Third Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:

Deflection of Beams

J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading Equation of the Elastic Curve Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the Load Di... Statically Indeterminate Beams Sample Problem 9.1 Sample Problem 9.3 Method of Superposition Sample Problem 9.7 Application of Superposition to Statically Indeterminate ... Sample Problem 9.8

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Moment-Area Theorems

Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With Symmetric ...

Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts Sample Problem 9.11 Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams With Unsymme... Maximum Deflection Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically Indeterminate...

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9-2

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

Relationship between bending moment and curvature for pure bending remains valid for general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x) EI

Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated load at the free end,

1 Px EI

Curvature varies linearly with x

1 At the free end A, A 0, 0, A EI PL
9-3

At the support B,
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1
B

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Overhanging beam Reactions at A and C Bending moment diagram

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

Curvature is zero at points where the bending moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x) EI

Beam is concave upwards where the bending moment is positive and concave downwards where it is negative. Maximum curvature occurs where the moment magnitude is a maximum. An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve is required to determine maximum deflection and slope.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9-4

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Equation of the Elastic Curve

Beer Johnston DeWolf

From elementary calculus, simplified for beam parameters,

d2y 1 1 dx 2 dy dx
2 32

d2y dx 2

Substituting and integrating,

EI 1 EI d2y dx EI dy EI dx
x x 2 x

M x

M x dx C1
0

EI y
0
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

dx M x dx C1x C2
0
9-5

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Equation of the Elastic Curve

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Constants are determined from boundary conditions

x x

EI y
0

dx M x dx C1x C2
0

Three cases for statically determinant beams, Simply supported beam

yA 0, yB 0

Overhanging beam
yA yA 0, 0, yB
A

0 0

Cantilever beam More complicated loadings require multiple integrals and application of requirement for continuity of displacement and slope.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9-6

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the Load Distribution

For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM dx V x d 2M dx
2

dV dx

wx

Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M dx
2

EI

d4y dx
4

wx

Integrating four times yields

EI y x dx dx dx w x dx
1 C x3 6 1 1 C x2 2 2

C3 x C4

Constants are determined from boundary conditions.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9-7

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Statically Indeterminate Beams

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller support at B. From free-body diagram, note that there are four unknown reaction components. Conditions for static equilibrium yield
Fx 0 Fy 0 MA 0

The beam is statically indeterminate. Also have the beam deflection equation,
x x

EI y
0

dx M x dx C1x C2
0

which introduces two unknowns but provides three additional equations from the boundary conditions:
At x 0, 0y 0 At x L, y 0

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9-8

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Develop an expression for M(x) and derive differential equation for elastic curve.
W 14 68 P 50 kips I 723 in 4 E a 29 10 6 psi 4 ft

L 15 ft

Integrate differential equation twice and apply boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.

For portion AB of the overhanging beam, Locate point of zero slope or point (a) derive the equation for the elastic curve, of maximum deflection. (b) determine the maximum deflection, Evaluate corresponding maximum (c) evaluate ymax. deflection.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9-9

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Develop an expression for M(x) and derive differential equation for elastic curve. - Reactions:
RA Pa L RB P 1 a L

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

M a P x L 0 x L

- The differential equation for the elastic curve,

EI
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

d2y dx2

a P x L
9 - 10

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.1

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Integrate differential equation twice and apply boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
EI dy dx 1 a 2 P x 2 L C1

EI y

1 a 3 P x C1x C2 6 L
0, y L, y 0 : C2 0: 0 0 1 a 3 P L C1L C1 6 L 1 PaL 6

EI

d y dx2

a P x L

at x at x

Substituting,
dy EI dx EI y 1 a 2 P x 2 L 1 a 3 P x 6 L 1 PaL 6 1 PaLx 6 dy dx PaL x 1 3 6 EI L
2

PaL2 x 6 EI L

x L

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 11

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.1

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Locate point of zero slope or point of maximum deflection.

dy dx PaL2 x 6 EI L
3

PaL x 1 3 m 6 EI L

xm

L 3

0.577 L

x L

Evaluate corresponding maximum deflection.

ymax PaL2 0.577 6EI 0.577 3 ymax
ymax 0.0642

PaL2 0.0642 6 EI

50 kips 48 in 180 in 2 6 29 10 6 psi 723 in 4

ymax 0.238 in
9 - 12

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.3
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Develop the differential equation for the elastic curve (will be functionally dependent on the reaction at A).
Integrate twice and apply boundary conditions to solve for reaction at A and to obtain the elastic curve. Evaluate the slope at A.

For the uniform beam, determine the reaction at A, derive the equation for the elastic curve, and determine the slope at A. (Note that the beam is statically indeterminate to the first degree)

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 13

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.3

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Consider moment acting at section D,

MD RA x 0 M 0

1 w0 x 2 x 2 L 3 RA x w0 x3 6L

The differential equation for the elastic curve,

EI d2y dx
2

RA x

w0 x3 6L

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 14

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.3
Integrate twice
dy EI dx EI y EI 1 RA x 2 2 w0 x 4 24 L

Beer Johnston DeWolf

C1

5 1 3 w0 x RA x 6 120 L

C1x C2

EI

d y dx
2

RA x

w0 x 6L

Apply boundary conditions:

at x at x at x 0, y L, L, y 0 : C2 0 w0 L3 24 w0 L4 120 C1 0 0

1 0: RA L2 2 1 0: RA L3 6

C1L C2

Solve for reaction at A

1 R A L3 3
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 w0 L4 30

RA

1 w0 L 10
9 - 15

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.3

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the elastic curve equation,

EI y
5 1 1 3 w0 x w0 L x 6 10 120 L

1 w0 L3 x 120

w0 120 EIL

x5

2 L2 x3

L4 x

Differentiate once to find the slope,

dy dx w0 120 EIL 5x4 6 L2 x 2 L4

at x = 0,

w0 L3 120EI

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 16

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Method of Superposition

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Principle of Superposition: Deformations of beams subjected to combinations of loadings may be obtained as the linear combination of the deformations from the individual loadings Procedure is facilitated by tables of solutions for common types of loadings and supports.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 17

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.7

Beer Johnston DeWolf

For the beam and loading shown, determine the slope and deflection at point B.

SOLUTION: Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 18

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.7
Loading I
B I

Beer Johnston DeWolf

wL3 6 EI

yB I

wL4 8EI

Loading II
C II

wL3 48EI

yC II

wL4 128EI

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
B II C II

wL3 48EI
wL3 L 48 EI 2 7 wL4 384 EI
9 - 19

y B II

wL4 128 EI

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.7

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Combine the two solutions,

wL3 6 EI wL4 8EI wL3 48EI 7 wL4 384EI 7 wL3 48EI 41wL4 384EI
9 - 20

B I

B II

yB

yB I

yB II

yB

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Application of Superposition to Statically Indeterminate Beams

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Method of superposition may be Determine the beam deformation applied to determine the reactions at without the redundant support. the supports of statically indeterminate Treat the redundant reaction as an beams. unknown load which, together with Designate one of the reactions as the other loads, must produce redundant and eliminate or modify deformations compatible with the the support. original supports.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 21

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.8

Beer Johnston DeWolf

For the uniform beam and loading shown, determine the reaction at each support and the slope at end A.

SOLUTION: Release the redundant support at B, and find deformation. Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 22

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.8
Distributed Loading:
yB w w 24 EI 2 L 3
4

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2 2L L 3

L3

2 L 3

wL4 0.01132 EI

Redundant Reaction Loading:

yB R RB 2 L 3EIL 3
2

L 3

RB L3 0.01646 EI

For compatibility with original supports, yB = 0

0 yB w yB R wL4 0.01132 EI RB L3 0.01646 EI

RB

0.688wL

From statics,
RA 0.271wL RC 0.0413wL
9 - 23

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.8

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Slope at end A,
A w

wL3 24 EI

wL3 0.04167 EI

A R

0.0688 wL L 6 EIL 3

L 3

wL3 0.03398 EI
wL3 0.03398 EI wL3 0.00769 EI
9 - 24

A w

A R

wL3 0.04167 EI

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Moment-Area Theorems

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Geometric properties of the elastic curve can be used to determine deflection and slope. Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,

First Moment-Area Theorem:

area under (M/EI) diagram between C and D.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9 - 25

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Moment-Area Theorems

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P intercept a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.

= tangential deviation of C with respect to D

Second Moment-Area Theorem: The tangential deviation of C with respect to D is equal to the first moment with respect to a vertical axis through C of the area under the (M/EI) diagram between C and D.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 26

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With Symmetric Loadings

Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the reference.

Simply supported, symmetrically loaded beam - select tangent at C as the reference.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 27

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determination of the change of slope and the tangential deviation is simplified if the effect of each load is evaluated separately. Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each load. - The change of slope, D/C, is obtained by adding the areas under the diagrams.

- The tangential deviation, tD/C is obtained by adding the first moments of the areas with respect to a vertical axis through D.
Bending moment diagram constructed from individual loads is said to be drawn by parts.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 28

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.11
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine the reactions at supports. Construct shear, bending moment and (M/EI) diagrams. For the prismatic beam shown, determine Taking the tangent at C as the the slope and deflection at E. reference, evaluate the slope and tangential deviations at E.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 29

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.11
SOLUTION:

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determine the reactions at supports.

RB RD wa

Construct shear, bending moment and (M/EI) diagrams.

A1 A2 wa 2 L 2 EI 2 1 wa 2 a 3 2 EI wa 2 L 4 EI wa 3 6 EI

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 30

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 9.11
Slope at E:
E C EC EC

Beer Johnston DeWolf

A1
E

A2

wa 2 L 4 EI

wa 3 6 EI

wa 2 3L 2a 12 EI

Deflection at E:
yE tE C A1 a tD C L 4 A2 3a 4 wa 4 8 EI A1 L 4 wa 2 L2 16 EI

wa 3 L 4 EI

wa 2 L2 16 EI

yE
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

wa 3 2L a 8EI
9 - 31

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams With Unsymmetric Loadings

Define reference tangent at support A. Evaluate by determining the tangential deviation at B with respect to A.
A

The slope at other points is found with respect to reference tangent.

D A D A

The deflection at D is found from the tangential deviation at D.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 32

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Maximum Deflection

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Maximum deflection occurs at point K where the tangent is horizontal.

Point K may be determined by measuring an area under the (M/EI) diagram equal to - A .
Obtain ymax by computing the first moment with respect to the vertical axis through A of the area between A and K.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 33

Third Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically Indeterminate Beams

Reactions at supports of statically indeterminate beams are found by designating a redundant constraint and treating it as an unknown load which satisfies a displacement compatibility requirement. The (M/EI) diagram is drawn by parts. The resulting tangential deviations are superposed and related by the compatibility requirement. With reactions determined, the slope and deflection are found from the moment-area method.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 - 34