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. :
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Methuen, 1981) 172 184.
-Christopher Dawson, The Dynamics of world History
(New York: New American Library, 1956) 237-40,275.
The Cambridge Ancient History 324
3
The Cambridge Medieval History
4 :
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.1955
111 112 113
.
5 :
-H.W Janson, History of Art: A Survey of The Major Visual Arts from
The Dawn of History to The Present Day (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice
)Hall, 1962
98
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. Willis, World
Civilizations F. Roy
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-Hort de la Croix & Richard G. Tansey, Gardners Art through the Ages, 8th edn. 2
)Vols. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986
108
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(Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall , 1985).
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( New York: Macmillan, 1979).
1715
.
7 .
. :
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)California Press, 1982
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99
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: western
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" "
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3500 :. 500
.
.
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( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963).
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9 :
D. Brendan Nagle, The Ancient World: A Social & Culture History, 2nd edn.
)(England Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989
75 162 179 . :
Micael Cheilik , Ancient History: From Its Beginnings to the Fall of Rome
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93 138 112
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Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History. (Harmondsworth : Penguin,
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A.H.m. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284 602: A Social, Economic, and 10
;Administrative Survey. (London, Basil: Blackwell, 1964, reprinted by Baltimore
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101
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pp.713-27, 747-77.
102
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James B. Pritchard, ed. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating too the Old Testament
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Herodotus Thucydides Polybius
Tacitus Suetonuis
Josephus
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Kegan 383 Boren 389
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Chester G. Starr, The Roman Empire 27 B.C A.D. A Study in Survival.
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Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West , trans. Charles Francis Atkinson, Vol.
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Toynbee
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(New York: Harper & Row 1966) 307-80
27
.
28
Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trains. Micael Bullock.
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30
Altabari, Tarikh alrusual wa almuluk., series 1 ed M.S. de Goeje. (Leiden: E.J.
Brill, 1879 1901 ) 231-51,274-318,440-2,516,671-5,682-7,744-75,845-6,850860,889-966,1009-45.
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42
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Islamiziation of Knowledge: General Principles and Workplan.
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Press, 1982) 141-2, 155.
Hirth, China & the Romen Orient: Researchers into Their Ancient and Medieval
Relation as Represented on Old Chines Records. (Shanghai & Hong :ong, 1855,
reprint New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1966) Passim.
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52 1300.
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p. 84.
53 :
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the Integration of Society and Nature. (Chicage: University of Chicage Press, 1948
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)(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983
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