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'HPRQVWUD LH 'LQ >@ S  DYHP $Ω =  %Ω = 
D E
 5D VLQ ω
&Ω =  XQGH ω HVWH XQJKLXO
F
OXL %URFDUG )LH {$}= $Ω ∩  %&   úL
α  P
%$$ $YHP P
%Ω$ 
P
$%ΩP
%$Ω %±ωω 
 % úL P
&Ω$  P
Ω&$ 
P
&$Ω ω$±ω $$SOLFkQG
 
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%$ %Ω
WHRUHPD VLQXVXULORU vQ WULXQJKLXULOH Ω%$  úL Ω&$  RE LQHP  úL
VLQ % VLQ α
=
$& &Ω &Ω
 'LQ DFHVWH GRX  UHOD LL RE LQHP
VLQ $ VLQ − α  VLQ α
= 
=

%$ %Ω VLQ %
)RORVLQGWHRUHPDVLQXVXULORUvQWULXQJKLXO$%&úLOXQJLPLOHOXL
$& &Ω VLQ $
= ⋅

%$ F  E F  %$ F
%Ω &Ω RE LQHP = ⋅ =   GH XQGH =   DGLF 
$& DE D D %$ + $& F + D 
%$ F &% D $& E
=   $QDORJ RE LQHP =  úL =  )RORVLQG
%& F + D  &$ D  + E  $% E  + F 
DEF  
SURSR]L LDDYHP 6 Ω = 6 = 6  .  
∏D  + E  
3URSR]L LD  'DF  2 HVWH FHQWUXO FHUFXOXL FLUFXPVFULV WULXQJKLXOXL DVFX LW
∏D FRV $ ∏ FRV $
XQJKLF$%&DWXQFL 6 2 = 6 = 6 
∏D FRV $ + E FRV %  ∏ FRV $ − % 
'HPRQVWUD LH)LH {$}= $2 ∩  %&  úL {$ }= $2 ∩ &2 5  
$YHPP
%$$ °±P
%$$±P
$%$ 
°±&±° °±&$QDORJRE LQHPP
&$$ 
°±%1RWkQGFX α = P∠$$ %  úLDSOLFkQGWHRUHPD
VLQXVXULORU vQ WULXQJKLXULOH %$$  úL &$$ RE LQHP
%$ F $& E
 úL =
VLQ − &  VLQ α VLQ − % VLQ − α

= 
=

E
 'LQDFHVWHGRX UHOD LLRE LQHP
VLQ α
%$ F VLQ   − &  F FRV & %$ %$ F FRV &
 úL LPHGLDW 
$& E VLQ  − %  E FRV % %& %$ + $& F FRV & + E FRV %
= 
= = =

&% D FRV $ $& E FRV %

$QDORJRE LQHP  = úL )RORVLQGSUR
&$ D FRV $ + F FRV & $% E FRV % + D FRV $
=

∏D FRV $
SR]L LD  RE LQHP 6 2 =  6  )RORVLQG WHRUHPD VLQXVXULORU
∏D FRV $ + E FRV % 
DYHP ∏D FRV $ = 5  ∏VLQ $ FRV $  'H DVHPHQHD FXP D FRV $ + E FRV % = 
 5 VLQ  $ + VLQ  % =  5VLQ $ + % + FRV $ − % =  5 VLQ & FRV $ − % DYHP
∏ D FRV $ + E FRV %  = 5  ∏ VLQ $∏ FRV $ − %  úLLPHGLDWRE LQHP

 
$5+,0('(V1ULXOLHDXJXVW

∏ FRV $
6 2 = 6 
∏ FRV $ − %
3URSR]L LD  3HQWUX RULFH WULXQJKL $%& VXQW DGHY UDWH LQHJDOLW LOH
6 *  ≥ 6  ,  ≥ PD[ 6  .  6 Γ ≥ PLQ 6  .  6 Γ 
'HPRQVWUD LH 8OWLPD LQHJDOLWDWH HVWH HYLGHQW  LDU vQ >@ VH GHPRQVWUHD]  F 
6 *  ≥ 6  ,  ≥ 6  .  'HPRQVWU PvQFRQWLQXDUHF  6  ,  ≥ 6 Γ )RORVLQGWHRUHPD
VLQXVXULORUDYHP DEF =  5  ∏ VLQ $ úL D + E =  5 VLQ $ + VLQ %   
$+ % $− % & $− %
 =  5 VLQ FRV =  5 FRV FRV 
   
6 ,  ∏ VLQ $ ∏ VLQ $ $− %
$WXQFL  &XP FRV ≤   GHFL úL
6  ∏FRV $ FRV $− %  ∏ FRV $− % 
= =

$− % 6 ,  $ 6 Γ 
∏ FRV ≤  DWXQFLDYHP ≥ ∏ VLQ = DGLF  6  ,  ≥ 6 Γ 
 6  6
3URSR]L LD3HQWUXRULFHWULXQJKLDVFX LWXQJKLF$%&VXQWDGHY UDWHLQHJDOL
W LOH
 6 *  ≥ 6  ,  ≥ PD[ 6  .  6 Γ ≥ PLQ 6  .  6 Γ ≥ 6  +  
 6 *  ≥ 6 2 ≥ 6  +  
'HPRQVWUD LH  LQkQG FRQW GH SURSR]L LD  U PkQH GH GHPRQVWUDW F 
6 Γ ∏ VLQ $ $  − FRV $
PLQ 6  .  6 Γ ≥ 6  +   $YHP  &XP VLQ  =  úL
6  +  ∏ FRV $  
=

FRV % + &  + FRV % − &  − FRV $ + FRV % − & 

FRV % FRV & = DYHP
 
=

$  − FRV % − &  $
VLQ  − FRV % FRV & = ≥   DGLF  VLQ  ≥ FRV % FRV &  $QDORJ VH
  
$

RE LQFHOHODOWHGRX UHOD LL3ULQvQPXO LUHDFHORUWUHLUHOD LLRE LQHP  ∏ VLQ  ≥ 

 
≥ ∏ FRV $   úL LQkQG FRQW F  WULXQJKLXO HVWH DVFX LWXQJKLF DYHP 6 Γ ≥ 6  +  
6 .   DEF 
'HDVHPHQHDDYHP 
6  +  ∏D  + E   ∏ FRV $
=

D  − E  − F   
&XP FRV % FRV & = DWXQFL D  EF − E  + F    FRV % FRV & 
D EF
D  EF  − D  E  + F    + E  − F    E  − F    − D  E  − F   
= = DGLF 
D  EF D  EF
E  − F    E  − F    − D  
D  EF − E  + F    FRV % FRV & = =
D  EF
 
 $5+,0('(V1ULXOLHDXJXVW

E  − F    E  + F  + D   FRV $ D EF

 ≥   úL GHFL  ≥ FRV % FRV &  $QDORJVH
D  E + F   
RE LQ FHOHODOWH GRX  LQHJDOLW L 3ULQ vQPXO LUHD FHORU WUHL LQHJDOLW L VH RE LQH

 DEF   
 ∏D  + E    ≥ (∏ FRV $)  LQkQG FRQW F  WULXQJKLXO HVWH DVFX LWXQJKLF DYHP

 
 
6  .  ≥ 6  +  
 3ULPD LQHJDOLWDWH VH RE LQH GLQ SURSR]L LD  SHQWUX 0  2 &XP
6  +  = 6 2 ∏ FRV $ − % úL ∏ FRV $ − %  ≤  RE LQHP 6 2 ≥ 6  +  
6WXGLHPvQFRQWLQXDUHWULXQJKLXULOHSRGDUHÌQ>@SVHGHPRQVWUHD
∑ D  
]  F  σ*  = 6   σ ,  =  6   σ .  = 6   úL
DEF 
DEFD + E + F ∑ D   

σ Ω  =  6  &XPSURLHF LLOHSXQFWXOXL2SHODWXULOHWULXQJKLXOXL$%&VXQW
∑DE 
6
PLMORDFHOHODWXULORULPHGLDWDYHP σ2 = 6 *  = 'HDVHPHQHDFXPWULXQJKLXO

SRGDUDVRFLDWRUWRFHQWUXOXLFRLQFLGHFXWULXQJKLXOSHGDODWXQFLGDF WULXQJKLXOHVWH
DVFX LWXQJKLFDYHP σ +  = 6  +  =  6 ∏ FRV $ 
3HQWUXWULXQJKLXO$%&úLSXQFWXO0GLQLQWHULRUXOV XQRW PFX$%&LQ
WHUVHF LLOHGUHSWHORU$0%0&0FXODWXULOHWULXQJKLXOXLLDUFX[\]GLVWDQ HOHGH
ODSXQFWXO0ODODWXULOH%&&$$%DOHWULXQJKLXOXL
3URSR]L LDÌQLSRWH]HOHGHPDLvQDLQWHDYHP D[$& = E\%&  E\%$ = ]F&$ 
]F&% = D[$% 
'HPRQVWUD LH1RW PFXθ P
%&&'DF WULXQJKLXO$%&QXHVWHREWX]
00  [
XQJKLF DWXQFL VLQ θ = =  GLQ WULXQJKLXO &00 XQGH 0 HVWH SURLHF LD
&0 &0
00  \
OXL0SH%&úL VLQ& − θ = = GLQWULXQJKLXO&00XQGH0HVWHSUR
&0 &0
VLQ θ [
LHF LDOXL0SH$&GHXQGH = 'DF XQJKLXO%&$HVWHREWX]DYHP
VLQ& − θ \
00  [
VLQ  − θ = = GLQWULXQJKLXO&00XQGH0HVWHSURLHF LDOXL0SH
&0 &0
00  \
%&0∉%&úL VLQ& − θ = = GLQWULXQJKLXO&00XQGH0HVWH
&0 &0
VLQ θ [
SURLHF LDOXL0SH$&&XP VLQ  − θ = VLQ θ RE LQHP = 
VLQ& − θ \

 
$5+,0('(V1ULXOLHDXJXVW


VLQ θ [ DULD %&&  %& ⋅ KF
'HFLvQDPEHOHVLWXD LLDYHP = 'HDVHPHQHD =
VLQ& − θ \ DULD $&&  $& ⋅ KF
=

%& DULD  %&&  D&& VLQ θ D VLQ θ D[ %&

úL $WXQFLDYHP =
DULD  $&&  E&& VLQ& − θ E VLQ& − θ E\
= = = =
$& $&

D[
 DGLF  D[$& = E\%& $QDORJVHGHPRQVWUHD] FHOHODOWHGRX UHOD LL
E\
&RQVHFLQ DD'DF $%&VXQWSXQFWHOHGHFRQWDFWDOHFHUFXOXLvQVFULVFX
ODWXULOHWULXQJKLXOXLDWXQFL0 ΓúLFXP $& = % $ = S − D  %$ = & % = S − E 
&$ = %& = S − F  DWXQFL UHOD LLOH GLQ SURSR]L LD  GHYLQ  S − D D[ =  S − EE\ 
D[ E\ F]
 S − E E\ =  S − F  F]   S − F F] =  S − D  D[ GHXQGH  =  =  = 
S−D S −E S −F

D[+ E\+ F]
= &XP0∈,QW$%&DYHP6 DULD%0&DULD&0$DULD$0% 
∑ S−D
6 6
 D[  E\  F] úL DWXQFL RE LQHP [ =  \ = 
D S − D ∑ 
S−D
E S − E ∑ 
S −E

6
]= 
F S − F ∑ 
S −F
E'DF $%&VXQWSXQFWHOHGHFRQWDFWDOHFHUFXULORUH[vQVFULVHFXODWXULOH
WULXQJKLXOXL DWXQFL 0  1 úL FXP %$ = % $ = S − F  &% = & % = S − D 
&$ = & $ = S − E DVHYHGHD>@SDWXQFLUHOD LLOHGLQSURSR]L LDGHYLQ
 S − ED[ =  S − D E\   S − FE\ =  S − EF]   S − DF] =  S − FD[ GHXQGH
D[ E\ F] D[ + E\ + F]  6

∑ S − D 
= = = =
S −D S−E S −F S
 S − D  6  S − E 6  S − F 6
3ULQXUPDUH [ =  \ =  ] = 
DS ES FS

 
 $5+,0('(V1ULXOLHDXJXVW

3URSR]L LD  'DF  σ0 HVWH DULD WULXQJKLXOXL SRGDU DVRFLDW SXQFWXOXL 0 ∈
σ 0  [\ \] ][
∈,QW$%&DWXQFL = + + 
6 DE EF FD
'HPRQVWUD LH)LH000SURLHF LLOHSXQFWXOXL0SH%&&$UHVSHFWLY$%
'DF  WULXQJKLXO $%& QX HVWH REWX]XQJKLF FXP P
000  ° ± $ DWXQFL
DULD  0  00   \] VLQ  − $ \]
 'DF  XQJKLXO %$& HVWH REWX] ILH 0 ∈
EF VLQ $
= =
6 EF
∈$%0∉$%&XPSDWUXODWHUXO$000HVWHLQVFULSWLELODYHPP
000 
DULD0  00  \] VLQ − $ \]
P
0$0 °±$úLDWXQFL = 
EF VLQ $
=
6 EF


DULD 0  00   \]
'HFL vQDPEHOHFD]XULRE LQHP = $QDORJ VHRE LQFHOHODOWHGRX 
6 EF
UHOD LL &XP DULD  0 0  0   = DULD  0  00   + DULD  0 00   + DULD  0 00   
σ 0  [\ \] ][
LPHGLDWVHRE LQH = + + 
6 DE EF FD
σΓ  [\
&RQVHFLQ DD'DF 0 ΓIRORVLQGFRQVHFLQ DDRE LQHP =∑ =
6 DE
6   6  ∏ S − D 
VDX
 D E  S − D S − E ∑ S − D S − E D E  S − D S − E
= 
∑  
= 
∑  
 
∑ S − D 
 
σΓ 6  ∏ S − D 6  ∏ S − D ∑ F   S − F
= ∑ F  S − F DGLF  σΓ = 
6 DEF ∑ S − D S − E
 
DEF  ∑ S − D S − E
E 'DF  0  1 DQDORJ IRORVLQG FRQVHFLQ D  E RE LQHP
σ 1   6 
 S − D S − E ∑ F   S − D S − E
=  ∑ DGLF  σ 1  =  6  
6 S D E
 
S  D E F 
3URSR]L LD'DF  σ0  HVWHDULDWULXQJKLXOXL SRGDUDVRFLDW SXQFWXOXL 0
σ0   20 
DWXQFL =  −  XQGH5HVWHUD]DFHUFXOXLFLUFXPVFULVWULXQJKLXOXL$%&
6  5
'HPRQVWUD LH$VHYHGHD>@SVDX>@S
 
$5+,0('(V1ULXOLHDXJXVW

&RQVHFLQ D  'DF  0 ∈ ,QW  $%&  ⊂ ,QW&2 5   DWXQFL 20 ≤ 5 úL

σ 0    20    6
=  −  ≤  &XP σ 2  =  DWXQFL σ  0  ≤ σ 2   úL GHFL
6  5    
σ2 ≥ σ*  úL σ2 ≥ σ 1  
3URSR]L LD  3HQWUX RULFH WULXQJKL $%& VXQW DGHY UDWH LQHJDOLW LOH
σ2 ≥ PD[σ*  σ 1  ≥ PLQσ*  σ 1  ≥ σ ,  
'HPRQVWUD LH3ULPHOHGRX LQHJDOLW LVHRE LQGLQFRQVHFLQ DúLGLQGHILQL LD
IXQF LLORUPD[úLPLQ'HPRQVWU PvQFRQWLQXDUHF  σ*  ≥ σ ,  úL σ 1  ≥ σ ,  
σ*  ∑ D  ∑ D
LQkQGFRQWGHIRUPXOHOHSHQWUX σ*  úL σ,  DYHP )ROR
σ ,  DEF
=

VLQG LQHJDOLWDWHD PHGLLORU DYHP ∑ D  ≥  DEF   úL ∑ D ≥  DEF  úL LPHGLDW

σ*  ≥ σ ,   LQkQG FRQW GH IRUPXOHOH SHQWUX σ1   úL σ,   DYHP
σ 1   ∑F   S − D  S − E ∑F  F  −  D − E  

σ ,  DEFD + E + F DEF D + E + F
= =

'DU ∑F  F  − D − E   = ∑ D  −  ∑ D  E  + DEF ∑ D úLFXP

∑ D  − ∑ D E  =  ∑ D  − E     ∑ D E  − DEF ∑ D =  ∑DF − EF   DWXQFL RE LQHP
∑F  F  − D − E   =  ∑ D  − E    −  ∑DF − EF  + DEF ∑ D 
'DU FXP D  − E    −  DF − EF  = D − E  D + E  − F   =  S S − FD − E  ≥  
DWXQFLDYHP ∑F  F  −  D − E   =  S ∑ S − FD − E   + DEF ∑ D ≥ DEF ∑ D úLGHFL
σ 1  ≥ σ ,  
3URSR]L LD  3HQWUX RULFH WULXQJKL $%& VXQW DGHY UDWH LQHJDOLW LOH
σ ,  ≥ σΩ ≥ σ .  úL σ ,  ≥ σΓ 
'HPRQVWUD LH )RORVLQG IRUPXOHOH SHQWUX σ,   σΩ  σ.   úL σΓ  DYHP
σ,  ∑DE σΩ ∑ D    σ ,  DEF∑ S − D  S − E 
 úL 
σΩ DEF∑ D σ .   ∑DE  σΓ  S  S − D  S − E S − F ∑D   S − D
= = =

&XP ∑ D E  − DEF ∑ D =  ∑DF − EF  ≥   DGLF  ∑ D E  ≥ DEF ∑ D  DWXQFL

σ ,  ≥ σΩ 'HDVHPHQHD ∑ D    −  ∑ D E  = ∑ D  − ∑ D E  =  ∑D  − E    ≥  
DGLF  ∑ D    ≥  ∑ D E   GHFL σΩ ≥ σ .   )RORVLQG LQHJDOLWDWHD FXQRVFXW 
 [ + \ + ] ≥  [\ + \] + ][ DYHP ∑ S − D S − E ≥  S − D S − E S − F ∑ S − D = 
σ ,  DEF
 S  S − D  S − E  S − F   úL DWXQFL RE LQHP  'DU
σ Γ   ∑  D   S − D 
≥

DEF −  ∑D   S − D  = DEF − ∑D  E + F − D = ∑ D  + DEF − ∑ D  E + F  úL FXP

 
 $5+,0('(V1ULXOLHDXJXVW

∑ D  = ∑ D ∑ D  − ∑ DE + DEF =  ∑ D  ∑D − E  + DEF = S ∑D − E  + DEF  úL

∑ D  E + F = ∑ FD  + E   = ∑ FD − E  + DEF  DWXQFL DEF −  ∑D   S − D = 
= S ∑ D − E  − ∑ FD − E  = ∑ S − FD − E   ≥   GHFL DEF ≥  ∑D   S − D  úL
LPHGLDW σ ,  ≥ σΓ 
3URSR]L LD3HQWUXRULFHWULXQJKLDVFX LWXQJKLF$%&VXQWDGHY UDWHLQHJDOL
W LOH
 σ2 ≥ PD[σ* σ 1  ≥ PLQσ* σ 1  ≥ σ ,  ≥ σΩ ≥ σ .  úL σ,  ≥ σΓ 
 σ ,  ≥ σ +  
'HPRQVWUD LH,QHJDOLW LOHVXQWGHPRQVWUDWHvQSURSR]L LLOHúL
 $
 &XP σ ,  =  6   6  = S S − D S − E S − F  úL ∏ VLQ = 
DEFD + E + F 
 S − D S − E S − F $
 S −E S −F 
DWXQFLDYHP σ ,  = 6 ∏ VLQ = 6  1  = 6 Γ 

=∏ =
EF
DEF
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σ ,  = 6 Γ ≥ 6  +  = σ +  
3URSR]L LD  D 3HQWUX RULFH WULXQJKL $%& DYHP 6  0  ≥ σ 0  
0 ∈ {* Γ ,  Ω . }úL 6  1  ≤ σ 1  
E3HQWUXRULFHWULXQJKLDVFX LWXQJKLF$%&DYHP 6 2 ≤ σ2 úL 6  +  = σ +  
'HPRQVWUD LHD'LQSURSR]L LDDYHP σ2  ≥ σ*  GDUFXP σ2 = 6 * 
DWXQFL RE LQHP 6 *  ≥ σ*   $QDORJ GLQ SURSR]L LD  σ ,  ≥ σΓ  GDU FXP
σ ,  = 6 Γ DWXQFLRE LQHP 6 Γ ≥ σΓ GLQSURSR]L LD 6  ,  ≥ 6 Γ GDUFXP
σ ,  = 6 Γ  RE LQHP 6  ,  ≥ σ ,   GLQ SURSR]L LD  σ 1  ≥ σ ,   GDU FXP
σ ,  = 6  1   DWXQFL VH RE LQH 6  1  ≤ σ 1   'HPRQVWU P vQ FRQWLQXDUH F 
6 Ω DEF ∑DE 6 Ω
6Ω ≥ σΩ $YHP úLDWXQFL ( = 6  ∏D + E  − = 
σΩ 6  ∏D + E  σΩ
=

= DEF  ∑DE  −  6  ∏ D  + E    &XP ∏D  + E   = DEF  + ∑D  E  + F   = 

  DEF  + ∑F  D  − E     DWXQFLRE LQHP ( = DEF  ∑DE  −  6   − 
− 6  ∑F D − E   'DUFXP 6  =S S − D S − E S − F = EF − E + F − D  = 
=  ∑DE  − ∑ D   DYHP ∑DE  −  6  = ∑ D  − ∑ DE  =  ∑D  − E     úL DWXQFL
DEF    DEF  6 
(= ∑ D  − E    − ∑   6  F   D  − E     = ∑ −   D  − E     
  D E
6 
&XP  −   =  − VLQ  & = FRV  & ≥   DWXQFL úL ( ≥  GHFL 6 Ω ≥ σΩ  'LQ
D E

 
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LQHJDOLWDWHDGHPDLvQDLQWHFXP 6  .  = 6 Ω SURSR]L LDúL σΩ ≥ σ .  SUR

SR]L LDVHRE LQH 6  .  ≥ σ .  
E'LQSURSR]L LDDYHP 6 *  ≥ 6 2 GDUFXP σ2  = 6 *  DWXQFLRE LQHP
6 2  ≤ σ2 (YLGHQW 6  +  = σ +  SHQWUXF WULXQJKLXULOHSRGDUHúLSHGDOHDVR
FLDWHOXL + FRLQFLG
3URSR]L LD  3HQWUX RULFH WULXQJKL $%& VXQW DGHY UDWH LQHJDOLW LOH
5 ≥ 2. ≥ 2Ω ≥ 2, ≥ PD[2*  21  ≥ PLQ2*  21   úL 5 ≥ 2Γ ≥ 2,  LDU SHQWUX
RULFHWULXQJKLDVFX LWXQJKLF$%&DYHPvQSOXV 5 ≥ 2+ ≥ 2, 
'HPRQVWUD LH'DF  0  3 ∈ ,QW $%&  ⊂ ,QW&2 5 DWXQFL20≤523≤5
σ 0    20   σ 3   23  
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6  5  6  5 
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