Ad_n `mjbpw kmwkvm-cnI hfbpw

skan-nIv IpSpw-_-nse Ghpw {]mbw Ipd `mj-bmWv Ad-_n. t\ml-bpsS

aI tjans ]c-c
- I
- f
- n s]h-cmWv skan-n-p-I. `mjmim-kv{X- skan-n-ns\
Bt{^m- G-jy `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-n-emWv Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. skan-n-p-I-fpsS D`h-m-\-s-p-dnv Ncn-{X-Im-camn-S-bn hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b- \ne-\np-pv. Ah D-cm-{^n--bn \nv IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cm-sWv Hcp hn`mKw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
Atd-_y-bn \nv D-cm-{^n--bn-tev IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cm-sW A`n-{]m-b-amWv IqSp-X
{]_-ea
- m-bn-p-ff
- X
- v.
_m_n-tem-Wn-b, ln{_p, sX Ad-_n, Ac-am-bn-v, ^
- n-\o-jy, Fn-tbm-]y,
kpdn-bm-\n, Ad_n Ch-bmWv {][m\ skan-nv `mj-I. Ad-_n, Awl-dn-Iv

(-

F-n-tbm-]y) Sn{Kn-\nb (F-n-tbm]ym sFcn-{Xn-b), ln{_p (C-{kmtb), Ac-am-bnv (Cdm-J,v Xpn, Cdm, kndn-b), amokv (am)-, kpdn-bm\n (\-ho-\ A
- c
- a
- m-bn-I)v

C-

h-bmWv Ctm kwkm-c`- m-jb

- mbn \ne-\np skannIv `mj-I. Ch-cpsS

AwK-

kw-Jy -\m-n-tbgv tImSntbmfw hcpw.

skan-nIv `mj-I-fn Ghpw {]mbw Ipd-Xv Ad-_n-bm-sW-nepw ]qsk-an-nIv `mj-bpsS X\n-abpw kz`m-hhpw IqSp-X {]I-S-am-Ip-Xv Ad_nbnem-Wv.
skan-nIv `mj-bpsS Dhw ay-]u-c-kvXy-tZ-i-am-bn-cpp FXpw hS-- A-td-_y-bnse
Dujc `q{]-tZ-i-ns A\m-Ij-I-amb Imem-h Atd-_ynbn-tev IpSn-tb--msc
BIjn-n- FXpw Ad_n `mj-bpsS X\na \ne-\np--Xn\v klm-b-I-amb LS-I-fm-bn-cp-p.
Ad-_n-`mj kwkm-cn-p--h-cpsS Fw GXmv 28 tImSn-tbmfw hcpsav
IW-m-s
- -c
- n-p-p. IqSmsX temI apkvenwIfpsS Fm aXNS-p-If
- nepw Ad_n D]tbm-Kn-sSp-p. 26 cmPy--fnse HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j, sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` AwKo-I-cn `mj,,
Ghpw IqSp-X Bfp-I kwkm-cn-p \mem-as
- -`mj Fo \ne-If
- nepw Ad_n {]kn-am-Wv. emn en]n D]-tbm-Kn-p amokv `mjbpw Kokv en]n D]-tbm-Kn-p Nne
Fn-tbm-]y `mj-I-fp-sam-gnv asm skan-nv `mj-Ifpw hev \nv CS-tm-mWv
Fgp-Xs
- -Sp-X
- v.
temI-n Ghpw IqSp-X D]-tbm-Kn-psSp cm-as en]n Ad_n en]n-bmWv. t]mjy, DZp, kv]m\n-jv, aem-bv, Imivao-cn, hoKm, ]m-_n, knn, ]j-vXp XpSnbhbmWv Ad_n en]n D]-tbm-Kn-p skan-n-t-Xc `mj-I. Ad_n

A-

c-am-e-bn 28 A-c--fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. Ch-bn aqsw kzcm--c--fm-Wv. Fm ZoL

kzc-v am{Xta kzcm--c- D]-tbm-Kn-sSm-dp-f-fp.
]ucm- W nI Ad_n ( Classical Arabic) B[p- \ nI Ad_n (Modern Arabic)
{]tZ-inI kwkm-c-`m-j (Colloquial Arabic) F-n-s\ Ad-_n-`m-jsb aqmbn Xcw-Xn-cnm-hp-X
- m-Wv.
1

Bdmw \qm-n hS- Atd-_y-bnse \PvZnepw lnPm-knepw Xma-kn-n-cp \mtSmSn

Ad-_n-If
- psS `mj-bmWv ]ucm-WnI Ad_n . Cu `mj-bn-em-Wv hn-tizm-c Imhyfmb
k]vX-Im-hy- cNn--s--Xv. CwdpssJ-kv, Xd-^, kpssl, e_o-Zv, AX-d, AwdpC_v\v Ipkpw, lmcnkv Fn-h-cmWv k]vX-Im-hy-ns cN-bn-Xm. bphpw aZyhpw
aZn-cm-n-bp-ambncpp As Ihn-XI
- f
- nse {][m\ {]ta-b
- . kmtcm-]t- Z-i
- fpw kamZm\ kt-i
- f
- p-apsm-ff
- p kpssl-dns Ihn-Xbpw kZm-Nmct_m[hpw [mnI aqeyfpw Dt-Pn-n-p e_o-Zns Ihn-XI
- fpw CXn-]-hm-Z
- f
- m-Wv. {]Xn-ImcPzme Bfn-Sm\pw arZp-eh
- n-Im-c
- Xn-bp-Wm\pw hnc-lZ- p-J
- ns thZ-\I
- Hn-sb-Sp-m\pw
Ahv in-bp-m-bn-cp-p. acp-`q-an-bn-eqsS ]mbp Ak-{X--sf-m thK-X-bn a\pjy-a\
-
- n-tev Bgvn-dn hnIm-ch
- n-tm-]
- krjvSn-m\pw As Ihn-Xbvv Ignn-cp-p.\nm-c-Im-cy-ns t]cn hj--tfmfw \op-\np bp--fpmbn-pv. aZy-]m-\hpw hy`n-Nm-chpw Pohn-XN
- cyI-fm-bn-cp-p. Ah s]Ip-p-sf Poh-t\msS
Ipgn-p-aq-Sn-bn-cp-p. ]nm-ev Jp-B Cu ImS-Xzs \ntcm-[n-p-Ib
- p-m-bn. Zmcn{Zyw
`bv \n Ipp-sf sIm-cp-Xv. \mamWv (ssZ-hw) \npw Ahpw `Ww
\Ip--Xv. (A-ymbw: 17, kqw:33). Fm AXnYn km-chpw alm-a-\-kvI-Xbpw
[oc-Xbpw Ad-_n-I-fpsS DIrjvS kz`m-h--fm-bn-cp-p. lmXow Xv AXnYn km-cns {]Xo-I-am-bn-cp-p. Rm AXn-Yn-I-fpsS ASn-a-bm-sWv lmXnw `mcy--bv IhnX-bn kqNn-n-p-p-v.
Ggmw \qm- ns BZy- n Ah- X - c n- - s Jp- B Ad- _ n- ` m- j - b nse
AXp-ey -{K-am-Wv. K{_n-tb aemJ hgn -ssZ-h-n \nv apl-Zv \_nv e`n
shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS kam-l-c-W-amWv hnip-- Jp-B. Hmtcm shfn-]mSpw Ah-X-cW
ka-bv Xs Fgp-Xs
- v t]mp. Ccp-]
- n-aqv hjw-sIm-mWv Jp-B\
- ns AhXcWw
]qn-bm-b-Xv. Jp-B Fm ]mcm-bWw Fm-Ww. 114 Aym-b--fmWv Jp-B\n-ep-f-f-Xv. 610 emWp apl--Zn\v BZy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-m-bXv Av At-l-n\v 40 hbv
{]mb-am-bn-cp-p. lndm-Kp-l-bn [ym\-\n-c-X-\m-bn-cp apl--Zn\v apn K{_n-tb {]Xy-sv sImv ]d-p: hmbn-pI! krjvSn-h
- \
- m-b\
- ns \mYs \ma-n. Ah (ssZhw)- H-n-n-Sn (K`m-i-b-n {`qW-ns BZym-h-)- H-n \npw

a\p-

jy-s\-kr-jvSn-p. hmbn-pI! t]\-bpsS D]-tbmKw ]Tn-n--\ns \mY AXyp-Zm-c-\mWv

(Jp.96: 1-- 5)
{]mk-\n-_--amb KZy-amWv Jp-B-\ns ssien. XojvWhpw hiy-hp-amb AXns
ssien Fm-h-tcbpw BIjn-p--Xm-Wv. ]c-ky-ambn FXn-ht]mepw AXv Hfnv
tIm Xm]cyw ImWn-n-cp-p. {][m-\-ambpw apv hnizmk {]am-W--fmWv
Jp-B -A-h-X-cn-n-p--Xv. ssZh-ns GIXzw, {]hm-N-I-Xzw, ]c-temIw Ch-bmWv B
apv {]am-W-. Fm ssZhoI {K-fpw Cu Bi-b- XsbmWv P\-v
apn Ah-X-cn-n-n-p-f-f-Xv. hnm-\-n\v `uXn-I-satm Bo-b-satm Dff
thXn-cnhv Jp-B \Ip-n-. Jp-B Hcn-epw imkv{X-n\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-n-. adnv
2

kzX-{-ambn Nnn-m\pw {]Ir-Xn-\n-co--W-n-eqsS ssZhs Is-m\pw Jp-B

\nc-cw Dt_m-[nnvsImncpp.- ap-l-Zv \_nbpw hnZym-`ym-k-n\v apJy-m\w
\In-bn-cp-p. ssN\-bn t]msb-nepw \n hnm-\w-t\Sq Fv {]hm-N-I A\pbm-bn-Isf D]-tZ-in-m-dp-m-bn-cpp. As\ hnZym-`ym-k
- n\v Hcp imkv{XobSn-d Dmhp-Ibpw AXv Fmw \qm-n XpSw Ipdn hnm-\ hnkvt^m-S-\-n\v Imc-W-am-hpIbpw sNbvXp.
830 - Amkn Jeo^ ({]-Xn-\n-[n)bmb A a-A-vaq _mKvZm-Zn hnm\
`h\w m]n-p-Ibpw {Kov `mjbnse {]ivkX IrXn-I Ad-_n-bn-tev `mjmcw
sNm-\p-ff kml-N-cy-sam-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {Km-e-bw, Am-U-an, ]cn-`mjm hn`m-Kw,
hm\-\n-coW tI{w Fnh Dsm-ff
- pXmbn-cpp {]kvXpX tI{w. sshZy-im-kv{Xw,
KWn-Xi
- m-kv{Xw, tKmf-im-kv{Xw, XXz-imkv{Xw XpSn {Kov `mj-bn cNn-s
- H-\h
- [n
{K- Ad-_n-bn-tev `mjm-cw sN-s-p. lntm-{Im-n-kns (BC 460 - 361) bpw
Kmes (200) bpw sshZy-im-kv{X{K-
- , bpn-Uns Elements , tSmf-an-bpsS Almagest,
ttm-hns Republic, Acn-tm-e
- ns Catagories, Physics, Magna Moralia XpS-nb IrXnI Ad-_n-bn-tev ]cn-`mj sN-s-p. PmXn-aX Nn-IXo-Xa
- mb sshm-\nI Iqmbva-bpsS kmnyw Cu Ime-L--ns {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-p. Ad-_n-Iv {Kov `mj
A\y-am-bn-cp-X
- p-sImv BZy-Ime ]cn-`m-jI
- s
- fm-sbpw {Kon \nv kpdn-bm-\n-bn-tepw
kpdn-bm-\n-bn \nv Ad-_n-bn-te-p-amWv \S--Xv. BZy-Ime ]cn-`m-j-I-cn s\tm-dnb IrkvXym-\n-I-fpsSbpw PqXam-cp-tSbpw ]v kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv. tbml C_\p amksshlv (777 857) lpss\ C_v\v CkvlmJv (809 873), CkvlmJv C_v\p lpss\ XpSn-b-h Ch-cn {]ap-J-cm-bn-cp-p. lmdp A sdjZns sImm-c- ssh-Zy-\m-bn-cp
Pn_vco C_\p _IvXoip (d 830) IrkvXym-\n-bm-bn-cp-p.
]cn-`mj {]{In-b-smw Xs ]T-\-fpw Kth-j-W-fpw \Sv sImn-cp-p.
Fm taJ-e-I-fnepw X\-Xmb kw`m-h-\-I-fnm Ad-_n-Iv Ign-n-cpp.
D- X ]T- \ - pff BZytI{w hnm\ `h\w (ss_p lnIv a ) Bbncppshnepw BZys Am-Z-an-bmbn Adn--b-s-n--cp-Xv 1065 _mKvZm-Zn m]n-Xamb \nkm-anb Bbn-cp-p. {]ikvX ]WvUn-X-m-cm-bn-cpp ChnsS mp-I \bn-ncpXv. {]ikvX aX-]-WvUn-X\pw XXz-im-kv{X--\p-amb Camw A--Km-en- \m-ep-hjmew ChnsS mp-I ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-p.
DX hnZym-`ym-kn\p thn hyXykvX L--fn-embn aqv k-I-em-im-e-I
{]hn-n-cp-p. Ch-bn BZy-tXv kvs]bn-\nse sImtZmh k-I-em-im-ebmWv.
temI{]i-kvX-amb Cu k-I-em-ime-bn-tev bqtdm-n \npw Bt{^mGjy cmPy-fn \npw hnZymn-I {]h-lnvsImn-cp-p. ]noSv m]n-s
- -h
- b
- mWv _mKvZmZv, sIbvtdm bqWn-th-gvknnI. aX-hn-j-b-smw imkv{X hnj-b-fpw ]mTy-]--Xnbn Dsm-f-fn-n-cp-p. hnZym-`ymkw XnIpw kuP-\y-am-bn-cp-p. Aym-]-Iv i-fn\v -thn FtUmhv-sap-Ifpw Gs-Sp-n-bn-cp-p.
3

]{mw \qm-ns BZy-n Ncn{Xw hopw Bhn--s-Sp ImgvN-bmWv

\mw ImWp- - X v . kv s ]bn- \ n Ad_n- I - f psS cmjv { So- b m- [ n- ] Xyw \jv S - s ]- - t XmsS
Ah-cpsS sshm-\nI ss]XrIw Gs-Sp-m bqtdmv Hcp-n--gn-n-cp-p. ]cn-`mj
{]{InbbmWv Chn-sSbpw BZyw Ac-t-dn-b-Xv. AXn-\mbn tSmfn-tUm-bn hnm\
`h\wm]n-s
- q. bqtdm-nse hnm-\Z- m-ln-Is
- fmw tSmfn-tUm-bn-tev {]h-ln-m
XpS-n. Ad-_n-bn \npw emn-\n-bn-temWp {][m-\-ambpw ]cn-`mjI \S--Xv.
A Jhm-cn-kvan-bpsS A P_ F KWnX imkv{X-{Kw {Intam-W-bnse
sPdmUv emn-\n-tev ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-n. Cu BPn-{_m-{Kw ]Xn-\mdmw \qmv hsc
bqtdm-]y k-I-em-im-e-I-fnse ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ambn \ne-\n-n-cp-p. Ad_n A-fpw
]qPyhpw bqtdm-n\v kw`m-h\ sNbvXXpw A Jhm-cn-kvan-bm-Wv. At-l
- n\v Ch-e`
- n-Xv
Cy-bn \nm-Wv. AXvsImmWv Ch Indo - Arabic Numerals F-dn-bs
- -Sp-X
- v.. sshZyim-kv{X-cw-Ks
- A
- a
- qey {K-amb C_v\p ko\-bpsS A-J
- m-\q bqtdm-]y hnZym-eb
- -fnse ]mT]pkvXIambn AwKo-I-cn--s-n-cp-p. ]Xn-t\gmw \qmp hsc Cu {Kw
sshZy-im-kv{X-cw-Ks {][m\ klmb{K-ambn \ne-\np-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IqSmsX tKmf-im-k{v Xw, ck-X{- w, ssPh-im-k{v Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw, XXz-imkv{Xw XpSn
Fm imkv{X imJ-I-fnse {K-fpw bqtdm-]y `mj-I-fn-tev ]cn-`m-j-sNsp. Cu
]cn-`mj {]{In-b-bmWv bqtdm-]y \thm-m-\-n\v \mn-Ip-dn--Xv.
P\-XXn DZn-p-p, AkvX-an-p-p. Fm hnPvRm\w ssIamw sN-sSpI hgn
a\pjy kwkvmcw hfv sImn-cn-p-p.

s{]m^.-sI.-Fw.-A_
- vZp-
- pn
Email : kmaekd@rediffmail.com
References : 1) History of the Arabs - Phillip K Hitti
2) A literary History of the Arabs - R.A Nicholson
3) Wikipedia - Semitic Languages, Arabic Language, Arabic Numerals