Ways of knowing What is the value of knowledge to the following social systems/institutions?

Society as a whole Private firms Providers of social services Policymakers Nation states Individual persons Is gaining knowledge by gossip a distinct way of knowing or is it a manifestation of one or other of the basic ways of acquiring knowledge? What are the types of errors that are common in ordinary human enquiry? How does science guard against these? How might they still creep into scientific research? Describe the norms of the scientific community and suggest how each contributes to the success of science as an enterprise. Compare the inductive and deductive models of the research process. What are the differences between them? What are the implications of these differences? Identify the ways of knowing in operation in each of the following scenarios: A manager keeps abreast of what is happening in her company by maintaining close relationships with non-management staff who feed her with information. A student finding himself with limited time to prepare for an exam, chooses to prepare by asking a friend who is always on top of her work to explain some key topics to him. Pressed for time, a student searches the internet for comments made by persons who have read a book, rather than reading it herself. Meeting upon the term random sampling for the first time, a student reasons that since things done at random are without order, then random sampling must mean just going out on the streets and selecting anyone who is available. A firm calls in a team of university scholars to conduct careful and systematic research on the motivation of its staff and intends to use the findings as a basis for making changes in the firm. New students undergo an induction exercise in which they are taught what is appropriate conduct for their hall and what makes them distinct from other halls of residence. What are the key things that make a piece of research scientific? What are the ways in which consent can be given in social research?

What is meant by the following terms (and give 2 examples of each): Objectivity Subjectivity Empirical Systematic Bias Theory Ideology