Z

tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + C
π
= + nπ
ln | sec x| + C, for x 6=
2


d
− sin x
Proof: − ln | cos x| = − = tan x
dx cos x

Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C

= − ln | csc x| + C, for x 6= nπ

d
cos x
Proof: ln | sin x| = = cot x
dx sin x
 Z
sec x dx = ln | tan x + sec x| + C,

 1 + sin x 
 
= ln   + C,
cos x 
 cos x 
 
= ln   + C,
1 − sin x 

= − ln | tan x − sec x| + C,
  
 x π  π
= ln  tan
 +  + C, for x 6= + nπ
2 4  2
d
sec 2x + sec x tan x
Proof: ln | tan x+sec x| = = sec x
dx tan x + sec x
 Z
csc x dx = − ln | cot x + csc x| + C,

 cos x + 1   sin x 
   
= − ln 
  + C = ln   + C,
sin x   cos x + 1 

 1 − cos x 
 
= ln   + C,
sin x 

= ln | cot x − csc x| + C,
  
 x 
= ln  tan  + C, for x 6= nπ
2 
d
− csc 2x − csc x cot x
Pf: −ln | cot x+csc x| = − = csc x
dx cot x + csc x
 Z
ln x dx = x ln x − x + C for x > 0

d
1
Proof: x ln x − x = 1 · ln x + x − 1 = ln x
dx x

Z
ln |x| dx = x ln |x| − x + C for x 6= 0

d
1
Proof: x ln |x| − x = 1 · ln |x| + x − 1 = ln |x|
dx x
 1
Z
arctan x dx = x arctan x − ln (1 + x2) + C
2
d 1 2


Proof: x arctan x − ln (1 + x )
dx 2
1 1 2x
= 1 · arctan x + x −
(1 + x2 ) 2 (1 + x2)
= arctan x
Z p
arcsin x dx = x arcsin x + 1 − x2 + C

d p
2


Proof: x arcsin x + 1 − x
dx
1 −2x 1
= 1 · arcsin x + x √ + √
1−x 2 2 1 − x2
= arcsin x