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1. Oracle9i and Performance tuning. Oracle Date Functions

Date Current Date CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE SELECT TO_CHAR(CURRENT_DATE, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; Formats Day Month Year Fill Mode Julian Date D MM YY FM J DD MON YYYY DDTH RR DAY RRRR + AND + <date> + <integer> SELECT SYSDATE + 1 FROM dual; - <date> - <integer> SELECT SYSDATE - 1 FROM dual; ADD_MONTHS Add A Month To A Date ADD_MONTHS(<date>, <number of months_integer> SELECT add_months(SYSDATE, 2) FROM dual; -- but be aware of what it is doing SELECT add_months(TO_DATE('27-JAN-2007'), 1) FROM dual; SELECT add_months(TO_DATE('28-JAN-2007'), 1) FROM dual; SELECT add_months(TO_DATE('29-JAN-2007'), 1) FROM dual; SELECT add_months(TO_DATE('30-JAN-2007'), 1) FROM dual; SELECT add_months(TO_DATE('31-JAN-2007'), 1) FROM dual; SELECT add_months(TO_DATE('01-FEB-2007'), 1) FROM dual; CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date of the server as a value in the Gregorian calendar of datatype DATE col sessiontimezone format a30 SELECT sessiontimezone, current_date FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '-5:0'; SELECT sessiontimezone, current_date

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FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS'; SELECT sessiontimezone, current_date FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET TIME_ZONE = '-7:0'; SELECT sessiontimezone, current_date FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY'; DUMP Returns The Number Of Bytes And Datatype Of A Value DUMP(<value>) SELECT DUMP(SYSDATE) FROM dual; GREATEST Return the Latest Date LEAST(<date>, <date>, <date>, ...) CREATE TABLE t ( datecol1 DATE, datecol2 DATE, datecol3 DATE) PCTFREE 0; INSERT INTO t VALUES (SYSDATE+23, SYSDATE-10, SYSDATE-24); INSERT INTO t VALUES (SYSDATE-15, SYSDATE, SYSDATE+15); INSERT INTO t VALUES (SYSDATE-7, SYSDATE-18, SYSDATE-9); COMMIT; SELECT * FROM t; SELECT GREATEST(datecol1, datecol2, datecol3) FROM t; INTERVAL Interval to adjust date-time INTERVAL '<integer>' <unit> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE + INTERVAL '10' MINUTE, 'HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE - INTERVAL '10' MINUTE, 'HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; LAST_DAY Returns The Last Date Of A Month LAST_DAY(<date>) SELECT * FROM t;

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SELECT LAST_DAY(datecol1) FROM t; LEAST Return the Earliest Date LEAST(<date>, <date>, <date>, ...) SELECT * FROM t; SELECT LEAST(datecol1, datecol2, datecol3) FROM t; LENGTH Returns length in characters LENGTH(<date>) SELECT LENGTH(last_ddl_time) FROM user_objects; LENGTHB Returns length in bytes LENGTHB(<date>) SELECT LENGTHB(last_ddl_time) FROM user_objects; Note: Additional forms of LENGTH (LENGTHC, LENGTH2, and LENGTH4) are also available. MAX Return the Latest Date MAX(<date>) SELECT * FROM t; SELECT MAX(datecol1) FROM t; MIN Return the Earliest Date MIN(<date>) SELECT * FROM t; SELECT MIN(datecol1) FROM t; MONTHS_BETWEEN Returns The Months Separating Two Dates MONTHS_BETWEEN(<latest_date>, <earliest_date>) SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE+365, SYSDATE-365) FROM dual; SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE-365, SYSDATE+365) FROM dual; NEW_TIME Returns the date and time in time zone zone2 when date and time in time zone zone1 are date Before using this function, you must set the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter to display 24-hour time. SELECT NEW_TIME(TO_DATE('11-10-99 01:23:45', 'MM-DD-YY HH24:MI:SS'), 'AST', 'PST') "New Date and Time" FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS'; SELECT NEW_TIME(TO_DATE('11-10-99 01:23:45', 'MM-DD-YY HH24:MI:SS'), 'AST', 'PST') "New Date and Time" FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY'; NEXT_DAY Date of next specified date following a date NEXT_DAY(<date>, <day of the week>)

Options are SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, and SAT SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE, 'FRI') FROM dual; ROUND Returns date rounded to the unit specified by the format model. If you omit the format, the date is rounded to the nearest day ROUND(<date_value>, <format>) SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('27-OCT-00'),'YEAR') NEW_YEAR FROM dual; Spelled Out Using TO_CHAR Spelled Demo DDSP HH24SP MISP MMSP SSSP SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('10:30:18', 'HH24:MI:SS'), 'HH24SP:MISP:SSSP') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('01-JAN-2008', 'DD-MON-YYYY'), 'DDSP-MONTH-YYYYSP') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('01-JAN-2008', 'DD-MM-YYYY'), 'DDSP-MMSP-YYYYSP') FROM dual; SYSDATE Returns the current session DateTime SYSDATE SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual; TRUNC Convert a date to the date at midnight TRUNC(<date_time>) CREATE TABLE t ( datecol DATE); INSERT INTO t (datecol) VALUES (SYSDATE); INSERT INTO t (datecol) VALUES (TRUNC(SYSDATE)); INSERT INTO t (datecol) VALUES (TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'HH')); INSERT INTO t (datecol) VALUES (TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'MI')); COMMIT; SELECT TO_CHAR(datecol, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM t; Selectively remove part of the date information Special thanks to Dave Hayes for reminding me of this. TRUNC(<date_time>, '<format>') SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; -- first day of the month

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SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'MM'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'MON'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'MONTH'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; -- first day of the year SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'YYYY'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; SELECT TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE, 'YEAR'), 'DD-MON-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM dual; Dates in WHERE Clause Joins SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS'; SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual; / / ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY'; CREATE TABLE t ( datecol DATE); INSERT INTO t (datecol) VALUES (SYSDATE); SELECT * FROM t; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS'; SELECT * FROM t; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY'; SELECT * FROM t; SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual; SELECT * FROM t WHERE datecol = SYSDATE; ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS';

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SELECT * FROM t; SELECT SYSDATE FROM dual; SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE) FROM dual; SELECT * FROM t WHERE TRUNC(datecol) = TRUNC(SYSDATE); ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT = 'DD-MON-YYYY'; VSIZE Returns The Number Of Bytes Required By A Value VSIZE(e IN DATE) RETURN NUMBER SELECT VSIZE(SYSDATE) FROM dual; Date Calculations Returns A Day A Specified Number Of Days In The Future Skipping Weekends CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION business_date (start_date DATE, Days2Add NUMBER) RETURN DATE IS Counter NATURAL := 0; CurDate DATE := start_date; DayNum POSITIVE; SkipCntr NATURAL := 0; BEGIN WHILE Counter < Days2Add LOOP CurDate := CurDate+1; DayNum := TO_CHAR(CurDate, 'D'); IF DayNum BETWEEN 2 AND 6 THEN Counter := Counter + 1; ELSE SkipCntr := SkipCntr + 1; END IF; END LOOP; RETURN start_date + Counter + SkipCntr; END business_date; / Business Date function, above, enhanced by Larry Benton to handle negative values for the days2add parameter. CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION business_date (start_date DATE, days2add NUMBER) RETURN DATE IS Counter NATURAL := 0; CurDate DATE := start_date; DayNum POSITIVE; SkipCntr NATURAL := 0; Direction INTEGER := 1; -- days after start_date BusinessDays NUMBER := Days2Add; BEGIN IF Days2Add < 0 THEN Direction := - 1; -- days before start_date BusinessDays := (-1) * BusinessDays; END IF;

WHILE Counter < BusinessDays LOOP CurDate := CurDate + Direction; DayNum := TO_CHAR( CurDate, 'D'); IF DayNum BETWEEN 2 AND 6 THEN Counter := Counter + 1; ELSE SkipCntr := SkipCntr + 1; END IF; END LOOP; RETURN start_date + (Direction * (Counter + SkipCntr)); END business_date; / Returns The First Day Of A Month CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fday_ofmonth(value_in DATE) RETURN DATE IS vMo VARCHAR2(2); vYr VARCHAR2(4); BEGIN vMo := TO_CHAR(value_in, 'MM'); vYr := TO_CHAR(value_in, 'YYYY'); RETURN TO_DATE(vMo || '-01-' || vYr, 'MM-DD-YYYY'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RETURN TO_DATE('01-01-1900', 'MM-DD-YYYY'); END fday_ofmonth; / Time Calculations Returns The Number Of Seconds Between Two Date-Time Values CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION time_diff ( DATE_1 IN DATE, DATE_2 IN DATE) RETURN NUMBER IS NDATE_1 NUMBER; NDATE_2 NUMBER; NSECOND_1 NUMBER(5,0); NSECOND_2 NUMBER(5,0); BEGIN -- Get Julian date number from first date (DATE_1) NDATE_1 := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(DATE_1, 'J')); -- Get Julian date number from second date (DATE_2) NDATE_2 := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(DATE_2, 'J')); -- Get seconds since midnight from first date (DATE_1) NSECOND_1 := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(DATE_1, 'SSSSS')); -- Get seconds since midnight from second date (DATE_2) NSECOND_2 := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(DATE_2, 'SSSSS'));

RETURN (((NDATE_2 - NDATE_1) * 86400)+(NSECOND_2 - NSECOND_1)); END time_diff; / Calculating time from seconds Posted by John K. Hinsdale 12/30/06 to c.d.o.misc SELECT DECODE(FLOOR(999999/86400), 0, '', FLOOR(999999/86400) || ' day(s), ') || TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(MOD(999999, 86400),'SSSSS'), 'HH24:MI:SS') AS elapsed FROM dual; Related Topics Cast Conversion Functions Miscellaneous Functions Numeric Functions String Functions Timestamp Sometimes, complex Inline Views can be simplified by an Object Type. SELECT dname, LTRIM(SUBSTR(IV, 1, 30 )) ename, LTRIM(SUBSTR(IV, 31, 10 )) job, TO_DATE(SUBSTR(IV, 40),'yyyymmddhh24miss') hiredate FROM ( SELECT dname, ( SELECT RPAD(ename,30)||RPAD(job,30)||TO_CHAR(hiredate,'yyyymmddhh24miss') FROM emp WHERE rownum = 1 AND emp.deptno = dept.deptno ) IV FROM dept ) / DNAME -------------ACCOUNTING RESEARCH SALES OPERATIONS ENAME -----------------------------CLARK SMITH ALLEN JOB ---------MANAGER CLERK SALESMAN HIREDATE --------09-JUN-81 17-DEC-80 20-FEB-81

With an Object Type CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE FormatType AS OBJECT ( ename VARCHAR2(30), job VARCHAR2(10), hiredate DATE)

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/ SELECT dname, IV1.IV2.ename ename, IV1.IV2.job job, IV1.IV2.hiredate hiredate FROM ( SELECT dname, ( SELECT FormatType(ename,job,hiredate) FROM emp WHERE rownum = 1 AND emp.deptno = dept.deptno ) IV2 FROM dept ) IV1