Basic Vibration Analysis

Vivek Joshi vivek.joshi@metrixvibration.com Cell:91-9833475974

Objectives
Define Vibration
What is it, where does it come from?

Describe measurement methods Examine amplitude measurements

Differences between the three

Choose proper transducer

Right probe for the application

General Description
Vibration : defined..
Movement of a body about a reference. Response to some form of excitation The excitation is generally referred to as a forcing function

Sources of Vibration
Imbalance Misalignment Belts Gears Bearings
Rolling Element Sleeve

Looseness Electrical Anomalies Oil Instability Resonance

General Description
Legend
Y Amplitude X Time Y X

Vibration Measurement Parameters

Vibration breaks down into two separate areas called domains.
The time domain displays a plot called a waveform where the amplitude is displayed over time, such as an oscilloscope monitors an electrical signal. The frequency domain displays amplitude as a function of how often something occurs in one cycle.
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Introduction to Vibration
Lets imagine that the shaft is rotating

(The center of the shaft is really what we are plotting, not the mass near the edge. We just use the mass for illustration)
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Introduction to Vibration
Locate its peak positive position with a red mark.
Amplitude

Time

Introduction to Vibration
As the shaft rotates, time also shifts, so well locate this new position forward with respect to time.

Amplitude

Time

Introduction to Vibration
Continuing this process The mass is now 180 degrees from its original position.

Amplitude

We could call this peak negative.

Time
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Introduction to Vibration
As the mass returns to the zero reference point, notice that it is now 180 degrees from the corresponding green marker.

Amplitude

Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Having completed 1 revolution, the mass returns to peak positive position. This is one cycle.
Amplitude

Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Connecting the reference locations with a curve...

Amplitude

Time
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Introduction to Vibration

Amplitude

Time
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Introduction to Vibration

Amplitude

Time
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Introduction to Vibration

Amplitude

Time

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Introduction to Vibration
Amplitude

Time
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Introduction to Vibration
Y
Amplitude

Observed in the time domain as the amount of time to complete a cycle

X Time

The resulting waveform resembles a sine wave.

Introduction to Vibration
Every detected signal appears.
Y
Amplitude

X Time

The time waveform becomes very complicated, busy.

Introduction to Vibration

Each waveform signal is then converted to its respective spectral peak.

Amplitude

Frequency

Waveform Generation

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Measurement Parameters
2 Domains : TIME and FREQUENCY

FFT

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Amplitude
3 ways to display
All three show severity Some better than others

Velocity
Measures the speed Time from point A to point B rate of displacement

Displacement
Distance a body moves Point A to point B

Acceleration
Total force acting Change of direction

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Amplitude Relationships
How the different units treat data...
Amplitude

Disp la

cem ent

Frequency

Displacement accentuates LOW frequencies, and attenuates HIGH frequencies.

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Amplitude Relationships

Amplitude

tion lera cce A

Frequency

Acceleration accentuates HIGH frequencies, and attenuates LOW frequencies.

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Amplitude Relationships

Amplitude

Velocity

Frequency

Velocity does neither. It treats all frequencies equally.

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Amplitude Relationships
Dis pla ce me n

e le cc A

io n rat

Amplitude

Velocity

Frequency
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Amplitude
The Figure below show the relationship of these three types of units.
0 to Peak R.M.S.

V
Peak to Peak

Amplitude

Average

Time

Period is Time T

360= One (1) Shaft Revolution

(D)isplacement (V)elocity (A)cceleration

Mils Peak-to-Peak In/Sec Peak Gs RMS

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Phase
360 270

C B

Phase: is the relationship between two events. You measure phase in degrees of rotation.
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Phase Measurement
Tach Pulse Phase Measured between the two

0 360 degrees Time

Peak of Vibration Signal

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Phase
You can also use phase to describe the relationship between two events, as shown below. Disk A is 180 out of phase with disk B.
A

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Common Vibration Terms

Displacement
distance a body travels units of mils (pk. to pk.)

Velocity
rate at which displacement occurs units of inches per second in/sec (pk.) or mm/sec RMS

Acceleration
rate of change of velocity units of Gs (RMS)

Frequency
how often an event occurs per unit time

Phase
relationship between two events relative to a reference
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1-24

An effective program...
Choosing the transducer
the right one for the best data

Signal processing

time waveform or spectrum

Problem detection
examine both sets of data is there a problem?

Diagnosis
what

is the source ? Root Cause

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Amplitude and Frequency - Review

Amplitude
Acceleration
Gs

Frequency
Cycles per minute - CPM Cycles per second - CPS / Hz Revolutions per minute RPM Orders - Frequency/TS

Velocity
In/sec

Displacement
mils

RPM vs CPM

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1-26

Transducers
Function
Convert mechanical signal to electrical

Three basic types

Displacement transducer Velocity transducer Accelerometer

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Transducers
non contact displacement transducer

shaft

bearing

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Displacement Xducers

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Displacement Xducers

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Displacement Xducers
Advantages +
Measures relative movement good for sleeve brg. machines very good for heavy machines

Disadvantages permanently installed frequency response : DC to 1KHz power required

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Velocity Xducer
Connection Conductor Coil Spring Case Magnet Damper
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Velocity Xducer
Advantages +
best signal to severity ratio good signal to noise ratio no power required single dif. / int. needed usually pretty hardy

Disadvantages usually big heavy freq. 10 to 2Kz temperature sensitive comparatively expensive magnetic field sensitive orientation sensitive wear and temp. changes calibration
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Accelerometers
Settle Time Supply Voltage

20 - 30 Vdc @ 2-8mA C.C. Bias Voltage 10.5 Vdc

to signal analyzer

Amplifier Preloaded Ref. Mass Mica Insulator Conductive Plate Piezoelectric Crystal Electrical Insulator

Base

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Accelerometers
Advantages
broad frequency range small, light, rugged ICP needs no signal conditioning easy to mount

Disadvantages
poor as a hand held limited signal to noise ratio reads acceleration power required double integration needed
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Accelerometers
4 5 3 2 1

magnet glue wax stud

hand held

natural frequency of accelerometer

frequency

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Overall Level Criteria

The overall level is a single number calculation of the unfiltered amplitude of a vibration waveform.

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Summary of Overall Vibration Standards An insurance agent responsible for insuring companies and their equipment established the Rathbone chart in 1939. So he could set an adequate premium, he had to know the running condition of the machinery. The agent based his chart on casing measurements made on heavy, slow-speed machines.
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Summary of Overall Vibration Standards

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ISO Vibration Chart

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DuPont Severity Chart

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Locations for Data Collection

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Frequency Regimes
Synchronous
NxRPM where N is an integer

Sub synchronous
<1 x RPM

Non-synchronous
F x RPM where F is >1x RPM but not integer

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Causes Sub-synchronous
Another component in the machine Another machine Belt drives Hydraulic instability
Oil whirl, oil whip

Rubs
rotor, shaft, wheel

Cage
fundamental train - rolling element brgs.
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Causes - Synchronous
Imbalance Pitch line run-out Misalignment Bent shaft Looseness Blade / vane pass Recips Gears Slot / Rotor Bar pass
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Causes Non-synchronous
Another machine Belt multiples Brgs. Resonance Electrical Chains Compressor surge Detonation Sliding surfaces Lube pumps Centrifugal clutches U-joints

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