ARINDA

SAM [DIPLOMA]

HYDRAULICS COURSEWORK

What factors affect; a) The pressure of the static liquid in a cylindrical vertical tank b) The pressure of the liquid flowing through a pipe

Solution Factors Affecting Pressure in Fluids Consider a liquid in a partially filled tank, with a gas atmosphere above the liquid

gas pressure pgas --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ---------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

liquid density

The pressure at a point in the tank will depend on the following: y y Pressure of the gas or vapor above the liquid Weight of the liquid above the considered point which, in turn, will depend on :

y y y y y y y

Liquid Gas pressure, (pgas) height (h) of the liquid column/head above the point, density ( ) of the liquid, and gravitational acceleration. Temperature of the liquid. Bottom profile of the tank.

Mathematically expressed as static pressure of the liquid, p = pgas + gh

b) The pressure of the liquid flowing through a pipe is affected by, Pipe Friction Coefficient; As a liquid flows along a pipe there is a gradual loss in pressure from friction between the pipe and the liquid. Length of Pipe; Pipe length has a direct effect on the pressure loss. The further the water has to travel the more friction it will encounter and the greater will be the pressure loss. Flow Velocity; Pressure losses increase very rapidly as the flow increases, particularly in small diameter pipes Pipe Diameter; if a fluid flows in a pipe of small diameter, pressure will be low compared to a liquid flowing in a large diameter pipe Density of liquid; The higher the density of the fluid flowing through the pipe, the higher the pressure developed. Height of the pipe above the sea level. Temperature of the liquid. The higher the temperature the higher the pressure.