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October 13, 2010

Vivid E9

Exceptional Image Quality is created through the use of Accelerated Volume Architecture, Ultra Definition Clarity, Ultra Definition Speckle Reduce and advanced D-Series transducers. Ease of Use features make the Vivid E9 one of the most productive cardiovascular ultrasound systems including Single Beat 4D, 4D Views, 4D Stress Echo, 4D Auto LVQ, and Scan Assist. Ergonomics include highly portable user adaptable design with electronically adjustable height and keyboard, articulating LCD arm and lightweight transducers combining to make it one of the most ergonomic cardiovascular ultrasound systems available. True Scan Raw Data is GEs innovative technology that allows for advanced processing on archived images by applying many of the same scan controls and advanced quantitative tools available during the original exam. Integrated HDD Multiple USB ports Integrated DVD-R multi drive On-board DVR recorder (optional) On-board storage for thermal printer ntegrated speakers with sub-woofer I for premium sound ntegrated locking mechanism I that provides rolling lock and caster swivel lock Integrated cable management Easily removable air filters Front and rear handles Side storage trays

Product Description
The Vivid E9 is our leadership cardiovascular ultrasound system designed for cardiac 4D imaging, with the additional capabilities of 2D adult, pediatric, fetal/obstetrics, peripheral vascular, abdominal, transcranial, small organ, musculoskeletal, and transesophageal applications.

User Interface Operator Keyboard


loating keyboard electronically F adjustable in three dimensions Height Rotation Extension Drawer type, backlit, a/n keyboard upport for international (European) S keyboard character sets (ISO 8859) Ergonomic hard key layout Interactive back lighting ntegrated recording keys of I up to three devices Integrated gel holders User configurable probe holders

General Specifications Dimensions and Weight


Width: 544 mm, 21 3/4" Depth: 844 mm, 33 1/4"

System Architecture
Accelerated Volume Architecture, GEs exclusive, patented, beamforming technology; provides eight times the power of traditional ultrasound systems with increased volume size for full volume single beat 4D acquisition. Using both coherent and harmonic image processing, the system provides computational power, ease of imaging, workflow flexibility and product upgradeability. The Vivid E9 excels in the following areas:

eight: 1150 mm 1350 mm, H 45 3/8" 53 1/8" Weight: 140kg, 308 lbs

Electrical Power
ominal input voltage: N 100-230 VAC, 50/60 Hz Rated power consumption: 1100 W

Touch Screen
0.4 in high-resolution, color, touch, 1 LCD Screen Interactive dynamic software menu Backlight adjustment

Console Design
Five active probe ports ECG port

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LCD Monitor
17" High-Definition (HD) LCD 6.7 million simultaneous 1 colors available Flicker free CD translation L (independent of console): 350 mm horizontal bidirectional Swivel to any viewing direction old down and rotation lock F mechanism for transportation orizontal viewing angle of more H than 170 Resolution: 1280 x 1024 rightness, contrast, tint and B backlight adjustments

issue synchronization T imaging (optional) Strain imaging (optional) Strain rate imaging (optional) Tissue velocity Doppler Blood flow imaging Blood flow angio flow imaging B-flow Bi-plane Tri-plane Bi- and Tri-plane with color oded phase inversion C contrast imaging Compound imaging Extended field-of-view (LOGIQView)

Flip crop View crop Stereo vision Depth color render utomated 4D A left ventricular quantification

Peripheral Options
Console protective cover Internal peripherals igital video recording board D enables burning video to DVD recorder (optional) VD recorder for data storage D and video playback /w video printer with control B from system (optional) External peripherals etwork printers N nk-jet printer I olor laser printer C olor video printer with control C from system GB memory stick 2 External outputs VI-I D udio stereo out A thernet E 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps ultiple USB 2.0 ports M

System Overview Applications


Cardiac Abdominal Peripheral vascular Fetal/obstetrics Pediatric Small organ Adult cephalic Musculoskeletal Transesophageal

Scanning Methods
Electronic sector Electronic volume Electronic convex Electronic linear CW pencil

Transducer Types
Sector phased array Convex array Linear array Single crystal matrix array 2D matrix array

Operating Modes
2D tissue 4D tissue 2D color flow 4D color flow 2D angio flow Color M-mode Tissue velocity M-mode Continuous wave Doppler Tissue M-mode Pulsed wave Doppler Anatomical M-mode Curved anatomical M-mode Tissue velocity imaging Tissue tracking

Display Modes
ive and stored display format: L Full size and split screen, both with thumbnails, for still and cine eview image format: 4 x 3 and R thumbnails for still and cine Simultaneous capability + PW/CW B + CFM/TVI + PW B + CFM + CW B + CFM/Angio/TVI/SRI/TT/SI/TSI B + M/AMM/CAMM B + CFM/Angio/TVI/SRI/TT/SI/TSI + B M/AMM/CAMM eal-time duplex or triplex mode R ompound + M/CFM/PW C

System Standard 4D Features


ingle, dual or multiple cycle S volume acquisition ingle or multiple cycle color S volume acquisition Biplane acquisition Tri-plane acquisition ulti-dimensional M (bi-plane/tri-plane) color acquisition 9-slice view 6-slice view 12-slice view 4D stress Multi-dimensional stress Auto crop

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D + CFM 4 + bi-plane B + bi-plane + CFM/TVI/SRI/TT/SI/ B TSI/AMM/CAMM + tri-plane B + tri-plane + CFM/TVI/SRI/TT/SI/ B TSI/AMM/CAMM + color split screen B (simultaneous mode) Selectable alternating modes or compound + PW B + CW B or compound + CFM/PW B + CFM + CW B Multi-image (split/quad screen) ive and/or frozen L ndependent cine playback I Timeline display ndependent B (or compound) + I PW/CW/M display isplay formats D Top/bottom selectable format Side/side selectable format 4D display + 1 slice and render view 2 uad view (3 slice and render) Q ingle render view S lice-only view S -slice view 9 2-slice view 1 -slice color view 6 i-plane side/side view B ri-plane view T (quad including geometry viewer) rop view C (three orthogonal slice + render) pical slice view A (Three 60 degrees view + render) ine rotate render view C

Time format: Two types selectable 24 hours, 12 hours Gestational age from LMP/EDD/GA Probe name Map names Probe orientation Depth scale marker Focal zone markers Image depth Zoom depth B-mode ain G ynamic range D maging frequency I rame averaging F ray map G RI S D clarity U M-mode ain G ynamic range D ime scale T Doppler mode ain G ngle A ample volume size and position S all filter W elocity and/or frequency scale V pectrum inversion S ime scale T RF P oppler frequency D Color flow Doppler mode Frame rate rame averaging F ample volume size S olor scale C ower P olor baseline C olor threshold marker C olor gain C DI P

pectrum inversion S oppler D Acoustic frame rate INE gage, C image number/frame number odymarks: B Multiple human and animal types Application name Measurement results Operator message Displayed acoustic output IS: Thermal Index Soft Tissue T IC: Thermal Index Cranial (Bone) T IB: Thermal Index Bone T MI: Mechanical Index Power output in dB Biopsy guide line and zone Heart rate Trackball-driven annotation arrows Active mode display Stress protocol parameters arameter annotation follow P ASE standard Free text with word library 4D slice intersection markers 4D gauge 4D viewing angle arrows 4D geometry viewer 4D number of cycles

General System Parameters System Setup


Pre-programmable categories User programmable preset capability Factory default preset data anguages: English, French, German, L Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Norwegian User defined annotations Body patterns Customized comment home position

Display Annotation
Patient name: First, last and middle Patient ID Age, sex and birth date Hospital name Date format: Two types selectable MM/DD/YY, DD/MM/YY

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Complete User Manual Available on Board


Available through touch panel Utility page. User Manual and Service Manual are included on CD with each system. A printed manual is available upon request.

dvanced post-processing analysis A hree user levels help organizing T data security requirements -signoff compatibility, with E clear indications in patient management screens and report screen that a report was signed off, and by whom and at what time. The signed off report and exam cannot be changed. The Diagnosing Physician field is automatically assigned to the user that did the sign-off.

nternal archive data can be I exported to removable image storage through DICOM media nternal hard disk for storing I programs, application defaults, ultrasound images and patient archive ll data storage is based on A ultrasound raw data, allowing to change gain, baseline, color maps, sweep speeds, etc., for recalled images and loops ICOM media read/write images D on DICOM format lphanumeric data can be exported A in MS Excel compatible format PEG export for still frames J VI and MPEG export for cineloops A pecialized file format Save As S feature to allow data import into TomTec freestanding workstation Vue/MPEGvue e llows interactive viewing of A images, loops or full exams from remote location sing MPEGvue, exams may be U stored onto removable media or on remote networked system together with integrated MPEGvue player for viewing on standard PC mart email feature allows S transparent transmission of images via email using resident outlook email client

CINE Memory/Image Memory


210 MB of cine memory electable cine sequence for S cine review easurements/calculations M and annotations on cine playback Scrolling timeline memory Dual-image cine display Quad-image cine display INE gauge and cine image C number display CINE review loop CINE review speed

Image and Data Management


ltimate workflow with instant U access data management ext generation of DICOM Image N Format: Raw image DICOM incorporates raw image data information with all its data management flexibility into the image communication standard DICOM D, CFM or TVI data at maximum 2 frame rate may be reviewed by scrolling or by running cine loops (can contain more than 1,000 images for all imaging modes) mage clipboard for stamp-size I storage and review of stored images and loops uilt-in patient archive with B images/loops, patient information, measurements and reports tructured findings report tools S support efficient text entries with direct editing of findings text, usability improvements, new configuration options and conclusion section ser can enter normal values U which are then compared to actual measurements onfigurable HTML-based C report function eport templates can be R customized on board SE-based default text modules A (English), user customizable

Image Storage
D virtual store for efficient 4 4D image management n-board database of patient O information from past exams Storage formats: ICOM D compressed/uncompressed, single/multi-frame, with/without raw data xport JPEG, MPEG, AVI and E VolDicom (optional) formats Storage devices: SB memory stick: 2 GB U D-RW storage: 700 MB C VD storage: -R (4.7 GB) D ard drive image storage: ~160 GB H ompare old images with C current exam Reload of archived data sets

Scanning Parameters
igital beamformer: 67,584 channels D isplayed imaging depth: 0 30 cm D inimum depth of field: 0 2 cm M (zoom) (probe dependent) aximum depth of field: 0 30 cm M (probe dependent) ontinuous dynamic receive C focus/continuous dynamic receive aperture djustable dynamic range: 210 dB A mage reverse: Right/left I mage rotation of 0, 180 I

EchoPAC/Patient Archive
ntegrated EchoPAC adds I connectivity and image analysis capability to Vivid E9 I stant access to ultrasound raw n data provided by the system
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Tissue Imaging
General ariable transmit frequencies V for resolution/penetration optimization isplay zoom with zoom D area control igh-Resolution (HR) Zoom H concentrates all image acquisition power into selected Region of Interest (ROI) ariable contour filtering V for edge enhancement epth range up to 30 cm D probe specific electable grayscale parameters: S Gain, reject, DDP, clarity, dynamic range and compress can be adjusted in live, digital replay and image clipboard recall utomatically calculated A TGC curves require minimal operator interaction utomatically calculated A lateral gain 2D Mode ector tilt and width control S rame rate in excess of 1000 fps, F depending on probe, settings and applications oded octave imaging with coded C phase inversion 3rd generation harmonic tissue imaging providing improved lateral and contrast resolution over conventional imaging. Features reduce noise, improve wall definition, and axial resolution, making it the tissue modality of choice for all patient groups onfocal imaging allows for C multiple transmit focal zones over range of view and a high vector density, probes dependent utomatic tissue optimization A single keystroke optimizes immediately and automatically different gray scale settings adjusted for the real time image

D Clarity and UD Speckle reduce U imaging an advanced image processing technique to remove speckle in real time examining the relative difference between neighboring pixel values and determining whether the grayscale variations have a sharp difference, follow a trend, or are random in nature ariable image width V a reduction either increases frame rate or increases the number of focal zones while maintaining the frame rate application dependent ultiple-angle compound imaging M multiple co-planar images from different angles combined into a single image in real time improving border definition, contrast resolution, and reducing angular dependence of border or edge OGIQView provides the ability to L construct and view a static 2D image with wider field-of-view of a given transducer. This allows viewing and measurements of anatomy that is larger than what would fit in a single image /R and up/down invert, in live, digital L replay or image clipboard recall igital replay for retrospective D review or automatic looping of images, allowing for adjustment of parameters such as gain, reject, anatomical M-mode, persistence and replay speed ata dependent processing performs D temporal processing which reduces random noise but leaves motion of significant tissue structures largely unaffected can be adjusted even in digital replay 56 shades of gray 2 olorized 2D-mode, user selectable C in real-time, digital replay ptimized strain presets for O further 2D strain analysis on EchoPAC Dimension workstation (separate research option)

4D Mode lexi-Volumes with customizable F acquisition for volume size, volume rate or resolution ingle beat 4D scanning with S real-time volume rendering display ulti beat 4D scanning for higher M resolution scanning djustable volume sizes for both A single and multi beat scanning djustable volume shape control A re-defined volume sizes for quick P volume setup djustable number of cycles for A multi beat scanning D scanning supporting variable 4 octave and fundamental frequencies ariable frame rate settings V available olume optimize control for V volume rendering transparency and quality setting lip crop available for changing F 4D view direction 180 degrees with mirrored crop volume iew-crop setting for toggle V control of view plane vs. crop plane tereo vision in 4D S ide range of depth color W rendering maps oggle of left or right elevation tilt T with corresponding change of crop and view directions Multi-Dimensional Mode i-plane scanning Two B independent simultaneous scan planes where one of them can be rotated and tilted freely ri-plane Three independent T simultaneous scan planes that can be rotated freely oth bi-plane and tri-plane B scanning is possible in all color Doppler modes M-mode rackball steers M-mode line T available with all imaging probes max steering angle is probe dependent imultaneous real-time 2D- S and M-mode

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-mode PRF 1 kHz all image data M acquired are combined to give high-quality recording regardless of display scroll speed igital replay for retrospective D review of spectral data everal top-bottom formats, S side-by-side format and time-motion only format can be adjusted in live or digital replay electable horizontal scroll speed: S 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 seconds across display orizontal scroll can be adjusted H in live or digital replay Anatomical M-mode -mode cursor can be adjusted M at any plane urved anatomical M-mode C free (curved) drawing of M-mode generated from the cursor independent from the axial plane an be activated from live, digital C replay or image clipboard recall natomical color and tissue A velocity M-mode & A capability M

ore than 65,000 simultaneous M colors processed, providing a smooth display two-dimensional color maps containing a multitude of color hues imultaneous display of grayscale S 2D and 2D with color flow olor invert user selectable in C live and digital replay ariable color baseline user V selectable in live and digital replay ultivariate color priority function M gives reliable delineation of disturbed flows even across bright areas of the 2D-mode image olor Doppler frequency can be C changed independently from 2D Color Flow Imaging ruSpeed imaging allows either T ultra-high frame rate or increased lateral resolution ery high digital signal processing V power, maintaining high frame rates with large ROIs even for very low PRF settings rame Rate in excess of 150 fps, F depending on probe and settings ariable ROI size in width V and depth ser-selectable radial and lateral U averaging for reduction of statistical uncertainty in the color velocity and variance estimates ata Dependent Processing (DDP) D performs temporal processing and display smoothing with reduced possibility for loss of transient events of homodynamic significance igital replay for retrospective D review or automatic looping of color images, allowing for adjustment of parameters such as DDP, encoding principle, baseline shift, color maps, color priority and color gain even on frozen/recalled data pplication-dependent, multiA variate motion discriminator reduces flash artifacts edicated coronary flow D application

4D Color Doppler Imaging ingle-beat 4D color flow scanning S olume size control to change the V size of the color ROI ulti-beat 4D color flow scanning M using ECG stitching for increased volume rate re-defined volume sizes for quick P volume setup djustable number of cycles for A multi beat scanning ariable volume rate settings V available lip crop available for changing F 4D view direction 180 degrees with mirrored crop volume iew-crop setting for toggle V control of view plane vs. crop plane tereo vision in 4D color S issue transparency control T low transparency control F Multi-Dimensional Color Mode i-plane and tri-plane scanning B with all color Doppler and tissue velocity modes Color Angio ngle-independent mode for A visualization of small vessels with increased sensitivity compared to standard color flow Color M-mode ariable ROI length and position V user selectable ser-selectable radial averaging U for reduction of statistical uncertainty in the color velocity and variance estimates electable horizontal scroll speed: S 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 seconds across display can be adjusted during live, digital replay or image clipboard recall eal-time 2D image while in R color M-mode ame controls and functions S available as in standard 2D color Doppler

Color Doppler Imaging


General teerable color Doppler available S with all imaging probes max steering angle is probe dependent rackball-controlled ROI T emoval of color map from the R tissue during digital replay igital replay for retrospective D review of color or color M-mode data allowing for adjustment of parameters such as encoding principle, color priority and color gain even on stored data RF settings user selectable P dvanced regression wall filter A gives efficient suppression of wall clutter or each encoding principle, F multiple color maps can be selected in live and digital replay variance maps available

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Anatomical Color M-mode E-patented, any plane dolor G M-mode display derived from dolor Doppler cine loop lso applicable to tissue A velocity Imaging & A capability M B-flow -flow is a digital imaging B technique that provides real-time visualization of vascular hemodynamics by directly visualizing blood reflectors and presenting this information in a grayscale display se of GE-patented techniques U to boost blood echoes, and to preferentially suppress non-moving tissue signals -flow is available for most B vascular and shared service applications Blood Flow Imaging ombines color Doppler with C grayscale speckle imaging llows better delineation of blood A flow without bleeding into tissue or vessel wall Blood Flow Angio Imaging ombines angio with grayscale C speckle imaging

ime markers for valve events T derived from any TM mode simplify understanding of signals in velocity traces or curved anatomical M-mode Tissue Tracking Mode eal-time display of the time R integral of TVI for quantitative display of myocardial systolic displacement yocardial displacement is M calculated and displayed as a color-coded overlay on the grayscale and M-mode image different colors represent different displacement ranges issue Synchronization T Imaging Mode arametric imaging which gives P information about synchronicity of myocardial motion yocardial segments colored M according to time to peak velocity, green for early and red for late peak aveform trace available to W obtain quantitative time to peak measurement from TSI Image vailable in live scanning as well A as an offline calculation derived from tissue Doppler data dditional features in combination A with multi-dimensional imaging option: imultaneous acquisition of S tri-plane TSI images covering all standard segments in apical views fficient segment specific TSI E time measurements mmediate bulls eye report I utomatic calculated TSI A synchrony indexes SI surface mapping T V synchronization report template L RT programming protocol C Strain/Strain Rate Mode issue deformation and rate of T deformation are calculated and displayed as real-time, color-coded overlay on the 2D image

issue deformation (strain) is T calculated and displayed as real-time, color-coded overlay on the 2D Image ine compound calculates and C displays cineloops generated from a temporal averaging of multiple consecutive heart cycles natomical M-mode and curved A anatomical M-mode displays (SI and SRI)

Spectral Doppler
General perates in PW, HPRF and O CW modes rackball steerable Doppler T available with all imaging probes max steering angle is probe dependent electable Doppler frequency S for better optimization igh-quality, real-time duplex or H triplex operation in all Doppler modes, CW and PW, and for all velocity settings rame rate control for optimized F use of acquisition power between spectrum, 2D and dolor Doppler modes in duplex or triplex modes ery fast and flexible spectrum V analysis with an equivalent DFT rate of 0.2 ms ynamic gain compensation for D display of flows with varying signal strengths over the cardiac cycle and improved ease of use ynamic reject gives consistent D suppression of background user selectable in real-time, digital replay or image clipboard recall igital replay for retrospective D review of spectral Doppler data everal top-bottom formats, S side-by-side format and time motion only format can be adjusted in live or digital replay electable horizontal scroll speed: S 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 seconds across display can be adjusted in live or digital replay

Tissue Velocity Imaging


Tissue Velocity Imaging Mode yocardial Doppler imaging with M color overlay on tissue image issue Doppler data can be T acquired in background during regular 2D imaging he velocity of all myocardial T segments after entire heart cycle can be displayed in one single image issue color overlay can be T removed to show just the 2D image, still retaining the tissue velocity information uantitative profiles for TVI, Q tissue tracking, strain and strain rate can be derived

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djustable spectral Doppler A display parameters: Gain, reject, compress, color maps can be adjusted in live or digital replay ser-adjustable baseline shift U in live, digital replay and image clipboard recall djustable velocity scale A all filters with range 10-2000 Hz W (velocity scale dependent) ngle correction with automatic A adjustment of velocity scale in live, digital replay and image clipboard recall tereo speakers mounted in the S front panel isplay annotations of frequency, D mode, scales, Nyquist limit, wall filter setting, angle correction, acoustic power indices ompound in duplex C PW / HPRF Doppler utomatic HPRF Doppler maintains A its sensitivity even for shallow depths and with the highest PRFs igital velocity tracking Doppler D employs processing in range and time for high quality spectral displays djustable sample volume size A of 1-20 mm (probe dependent) aximum sample volume depth M 30 cm CW Doppler ighly sensitive steerable H CW available with all phased array probes Tissue Velocity Doppler

Inversion (CPI) provides highresolution detection of contrast in the LV cavity and excellent suppression of myocardial tissue signals. Furthermore, tri-plane imaging with 3V-D using LV contrast enables acquisition of three simultaneous apical views within one cardiac cycle. VO stress (M5S-D), same as LV L contrast but with slightly higher frame rate to account for the higher heart rates during stress
* Schering developed harmonic imaging for supporting contrast agent imaging

Measurement and Analysis (M&A)


ersonalized measurement P protocols allow individual set and order of M & A items easurements can be labeled M seamlessly by using protocols or post assignments easurements assignable to M protocol capability arameter annotation follow P ASE standard eamless data storage and S report creation User-assignable parameters omprehensive set of cardiac C measurements and calculations to assess dimensions, flow properties and other functional parameters of the heart omprehensive set of shared C service measurements and calculations covering vascular, abdominal, obstetrics and other application areas onfiguration package to set up C a customized set and sequence of measurements to use, defining user-defined measurements and changing settings for the factory defined measurements tress echo support allowing wall S motion scoring and automatic stress level labeling of all measurements upport for measuring on DVR S recordings and DICOM images utomatic Doppler trace functionality A for use in non-cardiac applications in both live and replay orksheet for review, edit and W deletion of performed measurements eporting support allowing a R configurable set of measurements to be shown in the exam report ICOM SR export of D measurement data

ascular/Abdominal Contrast** V Enables contrast applications intended for vascular and abdominal contrast imaging: ascular Contrast (9L-D) V Coded phase inversion enables excellent detection and resolution of vascular contrast imaging
** GE Healthcares Vivid E9 is designed for compatibility with commercially available contrast agents. Because the availability of these agents is subject to government regulation and approval, product features intended for use with these agents may not be commercially marketed nor made available before the contrast agent is approved for use. Advanced contrast features are only enabled on systems for delivery in countries or regions where the agents are approved for use or for investigational or research use.

Physiological Traces
p to three traces display U simultaneously ECG trigger ECG lead selection igh-resolution display of the H following traces: ECG, respiration, phono, and pressure/AUX Adjustable ECG QRS markers

Contrast Imaging
VO Contrast* Enables contrast L applications intended for imaging of the left ventricle: V contrast (3V-D, M5S-D) enhances L delineation of the LV border in combination with ultrasound contrast agents. The new implementation of GEs Coded Phase

Automatic Optimization
ptimize B-mode image to O improve contrast resolution uto-spectral optimize A adjustments baseline, PRF (on live image) and angle correction

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ntima Media Thickness (IMT) I measurements utomated measurement of IMT A rather than the conventional way of measuring the IMT manually esults representative of a region R rather than a single point of a vessel wall eduction of examination time R by providing a quick and easy procedure in measuring the IMT D Auto LVQ 4 utomated measurement A of LV volume and EF from volumetric data: asy identification of LV E long-axis and standard views asy initialization of E measurement ROI asy validation of detected E boundaries V volume waveform for complete L cardiac cycle D and ES automatically selected E from volume waveform (max/min) pproval of final results A diting by point and click E ully integrated in M&A system F uantitative Analysis package Q (Q-Analysis) races for velocity or derived T parameters (strain rate, strain, displacement) inside defined regions of interest as function of time ontrast analysis with traces for C grayscale intensity or angio power inside defined regions of interest as function of time, including post processing ECG trigging and curve fitting for wash in/wash out analysis urved anatomical M-mode C display allowing an M-mode along an arbitrary curve in a 2D image

Automated Function Imaging (AFI) arametric imaging tool which P gives quantitative data for global and segmental wall motion llows complete assessment A at a glance by combining three longitudinal views into one comprehensive bulls-eye view ntegrated into M&A package I with specialized report templates D strain based data moves into 2 clinical practice implified workflow with adaptive S ROI, quick tips and combined display of traces from all segments

T ICA/CCA (Right Internal Carotid R Artery Velocity/Common Carotid Artery Velocity Ratio) T ECA, LT CCA, LT BIFURC, LT ICA, L LT ICA/CCA (Same as above, for Left Carotid Artery) /B Ratio (Velocities Ratio) A Stenosis (Stenosis Ratio) % /D Ratio (Systolic Velocity/Diastolic S Velocities Ratio) I (Pulsatility Index) P I (Resistivity Index) R R (Heart Rate) beats/minute H

Generic Measurements
SA (Body Surface Area) B axPG (Maximum Pressure Gradient) M eanPG (Mean Pressure Gradient) M Stenosis (Stenosis Ratio) % I (Pulsatility Index) P I (Resistivity Index) R R (Heart Rate) beats/minute H /B Ratio (Velocities Ratio) A AMAX T (Time Averaged Maximum Velocity) Trace Method is Peak or manual AMIN (Time Averaged Minimum T Velocity) Trace method is Floor AMEAN (Time Averaged Mean T Velocity) Trace method is Mean olume V

OB Calculations
C (Abdominal Circumference) A PD (Biparietal Diameter) B RL (Crown Rump Length) C L (Femur Length) F S (Gestational Sac) G C (Head Circumference) H C (Head Circumference) H F (Ejection Fraction) E UA (Composite Ultrasound Age) C

GYN Calculations
T-L (Uterine Length) U T-H (Uterine Height) U T-W (Uterine Width) U T-Volume (Uterine Volume) U tPFD U (Uterus Portio-Fundus Distance) tAP U (Anterior-Posterior Uterus Diameter) tQ (Transverse Uterus Diameter) U ndo (Endometrium Thickness) E t. Ov-L (Left Ovarian Length) L t. Ov-H (Left Ovarian Height) L t. Ov-W (Left Ovarian Width) L t. Ov-Volume (Left Ovarian Volume) L t. Ov-L (Right Ovarian Length) R t. Ov-H (Right Ovarian Height) R t. Ov-W (Right Ovarian Width) R t. Ov-Volume (Right Ovarian Volume) R

Vascular Calculations
T ECA (Right External R Carotid Artery Velocity) T CCA (Right Common R Carotid Artery Velocity) T BIFURC (Right Carotid R Bifurcation Velocity) T ICA (Right Internal R Carotid Artery Velocity)

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t. Ov-RI (Left Ovarian Vessel L Resistive Index) t-RI (Uterine Vessel Resistive Index) U t. Ov-RI (Right Ovarian Vessel R Resistive Index) tOvFo [ml] (Left Ovary Follicles) L tOvFo [ml] (Right Ovary Follicles) R t. Ov-PI (Left Ovarian Vessel L Pulsatility Index) t. Ov-PI (Right Ovarian Vessel R Pulsatility Index)

V EOA I [VTI] A (Aortic Valve Effective Orifice Area Index by Continuity Equation VTI) V EOA I Vmax A (Aortic Valve Effective Orifice Area Index by Continuity Equation Peak V) V CO (Cardiac Output by Aortic Flow) A V Cusp A (Aortic Valve Cusp Separation, 2D) V Dec Time A (Aortic Valve Deceleration Time) V Diam (Aortic Diameter, 2D) A V max PG A (Aortic Valve Peak Pressure Gradient) V mean PG A (Aortic Valve Mean Pressure Gradient) V SV (Stroke Volume by Aortic Flow) A V Vmax (Aortic Valve Peak Velocity) A V Vmean (AV Mean Velocity) A V VTI A (Aortic Valve Velocity Time Integral) VA [Vmax] (AV Area by Continuity A Equation by Peak V) VA [VTI] A (AV Area by Continuity Equation VTI) VA Planimetry (Aortic Valve Area) A VET (Aortic Valve Ejection Time) A O [Teich] C (Cardiac Output, M-mode, Teicholtz) -E Excursion D (MV Anterior Leaflet Excursion) DV [Cube] (Left Ventricle Volume, E Diastolic, 2D, Cubic) F [A-L A2C] (Ejection Fraction 2CH, E Single Plane, Area-Length) -F Slope (Mitral Valve E-F Slope) E PSS (E-Point-to-Septum Separation, E M-mode) RO (Effective Regurgitant Orifice) E SV [Cube] (Left Ventricle Volume, E Systolic, 2D, Cubic) R (Heart Rate, 2D, Teicholtz) H VC (Inferior Vena Cava) I VCT (Isovolumic Contraction Time) I VRT (Isovolumic Relaxation Time) I

VSd (Interventricular Septum I Thickness, Diastolic, 2D) Ss (Interventricular Septum V Thickness, Systolic, 2D) A Diam (Left Atrium Diameter, 2D) L A Major (Left Atrium Major) L A Minor (Left Atrium Minor) L A/Ao (LA Diameter to AoRoot L Diameter Ratio, 2D) AEDV [A-L] (LA End Diastolic Volume, L Area-Length) AEDV Index [A-L] (LA End Diastolic L Volume Index, Area-Length) AESV [A-L] (LA End Systolic Volume, L Area-Length) AESV Index [A-L] (LA End Systolic L Volume Index, Area-Length) IMP (Left Index of Myocardial L Performance) VA [s] (Left Ventricular Area, L Systolic, 2CH) VAd [A2C] (Left Ventricular Area, L Diastolic, 2CH) VAd [sax] (LV area, SAX, Diastolic) L VAend [d] (LV Endocardial Area, SAX) L VAepi [d] (LV Epicardial Area, SAX) L VAs [A4C) (Left Ventricular Area, L Systolic, 4CH) VAs [sax] (LV area, SAX, Systolic) L Vd Mass (LV Mass, Diastolic, 2D) L Vd Mass L (LV Mass, Diastolic, M-mode) Vd Mass Index L (LV Mass Index, Diastolic, 2D) VEDV [A-L A2C] (LV Volume, Diastolic, L 2CH, Area-Length) VESV [A-L A2C] (LV Volume, Systolic, L 2CH, Area-Length) VET (Left Ventricle Ejection Time) L VIDd (LV Internal Dimension, L Diastolic, 2D) VIDs (LV Internal Dimension, L Systolic, 2D) VLd [apical] (Left Ventricular Length, L Diastolic, 2D)

Cardiac Measurements
FS (LV Fractional Shortening) % IVS Thck (IVS Fractional Shortening) % LVPW Thck (LV Posterior Wall % Fractional Shortening) o Arch Diam (Aortic Arch Diameter) A o asc (Ascending Aortic Diameter) A o Desc Diam A (Descending Aortic Diameter) o Isthmus (Aortic Isthmus) A o Root Diam (Aortic Root Diameter) A R ERO A (PISA: Regurgitant Orifice Area) R Flow (PISA: Regurgitant Flow) A R PHT (AV Insuf. Pressure Half Time) A R Rad (PISA: Radius of Aliased Point) A R RF (Regurgitant Fraction over the A Aortic Valve) R RV A (PISA: Regurgitant Volume Flow) R Vel (PISA: Aliased Velocity) A R Vmax (Aortic Insuf. Peak Velocity) A R VTI A (Aortic Insuf. Velocity Time Integral) Red max PG (Aortic Insuf. A End-Diastole Pressure Gradient) Red Vmax (Aortic Insuf. A End-Diastolic Velocity) V Acc Slope A (Aortic Valve Flow Acceleration) V Acc Time A (Aortic Valve Acceleration Time) V AccT/ET (AV Acceleration A to Ejection Time Ratio)

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VLs [apical] L (Left Ventricular Length, Systolic, 2D) VOT Area L (Left Ventricle Outflow Tract Area) VOT CO L (Cardiac Output by Aortic Flow) VOT Diam (Left Ventricular Outflow L Tract Diameter) VOT max PG L (LVOT Peak Pressure Gradient) VOT mean PG L (LVOT Mean Pressure Gradient) VOT SI L (Stroke Volume Index by Aortic Flow) VOT SV L (Stroke Volume by Aortic Flow) VOT Vmax (LVOT Peak Velocity) L VOT Vmean (LVOT Mean Velocity) L VOT VTI (LVOT Velocity Time Integral) L VPWd (Left Ventricular Posterior Wall L Thickness, Diastolic, 2D) VPWs (Left Ventricular Posterior Wall L Thickness, Systolic, 2D) Vs Mass (LV Mass, Systolic, 2D) L Vs Mass Index L (LV Mass Index, Systolic, 2D) AAd [A2C] L (Left Atrium Area, Apical 2C) CO (Mitral Valve closure to Opening) M P Area (Mitral Valve Prosthesis) M R Acc Time M (MV Regurg. Flow Acceleration) R ERO M (PISA: Regurgitant Orifice Area) R Flow (PISA: Regurgitant Flow) M R max PG (Mitral Regurg. M Peak Pressure Gradient) R Rad (PISA: Radius of Aliased Point) M R RF (Regurgitant fraction over the M Mitral Valve) R RV M (PISA: Regurgitant Volume Flow) R Vel (PISA: Aliased Velocity) M R Vmax M (Mitral Regurg. Peak Velocity)

R Vmean M (Mitral Regurg. Mean Velocity) R VTI M (Mitral Regurg. Velocity Time Integral) V A Dur M (Mitral Valve A-Wave Duration) V A Velocity (MV Velocity Peak A) M V Acc Slope M (Mitral Valve Flow Acceleration) V Acc Time M (Mitral Valve Acceleration Time) V Acc/Dec Time M (MV: Acc.Time/Decel.Time Ratio) V an diam M (Mitral Valve Annulus Diameter, 2D) V CO M (Cardiac Output by Mitral Flow) V Dec Slope M (Mitral Valve Flow Deceleration) V Dec Time M (Mitral Valve Deceleration Time) V E Velocity (MV Velocity Peak E) M V E/A Ratio M (Mitral Valve E-Peak to A-Peak Ratio) V max PG M (Mitral Valve Peak Pressure Gradient) V mean PG M (Mitral Valve Mean Pressure Gradient) V PHT M (Mitral Valve Pressure Half Time) V Reg Frac M (Mitral Valve Regurgitant Fraction) V SI M (Stroke Volume Index by Mitral Flow) V SV (Stroke Volume by Mitral Flow) M V Time to Peak M (Mitral Valve Time to Peak) V Vmax (Mitral Valve Peak Velocity) M V Vmean (MV Mean Velocity) M V VTI M (Mitral Valve Velocity Time Integral) VA (Mitral Valve Area) M VA By PHT M (Mitral Valve Area according to PHT) VA by plan (Mitral Valve Area, 2D) M VET (Mitral Valve Ejection Time) M

Vein A (Pulmonary Vein Velocity P Peak A) reverse Vein A Dur P (Pulmonary Vein A-Wave Duration) Vein D (Pulmonary Vein P End-Diastolic Peak Velocity) Vein S (Pulmonary Vein P Systolic Peak Velocity) AEDP (Pulmonary Artery P Diastolic Pressure) E[d] (Pericard Effusion, M-mode) P Es (Pericard Effusion, 2D) P R max PG (Pulmonic Insuf. P Peak Pressure Gradient) R mean PG (Pulmonic Insuf. P Mean Pressure Gradient) R PHT (Pulmonic Insuf. P Pressure Half Time) R Vmax (Pulmonic Insuf. P Peak Velocity) R VTI (Pulmonic Insuf. Velocity P Time Integral) Rend max PG (Pulmonic Insuf. P End-Diastole Pressure Gradient) Rend Vmax (Pulmonic Insuf. P End-Diastolic Velocity) ulmonic Diam P (Pulmonary Artery Diameter, 2D) V Acc Slope P (Pulmonic Valve Flow Acceleration) V Acc Time P (Pulmonic Valve Acceleration Time) V Acc Time/ET Ratio P (PV Acceleration to Ejection Time Ratio) V an diam P (Pulmonic Valve Annulus Diameter, 2D) V Ann Area (Pulmonic Valve Area) P V CO P (Cardiac Output by Pulmonic Flow) V max PG (Pulmonic Valve Peak P Pressure Gradient) V mean PG (Pulmonic Valve Mean P Pressure Gradient) V SV P (Stroke Volume by Pulmonic Flow)

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V Vmax (Pulmonary Artery P Peak Velocity) V Vmean (PV Mean Velocity) P V VTI (Pulmonic Valve Velocity P Time Integral) VA (VTI) (Pulmonary Artery P Velocity Time Integral) Vein S/D Ratio P (Pulmonary Vein SD Ratio) VET (Pulmonic Valve Ejection Time) P VPEP P (Pulmonic Valve Pre-Ejection Period) VPEP/ET Ratio (PV Pre-Ejection to P Ejection Time Ratio) p/Qs Q (Pulmonic-to-Systemic Flow Ratio) A Major (Right Atrium Major, 2D) R A Minor (Right Atrium Minor, 2D) R AEDV A2C R (Right Atrium End Diastolic Volume, Apical 2 chamber) AESV A-L R (RA End Systole Volume [A-L]) ALd (Right Atrium Length, Diastole) R ALs (RA Length, systole) R IMP (Right Index of R Myocardial Performance) JA [A4C) (Regurgitant Jet Area) R JA/LAA R (Regurgitant Jet Area ratio RJA/LAA) V Major (Right Ventricle Major) R V Minor (Right Ventricle Minor) R VAWd (Right Ventricle Wall R Thickness, Diastolic, 2D) VAWs (Right Ventricle Wall R Thickness, Systolic, 2D) VET (Right Ventricle Ejection Time) R VIDd (Right Ventricle Diameter, R Diastolic, 2D) VIDs (Right Ventricle Diameter, R Systolic, 2D) VOT Area R (Right Ventricle Outflow Tract Area) VOT Diam R (RV Output Tract Diameter, 2D)

VOT Diam (RV Output Tract R Diameter, M-Mode) VOT max PG R (RVOT Peak Pressure Gradient) VOT meanPG R (RVOT Mean Pressure Gradient) VOT SI (LV Stroke Volume Index R by Pulmonic Flow) VOT SV R (Stroke Volume by Pulmonic Flow) VOT Vmax (RVOT Peak Velocity) R VOT Vmean (RVOT Mean Velocity) R VOT VTI R (RVOT Velocity Time Integral) VSP R (Right Ventricle Systolic Pressure) VWd (Right Ventricle Wall Thickness, R Diastolic, M-mode) VWs (Right Ventricle Wall Thickness, R Systolic, M-mode) AA [d] (Right Atrium Area, R 2D, Diastole) AA [s] R (Right Atrium Area, 2D, Systole) I [A-L A2C] (LV Stroke Index, S Single Plane, 2CH, Area-Length) I [A-L A4C] (LV Stroke Index, S Single Plane, 4CH, Area-Length) I [Bi-plane] S (LV Stroke Index, Bi-Plane, MOD) I [bullet] S (LV Stroke Index, Bi-Plane, Bullet) I [MOD A2C] (LV Stroke Index, S Single Plane, 2CH, MOD) I [MOD A4C] (LV Stroke Index, S Single Plane, 4CH, MOD) I [Teich] S (LV Stroke Index, Teicholtz, 2D) I [Teich] S (LV Stroke Index, Teicholtz, M-mode) V [A-L A2C] (LV Stroke Volume, S Single Plane, 2CH, Area-Length) V [A-L A4C] (LV Stroke Volume, S Single Plane, 4CH, Area-Length) V [Bi-plane] (LV Stroke Volume, S Bi-plane, MOD)

V [bullet] (LV Stroke Volume, S Bi-plane, Bullet) V [MOD A2C] (LV Stroke Volume, S Single-plane, 2CH, MOD) Simpson V [MOD A4C] (LV Stroke Volume, S Single-plane, 4CH, MOD) Simpson V [Cube] S (LV Stroke Volume, 2D, Cubic) V[Cube) S (LV Stroke Volume, M-mode, Cubic) V [Teich) S (LV Stroke Volume, 2D, Teicholtz) V [Teich] S (LV Stroke Volume, M-mode, Teicholtz) ystemic Diam S (Systemic Vein Diameter, 2D) ystemic Vmax S (Systemic Vein Peak Velocity) ystemic VTI (Systemic Vein S Velocity Time Integral) CO T (Tricuspid Valve Closure to Opening) R max PG (Tricuspid Regurg. T Peak Pressure Gradient) R mean PG (Tricuspid Regurg. T Mean Pressure Gradient) R Vmax T (Tricuspid Regurg. Peak Velocity) R Vmean T (Tricuspid Regurg. Mean Velocity) R VTI (Tricuspid Regurgitation T Velocity Time Integral) V A dur T (Tricuspid Valve A-Wave Duration) V A Velocity T (Tricuspid Valve A Velocity) V Acc Time T (Tricuspid Valve Time to Peak) V Ann Area (Tricuspid Valve Area) T V ann diam (Tricuspid Valve T Annulus Diameter, 2D) V Area (Tricuspid Valve Area, 2D) T V CO T (Cardiac Output by Tricuspid Flow) V Dec Slope T (Tricuspid Valve Flow Deceleration)

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V E Velocity T (Tricuspid Valve E Velocity) V E/A Ratio (Tricuspid Valve T E-Peak to A-Peak Ratio) V max PG (Tricuspid Valve T Peak Pressure Gradient) V mean PG (Tricuspid Valve T Mean Pressure Gradient) V mean PG (Tricuspid Valve T Mean Pressure Gradient) V PHT T (Tricuspid Valve Pressure Half Time) V SV T (Stroke Volume by Tricuspid Flow) V Vmean (TV Mean Velocity) T V VTI (Tricuspid Valve Velocity T Time Integral) SD max PG V (VSD Peak Pressure Gradient) SD Vmax (VSD Peak Velocity) V

ulti-plane stress echo M D stress echo 4 ombined 4D/multi-plane and C continuous capture stress echo ardiac resynchronization C therapy programming protocols Protocol examinations may include: how reference: Show a reference S image from baseline or previous level during acquisition mart stress: Automatically set S up various scanning parameters (for instance geometry, frequency, gain, etc.) according to same projection on previous level can mode settings: Scan mode S may be specified for individual views in the protocol review of store: Show running P loops as preview before storing to the examination Continuous capture ontinuously acquire large C amounts of 2D image data, and selection of projection views for analysis afterwards he complete continuous capture T recording may be kept in memory while it is possible to store new images outside the protocol template, or the complete recording can be stored to file election of projection views S on EchoPAC when the complete recording is stored to file Multi-plane stress echo i-plane and/or tri-plane B acquisition djustment of scan-plane angle A and tilt during acquisition ndividual scan-planes shown in I analysis possible to show one scan-plane from each of the stress levels simultaneously 4D stress echo D volume acquisition 4 imultaneous display of three S apical and one short-axis projection during acquisition

D volume images analyzed in 4 long-axis or short-axis projections ong-axis analysis allow rotating L the plane around the main axis hort-axis analysis allow S translation of the plane along the main axis ardiac Resynchronization Therapy C (CRT) programming protocols ailored acquisition protocol for T data needed for programming of AV and VV delays in biventricular pacemakers mage acquisition of a set of I projection views with various scan mode settings emplate editor T ser configurable U protocol templates onfigure protocol name, C number of levels and views, name of level and views and several other protocol settings (smart stress, show reference, scan mode, preview of store, timer handling, etc.)

Annotations
ody marks B ody mark icons for location B and position of probe asy selection of body marks E from touch panel ext annotations T asy selection of text annotations E from touch panel

4D Analysis Tools
4D views asy navigation to define standard E orientation of acquired 4D data tandard views (such as 4ch, 2ch, S LAX, mitral valve and aortic valve) are defined from the standard orientation utomatic display of volume A renderings and 2D cut planes from standard views 4D data cropping lexible tool for cropping 4D data F using up to six different crop planes ach crop plane can be moved E without any restrictions he crop plane positions are visible T in both the volume rendering and in the 2D cut plane displays Depth render olume visualization where the V color hue changes according to the distance into the image

Scan Assist
mage acquisition according to I predefined protocol templates Various factory protocol templates User configurable protocol templates all motion scoring: W Analysis by wall motion in individual myocardial segments Supported protocol examinations: D pharmacological stress echo 2 D bicycle stress echo 2 D continuous capture stress echo 2 (treadmill stress echo) -Stress protocols (acquire tissue Q velocity data in background for quantitative analysis)

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Stereo render olume visualization by V stereoscopic display necessitates the use of stereoscopic glasses. 9 slice/6 slice imultaneous display of 6 or 9 S short-axis slices from the 4D volume data (tissue and color) 12 slice ossible to add three long-axis P slices showing the three standard views Slice view imultaneous display of three S independent random slices through the 4D volume (tissue and color)

Virus Protection
o minimize virus vulnerability T Vivid E9 is configured with a minimal set of open ports and with all network services not actively used by the system closed down. This significantly reduces the risk of a virus attack on Vivid E9. E is continuously judging the G need for additional actions to reduce vulnerability of equipment; this includes vulnerability scanning of our products and evaluation of new security patches for the 3rd party technology used. Microsoft (and other) security patches that addresses serious issues with Vivid E9 will be made available to customers after GE verification of those patches.

9L-D Linear Array Probe pplications: A Vascular, musculoskeletal, thyroid, contrast iopsy guide: Multi-angle B disposable with a reusable bracket 11L-D Linear Array Probe pplications: Vascular, breast, A small parts, musculoskeletal, thyroid iopsy guide: Multi-angle B disposable with a reusable bracket 4C-D Curved Array Probe pplications: Abdomen, OB/GYN, A urology, vascular iopsy guide: Multi-angle B disposable with a reusable bracket P2D Pencil Probe pplications: Cardiac A P6D Pencil Probe pplications: Vascular A 6T TEE Probe pplications: Cardiac A 6Tc TEE Probe pplications: Cardiac A 9T TEE Probe pplications: Pediatric A

Safety Conformance
The Vivid E9 is built to meet the requirements of: IEC60601-2-37/A1/A2:2005 IEC60601-2-18/A1:2000 IEC60601-1/A1/A2:1995 IEC60601-1:2005 IEC60601-1-2/A1:2004 IEC60601-1-4 /A1:1999 IEC60601-1-6:2006 UL60601-1:2003 CAN/CSA C22.2 No 601.1-M90 NEMA UD3:2004 he European Medical Devices T Directive (MDD) 93/42/EEC (CE Mark) he Vivid E9 ultrasound unit is a T Class I device, type CF, according to Sub-clause 14 of IEC60601-1:1988 he Vivid E9 ultrasound unit meets T the EMC requirements in EN55011/A1/A2:2002 Class A

Transducers
M5S-D Active Matrix Single Crystal Phased Array Probe pplications: Cardiac, pediatric, A abdomen, fetal heart, transcranial, coronary, stress, LVO contrast 3V-D Active Matrix 4D Volume Phased Array Probe pplications: A Cardiac, LVO contrast, stress 6S-D Phased Array Probe pplications: Pediatric, cardiac A
PROBE

FREQUENCY RANGE

CATALOG #

M5S-D (Sector) 6S-D (Sector) 3V-D (Volume) 9L-D (Linear) 11L-D (Linear) 4C-D (Convex) P2D (Pencil) P6D (Pencil) 6Tc (TEE) 9T (TEE)

1.5 4.5 MHz 2.7 8.0 MHz 1.5 4.0 MHz 2.4 10.0 MHz 5.0 12.0 MHz 1.6 6.0 MHz 2.0 MHz 6.3 MHz 3.0 8.0 MHz 3.0 10.0 MHz

H45551NH H45021RR H4001BJ H40442LM H40432LN H4001BC H4830JE H4830JG H45551ZD* H45521DY

6Tc-RS, 6T-RS and 9T-RS supported via probe adapter.


* Also supports the 6T probe (6T TEE 3.0 7.1 MHz).

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2008 General Electric Company All rights reserved. General Electric Company reserves the right to make changes in specifications and features shown herein, or discontinue the product described at any time without notice or obligation. Contact your GE representative for the most current information. GE, GE Monogram and Vivid are trademarks of General Electric Company. General Electric Company, doing business as GE Healthcare.

Healthcare Re-imagined GE is dedicated to helping you transform healthcare delivery by driving critical breakthroughs in biology and technology. Our expertise in medical imaging and information technologies, medical diagnostics, patient monitoring systems, drug discovery, and biopharmaceutical manufacturing technologies is enabling healthcare professionals around the world to discover new ways to predict, diagnose and treat disease earlier. We call this model of care Early Health. The goal: to help clinicians detect disease earlier, access more information and intervene earlier with more targeted treatments, so they can help their patients live their lives to the fullest. Re-think, Re-discover, Re-invent, Re-imagine. GE Healthcare 9900 West Innovation Drive Wauwatosa, WI 53226 U.S.A. www.gehealthcare.com

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