from the Special Features menu to open the Case Study dialog box. Click the check box for Perform Case Study Calculations to activate this option.
Case One

Click Add... in the Case Study dialog box to open the Case Study Changes dialog box. Provide a description different from CASE STUDY 01 to differentiate between cases (optional). Click Add... to open up the Define Case Study Parameter dialog box.
Because you are studying the effects of the six parameters on the pressure drop, you must enter each change under a new case.
For the first case, select the link L001 from the Link Name list.
You can select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list to limit the Device Name list on the following line to include the Pipe device names only.
From the drop-down lists, select the Device Name, Parameter, and supply a value for the Inside Diameter in the data field labeled To:
q q q q q
Link Name Device Type Device Name Parameter To (the new ID value)
L001 Pipe E001 Inside Diameter 11
The completed dialog box for case one is shown below in Figure 10.
23
Figure 10: Case Study Parameters for Case 1
Click OK to save the Define Case Study Parameter dialog box to return to the Case Study Changes dialog box.
Figure 11: Case Study Changes for Case 1
Click OK to return to Case Study dialog box.
The Case Study Changes and the Define Case Study Parameter dialog boxes can be reopened by clicking Edit... .
Case Two

Click Add... to enter the second case. Check Restore Base Case to reset the parameters changed in the previous case back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is reset to 10").
24
Click Add... to open up a new Define Case Study Parameter dialog box and enter the new parameters for link L001:
q q q q q
Link Name Device Type Device Name Parameter To (the new value)
L001 Pipe E001 Elevation Change -1,100
Case Three through Six
Complete the remaining cases 3 to 6 following a similar procedure, entering the case data provided in Table 6. Remember to click on the Restore Base Case box to return to the original Base Case values prior to each case.
Note:
The Case Study dialog box appears as Figure 12 when all six cases has been entered.
Figure 12: Completed Case Study Dialog Box
Upon the completion of the case study entries, click OK to close the Case Study dialog box.
Step 3

Select Run from the File menu, or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network.
The Case Study Summary appears at the end of the output file and is reproduced in Figure 13. From the simulation, you can see that Case 1 (inside diameter), Case 5 (flowrate), and Case 6 (pressure drop correlaIntroduction to PIPEPHASE 25
tion) show the largest change in pressure drop, (p) = 347 psi, -245 psi and -274 psi, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient and the pipe roughness have the smallest effect in this simulation.
Figure 13: Case Study Summar
BASE CASE NODE ---SORS SINK PRESSURE PSIG -------1000.0 677.6 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------120.0 117.4 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------99999.90 -99999.90
CASE STUDY 01 NODE ---SORS SINK PRESSURE PSIG -------1000.0 1024.0 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------120.0 117.2 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------99999.90 -99999.90
26
Heavy Crude Pipeline

#
TASK
A 24-inch diameter oil pipeline is planned for an offshore platform in a remote arctic site for transportation to an inland facility. The oil is a highly viscous heavy crude, 20 API, with a temperature-dependent viscosity indicated in Table 7. The crude temperature at the platform is 110F and the ocean temperature remains at about 35F throughout the year. The design parameters for the pipeline are a source pressure of 300 psig, a sink pressure of 150 psig, and a capacity of at least 80,000 barrels/day. Pipe 2 is buried on the ocean floor and Pipe 3 is buried on dry land. Both are at a depth of 3 feet. Use a thermal conductivity of 0.3 BTU/hrftF for dry soil and 1.2 BTU/hrftF for wet soil. Determine how the seasonal variations in air temperature affect the pipeline's flow capacity. In the summer, air temperatures can reach 50F, and in the winter temperatures are as low as 5F. Also evaluate the pipeline for an air temperature of 30F.
Figure 14: Heavy Crude Pipeline
Table 7: Crude Viscosity Data

Temperature (F) 70 120 Viscosity (cp) 370 50
Use 1.0 for the specific gravity of water. Use 80,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink.
27
Part A
Perform case studies on the pipeline at the ambient air temperatures indicated in Table 8. The ambient temperatures for Pipes 1 and 2 should remain at 35F. Use the Results Access System (RAS) to make a plot showing a temperature profile for each of the cases.
Table 8: Effect of Air Temperature on Flowrate
Case Base Case Case #1 Case #2 Ambient Temperature (F) 50 30 5 Flowrate, bbl/day
Part B
Specify 2 inches of insulation (conductivity = 0.015 Btu/hr-ft-F) on Pipe 3 and repeat the run. Make a similar plot showing a temperature profile for each of the cases.
Note:
Simulation convergence is often dependent upon the segment length used during the calculations. In this case, select Calculation Methods from the General menu and select Manual Segmentation from the Segmentation drop-down list.
Does the winter flowrate improve?
SOLUTION
Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the simulation HCRUDE. Define the Simulation and Input Dimensions The Simulation Type is Network Model and the Fluid Type is Liquid. Since all of the PIPE inside diameters are 24 inches, you can save some time by changing the Global Default Pipe ID to 24 inches. Similarly, you may want to change the default Ambient Temperature to 35F. Set Maximun Iteration to 150 and de-check Hausen Method.
Step 1
Step 2
Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit Data

Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a link. Enter the pipeline into the Link Device Data window.
Remember to supply the thermal conductivities for Pipes 2 and 3. The ambient temperature for Pipes 1 and 2 is 35F for all cases. For the base case run, start with the summer ambient air temperature, 50F, for Pipe 3 and estimate the source flowrate at 80,000 bbl/day.
28 Heavy Crude Pipeline
Step 3
Enter Case Study Problem

Select Case Study from the Special Features menu and check the Perform Case Study Calculations box in the Case Study dialog box. Click Add... to enter a case. Check Restore Base Case to reset all the parameters changed in the previous Case Study back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is reset to 10 inches). Click Add... to open up a new Define Case Study Parameter dialog box and enter the Case Study parameter provided in Table 8. Repeat the steps above for the second case. Upon the completion of the case study entries, click OK to close the Case Study dialog box.
Step 4
Run the Simulation and View the Results Before you run the simulation, enable the Results Access System (RAS) by selecting Print Options from the General menu and select Full from the RAS Database drop-down list. Also select Part from the Device Detail drop-down list, which increases the amount of reporting in the output file.

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network.
Find the Case Study Summary at the end of the output file. Table 9 shows the results.
Table 9: Effect of Air Temperature on Flowrate
Case Base Case Case #1 Case #2 Ambient Temperature (F) 50 30 5 Flowrate bbl/day 92,771 81,990 3,250
As you can see, the flowrate drops drastically during the winter. The low temperature causes a large increase in viscosity, which in turn causes a lower flowrate between the (constant pressure) SOURCE and SINK. The lower flowrate means more heat loss, which leads to higher viscosity, etc. The result is a flowrate that can be very sensitive to ambient temperature. Table 10 shows the results for the same Case Study set but with two inches of insulation with a conductivity of 0.015 Btu/(hr-ft-F) on Pipe 3. The winter flowrate has increased significantly, and the insulation is
probably a wise investment. To perform a more complete analysis, you can investigate insulating the other pipes, different insulation thicknesses, the use of heaters, etc. With economic data, you can choose the best scenario.
Table 10: Results with 2 Inches of Insulation on Pipe 3
Case Base Case Case #1 Case #2 Ambient Temperature (F) 50 30 5 Flowrate bbl/day 101,155 96,969 90,755
Step 5
Generate Results Access System Plots The PIPEPHASE Results Access System (RAS) allows you to graphically display your simulation results. To generate plots in the RAS, you must set RAS Database to Full in the Print Options under the General menu before you run the simulation.

To access this system, click Results Access System within the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box. Select New from the File menu to create a new RAS database. Choose HCRUDE.ras and click OK . The PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box appears (Figure 15).
Figure 15: PIPEPHASE RAS Dialog Box
Click View/Edit... .
In this exercise, you want to plot the temperature for each case study on a single graph. Leave the x-variable as Total Length.
30
To select the Y-axis variables, click the Link Name list.
Add... and select L001 from
Check the box next to All Devices in the Link and select Temperature from the State Variable list. The complete RAS Plot Data Options dialog box for the Base Case is shown in Figure 16.
Figure 16: RAS Plot Data Options
Click Add Selection . Add the other case study plots by changing the Case Study entry and clicking Add Selection . When complete, click Done .
The RAS Plot Options dialog box should have three entriesone for the base case and one for each case study, as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17: RAS Plot Options Dialog Box
Click View to create the graph shown in Figure 18.
31
The results for the run with two inches of insulation on Pipe 3 are shown in Figure 19. The discontinuities in the slope of the curves occur where the different pipes meet. The steeper the curve, the higher the heat transfer rate.
Figure 18: Plot of Temperature Versus Length
Figure 19: Plot of Temperature Versus Length. Pipe 3 has 2" of Insulation
32
Pipeline Sphering
#
TASK
A cross-country pipeline, which carries a two-phase natural gas mixture, is currently operating at its maximum capacity. The pressure at the end of the pipeline will become too low if the flowrate is increased and so additional compression will be required. Sphering, or pigging, is to be performed in order to increase the throughput of the line. Spheres will be launched at the beginning of the line and at two intermediate points along the line as shown in Figure 20. Your job is to determine the quantity of liquid that will be removed from the pipeline in order to size the slug catcher.
Figure 20: Sphering Pipeline
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Table 11 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table 12 provides data for the higher-boiling components.
Component C1 C2 C3 NC4 Pressure Temperature Gas Flowrate Mole % 88.61 3.15 2.69 2.04 350 psia 120F 0.7667 MM ft3/hr Component NC5 NC6 PETRO1 PETRO2 Mole % 1.67 1.11 0.55 0.18
Table 12: : Petroleum Component Properties

Petroleum Component PETRO1 PETRO2 Density (API) 45 38 Boiling Point (F) 350 480
33
The pipe devices are summarized in Table 13. The pipe heat transfer coefficient is 0.8 Btu/hr ft2F. The ambient temperature is 65F.
Table 13: Piping Segments
Pipe L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 Length (ft) 4224 6336 8448 3696 6336 264 2640 9504 Elevation Change (ft) 0 154 -69 100 120 -10 58 -118
For initial sink estimates, use 1 lb/hr for flowrate and 10 psia for pressure. How much liquid must be removed from the pipeline? How long does it take for the slug to reach the end of the pipe? How long does it take to re-establish steady-state?
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation named SPHERE and enter a simulation description. Define the Model

Step 1
Keep Network Model as the Simulation Type and select Compositional as the Fluid Type. In the Input Dimensions dialog box, select English as the system units of measure.
Step 2
Enter Component and Thermodynamic Data

In the Component Data dialog box, click Add... and select the library components listed in Table 11. Click Add... in the Petroleum Fractions area, enter the petroleum components data from Table 12, and click OK to save the entries. Click the PVT Data button on the toolbar. In the Fluid Property Data dialog box, click Edit... and change the Water Enthalpy to Superheated.
34
Pipeline Sphering
Step 3
Define the Simulation Defaults
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Pipe ID, and Pipe Heat Transfer Coefficient data by clicking the Global Defaults button on the toolbar.
Step 4
Change the Calculation Options

Select Calculation Methods from the General menu or click the Calculation Methods button from the toolbar. Check the box next to Sphering Analysis.
Step 5
Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit and Link Data

Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a link. Enter the SOURCE and SINK data. Add eight PIPEs to the LINK and enter the data provided in Table 13.
Remember to input the Sphere Inside Diameter for pipes L1, L3, and L6. Step 6 Run the Simulation and View the Results Before you run the simulation, select Print Options from the General menu and set Device Detail to Part and Plots to Full. Also, check the Taitel Dukler Flow Pattern Map box to generate flow data.

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list and click View .
From the Sphering Report, you can see that the slug is 2,723.6 ft long when it reaches the end of the pipe. Calculating by hand, the slug volume is 2,137.9 ft3 (12 in. ID) which is delivered in 181.7 sec (just over 3 minutes). Steady state flow is re-established 31,092 sec (8.6 hours) after the sphere is launched. The latter parts of the Sphering Report is shown below.
35
Figure 21: Slug Zone Report

TIME (SECS) ------1606.9 1625.4 1643.8 1662.3 1680.8 1699.3 1717.7 1736.2 1754.7 1773.1 1791.6 1810.1 1819.3 1820.5
----------------SLUG ZONE-----------------SLUG SLUG SLUG SLUG EDGE PRESS: EDGE VELO: LENGTH PRESS: DROP DISTANCE (FPS) (FT) (PSIA) (PSIA) (FT) ------- --------- ------- ------- --------13.94 2445.6 252.2 21.0 38520.6 13.86 2444.5 254.0 20.8 38662.8 13.86 2473.0 253.6 21.0 38936.4 13.87 2501.4 253.2 21.2 39210.3 13.87 2530.2 252.9 21.5 39484.6 13.87 2559.0 252.5 21.7 39759.3 13.88 2588.0 252.2 21.9 40034.3 13.88 2617.1 252.0 22.0 40309.6 13.88 2646.3 251.8 22.1 40585.3 13.81 2648.2 253.5 21.8 40728.9 13.81 2677.6 253.3 21.9 41003.4 13.81 2707.1 253.1 22.0 41278.2 13.82 2721.8 253.0 22.0 41415.6 13.82 2723.6 253.0 22.0 41432.8
Figure 22: Delivery Report

TIME (SECS) ------9.8 19.7 29.5 39.3 49.1 58.8 68.5 78.2 87.8 97.3 106.9 116.4 125.8 135.3 144.6 154.0 163.3 172.5 181.7
SLUG DELIVERY ------------PRESS: SLUG SPHERE BEHIND VELOCITY VELOCITY SPHERE (FPS) (FPS) (PSIA) -------- -------- ------13.87 13.87 274.6 13.87 13.87 273.5 13.90 13.90 272.4 13.96 13.96 271.6 13.98 13.98 270.6 14.02 14.02 269.4 14.09 14.09 268.6 14.16 14.16 267.6 14.21 14.21 266.5 14.27 14.27 265.5 14.33 14.33 264.4 14.39 14.39 263.3 14.44 14.44 262.1 14.51 14.51 261.0 14.57 14.57 259.8 14.63 14.63 258.6 14.70 14.70 257.4 14.77 14.77 256.1 14.84 14.84 254.8
36
Pipeline Sphering
Looped Black Oil Network

#
TASK
A black oil gathering and distribution facility is shown below. Oil is collected from four different fields and transported to two terminal points (B and C). This system consists of loops and cross-over lines.
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Figure 23: Flowsheet for Looped Black Oil Network
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Three of the four source flowrates are known by field measurements, while the remaining source and both terminals have known pressures. You are required to determine the unknown boundary flows and pressures, along with the flow distribution in the loops and crossovers. Find the individual delivery rates for the two terminal points and locate any potential bottlenecks in the system. To locate bottlenecks, calculate the pressure drop per pipe length for each link. A large value indicates high frictional losses which could be alleviated by either increasing the pipe diameter or by adding a second, parallel pipeline. All pipes are 12 inches in inside diameter
Table 14: Fluid Properties
Oil, specific gravity Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity 0.54 0.765 1.0
37
Table 15: Heat Transfer Data

Ambient Temperature, F Overall U-coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2-F 80 2
Source data is provided below in Table 16. Italicized numbers correspond to initial estimates for unmeasured values.
Table 16: Source Data
Name A0 A1 A2 A3 Gas/Oil Ratio ft3/bbl 400 300 100 230 Flowrate BPD 10,000 10,000 15,500 20,000 Temperature F 120 110 110 120 Pressure psig 395 300 250 200
As for sink initial estimates, use 20,000 BPD for first sink and 40,000 BPD for second. What is the direction of flow between junctions J2 and J4? between J5 and J6? between J0 and J1? (Remember that a positive flowrate indicates that the flow is in the direction the link is drawn and negative flow indicates that the flow is in the opposite direction.)
SOLUTION
Step 7
Create a new simulation LOOPNET and enter a simulation description. Enter Simulation Defaults Use the defaults: Network Model as the Simulation Type , and Blackoil as the Fluid Type.

Leave the input dimensions as Petroleum, but change the Oil Density units from API to specific gravity. Supply the Oil, Gas, and Water specific gravity data in the Blackoil PVT Data dialog box. Click the Global Defaults button on the toolbar to open the Global Defaults dialog box and change the default PIPE inside diameter to 12 inches, and the default PIPE heat transfer coefficient to 2 BTU/hr ft2F.
Step 8
Build the Flowsheet
Add four sources, seven junctions, and two sinks to the flowsheet. Using Figure 23, reposition as needed and add the appropriate links.
38
You can hold down the <Shift> key to drop multiple units at a time, releasing the <Shift> key prior to dropping the last unit.
Note:
PIPEPHASE allows a maximum of twenty sources linked to a given junction. If you want to attach more than twenty sources, you should enter them in sets of twenty into two separate junctions, and link two junctions together with a very short, large diameter pipe.
Step 9
Enter Unit and Link Data

Fill in the data for each SOURCE in turn. Provide initial estimates for unmeasured flowrates and/or pressures. Enter the data for the SINKs, providing estimates where needed. Double-click on each LINK in turn, and enter the relevant device data.
Step 10 Change the Print Options To locate bottlenecks, you need to get the components of the total pressure gradient for each link.
Select Print Options from the General menu, and select Full for the Device Detail report option list to get the Pressure Gradient reports.
Step 11 Run the Simulation and View the Results

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
Check the flowrate directions. You will find that the flow is from J0 to J1, from J4 to J2 and from J6 to J5. The flowrate into terminal C is 121,430 bbl/day and into terminal B it is 71,306 bbl/day. The highest pressure drop per pipe length is for the link between A0 and J0 at 0.01 psi/ft (see the Velocity Summary in the Output Report). You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by clicking on the Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers change?
39
Black Oil Gathering System

#
TASK
A black oil gathering system is shown in Figure 24. There are six wells leading to an offshore platform, which then has a pipeline to an onshore facility.
Figure 24: Black Oil Gathering System
" <" # <# $ <$
! <! @<1D <& <% % & ?>C8
Given the following data in Tables 17 through 19, find the total flow of fluid arriving at the onshore terminal (SINK ONSH).
Wells 1-3 Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity 30 0.60 1.01 Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity Wells 4-6 33 0.63 1.03
Table 18: Source and Sink Data

Node Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Source 4 Source 5 Source 6 ONSH Pressure (psig) 2,500 2,500 2,530 2,370 2,704 2,690 160 Temperature (F) 185 185 185 195 190 187 GOR (ft3/bbl) 700 750 500 700 600 700 WCUT (%) 15 5 20 12 25 15
40
Table 19: Link Data

Link Device Prod. Index Length or (bbl/day/psi) Wireline Depth (ft) 5 3,000 1,500 500 30 6 3,500 1,800 500 50 4.5 3,800 2,800 500 50 8 4,500 2,700 550 20 5 4,200 2,900 600 20 10 3,900 3,700 600 20 490 211,200 5,280 10,560 2.992 1.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 16.000 300 190 -10 490 3,900 2.992 1.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 -10 490 4,100 2.992 1.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 -40 490 4,300 2.992 1.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 -70 490 3,700 2.441 1.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 -70 490 3,500 2.441 1.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 47 470 2,500 Inner Diameter (in) Vertical Depth (ft) Elevation Change (ft)
L1
IPR Tubing Choke Pipe Riser Pipe
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
PLAT/ ONSH
Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe
41
Use 1,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and 6,000 bbl/day for the sink.
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation named BOGS and enter a simulation description. Define the Model Use the defaults: Network Model as the Simulation Type and Blackoil as the Fluid Type.
Step 1
Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog box. Create two property sets, one for wells 1-3 and one for wells 46 from the data in Table 1. Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK data using the Global Defaults button on the toolbar.
Step 2
Add six sources, one junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet. Using Figure 24, reposition as needed and connect the appropriate units.
You can create LINKs in two different ways:

s
Select the first unit and use the cursor to connect the small square of the first unit to the small square of the second unit. With no icon selected (i.e., no icon has green outline), select Edit Link from the Edit menu. Click Add Link and select the From and To node names from the drop-down list of the corresponding nodes. Fill in the data for each SOURCE and the SINK from the data in Table 18. Provide initial estimates for unmeasured flowrates and/or pressures. For each LINK, enter the appropriate data for the LINK devices given in Table 19 (i.e. IPR, TUBIN , CHOKE, PIPE, and RISER). A quick way to add multiple links to the flowsheet is to first add link L1 and complete the required devices for this link. Then highlight link L1 and select Copy Link from the Edit menu. Copy this link to links L2 through L6. Then change only the parameters that differ.
Tip:
42
Step 3

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To view the individual node results, select View Output from the View menu and double-click on the sink. The total flowrate to the sink is 27,643 bbl/day and the temperature is 81.0F.
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by clicking on the Network Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers change?
43
Two Well Gas Lift Analysis

#
TASK
For a single well on gas lift, the increased back-pressure from the injection gas affects other wells that share a common flowline. If any of the other wells are also on gas lift, it in turn contributes to an overall increase in back pressure. As such, a single-well gas lift analysis performed in isolation will over-predict production. The actual optimal injection rate will be influenced by the interacting wells, and will be lower than that predicted by single-well analysis. The problem therefore is to determine the amount of gas to allocate to each of the wells under of gas lift in order to maximize the total production rate from the field. In PIPEPHASE, this is determined by executing a case study. A 1500 ft, 4-inch flowline connects two wells to a separator operating at 250 psi. Gas lift is applied to both wells. Perform an analysis to determine the maximum production from the two wells. Given the data in Tables 20 and 21, determine the optimal lift gas allocation between the two wells, based on the available gas being limited to 4 MM ft3/day, to achieve the maximum oil production.
Blackoil PVT Data Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity Lift Gas Data Specific gravity 0.8 30 0.75 1.002
Table 21: Source Data

Unit S001 S002 Pressure (psig) 2499 2505 Temperature (F) 180 181 GOR (ft3/bbl) 108 102 WCUT (%) 0 10.5
44
Table 22: Link Data

Link Device Productivity Index (bbl/day/psi) 25.5 8,010 6,810 231 22.1 8,111 6,445 103 1,500 8,111 3.5 6,445 8,010 0.5 6,810 Length or Wireline Depth (ft) True Vertical Depth (ft) Existing Lift Gas Flowrate (MM ft3/day)
L1
IPR Tubing Gas Valve Tubing Pipe
L2
IPR Tubing Gas Valve Tubing Pipe
L3
Pipe
For Pipe, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule 40. For Tubing, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule TB01. Use a U-value of 1 Btu/hr ft 2F for both. The ambient temperature is 65F. Use 5,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and 10,000 bbl/day as the initial estimate for the sink. What is the maximum production from the two wells?
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation named GASLIFT and enter a simulation description. Define the Model Use the defaults: Network Model as the Simulation Type and Blackoil as the Fluid Type. Use the default Petroleum units of measure set.

Step 1
Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog box. Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK device data by clicking the Global Defaults button on the toolbar
Step 2

Add two sources, a junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet. Fill in the data for each SOURCE and SINK in turn. Provide initial estimates for unmeasured flowrates.
45
Enter the LINK device data provided in Table 22. Click the PVT Data toolbar button to reopen the Fluid Property Data dialog box. Click Lift Gas Data and enter the specific gravity. This option was not available earlier since a gas lift valve was not yet part of the network.
Step 3
Enter Case Study Data For each case, supply two parameters, one for each well.

Select Case Study from the Special Features menu. Check the Perform Case Study Calculations box and click Add... . Click Add... and from the drop-down lists, supply the following for the first case.
q q q q q
Link Name Device Type Device Name Parameter Change To
L001 Gas Lift Valv E003 Rate 1.0
Click Add... again to supply the second parameter for the same case (the Link Name is L002; the Device Name is E008). Change the rate to 3.0.
For the five remaining cases, increase the rate to gas lift valve E003 from 1.5 to 3.5 while decreasing the rate to gas lift valve E008 from 2.5 to 0.5. Use increments of 0.5 MMSCFD.
Note:
A quick way to add multiple cases is to use the Copy function in the Case Study dialog box.
Step 4
Run the Simulation and View the Results Before you run the simulation, select Print Options from the General menu and set the Input Reprint, Property Data, Flash Report options to None and RAS Database to Full.

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. Click Run to solve the network. To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list and click View .
46
From the Case Summary, the optimal solution is 3883.76 BPD and 3056.03 BPD for sources 1 and 2 respectively (for a total of 6939.80 BPD), at a gas injection rate of 2.0 MMSCFD for each well.
Figure 25: Case Summary
BASE CASE NODE ---S001 S002 D004 PRESSURE PSIG -------2499.0 2505.0 250.0 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------180.0 181.0 160.3 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------1479.03 3883.92 -5362.95
CASE STUDY 01 - 1/3 NODE ---S001 S002 D004 PRESSURE PSIG -------2499.0 2505.0 250.0 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------180.0 181.0 161.6 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------2611.54 3650.82 -6262.36
CASE STUDY 02 - 1.5/2.5 NODE ---S001 S002 D004 PRESSURE PSIG -------2499.0 2505.0 250.0 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------180.0 181.0 162.2 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------3346.47 3387.39 -6733.86
47
Plotting the sink data in Excel produces the graph shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26: Oil Production as a Function of Case Number
Total Oil Production (BPD)
7000 6750 6500 6250 6000 5750 5500 5250 5000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Case Number
Figure 26 shows that the maximum oil production does occur somewhere close to the conditions of case 3, when the gas lift flowrate is 2.0 MMSCFD. Additional runs can be executed to determine more precise operating conditions. Also, cases where the combined gas lift flowrate is less than 4.0 MMSCFD should also be examined.
48
Steam Injection Well

#
TASK
Steam is continuously injected from a boiler through a flowline, into a well as shown in Figure 27. The injected steam enhances the mobility of the reservoir fluid and improves the production in an adjacent well. System details are given in Tables 23-26.
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Figure 27: Steam Injection Well
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9@B
Table 23: Link Data

Link Device Pipe Tubing Nominal Diameter (in) 4 3.5 Schedule 40 TB01 Thickness (in) 0.125
Table 24: Pipe Insulation Data

Thickness Conductivity 0.1 in 0.01 BTU/hr-ft-F

Ambient Surface Temperature Wind Velocity Earth Conductivity 80F 10 mph 0.8 BTU/hr-ft-F
Table 26: Wellbore Data

Wellbore Diameter Casing OD Casing thickness 8.5 in 6.0 in 0.125 in
49
The annulus between the tubing and casing is filled with brine (assume default liquid properties). The injectivity has a value of 10 lb/hr/psi (model as an IPR). Use 1,000 lb/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink. Part A Calculate the quality, temperature and rate of fluid being injected into the reservoir. What is the effect of burying the flowline 36" below the surface? Restore the base case, then re-insulate the flowline with 0.125" thick insulation of thermal conductivity 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F. What is the effect of this? Restore the base case. Drain the brine from the annulus and seal off (i.e. air filled annulus). What is the improvement? Part C The results of the previous runs indicate that only hot water (no steam) is being injected to the reservoir. What changes would you make to ensure some steam is injected?
Part B
SOLUTION
Part A Create a new simulation named STMINJ and enter a simulation description. Step 1 Define the Model

Define this problem as a Network Model, with Steam as the Fluid Type. Enter the Water specific gravity (spgr = 1.001).
Step 2

Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two units. Enter the SOURCE and SINK data from Figure 27. Make sure you check the Injection Well box in the Sink Data Entry dialog box. Double-click on the LINK. Add a PIPE to the LINK and enter the corresponding data. Select Pipe in Air from the Heat Transfer dropdown list, and click Heat Transfer Data... to enter the corresponding data from Tables 24 and 25.
50
Add a TUBING device following the PIPE and enter its data. Select Detailed from the Thermal Calculations Heat Transfer list and enter a Temperature Gradient of 1F/100 ft. Click Heat Transfer Data... and enter a Production Time of 100 days and change the Annular Medium to Liquid. Add an IPR device following the TUBING. Change the Deliverability Basis to Weight and enter the Productivity Index.
Step 3

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View . Scroll through the Node Summary and compare your results to those in Figure 28.
Figure 28: Node Summary for Part A
NODE SUMMARY STEAM TOTAL PRES. QUAL. RATE (PSIG) (LBHR) ---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99 1423. D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1423. NODE TEMP. (F) ------597.5 245.8
* INDICATES KNOWN PRESSURE OR FLOW
As you can see, only hot water (steam quality=0) is being injected into the well. In the remaining runs, you will try to reduce the heat losses so that some steam is actually injected. Part B Step 4 Bury the Pipe Before making any changes, save the file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the new simulation STMINJB.

Double-click on the LINK and double-click on the PIPE. Select Buried Pipe from the Heat Transfer drop-down list. Click Heat Transfer Data... and enter the Buried Depth of the PIPE. Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to the one in Figure 29.
51
Figure 29: Node Summary for Part B
Burying the pipe actually lowered the downhole temperature and decreased the steam (water) flowrate. Clearly we should not bury the pipe to improve the steam quality. Step 5 Add Insulation to the Base Case Open the file named STMINJ and save it as STMINJC.
Change the insulation thickness to 0.125 in. and the thermal conductivity to 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F in the Pipe Detailed Heat Transfer Data dialog box. Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 30.
Figure 30: Node Summary for Part C
Although the steam temperature increased, it is still a liquid at the injection site. The simulation shows that insulating the pipe will not remedy the problem. Step 6 Change the Tubing Conditions of the Base Case Open the file named STMINJ and save it as STMINJD.

Figure 31: Node Summary for Part D
Double-click on the TUBING device. Click Heat Transfer Data... and select Gas from the Annular Medium drop-down list. Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 31.
52
Removing the brine gives only a slight improvement in the downhole steam temperature. The steam quality is still zero. Part C Step 7 Change the Source Conditions of the Base Case Despite our best efforts to reduce heat losses, we have not succeeded in injecting steam into this well. This is because saturated steam is being produced at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature at reservoir conditions. The only reason you have flow from the low pressure source to the high pressure sink is due to the head of liquid water in the tubing. To drive a gas into the well, we expect the source pressure to be at least as high as the sink pressure, since a column of gas has a negligible head. With this in mind, we will examine increasing the boiler pressure to at least 2000 psig. Open the file named STMINJ and save it as STMINJE.
Perform a Case Study with boiler pressures at 1,500 (base case), 2,000, 2,200, 2,400, 2600, 2800, and 3,000 psig.
Figure 32 shows a condensed version of the Node Summary that appears in the Output file. As you would expect, increasing the boiler pressure increases the downhole steam quality. It also demands higher power and hence higher costs. It is your job to balance these additional operating costs with the benefits obtained by steam injection. From here you might want to explore the effect of operating at an intermediate pressure, say 2,200 psig, and adding insulation. This might be more cost effective than simply running the boiler at 2,600 psig.
53
Figure 32: Node Summary for Part C
BASE CASE STEAM TOTAL PRES. QUAL. RATE (PSIG) (LBHR) ---- ------- ------ -------S001 1500.0 * 0.99 1423. D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1423. NODE TEMP. (F) ------597.5 245.8
* INDICATES KNOWN PRESSURE OR FLOW CASE NO. NODE 1 TEMP. (F) ------636.6 567.4
STEAM TOTAL PRES. QUAL. RATE (PSIG) (LBHR) ---- ------- ------ -------S001 2000.0 * 0.99 3291. D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -3291. CASE NO. NODE 2
TEMP. (F) ------650.2 636.4
TEMP. (F) ------663.0 636.6
TEMP. (F) ------674.9 636.6
TEMP. (F) ------686.3 636.6
STEAM TOTAL PRES. QUAL. RATE (PSIG) (LBHR) ---- ------- ------ -------S001 3000.0 * 0.99 12476. D002 2000.0 * 0.40 -12476.
TEMP. (F) ------697.0 636.6
54
Forecasting Well Production

#
TASK
The oil field shown in Figure 33 is being evaluated for possible introduction into an existing crude oil gathering network. The Planning Department has asked you for an indication of the contribution from this field during its first year of production.
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Figure 33: Oil Field
Vd
#"
Vd
The well source data is given below and the well head pressure is fixed at 50 psig. From economic considerations, production may be achieved using either 3" or 4" tubing. The well is expected to have a productivity index (PI) of 2.4 bbl/day/psi, although experience has shown that for a field of this nature, a PI as high as 4.8 is possible. Determine the effects of changing the tubing diameter and PI on the amount of oil retrieved. Also, calculate the amount of oil collected after the first year of production using the optimum well configuration.
Ambient Temperature,F Overall U-coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2F 50 0.74

Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity 34 0.84 1.04
55
Table 29: Well Source Data

Temperature, F Pressure, psig Gas/oil ratio, Water Cut, % ft3/bbl 150 4500 40 20
Use 3,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink.
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation named FORECAST and supply a simulation description. Define the Model

Step 1
Enter the Blackoil PVT data. Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature and the TUBING data using the Global Defaults button on the toolbar.
Step 2

Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two units. Enter the SOURCE and SINK data. For the LINK data, enter the IPR device first. Select the Productivity Index option from the IPR Model drop-down list and click IPR Model Data to enter a PI value of 2.4 bbl/day/psig. For the three TUBING devices, enter the length and depth for each section. Remember, the TUBING farthest from the well head must be entered first.
Step 3
Enter Case Study Data

Select Case Study from the Special Features menu. Check the Perform Case Study Calculations box and click Add... . Click Add... to enter the Define Case Study Parameter dialog box.
Case One
Using Figure 34 as a guide, enter data to change the TUBING inside diameter from 3" to 4" for all links.
56
Figure 34: Parameters Dialog Box for the First Case
Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study Changes dialog box.
Case Two
Using Figure 35 as a guide, enter data to perform an individual change to the IPR device, with the Productivity Index as the parameter.
Figure 35: Parameters Dialog Box for the Second Case
Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study Changes dialog box.
57
Case Three
For the third case, change both parameters of the oil reservoir simultaneously. You must consider both global and individual changes for this case. You can accomplish this in either of two ways:
s
You can restore the simulation to the Base Case and then vary both parameters in the third case. This is done by adding the change parameters within the same Case Study Changes dialog box, or You can choose not to check the Restore Base Case Solution box and change the parameter that was not already varied in the second case (tubing ID).
Step 4

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list and click View .
At the end of the output report, you will find a summary of the case study results as shown below in Figure 36. As you might expect, the highest flowrate is achieved when the TUBIN inside diameter is set to 4 and the PI is at 4.8. Under these circumstances, the well would produce 6,599.4 bbl/day or 2.41x106 bbl/yr.
Figure 36: Case Study Summar
BASE CASE NODE ---SORS SINK PRESSURE PSIG -------4500.0 50.0 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------150.0 141.8 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------3249.59 -3249.59
CASE 01 NODE ---SORS SINK PRESSURE PSIG -------4500.0 50.0 TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------150.0 140.1 FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------3547.88 -3547.88
58
Three-Year Decline Model

#
TASK
Two wells, producing from a single reservoir, flow into a manifold which has a pipeline connection to a processing facility. The production in this system is to be analyzed based on a three year decline model.
Figure 37: Two Well System from a Single Reservoir
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Use the Results Access System to plot the pressure traverses for the well links as a function of time. Also tabulate and plot the individual well oil flowrates and the total oil flow rates as a function of time for three years.
Table 30: Reservoir Decline Data
Cumulative Oil Production (bbl) 0 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 Average Reservoir Pressure (psig) 2602 2431 2296 2011 1958 1834
Table 31: IPR Decline Data

Reservoir Pressure (psig) 2602 2431 2296 2011 1834 GOR(ft3/bbl) 450 477 492 513 550 Well 1 WCUT(%) 10.1 10.3 10.8 11.0 11.8 GOR(ft3/bbl) 455 481 506 530 562 Well 2 WCUT(%) 11.1 11.1 11.5 11.8 12.5
59

Well 1 Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity 35.2 0.704 1.010 Oil, API Gas, specific gravity Water, specific gravity Well 2 35.4 0.710 1.012
Table 33: Source and Sink Data

Source Pressure (psig) 2,602 2,598 300 Abandonment Pressure (psig) 1,200 1,200 Temperature GOR (F) (ft3/bbl) 105 125 450 455 WCUT (%) 10.1 11.1
Well 1 Well 2 Sink
Table 34: Link Device Data

Link L1 Device IPR Tubing Choke Pipe 201 PI Length (ft) (bbl/day/psi) 30 1,500 2.875 2.000 4.000 -5 1,450 Nominal True Vertical Elevation Diameter (in) Depth (ft) Change (ft)
L2
IPR Tubing Choke
25 1,631 2.875 2.000 1515
L3
Pipe
4,070
4.000
207
Note:
Tubing and Pipe diameters are nominal. The actual inside diameters are as follows: for a 4 in. pipe (schedule 40), the actual inside diameter is 4.028 in; for 2.875 in. (API) tubing, the actual inside diameter is 2.441 in.
60
Figure 38: Reservoir Decline Curve
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"# "! !) !' !% ! " # $ %
3e]e\QdYfU@b_TeSdY_^ ==RR\
Use 7,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for the first source, 11,000 bbl/day for the second, and 20,000 bbl/day for the sink.
SOLUTION
Create a new simulation named TDPRODPL and enter a simulation description. Define the Model Use the defaults: Network Model as the Simulation Type and Blackoil as the Fluid Type.
Step 1
Enter Black Oil PVT data for each set.
Step 2
Build the Flowsheet

Add two sources, a junction, and a sink to the flowsheet and connect. Enter SOURCE and SINK data.
Step 3
Enter Reservoir Data

Select Reservoir Database from the Special Features menu to open the Reservoir Database dialog box. Click New... to enter the reservoir decline data. Set the Production Basis as the Oil and Water Standard Volume from the drop-down list. The Cumulative Production is 0 for a new field. Click Enter Data... to input the Reservoir Decline Curve data. Fill in the first reservoir pressure and the cumulative production data. Click Add After on the menu bar to add the second set of data.
61
Once completed, select Save from the Worksheet menu to save and exit the worksheet.
Step 4
Enter Link Data

Double-click on the Link L1 to open the Link Device Data window. Add an IPR device and enter the PI value. Click IPR Decline Data to open the related dialog box. Select the Group Decline Model from the Production Decline drop-down list. Select RC01 as the Reservoir Group from the drop-down list. Fill in the Reservoir abandonment pressure. Select Reservoir Pressure for the Decline basis, and fill in the given data. Close the dialog box b clicking OK . You can now select the remaining devices in the link and enter the length, depth, or elevation change and diameter data for these TUBING, CHOKE and PIPE devices. Following the same procedure as in L1, enter the link devices for the links L2 and L3. Pressure decline is specific to the reservoir; GOR and water cut changes are specific for each well.
,
Step 5
Note:
Enter Time Stepping Data

Select Time Stepping from the Special Features menu. Check the box to activate the time stepping calculations. Check the box for Production Decline and click the associated button.
Time data is 365, 730, and 1,096 days for 3 years production planning. Step 6 Run the Simulation and View the Results To create the file necessary to run the RAS, the RAS Database of Full option in the Print Options dialog box must first be selected before you run the simulation.

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down list and click View .
Figure 39 shows the Time Stepping Summary in the output report.

62 Three-Year Decline Model
Figure 39: Time Stepping Summary

NODE ---S001 S002 J004 D003
TIME
0.00
DAYS FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------9298.83 8389.54 0.00 -17688.37
PRESSURE PSIG -------2602.0 2598.0 1220.1 300.0 TIME =
TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------105.0 125.0 114.4 113.3 365.00 DAYS
NODE ---S001 S002 J004 D003
FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------8677.06 7848.13 0.00 -16525.19
NODE ---S001 S002 J004 D003
FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------8184.93 7409.61 0.00 -15594.54
NODE ---S001 S002 J004 D003
PRESSURE PSIG -------2285.3 2281.3 1062.0 300.0
TEMPERATURE DEG F ----------105.0 125.0 114.3 113.1
FLOW RATE BBL/DAY --------7757.84 7025.51 0.00 -14783.35
Step 7
Generate Results Access System Plots You can plot the studied cases on a single plot to see how the system pressure traverse is affected by the reservoir pressure decline over the years (Part A). You can also plot how the oil production drops in each well individually or in different links, by using the Results Access System (RAS) (Part B).

After the simulation is run, click Results Access System within the Run Simulation and View Results dialog box. To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select New from the File menu to create a new RAS database and choose TDPRODPL.ras.
Plotting Graphs with the SIMSCI Plot Viewer

Click View/Edit... for the Plot Report option. Fill in the title and axis labels as desired. You can leave the x-axis as the Total Length.
63
Click Add... . The RAS Plot Data Options dialog box appears. Select the Link as L001, check the All Devices in the Link box to see the change from the reservoir to the manifold, and select Pressure from the State Variable list and click Add Selection . Add the other time step plots by changing the Case Study entry and clicking Add Selection . After all four time step plots are added, click Done . Click View to generate the plot.
Compare how the pressure changes in the system as the production rates change over the years. The graph is shown in Figure 40.
Figure 40: Plot of Pressure as a Function of Total Length in Link L001
Plotting Graphs in Microsoft Excel
The Plot Viewer is the default option to view the plots. However Microsoft Excel is also available. Follow a similar procedure as in Part A to define this plot.

Select Setup Options from the General menu in the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box. Choose the Excel 5.0/7.0 Plotter radio button and click OK . Select New from the Plot Report list and click View/Edit... . Change the X-axis to Time.
64
Click Add... and select the Oil. Std. Volumetric Flow Rate from the Hydraulic Variable drop-down list, then add the selection for each of the three links. To view the plots, click View . This will open up Excel for the plot (Figure 41). The raw data is also transferred into Excel and is located on the second sheet named RAS Raw Data.
Figure 41: Plot of Individual Well and Total Oil Flowrates as a Function of Time
65
Ridge Pipeline
#
TASK
A new well is planned for a reservoir that lies under a steep ridge. Due to the location of the reservoir, the well will be deviated as shown in Figure 42. The production of the well will be routed to a gas-oil separator operating at 100 psig, by way of a constant diameter flowline. This separator is located on the other side of the ridge. The flowline may be built over the ridge, or around it, as illustrated in Figure 43.
Figure 42: Well Geometry
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2 &% 3 Vd
Figure 43: Topographical Layout

#! Vd "' Vd
!)
Vd
! % Vd
("%Vd "% Vd !% Vd % Vd 5\UfQdY_^
! '%Vd CU`QbQd_b 5\UfQdY_^-
GU\\CYdU 5\UfQdY_^-
Table 35 gives the Measured Wireline Depth and True Vertical Depth for the well, which corresponds with Figure 42.
66
Ridge Pipeline
Table 35: Tubing Measurements

Location A B C Measured Wireline Depth (ft) 800 4500 7500 True Vertical Depth (ft) 800 4000 6500
Use 2,500 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink. Part A Design the well and flowline to maximize total production. Use the Beggs-Brill (with Moody Friction Factor) flow correlation (BBM), Standing physical property correlations, and the information given in Tables 36 through 39.
Oil Gas Water 20 API 0.79 sp.gr 1.01 sp.gr

Ambient Temperature Geothermal Gradient 65F 2.08 F/100 ft
Table 38: Reservoir Data

Temperature Pressure Gas/oil ratio Water Cut Estimated PI 200F 2,950 psig 475 ft3/bbl 0% 1.7 bbl/day/psi
Table 39: Link Data

Tubing Nominal ID Tubing roughness (absolute) Tubing Heat Transfer Pipe Nominal ID Pipe roughness (absolute) Pipe Heat Transfer 4.00 in. 0.0003 in. 2.2 BTU/hr-ft2-F 6.00 in. 0.0005 in. 3.0 BTU/hr-ft2-F
67
Which design maximizes production, building the flowline over the ridge or around it? What is the oil flowrate for the optimum design? Part B After the well is drilled, a fluid analysis yields the data in Table 40. At the reservoir temperature of 200F, the bubble point pressure is 2,110 psi, viscosity is 0.7 cp, and compressibility above bubble point pressure is 0.00002 vol/vol/psi. The water cut remains at 0%.
Table 40: Fluid Analysis Data
Property Pressure (psi) Solution GOR (SCF/bbl) Formation Volume Factor (bbl/STB) Bubble Point 2,110 400 1.298 Medium Pressure Low Pressure 1,200 280 1.206 200 38 1.079
Using the optimum design, found in Part A, what is the flowrate with the adjusted Standing data? Part C A portable separator test conducted at the wellhead yields the data in Table 41.
Table 41: Well Test Data
Oil Rate Wellhead Pressure Wellhead Temperature 2,500 bbl/day 140 psig 160F
Recalculate the flowrate using this additional data. What is the actual PI? What is the actual tubing heat transfer coefficient?
SOLUTION
Part A Create a new simulation named RIDGE and enter a simulation description. Step 1 Define the Model
Enter Blackoil PVT data. To use the Standing correlation for physical properties, click Correlations Data in the Fluid Property Data
68
Ridge Pipeline
dialog box. Select Standing from the drop-down list for GOR, Oil FV , Z-factor, and Oil Viscosit .
Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Geothermal Gradient, and the TUBING and PIPE data using the Global Defaults button on the toolbar.
Step 2

Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a link. Enter the SOURCE and SINK data. For the LINK data, enter the IPR device first. Select Productivity Index from the IPR Model drop-down list. Enter a PI value of 1.7 bbl/day/psig. For the three TUBING devices, enter the length and depth for each section. Remember, the TUBING farthest from the well head must be entered first.
You will have to build two separate flowsheets to simulate the flowline over the ridge, and the flowline around the ridge.
First, to simulate the flowline over the ridge, add four PIPEs to the LINK and enter data as shown in Figure 43 (Pipe 1: length = 1,900, elevation = 0 ft; Pipe 2: length = 1,050, elevation = 250 ft; Pipe 3: length = 825, elevation = -250 ft; Pipe 4: length = 1,075, elevation = 0 ft). Use the Mukherjee-Brill (MB) pressure drop correlation for the third PIPE in the link. This correlation provides an accurate model for downhill flow. Save the flowsheet before proceeding.
Step 3

Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar. The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears. Click Run to solve the network. Find the total standard oil flowrate into the SINK. You can find this value in the Output Report, or you can select View Output from the Edit menu and double-click on the sink.
Step 4
Modify the Flowsheet for Flow Around Ridge
Double-click on the LINK and delete the four PIPEs.
69
Add two PIPEs and enter the data from Figure 43 (P1: length = 3,100, elevation = 50 ft; P2: length = 2,700, elevation = -50 ft). Use the MB correlation for the downhill PIPE. Save this flowsheet as RIDGE2.
Step 5
Run the simulation again.
The results show that building the pipeline around the ridge yields a more favorable result, with a standard oil flowrate of 2,398.7 bbl/day. Building the pipeline over the ridge results in a standard oil flowrate of 2,361.9 bbl/day. Part B For the second part of the problem, you are provided with fluid data to improve the accuracy of your model. Use the optimum design (pipeline around the ridge) for parts B and C. Before making any changes, save the file as RIDGEB. Step 6 Adjust Standing Data

Select PVT Data from the General menu. Select Property Set 1, and click Edit... . Check the box beside Adjust Standing Data and click the associated button. Use the data provided in Table 40 to adjust the corresponding variables. The resulting dialog box is shown in Figure 44.
Figure 44: Adjust Standing Data Dialog Box
70
Ridge Pipeline
Step 7
Run the simulation again.
The flowrate with the adjusted Standing data is 2,378.3 bbl/day. The adjusted Standing correlation provides a more accurate model for the system. Although the difference is small, this discrepancy of about 20 bbl/day can compound itself over the course of a year, resulting in an annual discrepancy of approximately 7,300 bbl. Generally, the Standing Correlation is not used for oil with API greater than 15, unless adjusted data is available. If no such data is provided, the Vasquez correlations may yield more accurate results. Part C Open the file named RIDGE2 and before making any changes save the file as RIDGEC. Step 8 Add Well Test Data

Figure 45: Well Test Data Dialog Box
Double-click on the SOURCE node. Activate the Well Test Data radio button, then click on the corresponding button. Enter the data from Table 41 as shown in Figure 45.
Delete the IPR device from the LINK. This enables PIPEPHASE to calculate the actual PI value from the well test data provided.
71
Step 9
To obtain a detailed report for the link devices (including heat transfer coefficients), select Device Detail = Part from the Print Options dialog box. Run the simulation again. Scroll through the Output Report to find the calculated values for the Productivity Index and the heat transfer coefficient for the TUBING.
The standard oil flowrate is 2,519.3 bbl/day. The calculated PI value is 1.802, and the heat transfer coefficient of the TUBIN is 1.923 BTU/hrft2F. These results are shown in Figure 46.
Figure 46:Ou tput Report for IPR
INFLOW PERFORMANCE CALCULATION RESULTS -------------------------------------WELL NAME IPR TYPE TEST DATA FLOW RATE GOR OUTLET PRESSURE OUTLET TEMPERATURE CALCULATED RESULTS FLOWING BOTTOMHOLE PRESS HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IPR COEFFICIENTS (CALCULATED) PRODUCTIVITY INDEX (PI) 1.802(BPDPSI) 1562.7(PSIG) 1.923(BTU/HRFT2F) L001 PI TEST 1 2500.0(BPD) 475.0(CFBBL) 140.0(PSIG) 160.0(F)
The discrepancy between the estimated and actual PI values demonstrates the importance of providing accurate estimates for a simulation model. By providing an initial estimate of 1.7 for the PI, we provide a value that is too low to properly simulate actual conditions. It is important to note that this problem only considered productivity in coming up with an optimum design for the pipeline. In reality, other factors have to be considered before deciding on which design is truly optimal. For instance, a rigorous cost: benefit analysis may show that building the pipeline over the ridge may be a more favorable alternative. This may be the case if the labor and material costs associated with the pipe far outweigh the profits of greater productivity. This analysis would require additional data such as the cost per unit volume of the pipe, and labor costs for building over or around the ridge.
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Ridge Pipeline
Appendix - Keyword Input Files

Black Oil Pipeline
Part A
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=PART SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, * RATE(ESTI)=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, * XCORD=732, YCORD=200 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,* U=1 $ END
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART , PLOT=PART SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, * RATE=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, * XCORD=732, YCORD=200 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,* U=1 $ END
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Part A
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.02 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190,* RATE(ESTI)=500, GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=155, YCORD=-1 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=200, RATE(ESTI)=500, XCORD=813, YCORD=-1 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8000, DEPTH=6500, ID=1.995, U=10, TGRAD=2 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=3500, DEPTH=3200, ID=2.441, U=10, TGRAD=2 CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=1 $ END
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.02 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190, RATE=2531, * GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=50, YCORD=333 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=200, RATE(ESTI)=2531, XCORD=736, YCORD=327 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8000, DEPTH=6500, ID=1.995, U=10, TGRAD=2 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=3500, DEPTH=3200, ID=2.441, U=10, TGRAD=2 CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=1 SEPARATOR NAME=E005, PERCENT(GAS)=100 PUMP NAME=E006, PRES=700, EFF=85 PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=15000, ECHG=200, ID=2.441, U=1 $ END
74
Part A
TITLE DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN CALCULATION NETWORK, PVTRUN, Compositional, PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL , DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4 $ COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / * 8, NC5 / 9, NC6 PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / * 12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ THERMODYNAMIC DATA METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, * RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=132, YCORD=246, * COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / * 7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=684, YCORD=241 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20 $ END
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=FULL , PLOT=FULL , DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4 $ COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / * 8, NC5 / 9, NC6 PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / * 12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ THERMODYNAMIC DATA METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK $ PVT PROPERTY DATA GENERATE SETNO=1, SOURCE=S001, TEMP=5, DT=10, NT=8, PRES=5, DP=10, NP=8 SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, * RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=30, YCORD=142, * COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / * 7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=647, YCORD=176 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20 $ END
75
Part C
TITLE DIMENSION Metric , RATE(LV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN, DENSITY=SPGR CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL , DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,SPGR)=0.88, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=1.47, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=74, TEMP=74,* RATE(ESTI)=5.0000e+005, GOR=97, WCUT=0, XCORD=132, YCORD=246 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=684, YCORD=241 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20 $ END
Gas Well
Part A
TITLE DIMENSION Metric , LENGTH=M,IN CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4 $ COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ THERMODYNAMIC DATA METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, RATE(GV)=0.01, * XCORD=-62, YCORD=188, COMP(M)=1, 80 / 2, 15 / 3, 5 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=50, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=526, YCORD=191 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 TUBING NAME=E001, LENGTH=2002, DEPTH=1677, ID=2.441, U=4.882 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=1067, DEPTH=1067, ID=2.441, U=4.882 $ END
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION Metric , RATE(GV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN CALCULATION NETWORK, Gas , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(SPGR)=0.68, CPRATIO=1.3 $
76
STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=74, TEMP=74, RATE=0.01, * XCORD=-62, YCORD=188 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=50, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=526, YCORD=191 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 TUBING NAME=E001, LENGTH=2002, DEPTH=1677, ID=2.441, U=4.882 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=1067, DEPTH=1067, ID=2.441, U=4.882 $ END

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=PART SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, * RATE=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, XCORD=732,* YCORD=200 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, * ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003, U=1 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 01 RESTORE PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=ID, VALUE=11 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 02 RESTORE PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=ECHG, VALUE=-1100 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 03 RESTORE PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=ROUG, VALUE=2.200e-003 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 04 RESTORE PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=U, VALUE=1.1 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 05 RESTORE PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=RATE(LV), VALUE=1.100e+005 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 06 RESTORE PARAMETER PIPE=E001, VARIABLE=FCOD, FCODE=DE $ END
77

Part A
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=24, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, * TAMBIENT=35 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=300, TEMP=110,* RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=150, RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=691, YCORD=411 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36 PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, TAMB=50 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 01 PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=30 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 02 PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=5 $ END
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=24, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, * TAMBIENT=35 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=OFF, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=300, TEMP=110,* RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=150, RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=691, YCORD=411 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36 PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, * THKINS=2, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, * TAMB=50 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 01 PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=30 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 02 PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=5 $ END
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Pipeline Sphering
TITLE DIMENSION English CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL, SPHERING DEFAULT IDPIPE=8, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, * TAMBIENT=65, UPIPE=0.8, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL , MAP=TAITEL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3 / 4, NC4 / 5, NC5 / 6, NC6 PETRO(API) 7, PETRO1, , 45.000, 350.000 / 8, PETRO2, , 38.000, 480.000 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ THERMODYNAMIC DATA METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK WATER PROPERTY=Super $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01 $ STRUCTURE DATA SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, SET=SET01, PRES=350, TEMP=120, * RATE(GV)=0.7667, XCORD=192, YCORD=272, COMP(M)=1, 88.61 / 2, 3.15 / * 3, 2.69 / 4, 2.04 / 5, 1.67 / 6, 1.11 / 7, 0.55 / 8, 0.18 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=10, RATE(ESTI)=1, XCORD=887, YCORD=279 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=4224, IDSPHERE=8, ID=8, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=6336, ECHG=154, ID=8, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=8448, ECHG=-69, IDSPHERE=8.1, ID=8, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E004, LENGTH=3696, ECHG=100, ID=8, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=6336, ECHG=120, ID=8, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=264, ECHG=-10, IDSPHERE=12.1, ID=12, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=2640, ECHG=58, ID=12, U=0.8 PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=9504, ECHG=-118, ID=12, U=0.8 $ END

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD , DENSITY=SPGR CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=12, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065,* UPIPE=2, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,SPGR)=0.54, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.765, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1 $ STRUCTURE DATA SOURCE NAME=A0 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=395, TEMP=120,* RATE(ESTI)=10000, GOR=400, WCUT=0, XCORD=78, YCORD=884 $ SOURCE NAME=A1 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES(ESTI)=300, TEMP=110,* RATE=10000, GOR=300, WCUT=0, XCORD=33, YCORD=317 $ SOURCE NAME=A2 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES(ESTI)=250, TEMP=110,* RATE=15500, GOR=100, WCUT=0, XCORD=511, YCORD=-94 $ SOURCE NAME=A3 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES(ESTI)=200, TEMP=120,* RATE=20000, GOR=230, WCUT=0, XCORD=827, YCORD=938 $ SINK NAME=B , PRES=125, RATE(ESTI)=20000, XCORD=1430, YCORD=579 SINK NAME=C , PRES=110, RATE(ESTI)=40000, XCORD=1444, YCORD=287 $ JUNCTION NAME=J0 , XCORD=212, YCORD=705 JUNCTION NAME=J1 , XCORD=287, YCORD=420 JUNCTION NAME=J2 , XCORD=595, YCORD=133 JUNCTION NAME=J3 , XCORD=889, YCORD=751 JUNCTION NAME=J4 , XCORD=598, YCORD=676
79
JUNCTION NAME=J5 , XCORD=1101, YCORD=313 JUNCTION NAME=J6 , XCORD=1115, YCORD=596 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=J0 , TO=J1 PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=35000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L002, FROM=J1 , TO=J2 PIPE NAME=E004, LENGTH=30000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J0 , TO=J4 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=32000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L004, FROM=J4 , TO=J2 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=50000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L005, FROM=J4 , TO=J3 PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=18000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L006, FROM=J3 , TO=J6 PIPE NAME=E011, LENGTH=10000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L007, FROM=J2 , TO=J5 PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=35000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L008, FROM=J6 , TO=J5 PIPE NAME=E012, LENGTH=30000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L009, FROM=J6 , TO=B PIPE NAME=E013, LENGTH=100, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L010, FROM=J5 , TO=C PIPE NAME=E014, LENGTH=100, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L011, FROM=A0 , TO=J0 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=3500, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L012, FROM=A1 , TO=J1 PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=1000, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L013, FROM=A2 , TO=J2 PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=2500, U=2 $ LINK NAME=L014, FROM=A3 , TO=J3 PIPE NAME=E009, LENGTH=1000, U=2 $ END

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4, IDTUBING=4, IDRISER=4, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.6, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01 SET SETNO=2, GRAV(OIL,API)=33, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.63,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.03 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=1 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2500, TEMP=185,* RATE(ESTI)=1000, GOR=700, WCUT=15, XCORD=490, YCORD=-151 $ SOURCE NAME=2 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2500, TEMP=185,* RATE(ESTI)=1000, GOR=750, WCUT=5, XCORD=238, YCORD=-19 $ SOURCE NAME=3 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2530, TEMP=185, * RATE(ESTI)=1000, GOR=500, WCUT=20, XCORD=122, YCORD=207 $ SOURCE NAME=4 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=2, PRES=2370, TEMP=195,* RATE(ESTI)=1000, GOR=700, WCUT=12, XCORD=238, YCORD=451 $ SOURCE NAME=5 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=2, PRES=2704, TEMP=190,* RATE(ESTI)=1000, GOR=600, WCUT=25, XCORD=512, YCORD=522 $ SOURCE NAME=6 , PRIORITY=0, SETNO=2, PRES=2690, TEMP=187,*
80
RATE(ESTI)=1000, GOR=700, WCUT=15, XCORD=767, YCORD=423 $ SINK NAME=ONSH, PRES=160, RATE(ESTI)=6000, XCORD=1358, YCORD=186 $ JUNCTION NAME=PLAT, XCORD=532, YCORD=212 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=1 , TO=PLAT IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=3000, DEPTH=2500, ID=2.441, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E003, ID=1 PIPE NAME=E004, LENGTH=1500, ECHG=47, U=1 RISER NAME=E005, LENGTH=500, ELEV=470, U=1 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=30, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L002, FROM=2 , TO=PLAT IPR NAME=E007, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 6 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E008, LENGTH=3500, DEPTH=3500, ID=2.441, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E009, ID=1 PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=1800, ECHG=-70, U=1 RISER NAME=E011, LENGTH=500, ELEV=490, U=1 PIPE NAME=E012, LENGTH=50, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L003, FROM=3 , TO=PLAT IPR NAME=E013, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 4.5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E014, LENGTH=3800, DEPTH=3700, ID=2.992, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E015, ID=1 PIPE NAME=E016, LENGTH=2800, ECHG=-70, U=1 RISER NAME=E017, LENGTH=500, ELEV=490, U=1 PIPE NAME=E018, LENGTH=50, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L004, FROM=4 , TO=PLAT IPR NAME=E019, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 8 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E020, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4300, ID=2.992, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E021, ID=1 PIPE NAME=E022, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-40, U=1 RISER NAME=E023, LENGTH=550, ELEV=490, U=1 PIPE NAME=E024, LENGTH=20, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L005, FROM=5 , TO=PLAT IPR NAME=E025, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E026, LENGTH=4200, DEPTH=4100, ID=2.992, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E027, ID=1 PIPE NAME=E028, LENGTH=2900, ECHG=-10, U=1 RISER NAME=E029, LENGTH=600, ELEV=490, U=1 PIPE NAME=E030, LENGTH=20, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L006, FROM=6 , TO=PLAT IPR NAME=E031, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 10 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E032, LENGTH=3900, DEPTH=3900, ID=2.992, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E033, ID=1 PIPE NAME=E034, LENGTH=3700, ECHG=-10, U=1 RISER NAME=E035, LENGTH=600, ELEV=490, U=1 PIPE NAME=E036, LENGTH=20, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L007, FROM=PLAT, TO=ONSH PIPE NAME=E037, LENGTH=490, ID=16, U=1 PIPE NAME=E038, LENGTH=2.112e+005, ECHG=300, ID=16, U=1 PIPE NAME=E039, LENGTH=5280, ECHG=190, ID=16, U=1 PIPE NAME=E040, LENGTH=10560, ID=16, U=1 $ END

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT NOMD=4, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, NOMR=4, SCHR= 40, * IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, UPIPE=1, UTUBING=1, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75,* GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.002 LIFTGAS GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.8 $ STRUCTURE DATA
81
$ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2499, TEMP=180,* RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=108, WCUT=0, XCORD=-190, YCORD=-12 $ SOURCE NAME=S002, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2505, TEMP=181,* RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=102, WCUT=10.5, XCORD=-120, YCORD=644 $ SINK NAME=D004, PRES=250, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=818, YCORD=284 $ JUNCTION NAME=J003, XCORD=269, YCORD=260 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=J003 IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 25.5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8010, DEPTH=8010, U=1 GLVALVE NAME=E003, RATE=1.5 TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=6810, DEPTH=6810, U=1 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=231, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L002, FROM=S002, TO=J003 IPR NAME=E006, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 22.1 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E007, LENGTH=8111, DEPTH=8111, U=1 GLVALVE NAME=E008, RATE=1.5 TUBING NAME=E009, LENGTH=6445, DEPTH=6445, U=1 PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=103, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J003, TO=D004 PIPE NAME=E011, LENGTH=1500, U=1 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 01 - 2.0 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 02 - 2.5 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 03 - 3.0 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 04 - 3.5 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3.5 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3.5 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 05 - 4.0 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 06 - 4.5 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4.5 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4.5 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 07 - 5.0 MM ft3/day RESTORE PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=5 PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=5 $ END
82

Part A
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001 CORRELATION WPROP=Super $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, * QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159 $ $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, * THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, * 0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,* HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, * IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, * CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, * VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8 IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1 $ END
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001 CORRELATION WPROP=Super $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, * QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, SOIL, BDTOP=36, * THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.1, 0.015, 0.015, * 0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,* HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, * IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, * CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, * VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8 IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1 $ END
83
Part C
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001 CORRELATION WPROP=Super $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, * QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, * THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.1, 0.015, 0.015, * 0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,* HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, * IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, * CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, * VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8 IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1 $ END
Part D
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001 CORRELATION WPROP=Super $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, * QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, * THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, * 0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,* HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=1, 5, * IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, * CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,* VISANN=0.0223, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=0.0559, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8 IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1 $ END
84
Part E
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001 CORRELATION WPROP=Super $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, * QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, * THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, * 0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,* HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=1, 5, * IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, * CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,* VISANN=0.0223, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=0.0559, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8 IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case Study 01 PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2000 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case Study 02 PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2200 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case Study 03 PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2400 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case Study 04 PARAMETER SOURCE=S001, VARIABLE=PRES, VALUE=2600 $ END

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=3, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, * TAMBIENT=50, UPIPE=1, UTUBING=0.74, URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=34, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.84,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.04 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=4500, TEMP=150,* RATE(ESTI)=3000, GOR=40, WCUT=20, XCORD=338, YCORD=868 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=50, RATE(ESTI)=3000, XCORD=484, YCORD=125 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 2.4 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=9400, DEPTH=8000, U=0.74 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=6200, DEPTH=5000, U=0.74 TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=1000, DEPTH=1000, U=0.74 $
85
CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 01 PARAMETER TUBING=ALL, VARIABLE=ID, GLOBAL, OLD=3, VALUE=4 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 02 RESTORE PARAMETER IPR=E001, VARIABLE=PI, VALUE=4.8 $ CASE STUDY DATA DESCRIPTION Case 03 PARAMETER TUBING=ALL, VARIABLE=ID, GLOBAL, OLD=3, VALUE=4 PARAMETER IPR=E001, VARIABLE=PI, VALUE=4.8 $ END

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065 PRINT INPUT=FULL , DATABASE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35.2, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.704, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01 SET SETNO=2, GRAV(OIL,API)=35.4, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, * GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.012 $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2602, TEMP=105,* RATE(ESTI)=7000, GOR=450, WCUT=10.1, XCORD=115, YCORD=856 $ SOURCE NAME=S002, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=2, PRES=2598, TEMP=125, * RATE(ESTI)=11000, GOR=455, WCUT=11.1, XCORD=621, YCORD=876 $ SINK NAME=D004, PRES=300, RATE(ESTI)=20000, XCORD=1101, YCORD=248 $ JUNCTION NAME=J003, XCORD=404, YCORD=253 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=J003 IPR NAME=E002, TYPE=PI, GROUP=RC01, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 30 / * PRES1, 2602 / PRES2, 2431 / PRES3, 2296 / PRES4, 2011 / PRES5, 1834 / * GOR1, 450 / GOR2, 477 / GOR3, 492 / GOR4, 513 / GOR5, 550 / * WCUT1, 10.1 / WCUT2, 10.3 / WCUT3, 10.8 / WCUT4, 11 / WCUT5, 11.8 / * ABANDON, 1200 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 / QLCUM, 0, ARRAY=PPRES, 2602, 2431, * 2296, 2011, 1958, 1834 / AQLCUM, 0, 1.000e+007, 2.000e+007, 3.000e+007,* 4.000e+007, 5.000e+007 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=1500, DEPTH=1450, NOMD=2.875, SCHED=TB01, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=2 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=201, ECHG=-5, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, U=1 $ LINK NAME=L002, FROM=S002, TO=J003 IPR NAME=E006, TYPE=PI, GROUP=RC01, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 25 / * PRES1, 2602 / PRES2, 2431 / PRES3, 2296 / PRES4, 2011 / PRES5, 1834 / * GOR1, 455 / GOR2, 481 / GOR3, 506 / GOR4, 530 / GOR5, 562 / * WCUT1, 11.1 / WCUT2, 11.1 / WCUT3, 11.5 / WCUT4, 11.8 / WCUT5, 12.5 / * ABANDON, 1200 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E007, LENGTH=1631, DEPTH=1515, NOMD=2.875, SCHED=TB01, U=1 CHOKE NAME=E008, ID=2 $ LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J003, TO=D004 PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=4070, ECHG=207, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, U=1 $ TIMESTEPPING CHANGE TIME=365, 730, 1096 $ END
86
Ridge Pipeline
Part A Flow over Ridge
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, * IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, * URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,* GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01 CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, * RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 1.7 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=1900, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=1050, ECHG=250, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3 PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=825, ECHG=-250, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, FCODE=MB PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=1075, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3 $ END
Flow Around Ridge

TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, * IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, * URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01 CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200,* RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 1.7 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, FCODE=MB $ END
87
Part B
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, * IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, * URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01 ADJUST TRES=200, VISC=0.7, COMP=2.0000e-005, PRES=2110, 1200, 200, * FVF=1.298, 1.206, 1.079, SGOR=400, 280, 38 CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, * RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184 $ $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 1.7 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, * FCODE=MB $ END
Part C
TITLE DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD CALCULATION SINGLE, Blackoil , PRANDTL $ DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, * IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, * URISER=1, UANNULUS=1 PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=FULL SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500 $ NETWORK DATA SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1 $ PVT PROPERTY DATA SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01 CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing $ STRUCTURE DATA $ SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, * RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182 WTEST NAME=E004, PI , RESP=2950, TEMP=160, PRES=140, RATE=2500, * GOR=475, WCUT=0 $ SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184 $ LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002 TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2 PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3 PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, * FCODE=MB $ END
88

Manual de Simulador Pipe Phase

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Manual de Simulador Pipe Phase

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INTRODUCTION TO PIPEPHASE

Introduction to PIPEPHASE Workbook

PIPEPHASE technology includes:

Graphical User Interface

PIPEPHASE GUI features include:

PIPEPHASE Engine/GUI Relationship

Figure 1: PIPEPHASE Components

PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Graphical User Graphical User Interface Interface

PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Database Database

PFE Text PFE Text Editor Editor

PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Keyword File Keyword File

PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE RAS RAS

PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE Report File Report File

Where to Find Additional Help

About This Workbook

Remember to save your work often!

Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop

To initiate a PIPEPHASE session:

The File menu is described below.

Figure 2: PIPEPHASE Main Window

Table 2: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components

Table 3: PIPEPHASE Menu Bar

Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop

Table 4: PIPEPHASE Toolbar Buttons

Data Entry Windows

OK Cancel Help Introduction to PIPEPHASE

Editing and Viewing the Flowsheet

Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop

Link Device Data Window

or TACITE transient data.

Defining the Simulation

The broad applications of PIPEPHASE can be categorized into three parts:

Single pipeline analysis Wellbore analysis Field wide studies

Single Pipe Analysis

Figure 4: Capacity Calculations

C`USYVYUT ^\Ud@bUccebU @e]`C`USYVYSQdY_^c

400 !%<Ya 0 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 CQdebQdUT FQ`_b

Figure 7: Wellbore Analysis

Defining the Simulation

94-"!" 6\_gY^W2_dd_]X_\U @bUccebU 94-# 94-#!" 94-$ BUcUbf_Yb @UbV_b]Q^SU 6\_gBQdU

BUcUbf_Yb @UbV_b]Q^SU 6\_gBQdU

Figure 10: Gas Lift Analysis

DeRY^WGU\\XUQT@bUccebU-!&%`cYW 7Qc<YVd7Qc @-)% `cYW D-! 6A-/

7Qc<YVdFQ\fU BUcUbf_Yb3_^TYdY_^c @-"! `cYW D-!("6

Field Wide Simulation

Defining the Simulation

Simulating Networks in PIPEPHASE

Figure 13: Simulation Definition Dialog Box

Network Model Gas Lift Analysis PVT Table Generation

Compositional Black oil Gas Condensate Gas Liquid Steam Compositional/Blackoil

Defining the Simulation

Normal boiling point Gravity Molecular weight.

Defining the Simulation

Setting the Input Units of Measure

Setting the Input Units of Measure

The units of measure in the standard sets are shown below.

Output Units of Measure

Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data

Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data

Gas Condensate and Gas Models

SinglePhase Liquid Model

Figure 17: Single Phase Liquid PVT Data

Figure 18: Steam PVT Data

Equilibrium K-values Enthalpies Entropies Densities.