System Software

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ql\li2546\ri2829\sb173\sl-420\slmult0\tx4438 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING \line\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2005 - 2006 ODD SEMESTER \par\pard\li4332\sb50\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx5771 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs22
CS1203\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 SYSTEM SOF
TWARE\par\pard\ql \li4118\sb133\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs24\ul 2 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWE\ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\
fs24 RS \par\pard\ql \li4971\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4971\sb92\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs20 UNIT I-INTRODU
CTION \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb252\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 1. \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 Define system softwar
e. \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1612\sb221\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 It consists of variety of programs that supports the operation of the co
mputer. This \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 software makes it possible for the us
er to focus on the other problems to be solved with \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 out needing to know how the machine works internally. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4
\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Eg: operating system, assembler, l
oader. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 2
. Give some applications of operating system. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-300\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\ri5585\sb5\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex1
00 \u-3913?\u-4064? to make the computer easier to use \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal
ex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? to manage the resources in computer \up0 \expndtw-8\char
scalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? process management \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri6160\sb0\s

l-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? data and memory ma
nagement \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? to provide securi
ty to the user. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri2805\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 Operating system acts as an interface between the user and the syst
em \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Eg:windows,linux,unix,dos \par\pard\ql \li1798\
sb241\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 3.Define compiler and interpr
eter. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2317\sb245\sl-300\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 Compiler is a set of program which converts the whole high level lang
uage \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 program to machine language program. \par\par
d\qj \li1798\ri1999\sb14\sl-260\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Inte
rpreter is a set of programs which converts high level language program to \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 machine language program line by line. \par\pard\ql \li
1798\sb267\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 4 Define loader. \par\
pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li1798\sb252\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 translator into
the main memory and makes it ready for execution. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb164\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5 What is the need of MAR register.
\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1778\sb261\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 MAR (memory address register) is used to store the address of the memory f
rom \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 which the data is to be read or to which the d
ata is to be written. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 6 Draw SS instruction format. \par\pard\li2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\
par\pard\li2158\sb22\sl-276\slmult0\fi172\tx3572\tx4225\tx5078\tx5984\tx6916 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Opcode\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 L\tab \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 B1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 D1\tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 B2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 D2\par\pard\li2158\sb18\s
l-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3058\tx3778\tx5518\tx6238\tx7438 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7 8\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 15
16 19 20\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 31 32\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 35 36\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 47
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart P
g2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\
slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\pa
r\pard\li1798\sb51\sl-276\slmult0\fi720\tx3171 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 It is a\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6 byte instru
ction used to move L+I bytes data fro the storage location1 to\par\pard\li1798\s
b29\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the storage location2.\par\
pard\qj \li1798\ri7380\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Storage
location1 = D1+[B1] \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Storage location2 = D2+
[B2] \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb236\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg:
MOV 60,400(3),500(4) \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1632\sb21\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 7. Give any two difference between base relative addressing
and program counter relative \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 addressing used in SI
C/XE.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6065\colsr160\colno2\colw5875
\colsr160\ql \li2051\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2839\sb262\sl-276\slmult

0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Base relative addressing\par\pard\qj \li2051\ri1
66\sb263\sl-289\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Here the target address
is calculated \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 using the formula\par\pard\qj \li
2051\ri369\sb0\sl-272\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Target address = Dis
placement + [B] \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 B-base register\par\pard\ql \li205
1\sb270\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Displacement lies between 0
to 4095\par\pard\column \ql \li6225\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li993\sb26
2\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PC relative addressing\par\pard\q
j \li86\ri1669\sb263\sl-289\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Here the targe
t address is calculated using \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the formula\par\pard
\qj \li20\ri2020\sb0\sl-272\slmult0\fi66 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Target ad
dress = Displacement + [PC] \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PC-program counter\par
\pard\ql \li86\sb270\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Displacement l
ies between -2048 to 2047 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb187\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 8.Define indirect addressing \par\pard\ql \l
i1798\ri2337\sb253\sl-290\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In the ca
se of immediate addressing the operand field gives the memory \line \up0 \expndt
w-4\charscalex100 location.The word from the given address is fetched and it giv
es the address of the \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 operand. \par\pard\ql
\li1798\sb262\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg:ADD R5, [600] \par
\pard\qj \li1798\ri2024\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi660 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 H
ere the second operand is given in indirect addressing mode.First the word in \u
p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 memory location 600 is fetched and which will give t
he address of the operand. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 9.Define immediate addressing. \par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\sl
mult0\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\
pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb123\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2891 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg: ADD\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 #5\par\pa
rd\ql \li2097\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In this instructi
on one operand is in accumulator and the second operand is a \par\pard\qj \li179
8\ri1690\sb5\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 immediate value the va
lue 5 is directly added with the accumulator content and the result \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 is stored in accumulator. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 10.Give any two difference between CISC and
RISC architecture. \par\pard\li3079\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li3079\sb19\sl-2
76\slmult0\fi0\tx6225 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 CISC\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 RISC\par\pard\li3079\sb17\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6225 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 Different instruction formats\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Fix
ed instruction format is used\par\pard\li3079\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 are used\par\pard\li3079\sb15\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx6225 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 Number of instructions used\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 Few number of instructions are\par\pard\li3079\sb1\sl-268\slmult0\fi0\tx6
225 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 more compared to CISC\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 used.
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g3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0
\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\s
l-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb47\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 11.List out any two CISC and RISC machine. \par\
pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 CISC -Power PC, Cray T3E \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 RISC - VAX,Pentium Pro architecture \par\
pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb16\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 12 Following is a memory configuration: \par\pard\li2518\
sb1\sl-266\slmult0\fi0\tx3958\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Address\tab \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Value\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Register R\
par\pard\li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi300\tx4018\tx5458 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5\p
ar\pard\li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi300\tx4018 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7\par\pard\li2518\sb3\sl-276\slmult0\fi300\tx40
18 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5\par\pard\
qj \li1798\ri5869\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 What is the r
esult of the following statement? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ADD 6(immediate)
to R (indirect) \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1804\sb236\sl-280\slmult0\fi179 \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 Here 6 is the immediate data and the next value is indirec
t data.ie the register contains \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the address
of the operand. Here the address of the operand is 5 and its corresponding \line
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 value is 7. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 6 + [R] = 6+ [5] = 6+ 7 =13 \par\pard\ql \li17
98\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 13. Give any two differenc
e between SIC and SIC/XE.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6065\cols
r160\colno2\colw5875\colsr160\ql \li2625\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2625
\sb68\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 S
IC\par\pard\qj \li2625\ri498\sb15\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 Here only five registers are \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 used.A,X,L,SW and PC\par\pard\qj \li2625\ri0\sb1\sl-279\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex106 There
is
no floating
point \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 hardware\par\pard\qj \li2625\ri278\sb1\sl-279\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 Only one instruction format is \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 used\par\pard\qj \li2625\ri131\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 Two different addressing modes \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 are used\par
\pard\column \ql \li6225\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb68\sl-230\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 SIC/XE\par\pard\qj

\li20\ri2770\sb15\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs24 Here there are nine registers. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 A,X,
L,SW ,PC,B,S,T and F\par\pard\ql \li20\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 Floating point hardware is used\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2375\sb257\sl-292\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Four different type of instruction \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 formats\par\pard\qj \li20\ri2497\sb0\sl-279\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Here there are many addressing \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 modes \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pa
rd\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb250\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 14.Following is a memory configuration:\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone \li1798\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi720\tx4018\tx5458 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 Address\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 9\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 6\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1798\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi1020\tx4018 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone \li1798\sb0\sl-216\slmult0\fi1020\tx4018 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2\par\pard\ql \li2818\sb0\sl-204\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6 \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri5869\sb250\sl-280\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 What is the result of the following statement? \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 SUB 4(direct) to R (direct) \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri218
5\sb260\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Here one operand is i
n the address location 4(direct addressing) and the next \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 operand is in the register(register direct). \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The resultant value is 9 -6 =3. \par\
pard\qj \li1798\ri2445\sb30\sl-560\slmult0\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
15. What is the name of X and L register in SIC machine and also specify its use
. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 A-accumulator
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g4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0
\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\s
l-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\ri1873\sb28\sl-280\slmult0\fi1440 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 Used for arithmetic operation.ie i
n the case of arithmetic operations one \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 operand is
in the accumulator,and other operand may be a immediate value,registre \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 operand or memory content.The operation given in the instr
uction is performed and the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 result is stored in th
e accumulator register. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 L-linkage register \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2197\sb21\sl-280\slmu
lt0\fi1440 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 It is used to store the return address
in the case of jump to subroutine \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (JSUB) instructi
ons. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 16.

What are the instruction formats used in SIC/XE architecture? Give any one forma
t. \par\pard\qj \li1798\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\ri1958\sb1\sl-280
\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Format 1 (1 byte), Format 2 (2 byte
s), Format 3 (3 bytes) & Format 4(4 bytes) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Are th
e different instructions used in SIC/XE architecture? \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\s
l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Format 2: \par\pard\li3746\sb16\sl-2
76\slmult0\fi212\tx5638\tx6837 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8\tab \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4\par\pard\li3746\sb4\sl-27
6\slmult0\fi0\tx5571\tx6612 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 OPCODE\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 R1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 R2\par\pard\li1798\sb0\s
l-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb260\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale
x100 17.Consider the instructions in SIC/ XE programming\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb10\sl-276\slmult0\fi720\tx3238\tx4678\tx7558 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 1000\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 LENGTH
RESW\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 4\par\par
d\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb5\sl-276\slmult0\fi720\tx3238\tx47
38\tx6118\tx7558 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 20\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex
100 -----\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 NEW\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 WORD\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb261\sl-276\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 What is the value assign to the symbol NEW. \p
ar\pard\qj \li1798\ri2158\sb253\sl-290\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 In the line 10 the address is 1000 and the instruction is RESW 4.It reserves
4 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 word (3 x 4 =12) area for the symbol LENGTH.henc
e 12 is added to the LOCCTR. \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Thus the value of the
symbol NEW is 1000+12 =100C. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb262\sl-276\slmult0\tx7349 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 18.What is the difference between the instructions
LDA \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 # 3 and LDA THREE? \par\pard\qj \li1798\r
i1852\sb112\sl-460\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In the first inst
ruction immediate addressing is used. Here the value 3 is directly \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 loaded into the accumulator register. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\
sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 assigned for the symbol THREE) is l
oaded into the accumulator register. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb57\sl-276\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 19.Differentiate trailing numeric and leading separa
te numeric. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\ri1630\s
b21\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The numeric format is use
d to represent numeric values with one digit per byte. In \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc
alex100 the numeric format if the sign appears in the last byte it is known as t
he trailing numeric. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 If the sign appears in a sepa
rate byte preceding the first digit then it is called as leading \line \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 separate numeric. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 20.What are the addressing modes used in VAX arch
itecture? \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1638\sb253\sl-290\slmult0\fi1440 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 Register direct, register deferred, auto increment and decrement
, program \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 counter relative, base relative, index r
egister mode and indirect addressing are the various \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 addressing modes in VAX architecture.
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g5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\qj \li1798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0
\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0\s
l-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\ri1617\
sb165\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 2
1.How do you calculate the actual address in the case of register indirect with
immediate \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 index mode? \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri4317\
sb247\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Here the target address is ca
lculated using the formula \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 T.A =(register) + displ
acement. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2095\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 22.Write the sequence of instructions to perform the operation BETA = ALP
HA + 1 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 using SIC instructions. \par\pard\li2518\sb
1\sl-260\slmult0\fi1440\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 LDA\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 ALPHA\par\pard\li2518\sb25\sl-276\slmult0\fi1440\tx5398 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 ADD\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 ONE\par\pard\li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\
fi1440\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 STA\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 BETA\par\pard\li2518
\sb1\sl-255\slmult0\fi1440\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8230?.\tab \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8230?.\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-262\slmult0\fi0\tx395
8\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ALPHA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 RESW\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf8\f9\fs24 1\par\pard\li2518\sb12\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3958\tx5398 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 BETA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 RESW\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3958\tx5398 \up0

\expndtw-3\charscalex100 ONE\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 RESW\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb251
\sl-276\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 23.Write the sequence of instr
uctions to perform the operation BETA = ALPHA+5\par\pard\li1798\sb15\sl-276\slmu
lt0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 using SIC/XE instructions.\par\pard\li179
8\sb269\sl-276\slmult0\fi2160\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 LDA\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 ALPHA\par\pard\li1798\sb37\sl-276\slmult0\fi2160\tx5398
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 ADD\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 #1\par\pard\li1798\sb1\sl-266\slm
ult0\fi2160\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 S
TA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 BETA\par\pard\l
i1798\sb1\sl-256\slmult0\fi2160\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8230?.\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u8230?.\par\pard\li1798\sb1\sl-257\slmult0\fi72
0\tx3958\tx5398 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ALPHA\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 RESW\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 1\par\pard\li1798\sb18\sl-276\slmult0\fi720\tx3958\tx5398
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 BETA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 RESW\tab \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb269\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 24.What is the use of TD instruction in SIC architecture?
\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The test
device (TD) instruction tests whether the addressed device is ready to \par\par
d\qj \li1798\ri1725\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 send or rec
eive a byte of data.The condition code is set to indicate the result of this t
est. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Setting of < means the device is ready
to send or receive, and = means the device is not \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 ready. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri9297\sb211\sl-340\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 25.Define \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 software. \par\pard\qj
\li1798\ri1656\sb34\sl-300\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 It is th
e set of programs written in any of the programming languages. Software is \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 divided into 2 types. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb40\sl-276\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? system software \par\par
d\ql \li2518\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064?
application software \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0
\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\ql \li5066\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li5066\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5066\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li5066\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5066\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li5066\sb219\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf6\f7\fs20 UNIT II-ASSEMBLERS \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li1798\sb16\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs24 26. Define the basic functions of assembler. \par\pard\qj \li2278\ri193
2\sb45\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? translatin
g mnemonic operation codes to their machine language equivalents. \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? Assigning machine addresses to symbolic
labels used by the programmer. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb220\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 27. What is meant by assembler directives. Give example.
\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1715\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 These are the statements that are not translated into machine instructions,bu
t they \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 provide instructions to assembler itself. \
par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 example
START,END,BYTE,WORD,RESW and RESB. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 28.What is forward references? \par\pard\qj \li1798\r
i3853\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It is a reference t
o a label that is defined later in a program. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Cons
ider the statement \par\pard\li1798\sb7\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2398\tx4679\tx5766
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1000\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 STL\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 RETADR\par\pard\
li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb275\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2338\tx3299
\tx4979\tx6246 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 80\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 1036\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 RETADR\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 RESW\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1671\sb0\sl-273

\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The first instruction contains a forward
reference RETADR.If we attempt to translate the \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 pr
ogram line by line,we will unable to process the statement in line10 because we
do not \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 know the address that will be assigned to
RETADR .The address is assigned later(in line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 80)
in the program. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb262\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc
alex100 29.What are the three different records used in object program? \par\par
d\qj \li1798\ri1893\sb21\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The
header record,text record and the end record are the three different records \u
p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 used in object program. \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1667\
sb0\sl-273\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The header record contains the
program name,starting address and length of the program. \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 Text record contains the translated instructions and data of the program
. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 End record marks the end of the object pro
gram and specifies the address in the program \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 wher
e execution is to begin. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb271\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 30.What is the need of SYMTAB(symbol table) in assembler? \par\
pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb248\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 details about the \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb124\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 data area. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-256\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 SYMTAB is usually organized as a hash table
for efficiency of insertion and retrieval. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb248\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 31. What is the need of OPTAB(operation cod
e table) in assembler? \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1739\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 The operation code table contain the mnemonic operatio
n code and its machine \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 language equivalent.S
ome assemblers it may also contains information about instruction \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 format and length.OPTAB is usually organized as a hash tab
le,with mnemonic operation \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 code as the key.
\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 32.What
are the symbol defining statements generally used in assemblers? \par\pard\ql \l
i2278\sb64\sl-276\slmult0\tx2638 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex43 \u-3913?\u-4064? \t
ab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8216?USE\u8217?-it allows the programmer to d
efine symbols and specify their values \par\pard\ql \li2638\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 directly.The general format is \par\pard\li3238\sb1
0\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4678\tx6118 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 symbol\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 EQU\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 value\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1
2240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li22
78\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2278\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2278
\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2278\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2278\s
b87\sl-276\slmult0\tx2638 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex43 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs2
4 \u-3913?\u-4064? \tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u8216?ORG\u8217?-it is us
ed to indirectly assign values to symbols.When this statement is \par\pard\qj \l
i2278\ri2192\sb18\sl-260\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 encountered
the assembler resets its location counter to the specified value. \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 The general format is \par\pard\li3478\sb15\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\
tx4678 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 ORG\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 value\par\pard\qj \li2278\r
i1697\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In the above two statemen
ts value is a constant or an expression involving constants \up0 \expndtw-5\char
scalex100 and previously defined symbols. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb257\sl-276\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 33.Define relocatable program. \par\pard\qj \l
i2278\ri2139\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 An object program
that contains the information necessary to perform required \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 modification in the object code depends on the starting location of t
he program \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 during load time is known as relocatabl
e program. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 34.Differentiate absolute expression and relative expression. \par\pard\qj \l
i2278\ri2139\sb21\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 If the result of

the expression is an absolute value (constant) then it is known as \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 absolute expression., \par\pard\ql \li2278\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg : BUFEND - BUFFER \par\pard\qj \li2278\ri1866\sb
0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 If the result of the expression i
s relative to the beginning of the program then it is \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale
x100 known as relative expression.label on instructions and data areas and refer
ences to \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 the location counter values are relative
terms. \par\pard\ql \li2278\sb0\sl-257\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Eg:
BUFEND + BUFFER \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb268\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 35. Write the steps required to translate the source program to object
program. \par\pard\ql \li2278\ri2170\sb25\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? Convert mnemonic operation codes to their machine langu
age equivalents. \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? Convert symboli
c operands to their equivalent machine addresses \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 \u-3913?\u-4064? Build the machine instruction in the proper format. \par\
pard\qj \li2278\ri1999\sb50\sl-240\slmult0\tx2638 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
\u-3913?\u-4064? Convert the data constants specified in the source program int
o their internal \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 machine representations
. \par\pard\ql \li2278\sb51\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u-3913
?\u-4064? Write the object program and assembly listing. \par\pard\ql \li1798\s
b244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 36.What is the use of the vari
able LOCCTR(location counter) in assembler? \par\pard\qj \li2278\ri1619\sb18\sl260\slmult0\fi240 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 This variable is used to assign
addresses to the symbols.LOCCTR is initialized to \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 the beginning address specified in the START statement.Aftre each source s
tatement \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb55\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 37
. Define load and go assembler. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 One pass assembler that generate their object code in memo
ry for immediate \par\pard\qj \li2278\ri1765\sb5\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 execution is known as load and go assembler.Here no object program
mer is written \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 out and hence no need for loader. \
par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2240\sb191\sl-340\slmult0\tx2278 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 38.What are the two different types of jump statements used in MASM assembl
er? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex96 \u-3913?\u-4064? Near jump \par\par
d\qj \li3238\ri1698\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 A near jump
is a jump to a target in the same segment and it is assembled \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 by using a current code segment CS. \par\pard\ql \li2278\sb14\sl-2
76\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex95 \u-3913?\u-4064? Far jump \par\pard\qj
\li3238\ri2303\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 A far jump is a
jump to a target in a different code segment and it is \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 assembled by using different segment registers . \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24
\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg8}{\bkmkend Pg8}\par\pard\
ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb71\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 39.What are the use of base register
table in AIX assembler? \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1734\sb0\sl-280\slmult0\fi720\tx
2518\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 A base register table is used to remem
ber which of the general purpose registers \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 are currently available as base registers and also the base addresses they c
ontain. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 .USING statement causes entry to the tabl
e and .DROP statement removes the \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 corr
esponding table entry. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb245\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 40. Differentiate the assembler directives RESW and RESB. \par\pa
rd\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 RESW -It reserves
the indicated number of words for data area. \par\pard\li2518\sb9\sl-276\slmult
0\fi0\tx3958\tx5398\tx6839\tx8279 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg: 10\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 1003\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 THREE\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 RESW\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \l

i3117\sb0\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 In this instruction one w
ord area(3 bytes) is reserved for the symbol \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1685\sb18\s
l-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 THREE. If the memory is byte address
able then the address assigned for the next symbol \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 is 1006. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb267\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 RESB -It reserves the indicated number of bytes for data area. \par\pard
\li2518\sb21\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3958\tx5397\tx6838\tx8279 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 Eg: 10\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1008\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 INPUT\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 RESB\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 1\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1910\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 In this instruction one byte area is reserved for the symbol INPUT .He
nce the address \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 assigned for the next symbol is 10
09. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb248\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 41.D
efine modification record and give its format \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb43\sl-253\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs22 This record c
ontains the information about the modification in the object code \par\pard\ql
\li1798\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9
\fs24 during program relocation.the general format is \par\pard\li1798\sb261\sl276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Col 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 M\par\pard\li1798\sb15\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 Col 2-7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 starting location of the a
ddress field to be modified relative to the\par\pard\ql \li3238\sb1\sl-246\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 beginning of the program \par\pard\li1798\sb13\
sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Col 8-9\tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 length of the address field to be modified in half bytes.\par
\pard\qj \li1798\ri1637\sb242\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 42 .W
rite down the pass numbers(PASS 1/ PASS 2) of the following activities that occ
ur \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 in a two pass assembler: \par\pard\ql \li2518\s
b0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a. Object code generation \par\p
ard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b. Literals adde
d to literal table \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 c. Listing printed \par\pard\ql \li2278\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li2278\sb252\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Answer: \par\pard\ql
\li2518\sb1\sl-232\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a. Object code generati
on - PASS 2 \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb2\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 b. Literals added to literal table - PASS 1 \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-216\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 c. Listing printed - PASS2 \par\pard\ql \l
i2518\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 d. Address location of lo
cal symbols - PASS1 \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb159\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 43. What is meant by machine independent assembler features? \par\pa
rd\qj \li1798\ri1874\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The
assembler features that does not depends upon the machine architecture are \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 known as machine independent assembler features. \par\p
ard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg: program bloc
ks,Literals. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\
bkmkstart Pg9}{\bkmkend Pg9}\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql
\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1
798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb55\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 44. How the register to register instru
ctions are translated in assembler? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 In the case of register to register instructions the o
perand field contains the \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 register name.During the translation first the object code is co
nverted into its \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 corresponding machine language equivalent with the help of OPTAB.Then th
e \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1613\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 S
YMTAB is searched for the numeric equivalent of register and that value is inser
ted into \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the operand field. \par\pard\li1858\sb219
\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238\tx4678\tx6118\tx7558\tx8278 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale

x100 Eg: 125\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1036\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 RDREC\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 CLEAR\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 X\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 B410\par\pard\qj \li2518\ri5205\sb267\
sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 B4-macine equivalent of the opcode
CLEAR \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 10-numeric equivalent of the register
X. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 45. W
hat is meant by external references? \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1766\sb1\sl-280\slmu
lt0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Assembler program can be divided into ma
ny sections known as control sections \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 and each con
trol section can be loaded and relocated independently of the others.If the \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 instruction in one control section need to refer inst
ruction or data in another control \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 section .the as
sembler is unable to process these references in normal way.Such \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 references between control are called external references.
\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 46.Defi
ne control section. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\char
scalex100 A control section is a part of the program that maintain its identity
after \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1847\sb9\sl-270\slmult0\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 assembly;each control section can be loaded and relocated independent
ly of the others. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Control sections are m
ost often used for subroutines.The major benefit of using \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc
alex100 control sections is to increase flexibility. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb266\
sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 47.What is the difference between t
he assembler directive EXTREF and EXTDEF. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1820\sb38\sl-26
0\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 EXTDEF names external symbols that
are defined in a particular control section \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 and m
ay be used by other sections. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1793\sb4\sl-280\slmult0\fi7
20 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 EXTREF names external symbols that are referred
in a particular control section \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 and defined in an
other control section. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li17
98\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb232\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 particular control section.The format is \par\pard\li2518\sb2\sl-2
76\slmult0\fi0\tx3958 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Col 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 D\par\pard\li2518\sb5\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3958 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 Col 2-7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 name of external symbol defi
ned in this control section\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-266\slmult0\fi0\tx3958 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 Col 8-13\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 relative addr
ess of the symbol with in this control section\par\pard\li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult
0\fi0\tx3958 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Col 14-73\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 name and relative address for other external symbols.\par\pard\ql \li1798
\sb259\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 49.Give the use of assembler
directive CSECT and USE \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5
\charscalex100 CSECT - used to divide the program into many control sections \p
ar\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 USE - used t
o divide the program in to many blocks called program blocks \par\pard\ql \li179
8\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 50.What is the use of the a
ssembler directive START. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2338\sb1\sl-280\slmult0\fi720 \
up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The assembler directive START gives the name and st
arting address of the \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 program.The format is \par\p
ard\li3178\sb8\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx4085\tx5325 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 PN
\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 START\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1000\
par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg10
}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\
sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl
-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb47\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 Here \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 PN -name of the program \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-2
56\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1000-starting address of the program. \
par\pard\ql \li3958\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3958\sb272\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 UNIT III (LOADERS AN

D LINKERS) \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 51. What are the basic functions of loaders \pa
r\pard\ql \li2518\sb224\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Loading - b
rings the object program into memory for execution \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1099\s
b0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Relocation - modifies the object
program so that it can be loaded at an address \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 di
fferent from the location originally specified \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1034\sb15\
sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Linking - combines two or more sepa
rate object programs and also supplies the \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 informa
tion needed to reference them. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 52. Define absolute loader \par\pard\qj \li2518\sb0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\ri1951\sb34\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 The loader, which is used only for loading, is known as absolute loader.
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 e.g. Bootstrap loader \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb231\s
l-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 53. What is meant by bootstrap loade
r? \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1179\sb258\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 This is a special type of absolute loader which loads the first program to be
run \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 by the computer. (usually an operating system)
\par\pard\ql \li2158\sb227\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 54. Wha
t are relative (relocative) loaders? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb224\sl-276\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Loaders that allow for program relocation are calle
d relocating (relocative ) loaders. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb224\sl-276\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 55. What is the use of modification record? \par\par
d\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb10\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 Modification record is used
for program relocation.Each modification record \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1419\sb18
\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 spec
ifies the starting address and the length of the field whose value is to be \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 altered and also describes the modification to be perf
ormed. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb171\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5
7. Relocation bit method \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb164\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 If the relocation bit corresponding to a word of object code is
set to 1,the \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1576\sb14\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 program\u8217?s starting address is to be added to this word when th
e program is \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 relocated. Bit value 0 indicates no m
odification is required. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 58. Define bit mask \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1059\sb243\sl-253\sl
mult0\fi1440 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The relocation bits are gathered toge
ther following the length indicator in \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 each text
record and which is called as bit mask.For e.g. the bit mask \line \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 FFC(111111111100) specifies that the first 10 words of object c
ode are to be modified \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 during relocation. \par\par
d\ql \li2158\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 59. What is the
need of ESTAB. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240
{\bkmkstart Pg11}{\bkmkend Pg11}\par\pard\qj \li2518\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\
qj\li2518\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\ri1471\sb8\sl-280\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 It is used to store the n
ame and address of the each external symbol. It also \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 indicates in which control section the symbol is defined. \par\pard\ql \li215
8\sb204\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 60. What is the use of the
variable PROGADDR. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1540\sb258\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 It gives the beginning address in memory where the linked prog
ram is to be \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 loaded.The starting address is obtain
ed from the operating system. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li1798\sb191\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 61. Write the two p
asses of a linking loader. \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 Pass1: assigns address to all external symbols \par\pard\ql \
li3238\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass2: it performs actua
l loading, relocation and linking. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up

0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 62.Define automatic library search. \par\pard\ql \li1
798\ri1138\sb238\sl-260\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 In many link
ing loaders the subroutines called by the program being loaded are \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 automatically fetched from the library, linked with the main pr
ogram and loaded.This \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 feature is referred to as au
tomatic library search. \par\pard\qj \li1798\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1
798\ri5152\sb17\sl-240\slmult0\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 63. List the
loader options INCLUDE &DELETE. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The gen
eral format of INCLUDE is \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb221\sl-288\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 INCLUDE program_name (library name) \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri832
\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 This command direct the loader
to read the designated object program from a library and \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 treat it as the primary loader input. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri5595\sb236\
sl-260\slmult0\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The general format of DELETE
command is \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 DELETE Csect-name \par\pard\
qj \li1798\ri1299\sb17\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 It instructs
the loader to delete the named control sections from the sets of programs \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 loaded. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb231\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 64.Give the functions of the linking loader. \par
\pard\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The linking
loader performs the process of linking and relocation. It includes the \par\pard
\qj \li1798\ri844\sb14\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 operation of
automatic library search and the linked programs are directly loaded into the \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 memory. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb39\sl-276\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 65. Give the difference between linking loader and lin
kage editors.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6185\colsr40\colno2\c
olw5875\colsr160\ql \li1798\sb241\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 L
inking loader\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri43\sb16\sl-254\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 The relocation and linking is performed \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 e
ach time the program is loaded\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri0\sb214\sl-306\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 Here the loading can be accomplished in \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 a\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-252\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 single pass\par\pard\ql \li1866\sb229\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 66.Define dynamic linking.\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb241\sl-27
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Linkage editor\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1426\
sb16\sl-254\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 It produces a linked version o
f a program \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and which is written in a file for lat
er\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 execution\
par\pard\ql \li20\sb3\sl-263\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Two passes ar
e required \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1798\ri1646\sb237\sl-260\slmult0\
fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 If the subroutine is loaded and linked to th
e program during its first call(run \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 time),then it
is called as dynamic loading or dynamic linking. \par\pard\qj\pvpg\phpg\posx1798
\posy15228\absw4569 \expndtw-3\charscalex10067.write the advantage of dynamic li
nking.
}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft6120\shptop11559\shpright10534\shpbottom11579\shpfhdr0\
shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz372\shplid5
8}}
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{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft10545\shptop11559\shpright10545\shpbottom11572\shpfhdr0
\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz407\shplid7
}}
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g12}{\bkmkend Pg12}\par\pard\ql \li2691\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2691\s
b0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2691\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2691\sb0
\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2691\sb27\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 a) it has the ability to load the routine o
nly when they are needed \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 b) The dynamic linking avoids the loading of entire library for
each execution \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 68. What is meant by static executable and dynamic executable? \par\pard\qj
\li1798\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\ri979\sb18\sl-240\slmult0\fi720
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 In static executable, all external symbols are bou
nd and ready to run. In dynamic \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 executables some s
ymbols are bound at run time. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 69. What is shared and private data? \par\pard\qj \li1798\
ri1098\sb238\sl-260\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The data divided
among processing element is called shared data. If the data is \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 not shared among processing elements then it is called private da
ta. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb227\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 70.W
rite the absolute loader algorithm. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Begin \par\pard\ql \li2787\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 Read Header record \par\pard\qj \li2787\ri5833\sb0\sl-26
0\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Verify program name and length \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 Read first text record \par\pard\ql \li2763\sb0\sl-237\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 While record
type != \u8216?E\u8217? do \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb7\sl-233\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 Begin \par\pard\qj \li3573\ri309
9\sb22\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Moved object code to specifi
ed location in memory \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Read next object program rec
ord \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 End \
par\pard\ql \li2786\sb5\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jump to add
ress specified in End record \par\pard\ql \li4251\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li4251\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4251\sb256\sl-276\slmult0\tx5538 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 UNIT IV \tab \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 (MACRO PROCESSORS) \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb224\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 71. Define macro pro
cessor. \par\pard\ql \li2518\ri952\sb238\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 Macro processor is system software that replaces each macroinstruction wit
h the \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 corresponding group of source language state
ments. This is also called as \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 expanding of m
acros. \par\pard\qj \li2518\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-216\sl
mult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-216\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\ri1564\sb157\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 arguments to be used in expanding the macros. These statements are also \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 known as macro call. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb115\sl-276\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 73. What are the directives used in macro d
efinition? \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri3354\sb34\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 MACRO - it identifies the beginning of the macro definition \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 MEND - it marks the end of the macro definition \par\pard\q
l \li2158\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 74. What are the da
ta structures used in macro processor? \par\pard\ql \li2518\ri1136\sb242\sl-255\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 DEFTAB - the macro definitions are stored

in a definition table ie it contains a \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 macro proto
type and the statements that make up the macro body. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 NAMTAB - it is used to store the macro names and it contains two point
ers for \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 each macro instruction which indicate the
starting and end location of macro \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 definition in
DEFTAB.it also serves as an index to DEFTAB \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224
0\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg13}{\bkmkend Pg13}\par\pard\qj \li251
8\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\
sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2518\ri
1567\sb8\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\f
s24 ARGTAB - it is used to store the arguments during the expansion of macro \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 invocations. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb204\sl-276\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 75. Define conditional macro expansion. \par\par
d\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 If the macro is
expanded depends upon some conditions in macro definition \par\pard\qj \li2158\r
i1124\sb14\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (depending on the argume
nts supplied in the macro expansion) then it is called as \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 conditional macro expansion. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb231\sl-276\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 76. What is the use of macro time variable? \par\p
ard\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Macro time var
iable can be used to store working values during the macro \par\pard\qj \li251
8\ri1059\sb14\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 expansion. Any symbol
that begins with the character & and then is not a macro \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 instruction parameter is assumed to be a macro time variable. \par\pard\
ql \li2158\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 77. What are the s
tatements used for conditional macro expansion? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-27
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 IF-ELSE-ENDIF statement \par\pard\ql \li
2518\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 WHILE-ENDW statement \par
\pard\ql \li2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li2158\sb156\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 78. What is me
ant by positional parameters? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 If the parameters and arguments were associated with each
other according to \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb3\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 their positions in the macro prototype an
d the macro invocation statement, then \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb5\sl-256\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 these parameters in
macro definitions are called as positional parameters. \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb22
8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 79. Consider the macro definition
\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb243\sl-253\slmult0\tx4721 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 #Define DISPLAY(EXPR) \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 Printf(\u8220?EXPR = %d\\n\u8221?,EXPR) \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb5\sl-256\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 Expand the ma
cro instruction DISPLAY (ANS) \par\pard\ql \li1982\sb247\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 Ans.: Printf (\u8220?EXPR =
%d\\n\u8221?, ANS) \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 80. What are known as nested macro call
? \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1420\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c
all. In the nested macro call, the call is done by outer macro and the macro \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 called is the inner macro. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb17
3\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 81. How the macro is processed us
ing two passes? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb184\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 Pass1: processing of definitions \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-256\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass 2:actual-macro expansion. \par\pard\ql \li17
98\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 82.Give the advantage of l
ine by line processors. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb264\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs2
4 it avoids the extra pass over the source program during assembling \par\pard
\qj \li2518\ri1008\sb51\sl-220\slmult0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 it may use some
of the utility that can be used by language translators so that \line\tab \up0 \
expndtw-4\charscalex100 can be loaded once. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw1224
8\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\
sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb
267\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 8
3.What is meant by line by line processor \par\pard\ql \li2931\sb244\sl-276\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 This macro processor reads the source program
statements, process the \par\pard\ql \li1866\ri896\sb34\sl-240\slmult0\tx3439 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 statements and then the output lines are passed to t
he language translators as they are \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 gene
rated, instead of being written in an expanded file. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb231\
sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 84. Give the advantages of generalpurpose macroprocessors. \par\pard\ql \li2852\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
2852\ri1379\sb54\sl-240\slmult0\tx6118 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 The programmer does not
need to learn about a macro facility for each \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 compiler. \par\pard\ql \li2878\sb31\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 Over
all saving in software development cost and a maintenance cost \par\pard\ql \li
1798\sb204\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 85.What is meant by gene
ral-purpose macro processors? \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1283\sb98\sl-260\slmult0\fi
720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The macro processors that are not dependent on
any particular programming \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 language,but can be us
ed with a variety of different languages are known as general \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 purpose macro processors. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb3\sl-257\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg.The ELENA macro processor. \par\pard\qj \li1798\r
i1605\sb241\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 86. What are the import
ant factors considered while designing a general purpose \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 macroprocessors? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb247\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs
24 comments \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri6785\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 g
rouping of statements \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24
\u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 tokens \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-255\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\n
osupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 syntax used for macro definitions \par\pard\ql \li1798
\sb208\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 87.What is the symbol used t
o generate unique labels? \par\pard\ql \li2518\ri1366\sb238\sl-260\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 $ symbol is used in macro definition to generate unique
symbols.Each macro \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 expansion the $ symbol i
s replaced by $XX,where XX is the alpha numeric \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 character. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb207\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 88.How the nested macro calls are executed? \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb184\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 89.Mention the tasks involved in macr
o expansion. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 identif
y the macro calls in the program \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\
f13\fs24 the values of formal parameters are identified \par\pard\qj \li2518\r
i2010\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs
24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 maintain the values of expansion time
variables declared in a macro \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8
\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 expansion time control flow is
organized \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri4305\sb18\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 dete
rmining the values of sequencing symbols \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 expansion of a
model statement is performed \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb207\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 90.How to design the pass structure of a macro assembler? \
par\pard\qj \li1798\ri926\sb246\sl-250\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1

00 To design the structure of macro-assembler, the functions of macro preprocess
or \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 and the conventional assembler are merged. Afte
r merging, the functions are structured \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 into passe
s of the macro assembler. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard
\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg15}{\bkmkend Pg15}\par\pard\li4519\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\p
ar\pard\li4519\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li4519\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li
4519\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li4519\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li4519\sb82\
sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx5773 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12
\fs24 UNIT V\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (TEXT EDITORS)\par\pard\ql \li215
8\sb213\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs
24 91. Define interactive editor? \par\pard\ql \li2801\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 An interactive editor is a computer program that allows
a user to create and \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 revise a target document. The term document includes objects such as
computer \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri885\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 programs, text, equations, tables, diagrams, line art, and photographs any
thing that one \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 might find on a printed page. \par\
pard\ql \li1798\sb208\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 92. What are
the tasks performed in the editing process? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-256\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 4 tasks \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-256\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1. select the part of the target document to be
viewed and manipulated. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 2. Determine how to format this view on-line and how to display it
. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb10\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 3. Spec
ify and execute operations that modify the target document. \par\pard\ql \li1798
\sb5\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4. Update the view appropriate
ly. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb247\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 93. What are the three categories of editor\u8217?s de
vices? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 1. Text device/ String devices \par\pard\ql \li251
8\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2. Button device/Choice devi
ces \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3. Lo
cator device \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 94. What is the function performed in editing phase? \par\pard\qj \li1798\r
i923\sb238\sl-260\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 In the actual edit
ing phase, the target document is created or altered with a set of \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 operations such as insert, delete, replace, move and copy. \par
\pard\li1532\sb238\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 95.\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Define Locator device?\par\pard\ql \li2331\ri18
65\sb230\sl-280\slmult0\fi120 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs24 Locator devices are two-dimensional analog-to-digital converters that po
sition a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 cursor symbol on the screen by obse
rving the user\u8217?s movement of the device. The \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 most common such devices for editing applications are the mouse and the d
ata \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tablet. \par\pard\ql \li1611\sb204\sl-27
6\slmult0\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 96.
\tab \dn3 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 What is the function performed in voice inpu
t device? \par\pard\qj \li2331\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2331\ri1405\sb1
1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 prove to be the text input device
s of the future. Voice recognizers are currently \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a
vailable for command input on some systems. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-216\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 What are called tokens? \par\pard\ql \li2158\s
b215\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 The lexical analyzer tracks th
e source program one character at a time by making \par\pard\ql \li1611\sb0\sl-2
16\slmult0\tx2158 \up3 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 97
. \tab \dn4 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 the source pr
ogram into sequence of atomic units is called tokens. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb249
\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 98.Name some of typical tokens. \p
00 Identifiers, keywords, constants, operators and punctuation symbols such as \

up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 commas and parentheses are typical tokens. \par\par
d\ql \li1798\sb227\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 99. What is mea
nt by lexeme? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-232\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 The character that forms a token is said to be a lexeme. \par\pard\sect\sect
d\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\p
ar\pard\li2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li
2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2158\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\li2158\sb39\
sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13
\fs24 100.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Mention the main disadvantage of in
terpreter.\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1406\sb246\sl-260\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 The main disadvantage of interpreter is that the execution time o
f interpreted \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 program is slower than that of a cor
responding compiled object program. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb227\sl-276\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 101. What is meant by code optimization? \par\pard\q
j \li1798\ri952\sb14\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The code
optimization is designed to improve the intermediate code, which helps \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 the object program to run faster and takes less space. \pa
r\pard\ql \li1798\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 102. What i
s error handler? \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb3\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs22 The error handler is used to check if there
is an error in the program. If any error, \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb5\sl-256\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 it should warn th
e programmer by instructions to proceed from phase to phase. \par\pard\li2158\sb
237\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 103.\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 Name some of text editors.\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb15\sl-276\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-8\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nos
upersub\cf12\f13\fs24 line editors \par\pard\ql \li2518\ri7465\sb0\sl-273\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf12\f13\fs24 stream editors \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 screen editors \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf12\f13\fs24 word processors \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 structure editors \p
ar\pard\li2158\sb195\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 104
.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 What for debug monitors are used?\par\pard\q
l \li2158\sb1\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Debug monitors are us
ed in obtaining information for localization of errors. \par\pard\ql \li2038\sb2
33\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 105. Mention the features of wo
rd processors. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri5196\sb21\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24
moving text from one place to another \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 merging of text \par\pa
rd\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-9\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f8\f9\fs24 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 searching \par\pard\ql \li251
8\sb5\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs24 \
u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 word replacement \par\pard\ql \li2038\sb2
08\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 106. What are the phases in per
forming editing process? \par\pard\ql \li2878\sb224\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 a. Traveling phase \par\pard\ql \li2878\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b. Filtering phase \par\pard\ql \li2878\sb4\sl-256\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c. Formatting phase \par\pard\ql \li2878\s
b1\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 d. Editing phase \par\pard\ql \
li2038\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 107. Define \par\pard
\ql \li2038\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 traveling \par\par
d\ql \li2038\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 phase. \par\pard\
qj \li2158\ri1151\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi134 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The pha
se specifies the region of interest. Traveling is achieved using operations \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 such as next screenful, bottom, find pattern. \par\par
d\ql \li2132\sb165\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 108. Filtering p
hase. \par\pard\qj \li2132\ri1644\sb3\sl-520\slmult0\fi386 \up0 \expndtw-4\chars

calex100 The selection of what is to be viewed and manipulated in given by filte
ring. \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 109. Editing phase \par\pard\qj \li2158\ri13
90\sb195\sl-260\slmult0\fi201 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 In this phase, the t
arget document is altered with the set of operations such as \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 insert, delete, replace, move and copy. \par\pard\li2158\sb0\sl-276\s
lmult0\par\pard\li2158\sb201\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 110.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Define user interface?\par\pard\sect
\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend Pg
17}\par\pard\qj \li2158\sb0\sl-270\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2158\sb0\sl-270\slmult
0 \par\pard\qj\li2158\sb0\sl-270\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2158\sb0\sl-270\slmult0
\par\pard\qj\li2158\ri1018\sb56\sl-270\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 User interface is one, which allows the user to
communicate with the system in \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 order to perform c
ertain tasks. User interface is generally designed in a computer to \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 make it easier to use. \par\pard\li2158\sb230\sl-276\slmult0\f
i0\tx3238 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 111.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 D
efine input device?\par\pard\qj \li2158\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2158\r
i1299\sb10\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Input device is an elect
romechanical device, which accepts data from the outside \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 world and translates them into a form, which the computer can interpret.
\par\pard\ql \li2067\sb231\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 112.Defi
ne output devices \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1191\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi268 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 Output devices the user to view the elements being edited a
nd the results of \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the editing operations. \par\par
d\ql \li1971\sb225\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 113. What are t
he methods in Interaction language of a text editor? \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb224\
sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 a. Typing -oriented or text comman
d oriented method \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 b. Function key interfaces \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb4\sl-256\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 c. menu oriented method \par\pard\ql \li2067\sb228\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 114. Define interactive debugging sys
tems \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1007\sb238\sl-260\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 An interactive debugging system provides programmers with facilities
that aid in \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 the testing and debugging of programs.
\par\pard\ql \li2158\sb3\sl-257\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1. Debug
ging functions and capabilities \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb1\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 2. Relationship with other parts of the system \par\pard\
ql \li2158\sb10\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3. User interface
criteria. \par\pard\ql \li1971\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 115. Define editor structure. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1457\sb238\sl-260\slmult
0\fi67 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The command language processor accepts inpu
t from the users input devices and \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 analyzes the to
kens and syntactic structure of the commands. \par\pard\ql \li1971\sb227\sl-276\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 116. Give the components of editor struct
ure \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4 co
mponents \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a
. Editing component \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2691
\sb172\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 d. Display component \par\p
ard\ql \li1971\sb0\sl-216\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 117. What are t
he basic types of computing environments used in editors functions? \par\pard\ql
\li1798\sb149\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Editor\u8217?s funct
ion in three basic types of computing environments \par\pard\ql \li2691\sb224\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a. Time sharing \par\pard\ql \li2691
\sb1\sl-256\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b. Stand-alone \par\pard\ql \
li2691\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\f
s24 c.\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs24 Distributed \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\pape
rw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg18}{\bkmkend Pg18}\par\pard\ql
\li5826\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5826\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i5826\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5826\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5
826\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\

fs20 UNIT I \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-2
30\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
1)Standard Models of SIC Machine Archietecture: \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a)Memory: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *Consist of 8bit,bytes. \par\pard\qj \
li2518\ri5809\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *Any three consec
utive bytes form a word. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *All address are byte add
ress. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *Th
ere are totally 2^15 bytes in computer memory. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b)Registers: \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri5786\
sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *There are five registers,each
24bit length. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *They are A,L,X,PC,SW. \par\pard\ql
\li1798\sb1\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c)Data Formats: \par\pa
rd\ql \li3238\ri4777\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *Integers
are stored as 24 bit binary numbers. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *2\u8217?s co
mplement negative values \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *characters store
d using 8bit ASCII code. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *No floting point h
/w. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb7\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 d)Addr
essing Modes: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 Direct mode,Indirect mode \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li1798\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 e)Instruction Format:
\par\pard\qj \li3238\ri5668\sb19\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *
all m/c instruction are 24 bit length. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Forma
t: \par\pard\li2625\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2625\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi6\t
x3676\tx4943 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8 bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 1 bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 15 bit\par\pard\li2625\sb0\sl-230\slm
ult0\par\pard\li2625\sb6\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx3691\tx4626 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 opcode\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 X\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 address\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb86\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 f)Instruction set: \par\pard\ql \li251
8\sb50\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *used to load and store. \pa
r\pard\qj \li2518\ri6678\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *load
instructions are LDA,LDX. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *store instruction
s are STA,STX. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 *integer arithmetic operations are ADD,SUB,MUL,DIV. \par\pard\ql \li2518\r
i4145\sb19\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *COMP
compare value o
f register A with a word in memoy. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *conditio
nal jump instructions are JLT,JEQ,JGT. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *two
instructions for subroutine linkages are JSUB,RSUB. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb152\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 g)Input and Output: \par\pard\qj \li17
98\ri1687\sb155\sl-200\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *)I/p and O/p
are performed by transfering one byte at a time to are from rightmost 8 bit of \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 register A. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb5\sl-194\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *There are 3I/O instructions.They are \par\pard\q
l \li3238\sb7\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Test Device \par\par
d\ql \li3238\sb7\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Read Data \par\pa
rd\ql \li3238\sb7\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Write Data \par\
pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb87\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 2)SIC XE machine archietecture: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 a)Memory: \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 *same as standard version. \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 *maximum memory is 1MB(2^20bytes). \par\pard\ql \li2518
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 b)Registers: \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 *it include A,X,L,PC,SW,B,S,T,F.
}}
}}
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\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 c)Data Formats: \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb30\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *same as standard version.In additio
n there is a 48 bit floating point data format \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb10\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 with the following format: \par\pard\li279
6\sb225\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx3507\tx4773 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1 bit\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 11 bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 36 bit\p
ar\pard\li2796\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li2796\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\fi189\tx34
66\tx4532 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 S\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 expo
nent\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 fraction\par\pard\ql \li3238\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3238\sb211\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *a
bsolute value of the number is represented as \par\pard\ql \li4678\sb210\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 f*2(e-1024) \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-2
30\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *sign is indicated by the value of S \p
ar\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 d)Instructi
on Format: \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
*format 1(1 byte): \par\pard\ql \li4251\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4251\
sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 opcode \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb7
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *format 2(2 byte): \par\pard\li17
98\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi1608\tx4007\tx4551 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 8 bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4bit\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4bit\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1
798\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\fi1906\tx4425\tx5011 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 op\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 r 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 r 2\par\pa
rd\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb8\sl-230\slmult0\fi1440 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 *format 3(3 byte)\par\pard\li1798\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\
tx2676\tx3220\tx3708\tx4254\tx4798\tx5400\tx6277 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6
bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1 bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1
bit\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 12 bit\par\pard\li1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult
0\fi292\tx3212\tx3918\tx4652\tx5426\tx6199\tx7039\tx8198 \dn2 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 op\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 n\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
I\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 x\tab \dn2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b\tab \d
n2 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 p\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 e\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 displacement\par\pard\ql \li2872\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li2872\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2872\sb202\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 *format 4(4 byte) \par\pard\li1371\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\
pard\li1371\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1371\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2037\tx
2370\tx2759\tx3259\tx3537\tx3871\tx4481 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 20\par\pard\ql \li1371\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Op
b
p
e
n
x I
address \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 e.
)Addressing Modes \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 Base relative \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li25

18\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb70\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 PC relative \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb110\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 f.)Instruction Set: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Load & store \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri7980\sb2\sl-200\s
lmult0\fi720\tx2518\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jump instructions \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 g.)Input Output: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 unique 8_bit code \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 TD,WD,RD \par
\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb6\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.Pentium Pro Architecture: \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 a.)Memory: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1
\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2 bytes form Word \par\pard\ql \li
2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 collection of segments \p
ar\pard\qj \li2518\ri7022\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 segme
nts divided into pages \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Segment: \par\pard\qj \li32
38\ri8096\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Physical \line \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 Offset \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 b)Registers: \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 *General purpose registers EAX,EBX,EDX,ESI,EDI,EBP,ES
P.
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}}
\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 *Special purpose registers EIP,flags,segm
ent registers,floating point unit. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 c)Data Formats: \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri5976\sb19\sl-22
0\slmult0\tx2826 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *Integers stored as 8,16,32 bit
binary numbers. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 FPU handle 64 bit singe
d integers. \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri5056\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi1027\tx4052 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 lowest numbered address is called little endian. \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 *Floating point format single precision format \line \ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 double precision format \par\pard\li1798\sb1\sl208\slmult0\fi2253 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 extended precision format.\par\
pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *characters\par
\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-222\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *strings \par\
pard\ql \li1798\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *special instr
uction \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 d
)Instruction format: \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 *contain opcode followed by number of bytes that specify operands an
d addressing modes. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 e)Addressing Modes: \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 1.Immediate addressing \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb13\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *operand value is specified. \par\pard\ql \l
i1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.Register Mode \par\par
d\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 *TA=base register
+ content of index register +scale factor + displacement. \par\pard\ql \li1798\s
b3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.Direct Mode \par\pard\ql \li17
98\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.Relative Mode \par\pard\q
l \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 f)Instruction Set:
\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri7510\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *re
gister to register instruction \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *register to
memory instruction \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *memory to memory instruc
tion \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb220\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 g)I
nput and Output: \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1717\sb19\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 *input is performed by instruction that transfer 1 byte,word or d
ouble word at a time from an input \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 port into regis
ter EAX \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri2998\sb20\sl-220\slmult0\tx4678 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 *output instruction transfer one byte or word or double word from E
AX into i/o port. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 UN IT II \par\pard\qj
\li1798\ri2052\sb246\sl-480\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1. Write notes
on (i) A simple SIC Assembler, (ii) Algorithm & Data Structures of Assembler.
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 A Simple SIC Assembler:-\par\pard\ql \li2158\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2158\sb177\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal

ex100 (i.e) object \par\pard\ql \li2158\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 code. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb90\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 WORD,RESB, RESW. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 Functions of Assembler:-\par\pard\ql \li3585\sb0\sl-226\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql\li3585\ri2977\sb28\sl-226\slmult0\fi93 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
i. Convert mnemonic code to machine language equivalents. \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 ii. Convert symbolic operands to machine address. \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 iii. Build the machine instruction in the proper format.
\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 iv. Convert data constants to machine repr
esentation. \par\pard\ql \li3626\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 v. Write object program and assembly listing. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-21
7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -forward reference \par\pard\qj \li2518\
ri5067\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Due to this fact
assemblers use 2 passes. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Records:-\par\pard\ql \li
3148\ri7652\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Header record \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Text record \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 E
nd \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-204\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Algorit
hm & Data Structures: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb15\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 -Pass1 & pass2 algorithm \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\pape
rh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg21}{\bkmkend Pg21}\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\
-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb229\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 -Two Da
ta structures \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 (i) OPTAB \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 (ii) SYMTAB \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri6004\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 LOCCTR - variable to help in assigning address \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 OPTAB:-\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1731\sb3\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 -encounter mnemonic operation code & translate them to mac
hine language. It contains \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 information about inst
ruction format & length. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 Pass 1 : validate opcode in source program. \par\pard\ql \li1798
\sb4\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass 2 : translate opcode to
machine language. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri3024\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 -organized as hash table to provide fast retrieval with min
imum searching. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 SYMTAB:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\s
l-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -store values (addresses) assigned t
o labels. \par\pard\li1798\sb7\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 -includes name and address for each label in source program including flags in
dicating\par\pard\li1798\sb8\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 er
rors.\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -has
information about data area or instructrion label. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-2
19\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass 1 : labels are entered into SYMTAB
along with address in LOCCTR. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 Pass 2 : encounter symbols, obtain address to be inserted i
n assembled instruction. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 -organized as hash table for efficiency of insertion and retriev
al. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.Writ
e notes on (i) MASM Assembler, (ii) SPARC Assembler. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl
-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 MASM Assembler:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 -MASM assembler language program is written as a collection of segments
. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Each se
gment is defined as belonging to a particular class. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Commonly used classes are CODE, DAT
A, CONST,STACK. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 -Segments are addressed by segment register. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Assembler directives:-\par\pard\qj \l
i3238\ri4622\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ASSUME, BASE, SEGM
ENT,PUBLIC, EXTRN. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Jump instructions - far j

ump and near jump. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 SPARC Assembler:-\par\pard\qj \li2518\ri5575\sb25\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 -program is divided into units called sections. \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg. Predefined section name. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb12\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 .TEXT-executable instruction. \par\pa
rd\ql \li1798\ri6587\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi720\tx2518\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 .DATA-initialised read /write data. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 .RODATA-read only data. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 .BSS-unin
itialised data areas. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Section attributes-executab
le, writable. \par\pard\li1798\sb9\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 -programmer can switch between sections at any time space by updating the
location\par\pard\li1798\sb6\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 co
unter.\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -ref
erence between different sections are resolved by the linker, not by assembler.
\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb213\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -delayed
\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 branches
. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -annull
ed. \par\pard\ql \li1854\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1854\sb20\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3.Machine - dependent assembler features:-\par
\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 Introduction:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Indirect addressing-prefix@ \par\pard\ql \li2518\s
b3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Immediate addressing -prefix# \p
ar\pard\qj \li2518\ri6480\sb4\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Relat
ive addressing -PC or BASE. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Multiple programming.
\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Features:\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Instructio
n formats and addressing modes:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-1\charscalex100 -Register to register instruction - change each register
mnemonic to numeric equivalent. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 -Register to memory. \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb1\sl-217\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -PC or BASE relative. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb3
\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 PC - 4 byte extended format with 2
0 bit address field. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1822\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\fi554 \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 Assembler knows what the contents of PC will be at execu
tion time - use prefix + \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 BASE -under control of p
rogrammer \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkm
kstart Pg22}{\bkmkend Pg22}\par\pard\ql \li3240\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li3240\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3240\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
3240\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3240\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 Assembler directives:-\par\pard\ql
\li3958\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 BASE and NO BASE - pro
duce no executable code \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1
sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb210\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 Program relocation:-\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1944\sb39\sl-220\slmult0\fi
720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 In time sharing systems, it is desirable to ex
ecute more than one program at a time. In \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 such a s
ituation, the actual starting address of the program is not known until load tim
e. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb222\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Relocatable program:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 An object program that contains in
formation necessary to perform modifications. \par\pard\li2518\sb3\sl-230\slmult
0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 f
ig. 2 : 7\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-227\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 S
olving relocation problem:-\par\pard\qj \li1799\ri3770\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi719
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 For JSUB instruction, insert address of RDREC rela
tive to start of \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 program. \par\pard\ql \li25
19\sb1\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Add beginning address of pro

gram to the address field in JSUB instruction. \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb17\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Modification Record. \par\pard\ql \li1799
\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.Machine independent Assemble
r features:-\par\pard\qj \li1799\ri3168\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 -Assembler features that are not closely related to machine arch
itecture. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Literals:-\par\pard\li2519\sb18\sl
-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 helps programmer to specify values of a constant as a part of instruct
ion.\par\pard\li2519\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
-\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 literals pools - literals are gathered toge
ther and placed in to a pool at the end of\par\pard\ql \li2879\sb1\sl-224\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 program. \par\pard\qj \li2519\ri6800\sb0\sl-240\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Assembler directives - LTORG \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 Data structure LITTAB \par\pard\ql \li1799\sb1\sl-195\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Symbol Defining Statements:-\par\pard\li1799\sb17\
sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Assembler directive that allo
ws the programmer to define symbols and specify their\par\pard\li1799\sb1\sl-225
\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 values.\par\pard\li1799\sb7\sl-230\sl
mult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Assembler directives -EQU, ORG\par\par
d\li1799\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Expressions:-\par\
pard\li1799\sb1\sl-226\slmult0\fi720\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 absolute expressions\par\pard\li1799\sb0\sl-226\sl
mult0\fi720\tx2879 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 relative impressions\par\pard\li1799\sb7\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 Program blocks:-\par\pard\li1799\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi720\tx2879
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 program blocks
\par\pard\li1799\sb1\sl-226\slmult0\fi720\tx2879 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 control\par\pard\ql \li2519\sb1\sl-222\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 section \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb2\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb193\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 Control sections & program linking:-\par\pard\li2518\sb1\
sl-199\slmult0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 control section\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-201\slmult0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 assembler directives
\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-199\slmult0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -\t
ab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 EXTDEF, EXTREF\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri9013\sb0\s
l-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Define record \line \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 Refer record \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb5\sl-189\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 Modification record \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li1798\sb208\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5. Assembler desi
gn options:-\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\b
kmkstart Pg23}{\bkmkend Pg23}\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q
li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 One pass Assemblers \par\pard\ql
\li2518\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -eliminate forward ref
erence \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -d
ifficult \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Two main types \par\pard\qj \li3238\ri2884\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 (i) produce object code directly in memory for immediate execution.
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (ii) produce object program for later execution. \
par\pard\ql \li3238\sb1\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -load and g
o assembler. \par\pard\ql \li3129\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 Eg: fig: 2.19 \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 Multipass Assembler:-\par\pard\li1798\sb26\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 -converting source program to object program is done in a n
umber of passes usually 2\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3

\charscalex100 pass.\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb207\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 Pass 1 \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1821\sb2\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 Encounter opcodes and enter to OPTAB,encounter symbols and
enter to SYMTAB with \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 flags for forward references
and write program to intermediatefile. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb209\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass 2 \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2144\sb2\sl-240\sl
mult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Encounter intermediate file, change fo
rward reference with address and write object \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 program. \par\pard\ql \li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-23
0\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li5398\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li5398\sb209\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 UNIT III \par\pard\
ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb40\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 1.Write notes on (i) Absolute Loader, (ii) MS - DOS Linker:
-\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Absolut
e Loader-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 A
loader is a system program that performs the loading function. \par\pard\ql \li
2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Most loaders perform the
basic functions including \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 Loading - bringing an object program into memory for execution.
\par\pard\qj \li2465\ri2388\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi53 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 Relocation - modifies the object program so as to be loaded at different add
ress. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 linking - combines two or more separate obj
ect program. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 Absolute loader performs only the loading function. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -since no relocation and linking
is done, its operation is simple. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 -all functions are accomplished in a single pass. \par\p
ard\ql \li2518\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Eg. Fig. 3.1 \p
-algorithm of absolute loader. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 MS - DOS Linker:-\
par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg24
}{\bkmkend Pg24}\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\
-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 MS-DOS compilers and assemblers \par\pard\ql \
li3238\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -object modules \par\p
ard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -file name exte
nsion .OBJ. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri4442\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 -a binary image of translated instructi0n and data. \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 MS-DOS link \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 -linkage editor \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -combines one or more object modules \par\pard\ql \li
3238\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -produce a complete execut
able program \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 -file name extension . EXE, \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 -Record Types - explain \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb10\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 THEADR, TYPDEF, PUBDEF, EXTDEF, LNAMES, SEG
DEF, GRPDEF, \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 LFDATA, LIDATA, FIXUPP, MODEND \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri4067\sb0\sl-240\slmult0
\tx2796 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass 1 : constructs symbol table that asso
ciates an address with each \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Segment. \pa

r\pard\ql \li1798\ri3833\sb1\sl-220\slmult0\tx2739\tx2795 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 Pass 2 : link extracts the translated instructions and data from the ob
ject \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Modules and builds an image of the
executable program in \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Memory. \par\pard\
ql \li1798\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.Write notes on Bo
otstrap loader:-\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 -special type of absolute loader executed first when the computer is turne
d on or restarted. \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 -usually operating system. \par\pard\qj \li3238\ri1736\sb0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -Bootstrap loader while executing, gets a sing
le character from the input devices \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and according
to the input obtained, it works. \par\pard\qj \li3238\ri1936\sb0\sl-240\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -After the loading process is completed the contro
l goes to the first executable \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 instruction. \par\p
ard\ql \li3238\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -in some compute
rs, an absolute loader is permanently resident \par\pard\qj \li3238\ri1669\sb19\
sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in a read-only memory. Using certai
n instructions, the machine begins to execute \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 this
ROM program. \par\pard\qj \li3238\ri1946\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 -In certain systems a number if fixed length records are first read
and then put \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 into the memory. These records conta
in machine instruction for loading. The \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 first rec
ord that is executed first is the bootstrap loader. \par\pard\ql \li1854\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1854\sb200\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 3.Machine Dependent Loader Features:-\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li1798\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Relocation
:-\par\pard\li1798\sb7\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Loader
s that allow for program relocation are called relocating loaders or relative\p
ar\pard\li1798\sb1\sl-225\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 loaders.\par
\pard\qj \li2518\ri7078\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -can be
done by 2 methods. \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ( i ) use modification r
ecord \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ( ii ) bit \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl
-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 masking \par\pard\qj \li3238\sb0\sl-2
00\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3238\sb0\sl-200\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3238\ri4309\sb3
6\sl-200\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -A bit value \u8216?0\u8217? indi
cates no modification necessary. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Modification is d
one at bit values \u8216?1\u8217?. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb5\sl-194\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 Program linking:-\par\pard\qj \li2518\ri3971\sb2\sl-200
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -when different subprograms are logically
related, they must be \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 linked together. \par\pard\
ql \li3238\sb5\sl-194\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg. Fig. 3.8 , \par
\pard\ql \li3683\sb7\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Fig.3.10 - mu
st draw \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1694\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 -when the program consists of both external definitions and reference
s, the object code \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 has forward references, when th
ose statements are encountered the actual address is calculated \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 and the memory contents is charged. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb7\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Algorithms and data structures:-\par\par
d\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -algorithm \par\pa
rd\ql \li1798\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Pass 1 - assigns
address to all external symbols. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pass 2 - performs actual loading, relocation and linki
ng. \par\pard\ql \li2851\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Data
structure - ESTAB \par\pard\ql \li2851\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 -uses variable CSADPR & PROGADDR \par\pard\ql \li2851\sb10\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -load map. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12
sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb

0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb29\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 4.Mach
ine Independent Loader features:-\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2890\sb19\sl-220\slmult0
\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -loader features that are not directly rela
ted to machine architecture design. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Automatic libr
ary search;-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 -subroutines in the libraries can be used just by invoking them. \par\pard\qj
\li1798\ri1798\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -The subro
utines called by the program being loaded are automatically fetched from the \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 library, linked with main program and loaded. \par\pa
rd\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -automatic librar
y call. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb4\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -e
nter symbols from Refer record to ESTAB unless they are already present. \par\pa
rd\qj \li1798\ri1854\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -und
efined symbols represent unresolved external references, they must be treated a
s \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 errors, thereby overriding the standard library
subroutines. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 Loader option:-\par\pard\li1798\sb5\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 -Loaders allows the user to specify options that modify standard proce
sses by certain\par\pard\li1798\sb7\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 means.\par\pard\qj \li1799\ri2232\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 -Options are specified as part of the job control language there i
s processed by the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 operating system. \par\pard\ql
\li2519\sb1\sl-183\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Options allows the sel
ection of alternative sources of input. \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb19\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -can be done using command lines INCLUDE, DELETE,
CHANGE etc. \par\pard\qj \li1799\ri1642\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 -option involves automatic inclusion of library routines to sat
isfy external references. (use \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 LIBRARY statement).
\par\pard\qj \li1799\ri2232\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 -external references that are not resolved may be analyzed using STDDEV, PLO
T, \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 CORREL from statistical library. \par\pard\ql \
li2519\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -no external references
can be resolved using library search. \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -another option involves output from loader. \par\p
ard\ql \li2519\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -there are also
variety of other options. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l
i1798\sb223\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 5.Loader Design Options
:-\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Linkag
e editor:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
-produced linked version of program which is written to file or library for la
ter execution. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1798\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 -only object code modification necessary is, addition of actua
l address to relative values \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 within the program. \
par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -reduces ov
erload than linking loaders. \par\pard\ql \li2574\sb17\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 -suitable for relocating loader. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb210\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Uses;-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-2
0 -linked version of any program can be included within the present linked versi
on. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -build
packages of sub routines. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb7\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 -handle formatted I/O \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb11\sl-213\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Dynamic Linking/Loading/Load on call:-\par\pard\ql
\li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -linkage editors perf
orm linking operation before program is loaded for execution. \par\pard\ql \li25
18\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -a subroutine is loaded and
linked to the rest of the program when it is first called. \par\pard\ql \li2518\
sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -allows several executable prog

rams to share one copy of a subroutine or library. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -in \u8216?C\u8217? , runtime support
routine is stored in dynamic link library. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -in object oriented systems, used for referen
ces to software objects. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 -provides ability to load the routines only when they are needed.
\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -results
in substantial saving of time and memory \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1832\sb4\sl-240
\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -called subroutines completes proce
ssing and returns to caller. Control may be passed \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 from dynamic loader. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 -delayed binding \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\
pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg26}{\bkmkend Pg26}\par\pard\ql \li4678\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb229\sl-230\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 UNIT IV \par\par
d\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li1798\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.Define a macro an
d explain macro definition and expansion? \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri1920\sb14\sl-22
6\slmult0\fi720\tx2518 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 A macro instruction is simp
ly a notational convenience for the programmer. A macro \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 represents a commonly used group of statements in the source program lang
uage. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The macro processor replaces each
macro instruction with the corresponding group of \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
source language statements. This is called expanding macro. \par\pard\ql \li17
98\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Assembler directives:-\par\
pard\qj \li1798\ri5727\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 MACRO identifies beginning of a macro definition \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 MEND \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 - marks the end of macro definition \par\pard\ql \l
i2796\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -A macro is defined with
the statements MACRO and MEND. \par\pard\qj \li2796\ri3381\sb19\sl-220\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -when the macro is involved with its parameter lis
t from any other \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 program, the macro definition is
substituted in the program, therby \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 expanding the m
acro \par\pard\ql \li2796\ri3602\sb16\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 -Each macro invocation statement has been expanded into the \line \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 statements that form the body of the macro with the arguments
\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 from the macro invocation substituted for t
he parameters in the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 macro prototype. \par\p
ard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li1798\sb211\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.Explain macro
processor Algorithm and data structures in detail:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-2
-data structures \par\pard\ql \li3868\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 DEFTAB \par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-226\slmult0\fi1350 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 NAMTAB\par\pard\li2518\sb7\sl-230\slmult0\fi1350 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 ARGTAB\par\pard\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 -algorithm\par\pard\ql \li3238\sb1\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 -explain the procedures \par\pard\ql \li1798\ri4201\sb7\sl-240\slmult0\tx296
3 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 DEFINE - defines macro, makes appropriate entrie
s in DEFTAB and \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 NAMTAB \par\pard\ql \li1
798\sb1\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 EXPAND - set argument value
s and expand macro invocation. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb4\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 GETLINE - while expanding read a line from DEFTAB and subs
titute \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri3694\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\fi1219 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 Arguments in AEGTAB. Otherwise read a line from input file \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 PROCESSLINE - both for defining and expanding macro. \par\p
ard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li1798\sb9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Concatenation of m

acro parameters:-\par\pard\qj \li2518\ri3258\sb2\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 -macro processor allows parameters to be concatenated with charact
er \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 strings \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri3870\sb0\s
l-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -any character can be concatenated i
n any position in the macro \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 definition \par\pard\q
j \li2518\ri3976\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -uses special
concatenation operator in SIC \u8216?->\u8217? marks the end. \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 \u8216?->\u8217? will not appear in macro expansion. \par\pard\ql \l
i1798\sb2\sl-215\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Generation of unique labe
ls:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb12\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 -In general, it is not possible for the body of a macro
instruction to contain labels of the \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb14\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 usual kind. \par\pard
\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -use relative addr
essing at the source statement level. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2266\sb0\sl-220\slm
ult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -this may be inconvenient, error prone
and difficult to read in case of large jumping \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sta
tements. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2278\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 -Therefore macro processors allows creation of special type of labe
ls within macro \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 instructions. \par\pard\ql \li1798
\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Conditional Macro Expansion:\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2
7}{\bkmkend Pg27}\par\pard\qj \li1798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0
\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0\s
l-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\ri2330\sb85\sl-260\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 -Macro processors can modify the
sequence of statements generated for a macro \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 expan
sion, depending on the arguments supplied in the macro invocation. \par\pard\ql
\li2518\sb5\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -conditional assembly \
par\pard\qj \li2518\ri7647\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -mac
ro time variables \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg. IF ELSE- ENDIF \line \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 WHILE - ENDW \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Keyword macro parameters:-\par\pard\qj \li1798\r
i1754\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -in using positiona
l parameters, programmer must be careful to specify the arguments in \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 the proper order. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -for omitted arguments null character is specified.
\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2289\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 -this is efficient. But in case of large macros with large number of parame
ter more \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 efficient method of specifying the parame
ters called keyword parameters is used. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb2\sl-218\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 - arguments may appear in any order \par\pard\ql \
li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -each argument value is
written with a keyword that names the corresponding parameter. \par\pard\ql \li
98\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.Write notes on (i) MASM
Macro processor (ii) Ansi C Macro language \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb220\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 MASM M
acro Processor:-\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 -The macro processor in MASM is integrated with pass 1d of assembler. \pa
r\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -It supports
all of the main macro processor functions. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri3347\sb21\sl-2
20\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Macros may be redefined during a
program, without causing an error. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 The new defini
tion of macro simply replaces the first one. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb12\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Eg. Fig. 4.12 \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-2
17\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ANSI C Macro Processor:-\par\pard\li251
8\sb15\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx2878 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -\tab \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 in ANSI C language definitions and invocations of macros are
handled by a\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-225\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex

100 preprocessor..\par\pard\li2518\sb8\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 -preprocessor is generally not integrated with the rest of the compiler.
\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg. # de
fine NULL 0\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-225\slmult0\fi1107 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 # define EOF (-1)\par\pard\li2518\sb1\sl-227\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 -ANSI C macro can be defined with parameters\par\pard\li2518\sb7\sl230\slmult0\fi721\tx7293 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Eg. # define ABSBIF (x,y)
( (x)>(y))?((x)-(y))\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (y)-(x))\par\pard\li2518
\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -use parameter strings\par
\pard\qj \li2518\ri1777\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 M
acros in C may contain definitions or invocations of other macro.After a macro \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 is expanded, the macro processor rescans the text t
hat has been generated,looking for \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 more definition
s or invocations. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb180\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 5.Explain Macro \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-3\charscalex100 Design Options: \par\pard\ql \li2428\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pa
rd\ql\li2428\sb100\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Recursive Macro
Expansion \par\pard\ql \li2428\sb1\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
General Purpose Macro Processor \par\pard\ql \li2428\sb7\sl-193\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 Macro processing Within Language Translators \par\pard\ql
\li1798\sb97\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Recursive Macro Expans
ion: \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1888\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 -While performing macro expansion in any of the source program which do
not support \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the concept of recursion, certain pro
blems may arise if the expanding of the macro instructions \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 are done recursively. \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1720\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\f
i720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -When a function is called by itself again an
d again by itself with different parameters the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pr
oblem arises \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 -This can be solved by looping those statements and storing them in a stack
\par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 General
Purpose Macro Processor: \par\pard\qj \li1798\ri2501\sb0\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The most common use of macro processors is as an aid
to assembler language \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 programming. \par\pard\ql \
li1798\sb11\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Problem in designing th
e most general purpose macro processors: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -Large number of details regarding logic structu
res of different languages \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\par
d\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg28}{\bkmkend Pg28}\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb229\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 -Facilities for gr
ouping terms, expressions, statements may differ \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb30\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -The tokens of programming languages may
differ \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
Macro Processor Within Language Translators: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Line by line Macro processor \par\pard\ql \l
i3238\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -Combining the macro fun
ctions and the language translators can be done using \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb10\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 lin by line approach. \par\pard\ql
\li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Advantages: \par\pard\q
l \li3238\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -avoids extra pass ov
er source statements. \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 -data structures can be combined. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri3663\sb19\
sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -diagnostic message regarding
error in source statements. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Integrated Macro Proc
essor; \par\pard\ql \li3238\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -Co
operation of macro processors with language translators forming language \par\pa
rd\ql \li1799\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 translators with
integrated macro processors \par\pard\ql \li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\q

li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\s
b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4678\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 UNIT V \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb22
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1.Explain in detail about Text Ed
itors and overview of editing process. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb230\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Text Editors; \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Computer program That allows the user to cre
ate and revise the text document. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 -have become part of any computing environment \par\pard
\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 Overview of editing process; \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb10\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -interactive editor \par\pard\ql \li2518
\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -document editing process; \pa
r\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1
798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\par\pard\li1798\sb170\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx3958 \dn2 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 Phases in editing:\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Update
the view\par\pard\ql \li2428\ri8093\sb7\sl-226\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 Travelling phase \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Filtering phase \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Formatting phase \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 Editing phase \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb211\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 2.Explain about User interfaces in an a interactive editor \par\pard\ql \l
i2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb20\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 -abstract frame work \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 -conceptual model \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Eg: Line editors ,Screen editors \par\pard\q
l \li2518\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -concerned with \par
\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg29}{\
bkmkend Pg29}\par\pard\qj \li3868\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3868\sb0\sl260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3868\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3868\sb0\sl-26
0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3868\ri6842\sb85\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 Input Devices \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 Output Devices \par\pard\li1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 Interaction Languages\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Input Devices:\par\pard\li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0\fi2
070 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Text/String Devices\par\pard\li1798\sb13\sl-23
0\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Button/Choice Devices\par\pard\li
1798\sb1\sl-228\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Locator Devices\par
\pard\li1798\sb1\sl-226\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Text device
s with arrows\par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-226\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 Voice input devices\par\pard\li1798\sb1\sl-218\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 Output Devices\par\pard\li1798\sb12\sl-230\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 Tele typewriters\par\pard\li1798\sb3\sl-230\slmult0\fi207
0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Character printing terminals\par\pard\li1798\sb1
\sl-225\slmult0\fi2070 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Glass Tele typewriters\par\
pard\li1798\sb7\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Interaction Lan
guages;\par\pard\qj \li3868\ri5350\sb8\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 Typing /Text command Oriented \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Function Key Ori
ented \par\pard\ql \li3868\sb2\sl-218\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Menu
Oriented \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb223\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3.Explain in detail the Editor Structure
\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb20\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Editor - Computer program \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1
\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Command language processor: \par\

pard\ql \li3238\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -accepts input
from the user\u8217?s input devices & analyses the tokens and syntactic \par\pa
rd\ql \li1798\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 structure of comm
ands. \par\pard\ql \li3239\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -ap
plied in two mwthods \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 1.Get input and analyse it in two phases \par\pard\ql \li3239\sb13\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1.Lexial phase \par\pard\ql \li3239\s
b1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.Syntax phase \par\pard\qj \li1
798\ri5441\sb21\sl-220\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2.Produce int
ermediate representation of input \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Components in th
e editing structure; \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb12\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 -Editing component \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 -Travelling component \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb3\sl-217\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Viewing component \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb13\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -Editor filters \par\pard\ql \li2519\
sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Viewing filter \par\pard\ql \
li2519\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Display component \par\
pard\qj \li1798\ri8868\sb224\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Optim
al screen \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 updating \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb16
9\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Terminal contrl database \par\pa
rd\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li1798\sb30\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4.Explain in detai
l the interactive debugging systems: \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb230\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -System with highly active methods for debugging \p
-aids the programmers in testing and debugging the program \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 Requirements for Debugging: \par\pard\qj \li3148\ri5134\sb0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Unit Teat Functions-Execution Sequencing \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 Tracing Functions \par\pard\ql \li3148\sb1\sl-191\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 TraceBack Functions \par\pard\ql \li3148\sb17\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Proper Display Capabilities \par\pa
rd\qj \li2518\ri1988\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -Debugger
commands that initiate actions and collect data about program\u8217?s execution
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 should be common across languages. \par\pard\qj \l
i2518\ri1865\sb3\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -The language tran
slator may provide the source code or source listing tagged in some \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 standard form \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh1584
0\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg30}{\bkmkend Pg30}\par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2518\sb229\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs20 -The debugger
system should be able to deal with optimized code. \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri4673\
sb22\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Problem arises with respect t
o the storage of variables \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (i.e)Home location prov
ided by compiler \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri1731\sb0\sl-220\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 -The debugging of optimized code requires a substantial amount of
cooperation from the \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 optimizing compilers. \par\pa
rd\qj \li1798\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1798\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj\li1798\ri1994\sb201\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5..Explain
about the relation of the interactive debugger with other systems and user inte
rface \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 criteria. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb229\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Relation with other systems: \par\pa
rd\ql \li2518\sb222\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Interactive De
bugger should be a part of the run_time environment \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb9\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -help in immediate debugging \par\pard
\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -It should cooperat
e and communicate with the other systems in the operating system. \par\pard\ql \
li2518\sb3\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Debug in the production
stage itself. \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 -Debugger should provide security and integrity to the user \par\pard\qj \
li1798\ri1909\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\fi719 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -It should
not interfere in any other aspect of system integrity other than the debugging
\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 process. \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb2\sl-218\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -It should deal only with the currently runni
ng programs \par\pard\ql \li2519\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 -It should not limit its activity with the current languages alone. \par\pard
\ql \li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1798\sb220\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 User Interface Criteria: \par\pard\li1798\sb0\sl-230\slmul
t0\par\pard\li1798\sb10\sl-230\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 -The
facilities of the debugging system must be with simple organization and familiar
to\par\pard\li1798\sb2\sl-230\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 use\par
\pard\qj \li1798\ri1721\sb0\sl-240\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 The user interaction should make use of full_screen display and Windowing system
s for \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 easy editing purposes \par\pard\ql \li2518\s
b1\sl-191\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Menus and commands are preferre
d \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb17\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Comman
d format should be flexible as possible \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Thre must be less number of parameters in command
s \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb13\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -Specia
l characters should be avoided \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb1\sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 -Menus should have suitable names \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb3\
sl-217\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 -It should provide the online HELP
function \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}

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{\rtf1{\fonttbl

{\f2 Times New Roman;}

scalex100 \u-3913?\u-4064? process management \par\pard\qj \li2518\ri6160\sb0\s

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;9;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;32768}}

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 8466}}

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

t}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(0,281);(0,0);(0,0)}}

\colsr160\ql \li2051\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2839\sb262\sl-276\slmult

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(0,533);(20,533);(20,0);(0,0);(0,533)}}

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 12}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s

p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 SIC/XE\par\pard\qj

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

\sn geoRight}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 546}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 8466}}

\sn geoRight}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 546}}

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 8466}}

ons. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb244\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 16.

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

dtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\li2518\sb4\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3958\tx5398 \up0

0 RESW\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\qj \li1798\ri1671\sb0\sl-273

i2278\ri2139\sb21\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 If the result of

\expndtw-3\charscalex100 RESW\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1\par\pard\ql \l

\sl-276\slmult0\fi0\tx3238\tx4678\tx6118\tx7558\tx8278 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale

\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 UNIT III (LOADERS AN

l loading, relocation and linking. \par\pard\ql \li1798\sb228\sl-276\slmult0 \up

\sn geoRight}{\sv 4412}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 13}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(0,506);(0,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 DEFTAB - the macro definitions are stored

par\pard\qj \li1798\ri926\sb246\sl-250\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1

00 Identifiers, keywords, constants, operators and punctuation symbols such as \

hase. \par\pard\qj \li2132\ri1644\sb3\sl-520\slmult0\fi386 \up0 \expndtw-4\chars

826\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 8466}}

calex100 Base relative \par\pard\ql \li2518\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li25

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 8466}}

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s

{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocumen

t}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(12,0);(0,0);(0,693);(12,693);(12,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(1,13);(14,13);(14,0);(1,0);(1,13)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;5;(1652,0);(0,0);(0,14);(1652,14);(1652,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(0,14);(0,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;11;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;3276