<ZkbeI_gq_\1

IH>OH>BDTFHKFBKEYG?G:KT<?LKDBY
BIHKLKT<?LKDBYI?JBH><BKLHJBYL:
G:JMKBY
Ih^oh^bl_ dtf hkfbkeyg_lh gZ bklhjbylZ gZ KKKJ bfZl aZ
k\hc\h^hjZa^_eg_]h\hlhjZaiZ^Zg_
Ih \j_f_ gZ j_Zeghlh kts_kl\m\Zg_ gZ Kt\_lkdby Ktxa
bklhjbylZ [b\Z hkfbkeygZ ]eZ\gh gZ b^_heh]bq_kdZ hkgh\Z qj_a
hihabpbylZfZjdkbatf-e_gbgbatfhl_^gZkljZgZbZglbdhfmgbatfhl
^jm]Z :job\bl_ kZ g_^hkltigb b q_klh ij_h[eZ^Z\Zl b^_heh]bq_kdbl_
h[ykg_gby <h^_sZ l_hjby kj_^ Zglbdhfmgbklbq_kdbl_ _
lhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZDZlhg_cgZj_ZdpbygZAZiZ^\tagbd\Zl_q_gb_lh
gZ j_\babhgbklbl_ dh_lh ih^q_jlZ\Z jheylZ gZ h[bdgh\_gbl_ ohjZ
\t\ nhjfbjZg_lh gZ bklhjbylZ b ^h ba\_klgZ kl_i_g k\Zey gydhb
hl]h\hjghklb hl kt\_lkdby j_`bf J_\babhgbklbl_ gZfbjZcdb k_ gZ
AZiZ^ ktsh lZdZ ijZ\yl ih\_q_ beb ih-fZedh l_hj_lbqgb b
ki_dmeZlb\gbjZajZ[hldb
G_sZlZ aZihq\Zl ^Z k_ ijhf_gyl ih \j_f_ gZ i_j_kljhcdZlZ
gh_^\Zke_^jZaiZ^Zg_lhgZKKKJih\_q_lh^hdmf_glbklZ\Zl^hkltigb
aZ bake_^h\Zl_ebl_ < Jmkby fhghiheghlh iheh`_gb_ gZ fZjdkbkldh-
e_gbgkdby bklhjbq_kdb fZl_jbZebatf k_ aZ]m[\Z b ihqlb baq_a\Z \
dZq_kl\hlh gZ h[ykgbl_e_g fh^_e <h^_sh fyklh kb hkihj\Zl
\b^hbaf_g_gZ nhjfZpbhggZ l_hjby l_hjbylZ aZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ \
lq b aZ fh^_jgbaZpbhggbl_ pbdeb b l_hjbylZ aZ pb\bebaZpbbl_
=eZ\gbl_ l_q_gby \ kt\j_f_ggZlZ jmkdZ bklhjbq_kdZ fbkte2 kihj_^ <
Kh]jbg kZ nhjfZpbhggh-hjlh^hdkZe_g nhjfZpbhggh-j_\bahgbkldb
eb[_jZe_gbpb\bebaZpbhg_g3.
GZ AZiZ^ kydZr gZklti\Z hleb\ \ im[ebdZpbbl_ b j_^bpZ
kt\_lhehab k_ gZkhq\Zl \ ^jm]b h[eZklb AZ kf_ldZ gZ lh\Z hklZgZebl_
agZqbl_egh ih-fZedh im[ebdZpbb aZ bklhjbylZ gZ Kt\_lkdby ktxa

1
ijb^h[b\Zl gZkbl_gZ nZdlheh]bqgZ hkgh\Z ^hdZlh hp_gdbl_
h[h[sZ\Zsbl_fh^_ebbl_hjbbihqlbbaq_a\Zl
GZ hkgh\ZlZ  gZ pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ l_hjby fh`_ ^Z k_ hq_jlZ_
_^gZ^Ze_qg_baq_jiZl_egZkdbpZgZkt\_lkdbyi_jbh^\dZq_kl\hlhgZ
qZklhljmkdZlZbklhjbydZlhihkltiZl_egh^\b`_gb_ijbdh_lhnZdltl
gZ Hdlhf\jbckdZlZ j_\hexpby g_ k_ hlgZky dtf ktsghkllZ gZ
bklhjbq_kdbijhp_kjZa[bjZgij_^b\kbqdhdZlhijb_fkl\_ghklLtjkb
k_ \jtadZlZ \ _^bg \_[_jh\kdb ^mo b ke_^\Zcdb fgh`_kl\h
ij_^j_\hexpbhggb b ^g_rgb jmkdb Z\lhjb f_`^m pb\bebaZpbhggby
ijZ\hkeZ\_g jmkdb _lhk b ^tj`Z\gbl_ khpbZegb b bdhghfbq_kdb
nhjfb gZ Kt\_lkdby ktxa Hkh[_gh \gbfZgb_ k_ h[jtsZ gZ
kZfh^tj`Z\b_lh h[sbggby dhe_dlb\batf kt[hjghkllZ
_koZlheh]bqghkllZ ijZ\hkeZ\gbl_ ^_l_jfbgZglb gZ jmkdZlZ
iheblbq_kdZbkhpbZegZljZ^bpby
L_hjbylZ aZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ \ lq b aZ ^h]hg\Zshlh
jZa\blb_ g_ k_ hlo\tjey Z kZfh k_ ih^q_jlZ\Z djZcgh k\h_[jZagby
jmkdb itl aZ hkts_kl\y\Zg_ gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ dZlh h[mkeh\_g
pb\bebaZpbhggh FZjdkbaftl k_ hkfbkey \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ ij_ghkbl_e
gZ fh^_jgbaZpbhggb aZiZ^gb nhjfb gh ij_^b \kbqdh pb\bebaZpbhggh
ijb_feb\baZJmkby
: KT<?LKDBYL I?JBH> < HKFBKEYG?LH G:
BKLHJBYL: G: KT<?LKDBY KTXA N?GHF?GTL G:
KT<?LKD:L:BKLHJBH=J:NBY
Dtf^g_rgby^_g^hklZltqghykghfh]Zl^Zk_hl]jZgbqZlbk_
hkts_kl\y\Zl gydhedh ih^oh^Z dtf ZgZebaZ b hp_gdZlZ gZ kt\_lkdZlZ
bklhjbh]jZnkdZ ljZ^bpby Kihj_^ itj\by hl lyo kt\_lkdZlZ
bklhjbh]jZnby \ l_q_gb_ gZ k_^_f^_k_l ]h^bgb k_ _ jZa\b\ZeZ ih
\taoh^ysZ ebgby HibjZcdb k_ gZ fZjdkbkldbl_ b^_b ly _ mkiyeZ ^Z
ba[_]g_ djbaZlZ \ dhclh k_ hdZa\Z k\_lh\gZlZ bklhjbq_kdZ fbkte gZ
]jZgbpZlZ f_`^m ;,; b ;; \ ml\tj`^Z\Zcdb k_ dZlh gZc-

2
ijh]j_kb\ghlh gZmqgh gZijZ\e_gb_ b ihke_^h\Zl_egh _ j_rZ\ZeZ gZc-
\Z`gbl_ l_hj_lbqgb f_lh^heh]bq_kdb b dhgdj_lgh-bklhjbq_kdb
ijh[e_fbHibltlbihklb`_gbylZgZjmkdZlZbklhjbh]jZnbyihemqZ\Zl
ijbagZgb_ b ih^^jt`dZ hl fgh`_kl\h gZij_^gbqZ\b ij_^klZ\bl_eb gZ
qm`^_kljZggb bklhjbq_kdb rdheb GZbklbgZ ijb\tj`_gbpbl_ gZ
^Z^_gZlZ]e_^gZlhqdZ^himkdZlq_ihkltiZl_egbylijhp_kgZjZa\blb_
g__ba[y]gZeg_^hklZltpbgZhl^_egb_lZib4.
AZ ^jm]by ih^oh^ _ oZjZdl_jgh ijbagZ\Zg_ gZ g_h[oh^bfhkllZ
hl^bn_j_gpbjZghhlghr_gb_dtfkt\_lkdZlZbklhjbh]jZnbyKta^Z\Zl
k_ b hij_^_e_gb \ZjbZglb gZ ih^h[gZ ^bn_j_gpbZpby GZijbf_j
g_]Zlb\gbl_ ijhy\b \ jZaebqgZ kl_i_g kZ aZk_]gZeb jZaebqgb hljZkeb
gZ bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ \ qZklghkl k_ hl[_eya\Z q_ fgh]h [_^b aZ
bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ hl kt\_lkdby i_jbh^ ijhbalbqZl hl
ijb\be_]bjh\Zghlhiheh`_gb_gZbklhjbylZgZiZjlbylZ^hdZlh^jm]b
gZijZ\e_gby hkh[_gh k\tjaZgbl_ k ijh[e_fZlbdZlZ gZ
^hhdlhf\jbckdby i_jbh^ g_ kZ k_ jZa\b\Zeb ^hklZltqgh ieh^hl\hjgh
Hk\_g lh\Z kihj_^ fg_gb_lh gZ ijb\tj`_gbpbl_ gZ lhab ih^oh^ _
g_h[oh^bfh \t\ \k_db dhgdj_l_g kemqZc ^Z k_ hlqblZ dZd\h \
bklhjbq_kdbl_ bake_^\Zgby _ badjb\_gh ^_nhjfbjZgh Z dh_ b ^h ^_g
^g_r_g hl]h\Zjy gZ kljh]bl_ djbl_jbb aZ gZmqghkl q_klh \kbqdh k_
k\_`^Z^hhp_gdZgZbklhjbh]jZnkdZlZijZdlbdZgZijbgpbiZhl_^gZ
kljZgZ–hl^jm]ZkljZgZ´5
GZc-gZdjZy fh`_ ^Z k_ hl^_eb ih-jZ^bdZe_g ih^oh^ dtf
hp_gdZlZ gZ jZa\blb_lh gZ bklhjbh]jZnbylZ \ Kt\_lkdZ Jmkby \
jZfdbl_gZdhclhk_ihklZ\y\tijhktl\dZd\Zkl_i_gbklhjbh]jZnbylZ
hl]h\Zjy b hl]h\Zjy eb bah[sh gZ babkd\ZgbylZ aZ gZmqghkl bfZcdb
ij_^\b^g_kZfhkt\j_f_ggbl_ij_^klZ\bghbij_^klZ\bl_hl-70-l_
]h^bgb Ijb lh\Z Zdh \ - ] aZ ^te[hdZlZ \tlj_rgZ djbaZ gZ
kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby ]h\hjyl b ibrZl ij_^bfgh im[ebpbklb b

3
l\hjq_kdZlZbgl_eb]_gpbylh\ihke_^gbl_]h^bgbih^h[gZihabpby
ihemqZ\ZrbjhdhjZaijhkljZg_gb_bkj_^ijhn_kbhgZegbl_bklhjbpb6
AZ ^Z k_ hp_gb kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby ljy[\Z ^Z k_ bfZ
ij_^\b^ g_cghlh h[\tja\Zg_ k l_dmsZlZ iheblbdZ k b^_heh]bylZ b k
_^gZ dhgdj_lgZ l_hjby – k fZjdkbafZ7 ItegZlZ \dexq_ghkl gZ
bklhjbylZ \ kt\_lkdby j_`bf k_ hkb]mjy\Z b hl hj]Zgbl_ gZ ^tj`Z\gZ
kb]mjghkl AZ k_^_f^_k_l ]h^bgb k_ nhjfbjZ k\h_[jZa_g ljbt]tegbd
JDI[<DI[DIKK – QD=IMGD<>D=; – :dZ^_fbylZ gZ gZmdbl_
b g_cgbl_ bgklblmlb8 Ih^h[gh ktljm^gbq_kl\h ba]e_`^Z ^hlhedh\Z
_kl_kl\_gh b j_amelZlgh q_ kt\_lkdbl_ ijhn_khjb \ qbkeh gZ gZc-
\Z`gbl_ kb aZ^Zqb \b`^Zl lZdZ\Z Gb_ \kbqdb ljy[\Z ^Z [t^_f
q_dbklb >k ihah\Z\Zg_ gZ balhqgbd@ ?lh aZsh g_ _ kemqZcgh q_
hj]Zgbl_gZ^tj`Z\gZkb]mjghkl\g_ihfZedZkl_i_ghliZjlbcgbl_k_
]jb`ZlaZmdj_i\Zg_lhgZdZ^jh\byktklZ\gZbklhjbpbl_9
KjZkl\Zg_lh gZ bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ k iheblbdZlZ10 b
b^_heh]bylZgZfbjZbajZab\ba\_klghdhebq_kl\hijbgpbibgZdhblh
dhgdj_lghlh gZmqgh bake_^\Zg_ k_ hdZa\Z _da_fiebnbdZpby NZdlbl_
dhblh g_ k_ ihf_kl\Zl \ l_ab ijbgpbib beb bf ijhlb\hj_qZl beb k_
ij_g_[j_]\Zl beb k_ aZlZy\Zl b mdjb\Zl beb k_ nZerbnbpbjZl Lh\Z
ijb^Z\Z gZ kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnkdZ gZmdZ ^hgydt^_ oZjZdl_j gZ
bklhjbhkhnby l_ gZ mq_gb_ ih^h[gh gZ j_eb]bhagh aZ ktsghkllZ gZ
bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k Bklhjbhkhnkdbl_ hkgh\Zgby \dexq\Zl gydhedh
\Z`gb iheh`_gby jZa[bjZg_ aZ ebg_cgh ^\b`_gb_ gZ h[s_kl\hlh hl
dZiblZebatf dtf dhfmgbatf ihklmebjZg_ gZ g_h[oh^bfhkllZ hl
jtdh\h^kl\h hl]hj_ gZ \kbqdb h[eZklb b kn_jb gZ h[s_kl\_g `b\hl b
ijbagZ\Zg_ gZ badexqbl_egb kihkh[ghklb gZ lh\Z jtdh\h^kl\h
Z[khexlbabjZg_ gZ kt\_lkdby hibl dZlh k\jtop_g_g hibl bfZs
h[shqh\_rdb oZjZdl_j b agZq_gb_ \yjZ \ gZebqb_lh gZ Z[khexlgb
bklbgbhlghr_gb_dtfh[djt`Z\Zsbyk\yldZlhdtfg_sh\jZ`^_[gh
lZysh ihl_gpbZegZ aZieZoZ b hiZkghkl <kydh hl l_ab hkgh\Zgby k_

4
jZajZ[hl\Z b ih^dj_iy k Zj]mf_glb b nZdlb11 Gh ^hdZa\Zg_lh g_ _
kts_kl\_gh ^hdhedhlh \ kbkl_fZlZ hl p_gghklb j_Zegh
kts_kl\m\Zsbyl nZdl agZqb fgh]h ih-fZedh hldhedhlh iheh`_gb_lh
kt^tj`Zsh k_ \ deZkbq_kdbl_ l_dklh\_ beb badZa\ZgbylZ gZ
iheblbq_kdby eb^_j Ih k\hylZ ktsghkl bklhjbhkhnkdbl_ hkgh\Zgby
g_ [yoZ gbsh ^jm]h hk\_g fh^_jgbabjZgb hkgh\b gZ ljZ^bpbhggby
k_ekdb fbjh]e_^ k g_]h\ZlZ hjb_glbjZghkl dtf kZfhp_gghkl gZ k\hy
ehdZe_g k\yl b g_]h\hlh ijhlb\hihklZ\yg_ gZ \kbqdb ^jm]b k\_lh\_ k
mklZgh\dZ aZ hkh[_ghlh agZq_gb_ gZ jmkdZlZ bklhjby b jmkdby itl k
\yjZ\t\\bkrbl_bklbgbbg_h]jZgbq_gbl_\tafh`ghklbgZ\eZkllZ12
Bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ g_ _ k\h[h^gZ ^Z k_ ih^qbgy\Z gZ
ijbgpbibl_gZh[_dlb\ghlhgZmqghltjk_g_h[sghkllZgZbklhjbpbl_
g_ ^bkdmlbjZ ih kh[kl\_gZ b^_y Z hgh\Z dh_lh k_ fbkeb g_ k_ dZa\Z
G_k\h[h^ZlZ gZ bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ dZdlh b gZ gZmdZlZ bah[sh
ij_^hij_^_eyr_ b nhjfbjZr_ p_eby bake_^h\Zl_ekdb ijhp_k
ijb^Z\Zcdb fm k\h_[jZab_ kydZr hl\tlj_ jZadjb\Zs n_ghf_gZ gZ
kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby13 L_hj_lbq_kdZlZ b f_lh^heh]bq_kdZlZ
hkdt^ghkl gZ kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby klZ\Z ijbqbgZ aZ lh\Z q_ \
bklhjbq_kdbl_ bake_^\Zgby g_ k_ ^himkdZ hlghkbl_eghkl \ZjbZglghkl
\_jhylghkl LZdb\Z gZitegh _kl_kl\_gb _e_f_glb gZ \k_db gZmq_g
ijhp_kk_jZa]e_`^ZldZlhg_^hklZltpbbg_shih\_q_dZlhke_^kl\b_
hl iheblbq_kdb ]j_rdb \ j_amelZl gZ hlkltie_gb_lh hl fZjdkbafZ-
e_gbgbafZ b ijh\_`^Zg_ gZ qm`^Z [mj`hZagZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ14
Fhgheh]baftl b fhghihebaftl ih hlghr_gb_ gZ bklhjbq_kdZlZ
bklbgZ k_ ^hite\Z hl djZcgZlZ kl_i_g gZ iheblbabjZghkl gZ kZfbl_
ij_^klZ\b aZ bklbgghlh b ih]j_rghlh \ bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ15
IheblbabjZghkllZ k_ hldjb\Z \ kZfbl_ l_hj_lbqgb hkgh\Zgby gZ
bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ ^hdhedhlh iheblbq_kdhlh \ k\hylZ hkgh\Z
fZjdkbkldhlh mq_gb_ k_ jZa]e_`^Z b baihea\Z dZlh h[shgZmqgZ
dhgp_ipby Gh g_ kZfh \ lh\Z < kljmdlmjZlZ gZ bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k

5
 \t\ nhjfmebjh\dbl_ gZ _^gb beb ^jm]b ijh[e_fb ij_h[eZ^Z\Zl
iheblbq_kdbl_Zki_dlbbkx`_lb16
<ta hkgh\Z gZ Zj]mf_glb ZgZeh]bqgb gZ baeh`_ghlh
:nZgZkb_\ hij_^_ey kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby dZlh hkh[_g gZmqgh-
iheblbq_kdb n_ghf_g < lh\Z ijbagZgb_ gyfZ mgbabl_egb beb
hp_gtqgb _e_f_glb Kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby dZlh hkh[_gh y\e_gb_
hl kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjby aZ ]h^bgbl_ gZ k\h_lh jZa\blb_ gZljmiZ pyeZ
kbkl_fZ hl k\hckl\Z b dZq_kl\Z nhjfbjZ hkh[_g h[jZa aZ gZmdZ
kh[kl\_gb ij_^klZ\b aZ djbl_jbbl_ aZ gZmqghkl nmgdpbbl_ aZ^Zqbl_
gZagZq_gb_lh gZ bklhjbylZ Hk\_g lh\Z kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby
kta^Z^_ iZgl_hg hl ZdlmZegb l_fb b ijh[e_fb kh[kl\_g _abd b lg
<kbqdh lh\Z hij_^_ey g_cgbl_ \aZbfhhlghr_gby k _\jhi_ckdZlZ b
k\_lh\gZ gZmdZ LZab hkh[_gZ kbkl_fZ k_ jZa\b\Zr_ ihkltiZl_egh
ihklZ\yr_\k_ih-mkeh`g_gbaZ^Zqbb]bj_rZ\Zr_17
IheblbabjZghkllZbb^_heh]babjZghkllZgZkt\_lkdZlZgZmdZ_
nZdl dhclh k_ hlgZky g_ kZfh ^h bklhjbylZ b h[s_kl\_gbl_ gZmdb L_
^hklb]Zl ]jhl_dkgb jZaf_jb \ ebk_gdh\kdZlZ [bheh]by b hlo\tjeyg_lh
gZdb[_jg_lbdZlZdZlh[mj`hZagZet`_gZmdZL_abdmjbhagbnZdlbk_
hlgZkyl ^h _ihoZlZ gZ klZebgbafZ gh \ bklhjbylZ b nbehkhnbylZ gZ
bklhjbylZ qZd ^h i_jbh^Z gZ ij_mkljhckl\hlh g_ k_ ^himkdZ gydZdt\
iemjZebatf gZ fg_gbylZ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ hkgh\hiheZ]Zsbl_ ^h]fb
Kts_\j_f_ggh kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbh]jZnby gZmqgZlZ b h[s_kl\_gZ
fbkte gZ Jmkby ij_a  b ^h -l_ ]h^bgb hlgh\h k_ h[jtsZ dtf
hkfbkeyg_ gZ ljZ^bpbylZ b ljZ^bpbhgZebafZ18  ?^\Z iheblbdZlZ gZ
]eZkghkl\h^b^hj_rbl_egZij_hp_gdZgZfbgZehlhIjh\ta]eZk_gZlZ
hl =hj[Zqh\ ]eZkghkl gZ itj\h \j_f_ h[o\ZgZ ba]e_`^Z g_ lhedh\Z
kt\_lkdhlhgZklhys_dhedhlhkt\_lkdhlhfbgZeh19
< ihke_^\Zeby i_jbh^ gZ ij_oh^Z ljZ^bpbylZ gZ kt\_lkdZlZ
bklhjbh]jZnby bgl_jn_jbjZ ktk k\h[h^gby ij_ghk b badZa gZ
jZaghh[jZagbb^_b IhgZklhys_fgb_k_k[etkd\Zf_kgydhedh nZdlhjZ

6
ihjh^_gbhllZabbklhjbh]jZnbygh\_q_gZfbjZsbk_ba\tgg_yItj\byl
nZdlhj _ k\tjaZg k lh\Z q_ djZyl gZ ;; \ ^hg_k_ gZ h[s_kl\hlh pyeZ
k_jby hl gh\b b^_b b ijh[e_fb dhblh g_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ \taijb_fZl hl
^g_rgZlZ jmkdZ bklhjbh]jZnby \ fgh]h hlghr_gby hs_ k\tjaZgZ ktk
kt\_lkdby i_jbh^ \ k\h_lh jZa\blb_ B jZ[hlZlZ g_ _ \ lh\Z q_ jmkdZlZ
bklhjbh]jZnby g_ _ \ ktklhygb_ ^Z j_rZ\Z _^gb beb ^jm]b ijh[e_fb
jZ[hlZlZ_\lh\Zq_lyg__\ktklhygb_^Z\taijb_fZl_abijh[e_fbdZlh
gZmqgb<lhjbylnZdlhjk_ktklhb\lh\Zq_lhablbikt\_lkdZgZmdZ[_r_
hj]Zgbq_g_e_f_glhlgZiteghhij_^_e_glbih[s_kl\_ghjZa\blb_Lbitl
gZ lh\Z jZa\blb_ \ebaZ \ djbabkgh ktklhygb_ ij_h^hey\Zg_lh gZ dh_lh _
\tafh`gh ihkj_^kl\hf baf_g_gb_lh gZ ljZ^bpbhgZebkldbl_ hkgh\b gZ
h[s_kl\hlh dhblh bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ g_ mkiy ^Z jZadjb_ < lh\Z _ b
hkgh\gZlZ [_^Z gZ bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ < lh\Z _ b g_cgZlZ
n_ghf_gheh]bq_kdZoZjZdl_jbklbdZ20
;BKLHJBH=J:NBYL:G:KKKJG:A:I:>
DZlh j_Zdpby gZ b^_heh]babjZghkllZ b iheblbabjZghkllZ gZ
kt\_lkdZlZbklhjbh]jZnbybkthl\_lghgZnbehkhnbylZgZbklhjbylZb
\ jZfdbl_ gZ ijhlb\hihklZ\yg_lh hl ³klm^_gZlZ \hcgZ ³gZ AZiZ^
\tagbd\Z b gZfbjZ fgh`_kl\h ijb\tj`_gbpb lhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZ
dhgp_ipby G_cgZlZ ktsghkl _ q_ ^tj`Z\bl_ k_ ijhlb\hihklZ\yl
kihj_^ hihabpbylZ ^_fhdjZlbqghkl – Zglb^_fhdjZlbqghkl beb ihg_
g_^_fhdjZlbqghkl LZdZ ]jmiZlZ gZ Zglb^_fhdjZlbqgbl_ ^tj`Z\b k_
hkfbkeyldZlhlhlZeblZjgbihkhq\Zlk__^bgbeb^jm]h[o\Zl]eZ\gbb
hij_^_eysb jh^h\b [_e_ab gZ lhlZeblZjgZlZ ^tj`Z\Z \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ
dZd\blh k_ ihkhq\Zl KKKJ oble_jh\Z =_jfZgby nZrbkldZ BlZeby
ihgydh]Z b Yihgby b ^jm]b ^tj`Z\b ijbkt_^bgbeb k_ dtf HklZ
njZgdbkldZBkiZgbyhk\_glh\ZlgZjgZjh^gb^_fhdjZpbb\BalhqgZ
?\jhiZ b fgh`_kl\h ^jm]b ?^gh hl hkgh\gbl_ \tajZ`_gby kj_sm
lhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZ dhgp_ipby fh`_ Znhjbklbqgh ^Z k_ bajZab dZlh
iZjZnjZaZ gZ ijhqmlhlh gZqZeh gZ :gZ DZj_gbgZ \kbqdb

7
^_fhdjZlbqgb ^tj`Z\b kb ijbebqZl \kydZ g_^_fhdjZlbqgZ ^tj`Z\Z _
g_^_fhdjZlbqgZ ih k\h_fm DZlh ke_^kl\b_ lhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZ
dhgp_ipby_gZiteghqm`^ZgZ]_g_lbqgbyf_lh^Lyg_^Z\Zhl]h\hjgZ
\tijhkZdZdbaZsh\tagbd\ZlhlZeblZjbaftlktshlZdZdZdbihdZd\b
ijbqbgb baq_a\Z Z g_ ^Z\Z hl]h\hj aZshlh \t\ \kydZ kljZgZ lhc
\tagbd\Z b baq_a\Z ih jZaebqgb ijbqbgb \ kthl\_lkl\b_ ktk
kh[kl\_gZlZ bklhjbq_kdZ pb\bebaZpbhggZ gZpbhgZegZ dmelmjgZ
iheblbq_kdZ b khpbZegh-bdhghfbq_kdZ ljZ^bpby LhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZ
dhgp_ipby k_ hibl\Z ^Z \b^b jh^Z gZ fgh`_kl\h koh^gb y\e_gby
n_ghf_gheh]bqghihih^h[b_gZih^oh^bl_gZijbjh^gbl_gZmdbZg_
]_g_lbqgh \_jbnbpbjZcdb \tgrghlh ih^h[b_ k h[s ijZjh^bl_e >Z
k_ h[_^bgyl ^_fhdjZlbqgbl_ ^tj`Z\b _ \tafh`gh gZ h[sZlZ
pb\bebaZpbhggZ Z bf_ggh aZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdZ hkgh\Z qj_a dhylh k_
kta^Z\Z bklhjbq_kdb fh^_e fh^_jgbaZpbylZ ijbeZ]Zg b hl
fgh`_kl\h ^jm]b kljZgb ih p_eby k\yl GZijhlb\ lhlZeblZjgbl_
^tj`Z\b gyfZl h[sZ pb\bebaZpbhggZ hkgh\Z gZij dZd\Z _ h[sZlZ
pb\bebaZpbhggZ hkgh\Z aZ KKKJ =_jfZgby b Yihgby" gblh itd kZ
aZbfkl\m\Zeb lhlZeblZjgby fh^_e _^gZ hl ^jm]Z Lhc \tagbd\Z
g_aZ\bkbfh \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ Z^ZilZpby dtf kj_^ZlZ fh^bnbpbjZcdb
gZiteghjZaebqgZ]_g_lbqgZhkgh\Z
?^gZ^jm]ZoZjZdl_jgZq_jlZgZlhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZdhgp_ipby
ki_pbZeghihhlghr_gb_gZkt\_lkdZlZbklhjby_Z[khexlbabjZg_lhgZ
g_^_fhdjZlbqghkllZ gZ kt\_lkdby j_`bf <ktsghkl [b^_cdb g_ kZfh
g_^_fhdjZlbq_gghbZglb^_fhdjZlbq_g\aZiZ^gbykfbktegZ^mfZlZ
lhc_^_fhdjZlbq_gihjmkdbl_lhc_dhe_dlb\bklbq_g
LZdZ gZj_q_gbyl j_\babhgbkldb ih^oh^ _ j_\babhgbkldb
bf_ggh ih hlghr_gb_ gZ p_gljZegZlZ ^h]fZ gZ lhlZeblZjbafh\ZlZ
dhgp_ipby Z bf_ggh g_^_fhdjZlbqghkllZ gZ kt\_lkdby j_`bf21.
J_\babhgbklbl_ ihklZ\yl Zdp_gl \tjom bake_^\ZgbylZ gZ

KRPR
VRYLHWLFXV

 h[bdgh\_gby kt\_lkdb qh\_d b h[ykgy\Zl khpbZegh-

8
iheblbq_kdZlZbbdhghfbq_kdZlZkbkl_fZqj_ag_]hIhe_fbdZlZf_`^m
^\_l_ kljZgb _ badexqbl_egh hkljZ Ijbf_j _ ih^oh^tl bf dtf
hij_^_eyg_lh [jhy gZ `_jl\bl_ gZ klZebgkdby l_jhj
LhlZeblZjbklbl_ ^hklb]Zl ^h qbkeZ gZ^  feg Z ³j_\babhgbklbl_´
k_ h]jZgbqZ\Zl ^h klhcghklb f_`^m iheh\bg b _^bg fbebhg IhjZ^b
ebikZ gZ ^hklti ^h Z\l_glbqgbl_ ^hdmf_glb b _^gbl_ b ^jm]bl_
baihea\Zl dhk\_gb f_lh^b LhlZeblZjbklbl_ gZijbf_j hp_gy\Zl
`_jl\bl_ \ta hkgh\Z gZ ^Zggbl_ aZ _kl_kl\_gby ijbjZkl b qbke_ghkllZ
ijb jZaebqgb ij_[jhy\Zgby Z j_\babhgbklbl_ itd ihkj_^kl\hf
aZdjblbl_ l_e_nhggb ihklh\_ \ Fhkd\Z MklZgh\_gZlZ k ^hklh\_jghkl
bklbgZ ke_^ hldjb\Zg_lh gZ Zjob\bl_ k_ hdZa\Z dZdlh fh`_ ^Z k_
hqZd\Z gydt^_ ih kj_^ZlZ22 ijb lh\Z fgh`_kl\h \tijhkb gZij
hlghkgh [jhy gZ aZ]bgZebl_ hl ]eZ^ beb ijb ^_ihjlZpby hklZ\Zl
hldjblbHq_\b^gh_q_dhedhlhih-fZedh^ZggbbfZlhedh\Zih-\Z`gZ
_ ³mklZgh\dZlZ´ b^_heh]bq_kdZlZ ihabpby baihea\Zgbyl
h[ykgbl_e_g fh^_e hl kljZgZ gZ bake_^h\Zl_ey ?lh aZsh
lhlZeblZjbklbl_ baihea\Zl hg_ab dhk\_gb f_lh^b dhblh \h^yl ^h
aZ\brZ\Zg_gZ`_jl\bl_Zj_\babhgbklbl_–h[jZlgh^haZgb`Z\Zg_
gZ [jhy bf Z kihjh\_l_ f_`^m lyo bfZl g_ba[_`_g iheblbq_kdb b
b^_heh]bq_kdboZjZdl_j
< HKFBKEYG?LH G: BKLHJBYL: G: KKKJ KE?>
G?=H<HLHJ:AI:>:G?
>hdZlhgZAZiZ^bgl_j_ktl\lqrbjhdbylh[s_kl\_gbgl_j_k
b lhab gZ f_^bbl_ b kihgkhjbjZsbl_ bgklblmpbb dtf bklhjbylZ gZ
Kt\_lkdby ktxa b kt\_lheh]bylZ kiZ^gZ j_rbl_egh b k_ aZf_gb k
nZdlheh]bqgbbake_^\ZgbygZg_fgh]hlhijhn_kbhgZegbbklhjbpblh\
kZfZlZ Jmkby aZihqgZehlh ij_a ij_mkljhckl\hlh ij_hkfbkeyg_ ba[my
ihjZ^b badexqbl_egZlZ ijZdlbq_kdZ \Z`ghkl gZ ltedm\Zg_lh gZ
fbgZehlh ijb ba[hj gZ itl aZ [t^_s_lh Hlo\tjeyg_lh gZ fhghiheZ
gZ fZjdkbafZ dZdlh b gZ DIKK \ iheblbq_kdby `b\hl \h^b ^h

9
iemjZebatf gZ iheblbq_kdbl_ nbehkhnbb b kthl\_lgh ^h fgh`_kl\h
h[ykgbl_egbfh^_ebaZkt\_lkdbyi_jbh^\jmkdZlZbklhjbyBgl_j_ktl
gZ f_^bbl_ b gZ rbjhdZlZ h[s_kl\_ghkl ij_^ba\bd\Z \dexq\Zg_lh gZ
j_^bpZ fZj]bgZegb b ^hjb dmjbhagb dhgp_ipbb gZij dZlh lZab aZ
_\j_ckdZlZ dhgkibjZpby jZa]e_`^Zg_lh gZ dZd\blh fh`_ ^Z _ l_fZ
kZfhaZkhpbZegbl_ikbohehabbebaZikbobZljbl_
>hjb h]jZgbqZ\Zcdb k_ h[Zq_ ^h h[s_kl\hagZgb_lh bfZ
bah[beb_ gZ \ta]e_^b g_ihkj_^kl\_gh kthlgZkysb k_ k \tijhkZ aZ
ba[hjZgZlbiZij_oh^Ijbpyehlhfgh]hh[jZab_gZf_lh^heh]bq_kdbb
l_hj_lbqgbih^oh^bgZkt\j_f_gghlhjmkdhh[s_kl\hagZgb_aZZgZebaZ
gZ ijbqbggh-ke_^kl\_gbl_ \jtadb b oZjZdl_jZ gZ gZc-gh\bl_ jmkdb
ljZgknhjfZpbbhkh[_ghagZq_gb_bfZlfZdjhl_hjbbl_Kihj_^Kh]jbg
ljbl_fZdjhl_hjbbijhp_glgZlZl_`_klb\ebygb_gZdhblh\jmkdhlh
h[s_kl\hagZgb_ kZ gZc-]he_fb kZ l_hjbylZ gZ h[s_kl\_gh-
bdhghfbq_kdbl_ nhjfZpbb gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ b gZ pb\bebaZpbbl_23.
DZlh kh[kl\_gb l_hj_lbqgb ijbgpbib ktsbyl bake_^h\Zl_e ba\_`^Z
itj\h l_hjby gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ \lhjh ³pb\bebaZpbhggbyl jZdmjk´
hk\_g lh\Z ³dhgp_ipbylZ aZ khpbZegZlZ j_\hexpby´ b lZab aZ
³ij_ab^_glkdbykbgl_a´24.
Bake_^h\Zl_ekdhlh ihe_ gZ ljZgablheh]bylZ hj]ZgbabjZgh
hdhehl\tj^gZ[hjhlijh[e_fb\tagbd\Z\gZqZehlhgZ-l_]h^bgbK
djZoZ gZ dhfmgbafZ b jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ Kt\_lkdby Ktxa [tjah k_
mklZgh\b]hkih^kl\hgZ³iZjZ^b]fZlZgZiZaZjZb^_fhdjZpbylZ´Lhab
ih^oh^ _ ktkj_^hlhq_g \tjom ba\_kl_g gZ[hj hl nmg^Zf_glZegb
j_nhjfbgZkhq_gbdtfij_\_`^Zg_gZaZklhcgbl_ieZgh\bbdhghfbdb
gZ ijbgpbigh gh\ itl gZ jZa\blb_ Itj\bl_ ijh]jZfb aZ j_nhjfb
ij_^eZ]Zl kljmdlmjgh ij_mkljhckl\h klZ[bebaZpby eb[_jZebaZpby
ijb\ZlbaZpby – \kbqdh dh_lh f_`^mgZjh^gbl_ nbgZgkh\b bgklblmlb
ij_^ibk\ZlgZkljZgbl_hllj_lbyk\ylhlgZqZehlhgZ-l_]h^bgbLtc
dZlh aZk_]gZlbl_ kljZgb kf_gyoZ kbkl_fbl_ klZ\Z ^mfZ g_ ijhklh aZ

10
bdhghfbq_kdZj_nhjfZZaZiheblbdZlZgZljZgknhjfZpbyhkgh\ZgZ
gZ ljZcgZlZ \yjZ \ iZaZjZ dZlh gydZd\Z f_lZ-bgklblmpby aZ khpbZegb
ijhf_gb Gb_ s_ gZj_q_f lZab dhgp_ipby g_heb[_jZe_g ^bkdmjk gZ
jZ^bdZegZlZj_nhjfZih^q_jlZ\Zcdbq_lh\Zg__ijhklhijbeZ]Zg_gZ
g_hdeZkbq_kdZlZ bdhghfbq_kdZ l_hjby aZ ljZgknhjfZpbylZ Ih-kdhjh
lhab ^bkdmjk kt^tj`Z h[sb dhgp_ipbb aZ kfygZ gZ bgklblmlbl_ b
dhe_dlb\gb ^_ckl\by Z ktsh iheblbq_kdb ghjfZlb\gb kt`^_gby
gZiteghg_aZ\bkbfbhldhgdj_lgbl_kt`^_gbygZl_hj_lbpbl_25
Ba[hjtl gZ h[ykgbl_egb fh^_eb ijb bamqZ\Zg_lh b
ltedm\Zg_lh gZ kt\j_f_ggby jmkdb bklhjbq_kdb ijhp_k bfZ hkh[_gh
\Z`gh agZq_gb_ JZaebqbylZ \ l_ogby ba[hj \ kts_kl\_gZ kl_i_g
h[ykgy\Zl jZaghj_qb_lh gZ \ta]e_^bl_ kj_^ jmkdbl_ h[s_kl\h\_^b
iheblbpb itd b \ h[s_kl\_ghlh fg_gb_ < i_jbh^Z gZ ]hj[Zqh\ZlZ
i_j_kljhcdZ [herbgkl\hlh h[s_kl\h\_^b kZ ijb\tj`_gbpb gZ
nhjfZpbhggby fh^_e kfbktetl gZ j_nhjfZlhjkdby dmjk k_ \b`^Z \
jZadjb\Zg_ gZ ihl_gpbZeZ gZ khpbZebafZ \ ltjk_g_ gZ g_]h\by
hilbfZe_g \ZjbZgl Ke_^ djZoZ gZ ij_mkljhckl\hlh nhjfZpbhggbyl
ih^oh^ [tjah ]m[b k\hbl_ ijb\tj`_gbpb hlklti\Zcdb \h^_sZlZ
ihabpby gZ ^jm]b fh^_eb ?^gZ hl ihimeyjgbl_ klZ\Z dhgp_ipbylZ aZ
j_\hexpbylZ gZ _eblbl_ k g_cgby  Zdp_gl \tjom dhgnebdlbl_ \t\
\tjoh\_l_gZlyogZlZ\tlj_rgZ[hj[ZaZ\eZkldZlhitj\hijbqbgZaZ
h[s_kl\_gbl_ ijhf_gb Gh gZc-]heyfZ ihimeyjghkl ijb^h[b\Z
l_hjbylZ aZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ >Z^_gZlZ l_hjby _ dexqh\Z ijb
h[ykg_gb_lh gZ kt\j_f_ggby jmkdb bklhjbq_kdb ijhp_k fZdZj ih fh_
fg_gb_kihfhslZkZfhgZg_ykfbktetlZhs_ih\_q_kt^tj`Zgb_lh
gZ ba\tjrbebl_ k_ ijhf_gb _ g_\tafh`gh ^Z k_ jZadjb_ Kihj_^ lZab
l_hjbyktsghkllZgZfh^_jgbaZpbylZk_ktklhb\mk\hy\Zg_lhhl_^gb
beb ^jm]b kljZgb b j_]bhgb gZ iZaZjgbl_ f_oZgbafb b
^_fhdjZlbq_kdbl_ iheblbq_kdb fh^_eb ihemqbeb deZkbq_kdh
\tiets_gb_\aZiZ^gZlZpb\bebaZpbybiha\hebebc\djZygZOO\^Z

11
aZ_f_ \h^_sh fyklh \ k\_lZ ih hkgh\gbl_ ihdZaZl_eb hl dhblh k_
hij_^_ey [eZ]hihemqb_lh b ijh]j_ktl gZ h[s_kl\hlh LZab l_hjby
ba[jhy\Z gydhedh lbiZ fh^_jgbaZpby gZijbf_j aZsblgZ
fh^_jgbaZpby ij_^ijb_lZ hl mijZ\ey\Zsbl_ j_`bfb gZ =_jfZgby
Yihgby Jmkby \t\ \lhjZlZ iheh\bgZ gZ ;,; – gZqZehlh gZ ;; \ b
\dexq\ZsZ mf_j_gb eb[_jZegb j_nhjfb hl]hj_ ^h]hg\ZsZ´
fh^_jgbaZpby gZkljZgbl_hllj_lbyk\yl\t\\lhjZlZiheh\bgZgZ ;;
\ihkldhfmgbklbq_kdZlZfh^_jgbaZpbydhylhhij_^_eykt^tj`Zgb_lh
b kt\j_f_ggby bklhjbq_kdb ijhp_k \ Jmkby <kbqdb lbih\_
fh^_jgbaZpby lZdZ beb bgZq_ \dexq\Zl \ k_[_ kb ijhp_k gZ
haZiZ^gy\Zg_ \t\ \jtadZ k dh_lh k_ ihklZ\y \tijhktl aZ
\tafh`ghklbl_ b gZqbgbl_ gZ kt\f_kly\Zg_ gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ ktk
kh[kl\_gbl_pb\bebaZpbhggboZjZdl_jbklbdbgZ_^gZbeb^jm]ZkljZgZ
ba[jZeZlhabitl26
Dhgp_ipbylZaZ^h]hg\ZshlhjZa\blb_nZdlbq_kdb_\ZjbZgl
gZ l_hjbylZ aZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ dhylh hlqblZ ki_pbnbqgh jmkdbl_
mkeh\bybhiblZ^ZlbjZshs_hl\j_f_gZlZgZI_ltj,aZaZbfkl\Zg_hl
AZiZ^gZ ?\jhiZ Ljhpdb  ibr_ Hkgh\gZlZ gZc-mklhcqb\Z q_jlZ gZ
bklhjbylZ gZ Jmkby _ aZ[Z\_gbyl oZjZdl_j gZ g_cghlh jZa\blb_ k
ijhbalbqZsZ hllmd bdhghfbq_kdZ bahklZgZehkl ijbfblb\ghkl gZ
h[s_kl\_gbl_nhjfbgbkdhjZ\gbs_gZdmelmjZlZ27LtdfhhllZdh\Z
jZa[bjZg_aZbklhjbq_kdbyijhp_k\JmkbyijhbaebaZdhfi_gkZlhjgZlZ
dhgp_ipbyaZ^h]hg\ZshlhjZa\blb_;her_\baftlklZgZl_hj_lbqgh
h[hkgh\Z\Zg_ gZ ijbgpbiZ gZ ^h]hg\Zshlh jZa\blb_"28 NZdlbq_kdb
l_hjbylZ aZ khpbZebklbq_kdZlZ j_\hexpby _ l_hjby aZ
k\jtofh^_jgbaZpbylZ KKKJ ihjZ^b ij_^bfkl\ZlZ gZ k\hy h[s_kl\_g
kljhc s_ gZklb]g_ b gZ^fbg_ jZa\blbl_ dZiblZebklbq_kdb kljZgb
Dhfi_gkZlhjgbyl oZjZdl_j gZ jmkdZlZ ^h]hg\ZsZ fh^_jgbaZpby
kt^tj`Z b \j_f_\b b ijhkljZgkl\_g Zki_dl gZ dhgljZfh^_jgbaZpby29.
IjhkljZgkl\_gbylZki_dl_gZijhlb\hihklZ\yg_gZAZiZ^ZZ\j_f_\byl

12
Zki_dl_gZijhlb\hihklZ\yg_gZgZklhys_lhbgZ\j_f_\hkllZbah[shk
ihfhslZ gZ _koZlheh]bqgby dhfmgbklbq_kdb ijh_dl Ih k\hbl_
iheblbq_kdb ijhy\e_gby dhgljZfh^_jgbaZpbylZ h[bdgh\_gh k_
\taijb_fZdZlh]e_^ZsZgZaZ^l_j_ZdpbhggZLZdh\Z\taijb_fZg_
_gZiteghhkgh\Zl_eghh[Zq_ljy[\Z^Zk_ihfgbq_lyfh`_^Z[t^_b
]e_^ZsZgZij_^l_ijh]j_kb\gZ<lhabkemqZc`_eZgZlZh[sghkl
k_ gZfbjZ \ [t^_s_lh Z g_ \ fbgZehlh30 "KhpbZebklbq_kdbyl fbl
q_jib ]heyfZ qZkl hl k\hylZ kbeZ hl mgbdZegZlZ kihkh[ghkl ^Z
kbgl_abjZ l_fZlZ gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ b l_fZlZ gZ
dhgljZfh^_jgbaZpbylZ"31
?^gZ ki_pbnbqgZ gZkhdZ gZ h[kt`^Zg_lh gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ _
k\tja\Zg_lh k _\jZabckdZlZ b pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ l_fZ b^_ylZ aZ
ki_pbnbqgby jmkdb lj_lby itl \ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ Ly gZfbjZ ij_^b
\kbqdhbajZa\b^_ylZaZke_^\Zg_lhgZdblZckdbyfh^_e<_^gZ]Zke_^
djZoZ gZ ij_mkljhckl\hlh \tagbdgZ ^bkdmkbylZ aZ \tafh`ghkllZ b
`_eZl_eghkllZaZbaihea\Zg_gZdblZckdbyfh^_eaZfh^_jgbaZpby_^gZ
qZklhlkihj_sbl_^hdZa\Zq_bf_gghly_[beZhilbfZegZaZ=hj[Zqh\
^jm]Z qZkl l\tj^b q_ dblZckdbyl fh^_e _ g_ijbeh`bf dtf Jmkby
gZfbjZsZ k_ gZ ih-\bkhd klZ^bc gZ khpbZegh-bdhghfbq_kdh jZa\blb_
Hl bklhjbq_kdZ ]e_^gZ lhqdZ ^bkdmkbylZ aZ dblZckdZlZ Zel_jgZlb\Z
ghkbkoheZklbq_goZjZdl_j^hdhedhlhg_hlqblZebikZlZgZ]hlh\ghklb
g_kihkh[ghkllZ aZ g_cghlh \taijb_fZg_ \ kj_^ZlZ gZ -l_ ] itd b
ihke_ g_ kZfh hl =hj[Zqh\ gh b hl kt\_lkdhlh h[s_kl\h dZlh pyeh
JZ[hlZlZ _ \ lh\Z q_ \ kt\_lkdbl_ b^_heh]bq_kdb kl_j_hlbib
\taijb_fZg_lhgZDblZckta^Zehk_\-]bktojZgbehk_\-
l_ ] balhqgbyl ktk_^ k_ \taijb_fZ dZlh bdhghfbq_kdb bahklZgZeZ b
iheblbq_kdb g_^hjZa\blZ \ kjZ\g_gb_ ktk KKKJ kljZgZ
_dki_jbf_glbl_ gZ dhylh k iZaZjgbl_ hlghr_gby b kf_k_gZlZ
bdhghfbdZ kZ ]h^gb kZfh aZ kljZgb hl lj_lby k\yl Hlghr_gb_lh dtf
DblZc aZihqgZ ^Z k_ baf_gy lh]Z\Z dh]Zlh Jmkby \_q_ ljZcgh gZijZ\b

13
ba[hj\iheaZgZeb[_jZegh-^_fhdjZlbqgbyfh^_egZj_nhjfZB^_ylZ
aZdblZckdZlZZel_jgZlb\Zk_eZgkbjZr_\h[s_kl\hbke_^gZqZehlh
gZ]Zc^Zjh\kdbl_j_nhjfb<hl]h\hj=Zc^Zjbg_]h\bl_ijb\tj`_gbpb
khkgh\Zgb_ihkhqboZ\tafh`ghkllZaZg_cghlhbaihea\Zg_ke_^Z\]mkl
 ] _ klZgZeZ g_j_ZegZ ihjZ^b gh\b ijbqbgb Z\lhjblZjgbyl
dblZckdb fh^_e g_ fh`_ ^Z [t^_ ijbeh`_g ihjZ^b jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ
KKKJ b DIKK ke_^ dh_lh ^tj`Z\ghkllZ klZgZ [_a\eZklgZ Z
bdhghfbdZlZklZgZijZdlbq_kdbg_mijZ\ey_fZ32
< iheblheh]bylZ bfZ g_ _^gZ l_hjby ihfZ]ZsZ ih-^te[hdh b
\k_kljZggh ^Z k_ jZa[_jZl b ^Z k_ h[ykgyl ijbqbgbl_ aZ jZaiZ^Zg_ gZ
KKKJ33 Kj_^ lyo bfZ l_`_kl l_hjbylZ aZ pbjdmeZpbylZ b
j_\hexpbylZgZ_eblbl_Ly\qZklghkl]eZkbq_\h[s_kl\ZlZdt^_lh
ijh^te`bl_egh \j_f_ ]hkih^kl\m\Zl aZl\hj_gb iheblbq_kdb _eblb
ietlghaZl\Zjysb^hkltiZ\k\hbl_j_^h\_gZh]jhfghlh[herbgkl\hhl
gZk_e_gb_lhihb^_cgbkhpbZegbgZpbhgZegbkth[jZ`_gbyg_ba[_`gh
k_ nhjfbjZl hihabpbhggb g_nhjfZegb _eblb ihklZ\ysb kb aZ aZ^ZqZ
jZ^bdZeghlh ij_mkljhckl\h gZ ^tj`Z\gZlZ \eZkl Kt\_lkdZlZ
ghf_gdeZlmjgh-dhfmgbklbq_kdZ \tjomrdZ k_ hlgZky dtf _eblbl_ hl
gZc-l\tj^lbiG__aZmqm^\Zg_q_\_^gZ]Zshf\KKKJk_e_]ZebabjZ
\tafh`ghkllZ^Zk_kta^Z\Zlb^ZmqZkl\m\Zl\ba[hjbl_g_nhjfZegb
iheblbq_kdb ]jmib b h[_^bg_gby g_cgbl_ ^gb [yoZ ij_[jh_gb G_ _
kemqZcgh b lh\Z q_ kj_^ gh\bl_ _eblb ^hfbgbjZsZ ihabpby \ fgh]h
kemqZb aZ_fZl gZpbhgZebklbq_kdbl_ b ^Z`_ djZcgh
gZpbhgZebklbq_kdbl_]jmibjh\db34.
GZj_^ k nhjfZpbhggZlZ – [beh lh hjlh^hdkZegZ beb
j_\babjZgZ – l_hjby gZj_^ k fh^_jgbaZpbhggZlZ l_hjby \ lq b aZ
^h]hg\ZshlhjZa\blb_bebfh^_jgbaZpbhggbl_pbdebij_^klZ\_gZbeb
keb[_jZegZlZi_jki_dlb\ZaZiZaZjgbb^_fhdjZlbqgbij_h[jZah\Zgby
beb dZlh Zel_jgZlb\ZlZ gZ dblZckdby itl rbjhdh jZaijhkljZg_gZ _
pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ l_hjby \ j_^bpZ jZagh\b^ghklb Kihj_^ gydhb

14
Z\lhjb ly ^hjb _ ij_h[eZ^Z\ZsZ >g_k \ bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ b
nbehkhnbylZ gZ bklhjbylZ ij_h[eZ^Z\Z pb\bebaZpbhggbyl ih^oh^
Pb\bebaZpbbl_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ jZa]e_`^Zl dZlh _lZib b _^gh\j_f_ggh
\aZbfhijhgbd\Zsb nhjfb gZ bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k <kydZ hl
pb\bebaZpbbl_ _ njZ]f_gl hl k\_lh\gZlZ bklhjby JZaqe_gy\Zg_lh gZ
qh\_q_kl\hlhgZpb\bebaZpbb_kl_i_ggZdhgdj_lbaZpbygZagZgb_lhaZ
ki_pbnbdbl_gZkljZgbl_bgZjh^bl_35
Pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ l_hjby ihklZ\y Zdp_gl dZdlh \tjom
ijb_fkl\_ghkllZ lZdZ b \tjom k\h_[jZab_lh b mgbdZeghkllZ gZ
bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k K g_y \ jZfdbl_ gZ khpbheh]bylZ kZ lykgh
k\tjaZgb bgklblmpbhgZegby b khpbhdmelmjgbyl ih^oh^
BgklblmpbhgZegbyl ih^oh^ bay\y\Z mklhcqb\bl_ b fbdjh- b
fZdjhkljmdlmjb gZ khpbZegbl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by – hl khpbZegbl_
ijZdlbdb ^h [Zah\bl_ bgklblmlb Khpbhdmelmjgbyl ih^oh^ iha\hey\Z
^Z k_ ZgZebabjZ bklhjbq_kdby khpbhdmelmj_g dhgl_dkl \ dhclh
`b\_yl l_ab kljmdlmjb hkh[_ghklbl_ gZ lyoghlh ijhy\y\Zg_ b
j_ZebabjZg_\p_gghklgb^hfbgZglb\khpbZegbyhiblgZebqghkllZ36
=PB<BEBA:PBHGGBYLIH>OH>
Pb\bebaZpbhggbyl ih^oh^ _ k\tjaZg k ihgylb_lh aZ
pb\bebaZpby37 Pb\bebaZpbylZ ij_^klZ\ey\Z gydZd\Z dmelmjgZ
ktsghkl38 Fh`_f ^Z hij_^_ebf pb\bebaZpbylZ dZlh dmelmjgZ
h[sghkl hl gZc-\bkr jZg] dZlh gZc-rbjhdhlh jZ\gbs_ gZ dmelmjgZ
b^_glbqghkl39 Ke_^h\Zl_egh ijb pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^
bklhjbq_kdbyl ijhp_k k_ ko\ZsZ g_ lhedh\Z dZlh iheblbq_kdb b
khpbZegh-bdhghfbq_kdb ijhp_k dhedhlh dZlh dmelmj_g
pb\bebaZpbhg_g ijb lh\Z ktsh lZdZ \ kfbkteZ gZ pb\bebaZlhjkdb
Hkh[_ghklgZihgylb_lhpb\bebaZpby_lykghlhij_ieblZg_\g_]hgZ
]ghk_heh]bq_kdZlZ b Zdkbheh]bq_kdZlZ gZ ihagZ\Zl_egZlZ b
p_gghklgZlZ kljZgZ < bklhjbq_kdZlZ ebl_jZlmjZ k_ _ ml\tj^beZ
fbktelZ q_ ij_^klZ\ZlZ aZ pb\bebaZpby \tagbd\Z \ ;9,,, \ \t\

15
\jtadZ k hiblbl_ aZ kZfhml\tj`^Z\Zg_ gZ ijhk\_l_gbl_ keh_\_ gZ
h[s_kl\ZlZ gZ ?\jhiZ dZlh gZqbg ^Z k_ ijhlb\hihklZ\yl gZ
g__\jhi_ckdhlh \Zj\Zjkl\h Gh g_ fh`_ ^Z g_ k_ \b^b ktsh q_
kta^Z\Zg_lh gZ ij_^klZ\b aZ pb\bebaZpbbl_ _ k\tjaZgh k djbaZ gZ
klZjbl_ p_gghklb gZ gZpbhgZeghlh b dmelmjgh kZfhktagZgb_ LZab
djbaZhldjb\ZitlydtfihagZgb_lh40
>jm] kts_kl\_g Zki_dl gZ pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ _
Zdp_glbjZg_lh \tjom _\hexpbhgghkllZ j_ki ijhlb\hihklZ\yg_ gZ
j_\hexpbhgghkllZoZjZdl_jgZbhij_^_eysZaZfZjdkbkldh-e_gbgkdhlh
jZa[bjZg_gZkt\_lkdZlZbklhjbybbah[shaZbklhjbq_kdbyijhp_k41.
Ihke_^h\Zl_eghkllZ b ijb_fkl\_ghkllZ dhgklblmbjZ kZfby
ij_^f_l gZ bklhjbylZ b ih lhab gZqbg pb\bebaZpbhggbyl ih^oh^ _
k\tjaZg ktk kZfhlh ihgylb_ aZ bklhjbqghkl AeZlghlh ijZ\beh gZ
bklhjbq_kdZlZ gZmdZ ljy[\Z ^Z k_ ktklhb \ ihdZaZ gZ ijb_fkl\_ghkllZ
gZ jZa\blb_lh42 GZ _^bgkl\hlh gZ ijb_fkl\_ghkl b mgbdZeghkl gZ
bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k k_ ktihklZ\y _\hexpbhgghlh jZa\blb_ \ jZfdbl_
gZ _^gZ pb\bebaZpby b g_cgZlZ mgbdZeghkl ih hlghr_gb_ gZ
hklZgZebl_
Hkgh\hiheZ]ZsZ q_jlZ gZ pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ _
hkfbkeyg_lh gZ bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k dZlh ^moh\_g J_^bpZ Z\lhjb
h[kt`^Zl f_glZeghkllZ dZlh h[_dl gZ bklhjbq_kdh bake_^\Zg_ b dZlh
nZdlhj gZ bklhjbq_kdby ijhp_k BgnhjfZpbylZ hl f_glZe_g oZjZdl_j
ihqlbgbdh]Zg_k_nbdkbjZ\balhqgbpbl_g_ihkj_^kl\_ghAZlh\Zij_^
bklhjbdZ \bgZ]b klhb aZ^ZqZlZ aZ jZarbnjh\Zg_ gZ l_dklZ baykgy\Zg_
gZ kbf\hebdZlZ gZ _abdZ ltjk_g_ gZ l gZj kdjbl kfbkte43 <b^gZ _
\jtadZlZ k o_jf_g_\lbdZlZ \ l_k_g kfbkte b k nbehkhnkdZlZ
o_jf_g_\lbdZBklhjbq_kdhlhkt[blb_ijb^h[b\Zk\hylZbklhjbqghklb
mgbdZeghklkihj_^k\hykfbkte_^\Zke_^dZlhk_hkfbkebbjZa[_j_ih
hij_^_e_ggZqbgIh^oh^tlk_kthlgZkyg_ihkj_^kl\_ghbk<_[_jh\ZlZ
jZa[bjZsZ khpbheh]by < k\hylZ ijhqmlZ dgb]Z44 lhc ba\_`^Z _^bg

16
khpbZegh-iheblbq_kdb b bdhghfbq_kdb kljhc – dZiblZebaftl – hl
g_]h\ZlZ dmelmjgZ b ^moh\gZ hkgh\Z j_eb]bhagbyl _lhk <_[_j _ kj_^
hkgh\hiheh`gbpbl_ gZ pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ aZ bamqZ\Zg_ gZ
h[s_kl\hlhbg_]h\ZlZbklhjby
Kts_\j_f_ggh khpbheh]bq_kdbyl ih^oh^ gZ jmkdbl_
ijZ\hkeZ\gb fbkebl_eb k_ ktklhb   \ ijbagZ\Zg_lh gZ
itj\hkl_i_ggZlZ jhey gZ ^moh\gh-kfbkeh\ZlZ hkgh\Z gZ h[s_kl\_gby
`b\hl Jmkdbl_ j_eb]bhagb nbehkhnb \gZkycdb h]jhf_g ijbghk \
^_ehlh gZ ojbklbygkdhlh hkfbkeyg_ gZ khpbZegZlZ j_Zeghkl kta^Z\Zl
khpbheh]bq_kdZ iZjZ^b]fZ dhylh g_ _ k\tjaZgZ ijydh k l_ogby
fbjh]e_^ H[Zq_ ojbklbygkdhlh \b`^Zg_ gZ `b\hlZ b h[s_kl\_gbl_
ijhp_kb ijZ\b \tafh`gh l_ogbl_ hldjblby \ khpbZeghlh ihagZgb_45.
Ijhlb\h[hjkl\hlh f_`^m keZ\yghnbeb b aZiZ^gbpb nbehkhnkdh-
bklhjbq_kdbl_bgZmqgh-bklhjbq_kdbl_b^_bgZIQZZ^Z_\DDZ\_ebg
K Kheh\vh\ b G >Zgbe_\kdb b lyoghlh jZa[bjZg_ b jZajZ[hl\Zg_ gZ
ijh[e_fZ Balhd – AZiZ^ – Jmkby46  k_ hlgZky g_ihkj_^kl\_gh dtf
pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ b dtf hkfbkeyg_lh gZ kt\_lkdby i_jbh^ \
jmkdZlZ bklhjby Kihj_^ H[hehgkdb47 baoh^ghlh ^te[bggh jZaebqb_
f_`^mlh\Zdh_lhk_gZjbqZAZiZ^bBalhd_[ZabkgZlZhjb_glZpby
gZ ijbgpbibl_ gZ khpbZegh mkljhckl\h beb dtf bg^b\b^Z beb dtf
gydZd\h h[s_kl\_gh pyeh dtf Kbkl_fZlZ =eZ\gbyl \h^hjZa^_e
ij_fbgZ\Z ij_a lh\Z dh_ ^Z k_ kfylZ aZ itj\hhkgh\Z – ebqghkllZ beb
khpbZeghlhpyeh[behlhie_f_h[sbgZbfi_jby48.
< jmkdZlZ fbkte _ gZebp_ dhgp_ipbylZ aZ ij_dtkgZlbyl
kt^tj`Zs gZitegh g_kthlg_k_gb _lZib gZ jmkdZlZ bklhjby
Bklhjbq_kdZlZkt^[ZgZjmkdbygZjh^[_r_g_sZklgZbkljZ^Zeq_kdZb
k_ jZa\b\Zr_ k dZlZkljhnZe_g l_fi ij_a ij_dtkgZlhkl b baf_g_gb_ gZ
lbiZ pb\bebaZpby < jmkdZlZ bklhjby \tij_db fg_gb_lh gZ
keZ\yghnbebl_ g_ fh`_ ^Z k_ gZf_jb hj]Zgbqgh _^bgkl\h <
bklhjbylZ \b`^Zf_ i_l jZaebqgb Jmkbb Db_\kdZ Jmkby Jmkby hl

17
lZlZjkdby i_jbh^ Fhkdh\kdZ Jmkby I_ljh\Z bfi_jZlhjkdZ Jmkby b
gZc-k_lg_gh\ZlZkt\_lkdZJmkby49
G_ hagZqZ\Z eb l gZj ij_mkljhckl\h djZc gZ i_lZlZ
kt\_lkdZ b gZqZeh gZ r_klZlZ aZk_]Z hs_ g_\_^hfZ aZ gZk Jmkby"
GbdhcgyfZ^Zhl]h\hjb^g_kgZlhab\tijhk–`bag_gh\Z`_gg_kZfh
aZkZfbl_jmkgZpbaZjmkdZlZ^bZkihjZghbaZp_ebyk\ylH[Zq_Zdh
k_kt^bih^te[hqbgZlZgZij_`b\y\ZgZlZhlkljZgZdjbaZihrbjbgZlZ
gZ aZk_]gZlbl_ hl lyo `bag_gb ieZklh\_ ih dZlZkljhnZeghkllZ gZ
jZaiZ^Zg_lh gZ kt\_lkdZlZ khpbZegh-iheblbq_kdZ kbkl_fZ ih
ktklhygb_lh gZ h[s_kl\_ghlh ktagZgb_ b dmelmjZ ih \tlj_rghlh
mk_sZg_ aZ ij_oh^Z gZ `b\hlZ \ gydZd\h gh\h ^jm]h g_\_^hfh
khpbZegh ijhkljZgkl\h b \j_f_ lh – ba]e_`^Z – ij_mkljhckl\hlh
^_ckl\bl_egh klZgZ aZ Jmkby – dZdlh b aZ ^jm]bl_ [b\rb km[_dlb gZ
kt\_lkdZlZ n_^_jZpby – gh\ bklhjbq_kdb jm[_`50 Dhebabbl_ gZ
kt\j_f_ggZlZ bklhjby gZ Jmkby jZa]tjgZeZlZ k_ \ i_jbh^Z gZ
ij_mkljhckl\hlh djbaZ gZ kZfhktagZgb_lh ktsh bahkljyl \gbfZgb_lh
dtfpb\bebaZpbhgghlhbaf_j_gb_ gZbklhjbylZ51<lZab\jtadZfgh]h
kt\_lkdb nbehkhnb b bklhjbpb k_ h[jtsZl dtf bamqZ\Zg_lh gZ
pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ ijh[e_fZlbdZ Gh \tij_db lh\Z dZdlh ba]e_`^Z
lZab ijh[e_fZlbdZ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ jmkdZlZ bklhjby k_ bake_^\Z
g_^hklZltqgh Z ltdfh \tijhkbl_ gZ iheblbq_kdhlh gZpbhgZegh b
khpbZegh kZfhktagZgb_ lhedh\Z \Z`gb ^g_k [boZ fh]eb ^Z ^Z^Zl gh\
bfimek aZ jZa\blb_lh gZ l_hjbylZ gZ pb\bebaZpbbl_ Lh\Z k_
ij_iylkl\m\Z hl keZ[hkllZ gZ ljZ^bpbylZ gZ dmelmjheh]bqgby ih^oh^
dtf h[sbl_ \tijhkb gZ jmkdZlZ bklhjby >hfbgbjZg_lh gZ khpbZegh-
bdhghfbq_kdby ih^oh^ h[mkeZ\y ba\_kl_g jZajb\ \ bamqZ\Zg_lh gZ
bklhjbylZgZh[s_kl\hlhgZbdhghfbdZlZ^tj`Z\ZlZhl_^gZkljZgZb
bklhjbylZgZdmelmjZlZhl^jm]ZBake_^\Zg_lhgZdmelmjgbl_ghjfb
p_gghklb kl_j_hlbib dZlh _e_f_glb gZ fhlb\ZpbylZ gZ ih\_^_gb_lh
^_cghkllZ dhblh ij_^klZ\ey\Zl kZfhlh kt^tj`Zgb_ gZ bklhjbq_kdby

18
ijhp_k k_ \h^b aZk_]Z g_^hklZltqgh KeZ[h k_ baihea\Z l_hj_lbqgbyl
bgkljmf_glZjbmf jZajZ[hl_g hl bake_^h\Zl_ebl_ gZ pb\bebaZpbbl_
AZlh\Z _ lZdZ \Z`gh gZ hkgh\ZlZ gZ pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ ^Z k_
jZa]e_^Z bklhjbylZ gZ Jmkby ^Z k_ \dexqb g_cghlh bamqZ\Zg_ \
dhgl_dklZgZk\_lh\gZlZbklhjby52
G_gZihke_^ghfyklhpb\bebaZpbhggbylih^oh^ihemqZ\Zgh\
leZktdkijhp_kbl_gZ]eh[ZebaZpbyBklhjbylZ\_q_g___\jhi_ckdZlZ
bklhjby lZdZ q_ ^Z fh]Zl ^Z k_ ij_g_[j_]gZl pb\bebaZpbhggbl_
jZaebqby < ]eh[Zegby k\yl \yjZlZ \ ijh]j_kZ hlklti\Z fyklh gZ
b^_ylZq_pb\bebaZpbbl_fh]Zl^Zk_jZa\b\Zl\jZaebqgbgZijZ\e_gby
GZfyklhlhgZb^_ylZaZjZpbhgZeghklbmgbdZeghklgZbklbgZlZ^hc^_
ihkldeZkbq_kdhlh m[_`^_gb_ q_ kZfh _^ghlh jZpbhgZegh fbke_g_ g_
fh`_ ^Z [t^_ hkgh\Z aZ jZa\blb_lh gZ dmelmjZlZ BklbgZlZ g_ _
mgbdZegZ ly aZ\bkb gZc-fZedhlh hl Zki_dlZ gZ bgl_jij_lZpbylZ
<f_klh hjb_glbjZg_ dtf hlghr_gb_lh ]hkih^kl\h-ih^qbg_gb_ k_
gZ[_eyaZ ^\b`_gb_ dtf dhg\_j]_gpby kihj_^ ijbgpbiZ gZ
ktljm^gbq_kl\h53
Pb\bebaZpbhggbylih^oh^bfZg_ihkj_^kl\_ghhlghr_gb_dtf
l_hjbylZ gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ Bgl_j_km\Zf_ k_ hl lh\Z dZd
pb\bebaZpbhggZlZ fZl_jby gZ gZke_^_gZlZ ljZ^bpby nhjfbjZ
ZgZlhfbqgh ih^h[gbl_ hj]Zgb gZ _^gh fh^_jgbabjZsh k_ h[s_kl\h
dZd\b ij_qdb b dZd\b ij_^bfkl\Z ^Z\Z _^gZ beb ^jm]Z pb\bebaZpby aZ
kta^Z\Zg_ gZ h[jZah\Zgh mj[ZgbabjZgh b bdhghfbq_kdb ^__kihkh[gh
h[s_kl\h NZdlbq_kdb b l_hjbylZ aZ nhjfZpbbl_ b l_hjbylZ aZ
fh^_jgbaZpbylZ fh]Zl ^Z k_ jZa]e_^Zl dZlh qZklgb kemqZb jZ[hl_sh
ijb[eb`_gb_ gZ pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ ijb dZd\hlh _^gZ hl
pb\bebaZpbbl_–aZiZ^gh_\jhi_ckdZlZ–k_ijb_fZg_ijhklhaZ\h^_sZ
\kt\j_fb_lhghaZ_lZehggZqh\_rdhlhjZa\blb_?^gZZijhdkbfZpby
qbylh g_ktklhyl_eghkl klZ\Z b s_ klZ\Z \k_ ih-hq_\b^gZ k oh^Z gZ
]eh[ZebaZpbylZ

19
 LZdZ \h^_sZlZ l_g^_gpby ihgZklhys_f \ hkfbkeyg_lh gZ
kt\_lkdbybihklkt\_lkdbyi_jbh^kj_^jmkdbl_bake_^h\Zl_ebfh`_^Z
k_ hoZjZdl_jbabjZ dZlh kbgl_a gZ pb\bebaZpbhggby ih^oh^ k l_hjbylZ
gZ fh^_jgbaZpbylZ b k _e_f_glb aZbfkl\Zgb hl ^jm]b l_hjbb gZij
³kfygZlZgZ_eblbl_´³ij_ab^_glkdbykbgl_a´³khpbZegZlZj_\hexpby´
bj_ZdpbylZgZ³bklhjbq_kdhlhfZoZeh´b^j

20
 ;?E?@DB:
1
>-j klgkII kl \ BgklblmlZ aZ nbehkhnkdb bake_^\Zgby gZ ;te]ZjkdZlZ
ZdZ^_fby gZ gZmdbl_ k_dpby ³Nbehkhnby gZ bklhjbylZ´ e-mail:
vasildinev@gmail.com.
2
 H[ahj dtf ih^oh^bl_ aZ hkfbkeyg_ gZ bklhjbylZ gZ KKKJ \ kt\j_f_ggZlZ
jmkdZ bklhjbh]jZnby k_ kt^tj`Z \ < Dhaeh\ Jhkkbckdbc
ihkldhffmgbklbq_kdbc  kbg^jhf – H[s_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb b kh\j_f_gghklv
  < Kh]jbg L_hj_lbq_kdb ih^oh^ d jhkkbckdhc  bklhjbb dhgpZ XX
\_dZ–H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklv
3
<Kh]jbgHgh\_crboljm^ZoihbklhjbbXX \_dZ–H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdb
bkh\j_f_gghklvk
4
 X :nZgZkv_\ N_ghf_g kh\_lkdhc bklhjbh]jZnbb – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy
bklhjbyk
5
IZdlZf-146.
6
IZdlZfk
7
 LhlZeblZjbaftl dZlh ijbgpbi gZ hj]ZgbaZpbylZ gZ h[s_kl\_gby `b\hl
badexq\Z kZfZlZ \tafh`ghkl aZ dhfijhfbk ?lh aZsh Z\lhghfghlh
kts_kl\m\Zg_ gZ mgb\_jkbl_lbl_ b gZ gZmdZlZ dZlh pyeh \ lhlZeblZjghlh
h[s_kl\h_g_\tafh`ghGZmdZlZbg_cgbl_bgklblmlbfh]Zl^Zkts_kl\m\Zl
kZfh \ kl_i_glZ \ dhylh l_ klZ\Zl ktklZ\gZ qZkl hl kbkl_fZlZ >tj`Z\ZlZ
ih^^tj`Z kZfh hg_ab kn_jb hl gZmdZlZ dhblh g_ihkj_^kl\_gh
m^h\e_l\hjy\Zl g_cgbl_ itj\hkl_i_ggb ihlj_[ghklb G_ _ kemqZcgh q_ ijb
lhlZeblZjgby j_`bf \ ijb\be_]bjh\Zgh iheh`_gb_ k_ hdZa\Zl hljZkebl_ gZ
gZmqghlh agZgb_ h[kem`\Zsb b^_heh]bylZ b \h_ggby dhfie_dk Z \kbqdb
hklZgZeb^Z`_lhqgbl_gZmdbk_ih^^tj`ZlkZfh\hg_ab]jZgbpb\dhblhl_
kZk\tjaZgbkhljZkebl_jZ[hl_sbaZ\hcgZBklhjbq_kdZlZgZmdZhlitj\bl_
^gb gZ mklZgh\y\Zg_ gZ iheblbq_kdZlZ \eZkl gZ [her_\bdbl_ ihiZ^Z \
qbkehlhgZijb\be_]bjh\Zgbl_gZmqgb^bkpbiebgbLZdZ\Zba[bjZl_eghklgZ
gh\ZlZ\eZklk_hibjZgZ^te[hdbijZ]fZlbqgbhkgh\Zgby´-IZdlZfk
8
IZdlZfk
9
IZdlZfk

 Ih kbeZlZ gZ \bkhdZlZ iheblbaZpby gZ kt\_lkdZlZ bklhjbq_kdZ gZmdZ
kibktdtlgZl_ab\tijhkbkdhblhbklhjbpbl_k_h[jtsZldtffbgZehlhiZd
lZdZk_j_]eZf_glbjZkiZjlbcgb^hdmf_glbbj_r_gby–IZdlZfk
11
 ³Hjb_glbjZg_lh dtf _^gZ mgb\_jkZegZ l_hjby dhylh [b^_cdb
_^gh\j_f_ggh b gZmqgZ ih kbeZlZ gZ lh\Z \klti\Z \ dZq_kl\hlh gZ
\k_h[_fZsZ f_lh^heh]by gZ gZmqghlh ltjk_g_ \ h[eZkllZ gZ bklhjbylZ 
Dhebq_kl\hlh gZ \ZjbZpbbl_ ih hlghr_gb_ gZ fZjdkbafZ dZlh h[sZ b

21
_^bgkl\_gZ f_lh^heh]by [_r_ h]jZgbq_gh NZdlbq_kdb \ ljm^h\_l_ ih
bklhjbyfh`_r_^ZklZ\Z^mfZkZfhaZlh\ZdZd\hagZqb^Zk_j_rb_^bgbeb
^jm]ijh[e_fihfZjdkbkldbIjblh\ZaZihq\Zcdbhl-l_b^hdjZygZ-
l_ ] l_hj_lbqgbl_ ih^oh^b dtf j_rZ\Zg_lh gZ qZklgbl_ bake_^h\Zl_ekdb
ijh[e_fbk_k\_`^Z^hih^[hjgZg_h[oh^bfbl_pblZlbhlijhba\_^_gbylZgZ
hkgh\hiheh`gbpbl_bdeZkbpbl_gZfZjdkbkldhlhmq_gb_bebhliZjlbcgbl_
^hdmf_glbZpyeZlZijZdlbq_kdZbake_^h\Zl_ekdZjZ[hlZk_h]jZgbqZ\Zr_^h
ltjk_g_ gZ dhgdj_lgb nZdlb aZ bexkljZpby gZ kthl\_lgbl_ iheh`_gby´ –
IZdlZf-162
12
IZdlZfk
13
IZdlZfk 161.
14
IZd lZf k 164 hlghkgh \taklZgh\y\Zg_lh gZ iemjZebafZ \
bklhjbh]jZnbylZ<Kh]jbg- ]]i_jbi_lbbbklhjbh]jZnbq_kdh]h
iexjZebafZ–H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklv
15
X :nZgZkv_\ N_ghf_g kh\_lkdhc bklhjbh]jZnbb – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy
bklhjbyk 165.
16
IZdlZfk 165.
17
IZdlZf-166.
18
 : :\_jvygh\ LjZ^bpby b ljZ^bpbhgZebaf \ gZmqghc b h[s_kl\_gghc
fukeb Jhkkbb -90-_ ]h^u XX \_dZ – H[s_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb b
kh\j_f_gghklv
19
 = Bhnn_ NbgZe kh\_lkdhc bklhjbh]jZnbb dZd fu g_ gZibkZeb
ihke_^gxx³BklhjbxDIKK´–Hl_q_kl\_ggZybklhjbyk
20
 X :nZgZkv_\ N_ghf_g kh\_lkdhc bklhjbh]jZnbb – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy
bklhjby-166.
21
 DjblbdZ gZ j_\babhgbklbl_ \ aZiZ^gZlZ kt\_lheh]by W Wdlhg Gh\uc
\a]ey^ gZ jmkkdmx j_\hexpbx – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy bklhjby   _^bg
pyehkl_g ih]e_^ dtf g_y  F FZebZ Ba-ih^ ]eu[ gh qlh" Hq_jd bklhjbb
aZiZ^ghckh\_lheh]bb–Hl_q_kl\_ggZybklhjby
22
 <` gZij < A_fkdh\ =ME:= bklhjbdh-khpbheh]bq_kdbc hq_jd –
Khpbheh]bq_kdb_ bkke_^h\Zgby   - G :jZeh\_p Ihl_jb
gZk_e_gbykh\_lkdh]hh[s_kl\Z\-_]h^uijh[e_fubklhqgbdbf_lh^u
bamq_gby\hl_q_kl\_gghcbklhjbh]jZnbb–Hl_q_kl\_ggZybklhjby
135-146..
23
<Kh]jbgL_hj_lbq_kdb_ih^oh^udjhkkbckdhcbklhjbbdhgpZXX \_dZ–
H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklvk
24
< Kh]jbg - Ljb ij_\jZs_gby kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb –
Hl_q_kl\_ggZy bklhjby   k - PyeZlZ klZlby ij_^klZ\ey\Z
_da_fiebnbdZpbygZdhgp_ipbylZaZ³ij_ab^_glkdbykbgl_a´<`ktshb<

22
Kh]jbg J_\hexpby b l_jfb^hj D bklhjbq_kdhc lbiheh]bb h[s_kl\_ggh-
iheblbq_kdh]hijhp_kkZ\Jhkkbb-o]]–<hijhkunbehkhnbb
25
 D Fxee_j : Ibd_ev Kf_gZ iZjZ^b]f ihkldhffmgbklbq_kdhc 
ljZgknhjfZpbb-Khpbheh]bq_kdb_bkke_^h\Zgbyk
26
 < Kh]jbg - j_Zebb b mlhibb gh\hc Jhkkbb – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy
bklhjbyk-4.
27
E Ljhpdbc Hkh[_ghklb jZa\blby Jhkkbb – Khpbheh]bq_kdb_
bkke_^h\Zgbyk
28
: Db\Z Ihke_ khpbZebafZ g_dhlhju_ aZdhghf_jghklb i_j_oh^gh]h
i_jbh^Z–H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklvk
29
 K Ojbklh\Z h[jtsZ \gbfZgb_ gZ \jtadZlZ f_`^m _koZlheh]bqgZlZ b
dhgljZfh^_jgbaZpbhggZlZ  l_fZ ijb I ;tj]tj ijb hkfbkeyg_ gZ
e_]blbfZpbylZ gZ fZjdkbafZ K Ojbklh\Z Fh^_jgbaZpbylZ – fhjZegZ
e_]blbfZpby–Nbehkhnbyk
30
 I ;_j]_j  KhpbZebklbq_kdbc fbn – Khpbheh]bq_kdb_
bkke_^h\Zgbyk
31
IZdlZf-136.
32
 < Kh]jbg - j_Zebb b mlhibb gh\hc Jhkkbb – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy
bklhjby   k  kj\ b k L <hjhr_cdbgZ =ey^y gZaZ^ \hafh`gu_
Zevl_jgZlb\u \ jZa\blb_ i_j_kljhcdb. – H[s_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb  b
kh\j_f_gghklvk-20.
33
<=_efZghij_^_eyq_lbjb³]eZ\gboZjZdl_jbklbdbgZjmkdbl_dhgp_ipbb
aZ iheblbq_kdZ ljZgknhjfZpby \ Jmkby´ – < =_evfZg “Transition” ih-
jmkkdb dhgp_ipbb i_j_oh^gh]h i_jbh^Z b iheblbq_kdZy ljZgknhjfZpby \
Jhkkbb-1996). –H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklvk
34
IZdlZfk
35
::ob_a_jKZfh[ulghklvJhkkbbdZdgZmqgZyijh[e_fZ–Hl_q_kl\_ggZy
bklhjby 1994, 4-k
36
KDbj^bgZKhpbhdmevlmjgucbbgklblmpbhgZevgucih^oh^udZdhkgh\Z
ihablb\ghckhpbheh]bb \ Jhkkbb- Khpbheh]bq_kdb_bkke_^h\Zgby
k  KlZjZlZ khpbZeghkl ijb lh\Z k_ aZiZa\Z g_ktagZl_egh k_
\taijhba\_`^Z Fh^_jgbaZpbylZ bfZ fyklh gh ijb aZiZa\Zg_ gZ
hlghr_gbylZ hl ebq_g lbi LZab \jtadZ h[Zq_ k_ ebrZ\Z hl ij_^brgZlZ
oZjZdl_jgZ aZ g_y dmelmjgh-klbebklbqgZ hdjZkdZ dh_lh kihkh[kl\m\Z aZ
dhgk_j\ZpbylZ c aZ ij_\jtsZg_lh c \ k\h_]h jh^Z nhjfZegh-[xjhdjZlbqgZ
jZpbhgZeghkl k gbsh gZbklbgZ g_gZihfgysZ jZpbhgZeghkllZ hl aZiZ^_g
lbiGh\bl_kljmdlmjb\tagbd\ZlijbhihjZgZklZjbl_lbih\_khpbZeghklb
klZjbl_ lbih\_ ktagZgb_ Hibl\Zcdb k_ ^Z ijhZgZebabjZf_ f_oZgbafbl_ b
j_amelZlbl_ gZ lh\Z ij_\jtsZg_ gZ khpbZegZlZ \jtadZ gZ kZfby gZqbg gZ

23
h[_^bgy\Zg_ gZ ohjZlZ \ h[s_kl\hlh g_ fh`_ ^Z g_ k_ ijbagZ_ q_ lh ktsh
lZdZghkboZjZdl_jgZhijhkly\Zg_–KDhaeh\ZMijhs_gb_–agZdwihob"
–Khpbheh]bq_kdb_bkke_^h\Zgbyk
37
 H[ahj gZ ihgylb_lh pb\bebaZpby ?jZkh\ ;  Pb\bebaZpby keh\h –
l_jfbg – kfuke Pb\bebaZpbb b dmevlmju – < Jhkkby b \hklhd
pb\bebaZpbhggu_ hlghr_gby <ui  Fhkd\Z -30. ? :g_ebgZ Ihgylb_
³pb\bebaZpby´ \q_jZ b k_]h^gy – H[s_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb b kh\j_f_gghklv
  Ktklhygb_lh gZ l_hjbylZ gZ pb\bebaZpbbl_  B Bhgh\ L_hjby
pb\bebaZpbc b w\hexpby gZmqgh]h agZgby – H[s_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb b
kh\j_f_gghklvBBhgh\L_hjbypb\bebaZpbcgZjm[_`_XXI \_dZ
– H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklv, 1999, 2.
38
KOZglb]lhgKlhedgh\_gb_pb\bebaZpbc"– Iheblbq_kdb_bkke_^h\Zgby
k
39
IZdlZf
40
B Bhgh\ Jhkkby b kh\j_f_ggZy pb\bebaZpby – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy bklhjby
k
41
Ihkl_i_gghkllZ b ihke_^h\Zl_eghkllZ _ aZdhg gZ \kydh jZa\blb_ :dh
gydhc gZibr_ \t\ \_klgbpbl_ q_ ihkZ^_gbl_ \ a_fylZ k_f_gZ hl y[tedZ kZ
ijhjZkebg_ dZlh klt[tepZ Z gZijZ\h dZlh y[tedZ lh \kbqdb [boZ k_ kf_eb
gZ^lh\ZdZlhgZg_e_ihklfZdZj^Z_gZi_qZlZgZ<;_ebgkdbcKhqbg_gby
>_j`Z\bgZ–<Ihegh_kh[jZgb_khqbg_gbyLFhkd\ZBa^Zl_evkl\h:G
KKKJk
42
<Dhehfbcp_\AZdhgubklhjbbbebkhpbheh]bq_kdb_aZdhghf_jghklb"–
Hl_q_kl\_ggZybklhjbyk
43
 : Dmijbygh\ Bklhjbq_kdZy Zgljhiheh]by \ Jhkkbb ijh[e_fu
klZgh\e_gby–Hl_q_kl\_ggZybklhjbyk
44
F <_[_j Ijhl_klZglkdZlZ _lbdZ b ^motl gZ dZiblZebafZ K O_jf_k-7,
1993.
45
  G FZl\__\Z F_lh^heh]by khpbZevgh]h ihagZgby \ jmkkdhc j_eb]bhaghc
nbehkhnbb–Khpbheh]bq_kdb_bkke_^h\Zgbyk
46
: ?ju]bg <hklhd – AZiZ^ – Jhkkby Jhklh\-gZ->hgm Ba^Zl_evkl\h
Jhklh\kdh]hmgb\_jkbl_lZk
47
: H[hehgkdbc I_j_dj_kldb jhkkbckdhc bklhjbb mims_gu_ rZgku -
H[s_kl\_ggu_gZmdbbkh\j_f_gghklvk
48
 Kthl\_lgh b fh]Zl ^Z k_ gZj_dZl l_ab ^\Z [Zabkgb lbiZ
“i_jkhghp_gljbatf´ b ³kbkl_fhp_gljbatf´ < i_jkhghp_gljbqgZlZ ko_fZ
]eZ\ghlh _ bg^b\b^tl qh\_dtl dZlh ³fyjdZ gZ \kbqdb g_sZ´ IjhlZ]hj
\kbqdhk_jZa]e_`^Zij_aijbafZlZgZqh\_rdZlZebqghklIjblh\Zg_ke_^\Z
^Z k_ hijhkly\Z ijh[e_ftl b ^Z k_ hlt`^_kl\y\Z ^Z^_gbyl ih^oh^ k

24
omfZgbafZ fZdZj dhj_eZpby lmd jZa[bjZ k_ ^Z bfZ >Ze_q g_ \bgZ]b
i_jkhghp_gljbaftl _ [be omfZg_g K ebqghkllZ fgh]h kZ k_ [hjbeb
bal_aZ\Zeb kZ y mgbsh`Z\Zeb kZ y gh ih iZjZ^hdkZe_g gZqbg lh\Z _
^hdZa\Zehq_kZybfZebij_^\b^<kbkl_fhp_gljbkldZlZ kdZeZhlp_gghklb
bg^b\b^mZegbylqh\_dbebbah[shhlktkl\Zbebk_\taijb_fZdZlhhjt^b_
b kljhbl_e_g fZl_jbZe aZ ihklb]Zg_ gZ gydZd\b gZ^bg^b\b^mZegb –
³kbkl_fgb´–p_eb" –IZdlZfk
49
G;_j^y_\Bklhdbbkfukejmkkdh]hdhfmgbafZFhkd\Z³GZmdZ´
k
50
 W ;ZlZeh\ I_j_kljhcdZ b km^v[Z Jhkkbb – H[s_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb b
kh\j_f_gghklvk
51
 B Bhgh\ Jhkkby b kh\j_f_ggZy pb\bebaZpby – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy bklhjby
k
52
B Bhgh\ Jhkkby b kh\j_f_ggZy pb\bebaZpby – Hl_q_kl\_ggZy bklhjby
k
53
G Fhbk__\Z =eh[ZebaZpby b ³jmkkdbc \hijhk´ – Khpbheh]bq_kdb_
bkke_^h\Zgbyk

25