Warm-up: Physical Changes

Types:
size
shape
State or phase
Evidence:
Change in size, shape, or state
Examples:
Shattering glass
Crushing ice
Letting ice melt
Warm-up: Chemical Changes
Types:
Addition
Decomposition
Single-displacement
Double-displacement
Combustion
Evidence:
Product is diIIerent than starting materials
Energy has been released or absorbed
Obvious changes in color, texture, or opaqueness
Examples:
All 6 Irom last class
Photosynthesis
Body processes
Predicting Products oI Reactions
Reactants Type of
Reaction
Products
O
2
C
x
H
y

Combustion Always CO
2
H
2
O
A X
Addition
Combine the reactants into one
Iormula: AX
AX
Decomposition Break into smaller pieces: AX
AX B
Single-
Displacement
Lone ion will Iorm compound
with the ion that has the
opposite charge and other ion
is now alone. BX A
AX BY
Double-
Displacement
Join positive ion Irom one
compound with negative ion
Irom the second compound,
and vice versa: AY BX
Writing a chemical Iormula
(a compound)
Need to know the charge oI the ions
Also called oxidation number
Writing Chemical Formulas
1. Write positive ion Iirst
2. Write negative ion second
3. Add the oxidation numbers
a. II they equal zero, then you are
done
b. II they don`t equal zero, then
Iigure out how many oI each
you need
Ca

Ca

S
-
() (-)
Done!
(a.k.a. 'making the charges balance)
The riss-ross Method
II charges don`t equal 0 move the charge
oI one atom and make it the subscript Ior
the other, like below:
Examples:
Ca and F?
B and S?
Be and NO
3
?
CaF
2
B
2
S
3
NO
3
is a polyatomic ion
* you will need to
know its charge!
What about polyatomic ions?
Treat polyatomic ions as a group.
Remember that the charge is Ior the
WHOLE GROUP together.
Use parenthesis iI there is more than 1!
10 Polyatomic Ions to know
CO
3
-2
carbonate
SO
4
-2
sulIate
SCN
-
thiocyanate
NO
3
-
nitrate
PO
4
-3
phosphate
NH
4

ammonium
OH
-
hydroxide
C
2
H
3
O
2-
acetate
CrO
4
-2
chromate
MnO
4
-
permanganate
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
Predicting Products
1. What is an oxidation number and how can
you Iind it?
2. What is the oxidation number Ior nitrogen?
3. How would you write the Iormula Ior
magnesium carbonate?
4. What will be the products oI the Iollowing
reaction: NaCl Ba
5. What will be the products oI the Iollowing
reaction: C
2
H
6
O
2