Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
()
: , 2003
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1
..............................................................................................................................9
1. ........................................................................................................9
2. ..................................................................................................................10
2.1. .................................................................10
2.2. ........................................................................11
3. () ....................................................................................12
3.1. ................................................................................................................13
3.2. ().......................................................................13
3.3. ......................................................................................................14
2
...................................................................................................15
1. ...............................................................................15
2. .................................................15
3. ............................................................16
3.1. .......................................................................16
3.2. .............................................................17
3.2.1. ................................................................................................17
3.2.2. .............................................................................................18
4. ..................................................................................................19
3
() ..............................................................................22
1. ......................................................................................................................22
1.1. ............................................................................................22
1.2. .........................................................................................................23
1.2.1. ..................................................................................................23
1.2.2. ...........................................................................................................................24
2. ...........................................................................................26
2.1. ...................................................................................26
3. .................................................................................27
3.1. ........................................................................................27
3.2. .........................................................................................28
3.3. ..................................................................................................................29
4
.....................................................................................30
1. ......................................................................................................................................30
.......................................................................................................................30
1.2. ......................................................................................................................30
2. .....................................................................................................................................31
2.1. .........................................................................31
2.2. .....................................................................................................................33
3. .....................................................................................................................................34
2
3.1. .............................................................................................................34
3.2. ....................................................................................................................35
4. .....................................................................................................................................35
4.1. ..............................................................................................................35
4.2. ....................................................................................................36
....................................................................................................................37
1. ..........................................................................................37
2. .................................................................................................38
2.1. ..................................................................38
2.2. .............................................................39
2.3. ...............................................................39
3. ............................................................................................39
3.1. ............................................................................................39
3.2. to have a smoke.............................................................................................40
3.3. - give in........................................................40
6
...........................................................................................42
1. .............................................................................................42
1.1. .........................................................................................42
1.2. ...................................................................................43
2. ....................................................................................44
2.1. : ............................................................................................44
2.2. .............................................................................................45
7
......................................................................................................................46
1. ........................................................................................46
1.1. ...........................................................................................46
1.2. .......................................................................46
2. ..........................................................................................47
2.1. ...........................................................................................................................47
2.2. ......................................................................................................................48
2.3. ...............................................................48
3. ......................................................................................49
3.1. ..................................................................................................................................49
3.2. ...............................................................................................................................49
3.3. ............................................................................................................................50
3.4. ..........................................................................................................................51
.......................................................................................................53
1. ............................................53
1.1. ...................................................................................53
1.2. .....................................................................54
1.2.1. ..........................................................................55
3
1.2.2. .........................................58
2. ...............................59
, ,
(. leksis, leksicos , ; logos ). ,
() .
. , - general lexicology,
, , ,
. (special lexicology)
, , , .
, , ,
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
-
. ,
(. descriptive lexicology). , ,
(historical lexicology)
.
, (contrastive lexicology).
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
.. /, hut/ heart ,
[dl], [], [l], [h] [w].
, , , carian
ur, .
,
, .
, arm arms
(arms and hands; coat of arms); genius genii, geniuses; open (open the door; the open door).
, (We
are going there tomorrow We shall go there Gone today, forgotten tomorrow),
, We are going there now, . .
.
, .
sculan ( shall),
.
,
5
, ,
. ,
father dad ,
, ,
(
dad, father).
,
. .
: - ,
, , .
: , , ,
, ,
, .
.. , , . ,
,
;
(,
1986). 70 ,
, , , .
,
- , ,
. . . ,
, , ,
.
.
. ,
.
, .
.
1. ?
. ,
, , .
2. ? ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
3. ?
, .
4. ? ,
.
; .
5. ,
(casual free and easy; to begin (smth.) to get (smth.) under way; etc). ,
, .
, .
6
6. ?
,
. ,
70 %
.
7. ? ?
? , ,
.
, .
, ,
1.
, . ,
-
; ,
.
, , , .
, , ,
. , .. ,
, , ()
(,1987, . 13). .. ,
3 :
(will work, an egg), (worked, eggs) , ..
(work, egg) (,1989, . 32).
, ,
. , ..
, , ,
, .
() () ,
. ,
,
,
.
, , ,
.
. ,
haerfest, ,
autumn .
(season for) reaping and gathering in of grain or other products.
1
.
. ..
: ... - ... , ,
,
... (, 1994, . 8). .. ,
(, 1992).
knave.
cnafa boy, servant (. . Knabe).
, unprincipled man, rogue.
. layer
layered. . , 60- . XX .
(layered hair
styles introduced by Vidal Sassoon), (the layered look big skirts with tight
pants, tiers of fabric, one color on top of the other). ,
(, ), .
: They never fired
anyone either. They just put a super-whatever on top. When they put somebody else in below, they
call it sandwiching (Safire, 1993, p. 181).
, ,
.
,
- .
.
, , . ,
mo (
camouflage): a colour combination and pattern resembling the camouflage garments of soldiers and
their equipment.
mouse.
, , , address, behaviour
(pleasing address) , .
, - ,
, () -
. ,
. box:
1) kinds of small evergreen shrub, esp. one with small leathery leaves, much used in garden borders
(L. buxus); 2) receptacle of wood, cardboard, metal, etc. (L. buxum boxwood); 3) slap with hand
( ). , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
1
1.
,
, 2.
, ,
, . ; ,
. , . ,
,
. ,
,
. (),
-
, .
, ,
. ., . . , -
.
. ()
, . ,
,
. ,
, -:
(, , . .)
[.]
(, )
(, )
, .
, .
/ .
, ,
; , , [on] ,
on, .
(),
, ( 1) ; 2)
; 3) , ; fork 1) implement used for lifting food to
the mouth; 2) farm tool; 3) place where a road, tree-trunk, etc. divides or branches). ,
2
., , . . ,
, . . .
9
,
, , ,
andswerian,
answer.
, ,
, . ,
.
, goblin UFO ,
. ,
, (
money ,
Papa, what is money?, ).
(run trot joggle;
house mansion building; etc.);
(quickly in the nick of time; limb arm, hand, wrist; etc.),
(croissantization, revolution).
. ,
, ,
- ,
. , ,
,
, .
, . . , ,
. . ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
2.
2.1.
, .
, , .
., , ,
,
() .
. , chairs, children,
phenomena ,
.
(-on
). ,
, , .
. .
10
, ,
. , ,
() .
.. , -
,
(, 1977).
, . .
(, magic, magically, magician (connected with the use of)
supernatural forces; boy, boyhood, boyish, boyishness young man, time of man's youth, young
man's behaviour; etc.) ,
. , -ness (darkness, boyishness,
happiness) ,
( ). ,
, , ,
.
, be am, is, are, was were;
boy, boy's boys ,
.
, , ,
, .
. , in the box in
, give in
.
,
. , .. ,
:
( ) ,
().
. .. -
, , -,
, .
,
, - ,
.
, ,
.
2.2.
( )
, (<Lat. ilenotare , ),
(-, connotation <Lat. con + notare ,
) . ,
.
. ,
11
( ,
3):
notorious widely
for criminal acts or bad traits of
celebrated known
character
(-)
for
special
achievements(+)
glare
look
steadily, lastingly (long)
glance
briefly, passingly (short)
father
parent
(neutral)
daddy
(colloquial)
, ,
(), (,
, )
. ,
, , . ,
(look, know, parent, long ). ,
(,
, good, awkward, dirt, murder, riot, treason, etc.4).
(, )
( , ).
bias words, .. ,
. , , (communist,
fascist, democracy, etc.).
, , , -
, , ,
- , ,
.
. , ()
.
3. ()
,
- . ,
,
() .
, . ,
( )
.
12
3.1.
.
buzz, cuckoo, splash, gargle, purr
, .
, . ,
loudspeaker loud speak r (
, ); prefabricate (pre fabric ate:
); bestseller, rewrite, employee .
.
;
: barking (cough)
(barking of a dog).
: snowdrop
; buttercup .
, ;
, .
. , snowdrop; ,
honeysuckle, volleyball, willful, , home, read,
alphabet, parachute, etc.
; ,
, .
, , oilcloth.
, .
( ) glasses
( ).
;
cock-a-doodle-do .
3.2. ()
,
.
.
, . . ,
.
,
(cupboard, forehead), . ,
lord, window, daisy,
(hlaf + weard, wind + eaze dges+eage ).
-
( ). ,
tyrel mere,
nostril (nase + yrel) mermaid (mere + mgden).
13
, . alphabet parachute,
, ,
,
(alpha, beta prer .
+ chute . ).
, .
sweetmeats, ,
,
. spoon
, spon ,
.
telegram/wire ( );
pseudonym/pen name ( );
radio/wireless ( , ) ..
3.3.
.
.
. (J. Greenough) . (G.
Kitteredge), . ,
. , reindeer rein deer, ..
, hrenn
() deer (); shamefaced
, scam
(. modesty) faest (. confirmed to). , ,
.
, , ,
(sirloin),
. , sir;
surloin
( ).
.
, rime (rhyme)
rhythm, cisoires
scissor.
, . ,
.
primrose, primerole
(), ,
rose.
14
2
1.
, ,
,
. ,
, - .
.
,
. , ; ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
(, )
( , ).
,
.. - .
,
,
,
.
2.
,
. , core
(horny capsule containing seeds of apple, pear, etc.) ,
, bar of soft iron forming center of electro-magnet or induction coil.
, screen, ,
- , , ,
.
(., , antennae, pilot, cabin, to sail, etc).
-
. , , atom, XIX .
(an atom of a girl).
, atom (supposed ultimate
particle or matter).
probe, surgical instrument for exploring wound,
an instrument for exploring outer space (lunar probe).
.
to sail
(travel over, glide through),
(travel on water by use of sails).
, .
, mill, (building fitted
15
with machinery), . Hospice (house of rest for travellers, esp. one kept by
religious order), , ,
.
. (. , phemo
) ,
- . , cancer,
rumour growth; fatal inoperable ..
, , : pass away, perish, join the
better, kick the bucket, go to green pastures, etc. ,
.
: pass away
, ; the better
-, , ; . .
,
, .
(political correctness). , ,
correct thinking, , 80-
. , . . , . ,
, .
crisis depression, starvation undernourishment, unemployed
redundant, salary cuts adjustment, secondhand pre-owned, etc. ,
: When
Government spokesmen talk about REDEPLOYMENT of American troops; they mean
WITHDRAWAL. When sociologists refer to BLACKS LIVING IN SLUMS they are likely to
mumble something about NON-WHITES IN A CULTURALLY DEPRIVED ENVIRONMENT
(Tune).
3.
3.1.
,
.
.
.
. , ,
foe, enemi (. . enemy)
.
valley/dale people/folk ,
.
, , , starve,
. die
16
, (. .
). reindeer,
.
animal
, .
, . .
,
.
(. ( ) (
, )). : a weekly (paper); a musical (show); (policy
of) brinkmanship; (steam) engine . . ,
,
.
,
, ().
, . , brick
tactless to drop a brick to say
or do smth tactless; chaff (outer part of grain, removed before the grain is used as food)
easy trick An old bird isn't caught with chaff.
,
. ,
,
.
3.2.
.
, ,
. ,
.
.
( , ,
) (
). .
.
3.2.1.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
( )
, ,
. ;
, : town (The
17
whole town was asleep); hall (The hall was silent); Whitehall government; British Government
(policy); kettle (The kettle is boiling) . .
. , mint
(place where money is coined) mynet (money, coin; coinage),
,
, Moneta,
. (youth period of one's life > a person
in this period), / (cork outer bark of the tree > a
stopper for a bottle; paper substance manufactured from wood fibre, etc. > a document written on
it; etc.). ,
.
(-), ,
(the Crown = monarchy),
(penny = (a pretty penny)a good sum of money),
(royal horse
= cavalry) . .
(pars pro toto)
(totum pars parte), (lunch meal taken > (packet lunch) food
for the meal).
,
- . , sad
It is sad ( ) His story
is sad ( ).
wear: The coat wears long ( )
wears a coat ( ).
3.2.2.
, .
, ,
, .
(, )
, .
bridge,
smth to join two parts over smth:
1. Structure carrying a road across a river, etc.
2. Platform over and across the deck of a ship.
3. Upper bony part of a nose [between the two cheekbones].
4. Movable part over which the strings of a violin etc. are stretched.
eye (of a needle), neck (of a bottle), , foot (of a
mountain), back (of a boot),
, , nut, onion head.
(-)
. , soft
:
soft music, voice, whispers quiet, pleasant to hear, tender;
soft surface, ground, velvet smooth and delicate, pleasant to touch or walk on.
18
sharp:
sharp voice, sound piercing, going deep into or through;
sharp feelings, pain, flavour producing a physical sensation like cutting or piercing;
sharp mind, intelligence acute, keen, deep.
deep (cutting),
sharp knife with a fine cutting edge, not blunt. ,
sharp unscrupulous, not altogether honest (lawyer,
practice).
, . ,
-, .
,
,
. ,
, , caterpillar.
, ,
lungs (of a town).
sharp ,
.
. , leg , : one of the
parts of an animal's or a person's body; support for (a body, a cover of a table, etc.).
stool-pigeon: a) pigeon used as a decoy; b) (fig) person acting
as a decoy, e. g. one employed by the police to trap a criminal.
,
,
, .
, ,
, (., ,
is a regular mouse leg of a table
the Bar All the world is a stage).
4.
.
, . XIX .,
: 1) ; 2) ; 3)
( ) . ,
, , , . ,
, , ,
.
, . ,
, . (
(, ) ) ; ,
.
, , ..
.
, .
, - ()
19
. , to bootleg,
,
(sell alcoholic drinks illegally) (sell anything illegally).
, ,
.
holiday. .-. halig dajg a
religious feast day, c.-a. holi day church festival falling on a week day,
day of rest from work.
. ,
season spring season part of the year between winter and
summer any part of the year.
. ,
,
affection ( any feeling,
feeling feeling of love) hound ( any dog,
a certain kind of dog).
,
. atom,
.
, ,
: beauty 1) quality; 2) person of this quality ( ).
, ,
. ,
. .
-
, , , caterpillar,
. .
, .-a. gebed (prayer)
bead (for counting prayers),
small ball of wood, glass, etc with a hole through it,
for threading with others on a string or wire.
,
. , ,
villain (feudal serf, farm-servant)
(person guilty or capable of great wickedness, scoundrel).
boor.
(a peasant, farmer).
illiterate, dull or insensitive peasant,
boor a rude, ill-mannered person.
urbane ( , . urban living or
situated in town, courteous, elegant, or refined in manner), marshal (servant looking after
horses general officer of highest rank), nice (.-a. foolish, c.-a. pleasant), etc.
boy knave.
Knave, .-. cnafa, c.-a. knave ,
a male infant, a boy, or youth (. . . Knabe
). a boy or lad employed as servant, a stable boy,
groom; a cook's servant a man low in rank or position. ,
20
rogue, unprincipled man.
knave . ,
knave.
,
boy. boi(e), knave, (servant,
person of low rank and position) a person lacking refinement,
an ordinary fellow. , , boy
a youth, a male child. ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, ().
21
3
()
1.
, , ( poly + sema)
. , .
2- :
the ,
(The tiger was old), (The tiger is a cat-like animal) .
().
.
. , ..
, . ,
, ,
(igloo, koala).
. ,
.
,
,
. robot
a user who is actually a
programme ( -).
kangaroo XIX XX . a tall
thin man, especially ill-shaped and round-shouldered.
-
. . (. Warrel) Science of Human Behavior
(Warrel, 1962) : 500
10 000 , ,
. ,
25 . , .
, ,
.
1.1.
.
. . ; ,
. , .. ,
. ,
.
. , , ,
. ,
22
, , ,
( !) , . . .
.
take , lay hold of smth, ,
: take smth from the table lay hold of smth with the hands; take
advantage use; take smb. else's hat borrow without permission; take smb home carry,
accompany; take a cup of tea eat, drink; take notes make a record of smth; take smb for a fool
suppose, consider, etc. ,
, ,
. take
,
, .
.
, thing any material or nonmaterial object. ,
: swimming things belongings; there's another thing I would like to ask you
about there's another subject...; That only makes things worse circumstances; You take things
too seriously events, circumstances.
(sweet little thing a darling) (., ,
, .
).
1.2.
1.2.1.
,
(. contextus ,
). ,
, , .. :
(, 1990). , ,
, ,
.
, . ,
(,
, ),
-. , ,
.. . : ,
, , , . . , .
, , ,
(. , .. ,
).
. ,
23
: , - .
. ,
.
,
-, .
, , ..
, , ,
, , .
,
.
,
. , -
,
, . .,
, .
()
() ; ,
, . ..
, , , , ;
.
,
, ..
.
1.2.2.
, ,
. , (
) (-) .
-,
. ,
sound : 1)
healthy, not injured, hurt or decayed; 2) based on reason, prudent; 3) capable, careful; 4) thorough,
complete. : 1)
sound mind in a sound body; sound fruit; 2) sound argument (policy); sound advice; 3) a sound tennis
player; 4) sound sleep; sound thrashing. mind, body, fruit (smth
that can be injured, hurt or decayed) 1. reason,
argument, policy, advice,
2. player sleep thrashing.
: mouth opening through which
animals take food in; space behind this containing the tongue, etc. dog,
animal. mouth opening or outlet
bag, cave, river, etc.,
inanimate. , ,
.
, . , , ill ,
. (fall ill; be taken ill),
24
,
.
, .
make,
: V + construct or produce smth; e. g. make coffee, make bricks; V + +
Inf compel, force, persuade; e. g. They made me repeat the story; V + + cause smth or smb
to be a particular thing or possess a particular quality; e. g. make the world a better place; make smb a
star. ill
: to be ill//an ill omen.
-
, - . ,
walk , journey on foot,
quick, lazy, morning . ., .
, - ,
, path or route (my favourite walks in the neighbourhood; a stony
walk to the castle, etc.). ,
(stony
walk/quick walk).
.
()
, ,
. , blank empty,
blank wall, blank look, blank despair blank verse
with no door, window, or other opening; without interest or expression; utmost; without rhyme
.
3.
3.1.
- (. dia chronos ),
, . ,
bandy ,
(to bandy compliments, suggestions) to exchange.
, ..
to throw (a little ball).
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
. , quick (speedy; lasting a
short time) . quick
, to touch to the quick the quick and
the dead, quick silver.
27
, quick alive, ,
,
.
.
beam: 1) line of light that shines
from a torch or the sun; 2) a long thick bar of wood, metal, or concrete, esp. one which is used to
support the roof of a building. ,
,
beam um .
3.2.
,
, .
, .
brand.
Brand 1) burning or charred log or stick; 2) mark made by hot iron; 3) stigma; 4) trademark; 5) particular kind of goods (.-, brandoz: bran-pret. of brinnan burn + suf. -do).
, .
- .
order: I) way in which things are placed in relation to one
another (alphabetical order); 2) condition in which everything is carefully arranged (working order); 3)
obedience to law, rules authority (keep order); 4) rules accepted (on a point of order); 5) command
given with authority (obey orders); 6) request to supply goods (an order for two tons of coal); 7)
written direction (bank order). , ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, .
. ,
. ,
.
step. (0. movement of one's leg)
, 1) one action in a series of actions to gain a
purpose; 2) putting the right (or wrong) foot at the same/different time with others; 3) way of walking
(as seen or heard); 4) place for the foot when going from one level to another.
(0. movement of one's leg) 3 (way of walking as seen or heard)
, 3- (sound made by
smb when walking). 4 (place for the foot when
going from one level to another), 4- (grade,
rank, promotion).
28
3.3.
,
.
.
:
1. ,
.
. .
industry, ,
diligence (his industry and thrift) trade or manufacture (cotton
industry), toast (cp. A buttered toast to propose a toast).
2. , .
, stock: I) share (stock
exchange); 2) part of a gun; 3) family; (central part of a tree) ,
.
.
3. . , florem
flour
part of a plant that produces seed (flower) fine meal, powder made from grain
(flour). account of real or imaginary
events (story) floor or level in a building (storey)
estoree, a building.
4. ,
. ,
box ,
.
, .
,
( , ,
),
.
29
4
1.
(homonyms < Gk homo same+ onoma name), . . ,
.
(stock part of a gun; a share; line of
ancestry; etc.), ,
( );
(knight < kniht; night < niht).
, ,
. , basis base
lowest part of anything, ,
deep sounding (voice).
1.2.
,
.
, ,
; ,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
,
. (homophones < Gk homos same, phono sound),
, ,
, (bare/bear, road/rode, etc.). (homographs < Gk homos
same, grapho write), , , (row, read,
bow, etc.). ,
(bear carry, bear animal; match
contest, match person; match fit).
, (lighter device; lighter boat, PI. lighters),
, (rose flower; Past form of rise),
,
, ; saw (
see saw). (
.. ,
) ,
.
30
-
, -.
, , . .
. , match contest match person
, .
,
.
, , , ,
. , matchcontest (noun) match put smth in competition
(verb) ,
compete;
. mere (noun) pond, small lake
mere (adj.) not more than, . , ,
, .
match possible husband / match put smth in competition; stem severe, strict / stern back
end of a ship . , ,
,
. -
. ,
, ,
.
,
, (-s: 3rd person Sg, Present Indefinite form of a verb/Pl of a
noun/Possessive marker; -er: Noun suffix/ Comparison form of Adjective suffix).
- .
, , , (.,
, , .. , .. , ..
), .
, , ,
,
( ),
( ).
2.
2.1.
( . synonymia )
. ,
, , .
,
. -
.
31
. , ,
, ,
-
, , , . , . .
, ,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
, (spirants/fricatives;
/; / . .)
,
, (), .
, , ,
.
,
, .
, , .
, . .
. ,
rotten addled egg,
brain head.
. , jail, prison,
(be in jail/prison; put in jail/prison; jail bird/-).
tongue/language: mother tongue/language, dead
language/-; to wage/carry: to wage/carry on straggle, campaign, to wage/- war.
.
,
, ,
, . , Its effect on history is
exaggerated. They have been overrating it for years exaggerate overrate
.
, .
.
, .
- (mistake/blunder: wrong
opinion, idea, act/foolish mistake); (mistake/slip (small
mistake)/lapse (unexpected mistake) . .,
(die/expire/pop off). o-
.
32
2.2.
.
-
(gentleman/man/chap; thrifty/economical/stingy),
(cowshed/cowhouse;
haystack/hayrick; tap/faucet; windshield/windscreen).
, . . , ,
. , please pray
; stop talking shut up
, , .
, ,
. , small/ little/ tiny/ wee (girl)
small little (small not large in degree,
size, etc.; little small, usually emotive, often preceded by another adjective, expressing feeling: a
pretty little girl), tiny small (tiny extremely small), a wee
,
(wee very small, Scottish). ,
, ,
, ( ).
;
.
,
, , ( ) ,
, (power
force energy , power (power
ability to do or act; force power of body or mind; energy force, capacity to do things and get
things done; beautiful handsome pretty ,
).
, . . ,
. .
, , .
power good-looking .
(
), ( )
. , ( )
(spirants/ fricatives).
(,
. .),
. ,
( ) .
valley
dale, ; us
causate, ,
. cause
cause trigger start,
, , (cause: make smth
happen; trigger be the cause of smth serious or violent; start make a beginning of smth).
33
,
,
. , poet swan ,
poet, . (the Swan of
Avon).
. ,
,
. , smash, condemn, stop, fight
, racism
fight.
.
, , ,
, .
, jump, bounce, hop, spring, leap ,
( - ), oak, pine, elm, fir, birch
, .
3.
3.1.
, ,
, . ,
. :
1) , : not tall but short; 2) , : (I'll tell you if you are) right or wrong; 3) X
A, a Y : (Jack is) tall, but (Jim is) short.
, (wisdom foolishness),
(mingle separate), (quickly slowly), (up down) . .
,
. , dull
stupid bright, monotonous, tedious interesting,
blunt sharp, a dismal, cheerless happy, cheerful.
,
. , crown - discrown ,
, , ..
, . truth fib ,
, truth
, a fib , ..
.
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, , .
34
3.2.
, ,
. , tall short
, hot cold.
short medium hot warm, cool
chilly, warm cool . . ,
, . . .
( ), (
).
, ,
: happy unhappy; regular irregular.
, . . ,
;
. , ,
, , (
), , (
).
.
, , , , . . ,
(mother father (
parent); employer employee ( person at work) . .).
, , (give take
( ), lay lie ( ) . .).
.
, , .
,
. ,
.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of
foolishness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair... (Ch. Dickens. A Tale of Two
Cities). ,
spring winter.
, , ,
, . spring
winter , , .
4.
4.1.
. ( . para onima )
, , ()
. ,
() ,
, ,
(adage/adagio).
35
, (. /;
. conservatory/conservatoire).
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, . ,
disburse (pay smth out, especially from a fund)
disperse (spread out over a wide area),
(Quite an amount of money was dispersed in regional development
grants).
4.2.
,
, ..
, ( )
, ,
. ,
.
; .
36
5
1. .
, .
,
.
. , + N,
,
, ,
: ,
.
: May I come in? Knock at the door, etc.
.
, ,
. ,
; , , ,
, Good morning
.
,
. ,
, ,
, . .
, ,
. , red
(red frock, red banner, red strip, red hair,
etc.), . ,
, ,
, (red frock, dirty frock, new
frock, expensive frock, etc.).
. ,
black sheep (= the worst member), + N,
(black ram grey sheep). ,
() , . .
-
.
, ,
. ,
, .
, , , ;
-
. , , Instead
of taking urgent measures the government chose sitting on the fence sit on the fence
waiting
37
( ,
chose sitting in the pub).
, , ,
. to
place oneself on record, : to do smth noteworthy to say smth. in public.
. , wear and tear
- (breaking down),
(overstrain).
,
.
,
. , brain-trust - brain-truster,
single-rhyme single-rhymer.
,
.
: I ground my teeth; he was grinding his teeth; let her
grind her teeth then, etc. -,
: You are the coolest
cucumber I've ever met. , ,
.
, ()
, . ,
( )
. .
2.
2.1.
,
, . , ,
(take silk; break the ice, etc.).
(pick and choose; rain or shine; light to darkness; for love or money; by
hook or by crook; etc.). (as the matter
stands; before you could say Jack Robinson; as the crow flies).
, (Take it easy! Draw it mild! Bless
my soul! Take your time; etc.), (as dead as a door-nail;
as mad as a hatter; etc.). ,
(behind the scenes; in the blood;
for good), - ,
(to bear up; to give in; etc.).
38
2.2.
.. ,
.
, , (a bitter pill to
swallow; a wolf in sheep's clothing; a cock-and-bull story; to stir up a hornets' nest; much cry and little
wool; to call a spade a spade; etc.). -
,
(as hell; birds of a feather; this cat won't jump; the fat's in the fire; etc.).
2.3.
,
. ,
. ..
; ,
.. , (mare's nest nonsense; spill the beans reveal a secret).
,
. .. ,
, .. (husband's tea very
weak tea; dressed up to the nines dressed to perfection).
3.
,
(, ..
, ..
), .
, .
, . . ,
, to pay compliments (respect, attention,
court). , to pay,
, ,
(, greeting, love), ..
, ,
.
3.1.
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
, . . .
39
.
, , , book
of reference, -
rough copy . . ,
,
.
3.2. to have a smoke
,
. , , , ,
, (. .
) (a laugh, a smoke, a look, a walk, etc.).
. , , ,
, ,
(
, to make a laugh, to have a look) (
, to take strolls). ,
,
. ,
. , to take a
run, to have/make a run,
. , ,
, . ,
, .
3.3. - give in
,
. , .. ,
,
; , ,
- . .. ,
, .
.. ,
. ,
, .
, , adverb.
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
.
, : to look
back/down/up/around ( ); to sit/to sit down (
40
); to end/to end up ( ) . .
(to give up resign, surrender; to go on
continue; etc.), . ,
.
, to let out (a secret) to go on.
,
: come in enter (He came in and shut the door) ;
come in be concerned (Where do I come in in this business?) ; look out
try to see what is outside (Look out into the street) ; look out be on the
watch (Will you go to the station and look out for Mr. Hill?); look out afford an outlook (Our hotel
room looks out on the sea front) ..
, ,
, ,
.
, , .
(, .)
,
, .
41
6
1.
1.1.
,
(. morphe ).
, . . ,
, .
,
, (
) ( ).
- , , .
,
, , super-, (1)
situated directly over smth; 2) above; 3) more than, beyond the norm; 4) exceeding by).
.
(columnar; impose) 1 super-columnar; super marine;
superimpose; 2 super celestial;
superlunary; 3 supernatural;
supernormal; supersensible; 4
supertertius. , ;
impose (1) lay or place, usually by force; (2) take advantage of; (3) practise
deception superimpose (put one thing on top of smth else) natural (concerned with, produced by
nature) supernatural (spiritual; not controlled or explained by physical laws),
. . ,
. , man, cut,
red. ,
. ( ,
, , , blackboard schoolboy)
, ;
.
, , ,
( )
( ). ,
. , . .
( ) .
- -est, -s,
, -ing . .
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
. , -ess
tigress, actress, hostess, lioness .,
42
, *cattess *guestess
.
, ,
, , ,
.
-man -boy postman, spaceman, horseman, fisherman, etc.; cowboy, newsboy,
playboy, etc. man,
boy, , ,
(., , old man, young boy
, ). after
aftereffect (delayed result), aftermath (fig. consequence), afterthought (reflection about a past event),
afternoon (time between morning and evening), etc.
, .
, after , ,
, . . .
,
(free morphemes)
(bound morphemes). ,
( black bird
blackbird; list enlist; after, effect aftereffect, etc.).
.
, teacher teach ,
, .
- .
, , ,
astronom- astronomer astronomical, .
vegetarian, vegetable, vegetation; theory, theoretician,
theoretical. () , .
. , ,
. ,
n- cranberry, ,
blackberry, blueberry, raspberry, strawberry, .
1.2.
,
.
, ,
(conceive, conclave,
include, invest, etc.)
(immediate constituents analysis).
, . ,
discouragement disappear, disclose, discover, etc.,
dis-; government, settlement, installment, etc. -ment;
courage ,
, , (courageous,
43
encourage, etc.). ,
. ,
astronomer theoretician, ,
(astronomical, theoretician, etc.; writer, reader; phonetician, optician, etc.).
, , ,
cranberry. , , ,
, ,
.
2.
2.1. :
, .
,
. ,
-er (reader; writer) -ist (escapist; snowboardist),
-ous -1. ,
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
. , notifi- notification
note; snowboard- snowboardist
snow board.
(quick- quickly; write- writer, etc.) possibly.
,
. , courageous
courage- ,
.
, ,
. , ,
(quick- quickly, read- reader, etc.).
,
. , governmental govern-
-ment; prefabricate ,
fabric- -ate.
. ( ) (snowboard-
snowboardist. vacuum-clean- vacuum-cleaner, etc.).
, ,
: light + heart; light-heart- +-ed light-heartedness;
colour- + blind; clour-blind-ed colourblindedness. etc.
, . .
(quick-, fabric-, heart-, employ-, etc. ), ,
44
45
1.
1.1.
, .
, , ,
. .
(violin -ist); ,
, (lovely loveliness
bystand bystander).
(brinkman brinkmanship), ,
(lopsided lopsidedness).
. , disappointment (
) appoint. disappoint
( , ).
-ment .
, , (
).
(word-family). ,
.
, grade. , ,
(grade step, stage, or degree).
to grade, gradation, gradient, gradual, etc.,
. , ,
, .
; ,
. , grade graduate
mark with degree for measuring,
graduate give a degree or diploma person who has taken a university degree
.
1.2.
, ,
,
. ,
.
.
( 5 ) ,
. , ,
6 : ( + ),
( + ), ( V > N N > V), (
-), ( ,
) (
46
2.2.
+ ,
(compound word).
(cowboy, blackboard, spaceship,etc.),
(pen-holder, match-maker, baby-sitter).
, (eye-brow, sunrise, schoolgirl),
(handicraft, tradesman, mother-of-pearl).
. , whitewash blackboard
,
. ,
,
. , barefoot
, . , ,
, .
,
.
.
, , ,
(blacklist to blacklist; daydream to daydream; stage manager to stage-manage; babysitter
to baby-sit; honeymoon to honeymoon honeymooner; etc.).
2.3.
make up, . . ,
. , ,
,
, . , , ,
. ,
teach-in ,
, get-together .
, , ,
,
.
- (derivational
compounds) forget-me-not,
.
, () .
(, ) ,
, I-am-no-that-kind-of-girl (look) this
modem behind-the-ears-nonsense.
- by heart at large,
, , , .
48
, , ,
.
3.
3.1.
, (back formation), ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
. ,
write writer; work worker; paint painter
burgle burglar. , ,
: burglar , ,
burgle, (,
,
: commit burglary). ,
flight-test flight-testing baby-sit baby-sitting.
lase,
laser (light amplification of stimulated emission of
radiation). , ,
, ,
"-".
3.2.
.
,
, to finger
finger; to elbow elbow, etc. ,
.
, , .
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, . .
() , ,
. , poor people
poor ,
; the poor poor people.
.
49
50
, ,
( < British Broadcasting Corporation; AIDS < acquired immune
deficiency syndrome; USA < United States of America; etc.).
, , .
, .
,
(kg, km, mph, Dr, Mr., etc.).
, ( ).
,
-. i. e. ( id
est, that is); e. g. ( exempli gratia, for example); etc. ( et
cetera, and so on) . .
, (. libra, .
pound), d (. denarius, . penny) . .5
, . .
(A-bomb < atomic bomb; Vday < Victory day, etc.). ,
X-mas, ,
Christ .
3.4.
, , ,
.
, (
). ,
, .
, ,
() () .
(Euroshima
< Europe + Hiroshima). (motel < motorist + hotel).
, , -,
( blending; ,
, blends portmanteau words).
smog, smoke fog
.
, (motel <
motorist+hotel; Euroshima < Europe + Hiroshima; etc.). ,
(docudrama < documentary +
drama; vidkid < video+ kid; etc.). ,
.
, ( )
.
, . .
. , infobit: info- <
5
, ($), S
.
51
information + bit (intentional pun on the computer acronym bit, meaning a binary digit).
- an individual item of information, such as a recipe or a description of a
place, that meets the requirements for inclusion in a data bank.
.
,
. , illiterature (illiterate + literature)
literature for the illiterate, poorly written fiction.
, ,
. , -teria caveteria < cave + cafeteria
washeteria . , ,
,
-holic, addict bookaholic, workaholic,
computerholic, etc. ,
. positron
(positive + electron), advertistics (advertising + statistics), feminalls (feminine overalls) .
-. ,
XIX .,
, ,
.
52
8
1.
1.1.
30% ,
. , , ,
,
.
.
, .
, .
. , ,
, , ,
, , , . .
.
father (fadar),
(Vater), (fader),
(. pater, . pater, , pedaer). ,
, .
, pitr
. ,
,
. daughter,
(.-. dohtor, . dauhtar, . dottir, . datter, . dotter, .
Tochter), (. dukte, . , . thygater, ,
dokhtaer). , , duhitr.
,
, , ,
. , , moon (.-. mona, . mena, . Mond, . mani, .
menulis, . , . mus); night (.-a. niht, . nahts, . Nacht, . nacht, .
nat, . nos, . naktis, . , . n, . nakt);
,
. , cat (.-. cat, ., . kat, .
Katze, . catus, . ), bull (.-. bull-uc, . bul, . Bulle, . bulius), goose (.-. gos,
., . gas, . gans, . Gans, . anser, . );
, fish (.-. fisc, . fisks, . Fisch, . piscis, . ichthys), wolf (.. wulf, . wolfs, . wolf, . Wolf, ., . ulv, . vulpes, . vilkas, . ,
. vrkas).
, , , know (.-. cnawan, . noscere < gnoscere, . gignoskein, .. gnath , . , . jna); lie (.-. licgan, . ligge, . liegen, .
, . lectus < *legtus , . lexos); work (.-. wyrcan, . verk, . werk, .
ergon); tear (.-. teran, . dirti , . derein , . , . daraya
) .
53
, light (.-. leoht, . liuhab, .
Light, . light, . lux, . leuxos, . rucan), .
: one (.-. an, . ains, . ein, . en, . unus, . oine);
six (.-. six, ., . seks, . sechs, . sains, . , . sex, . hex, .
sas); hundred (.-. hundred, hund, . hundert, . centum, . hekaton,
. catam, . ).
,
. , , ,
,
.
, (,
, , ).
ankle (.-. ancleow, ., .
ankle, . enkel, . Enkel); calf (.-a. cealf, . kalbo, ., . kalf, . Kalb); hunger (.. hunger, . hungr, . Hunger, . honger, . huhrus) .; free (.-.
freo, . freis, . frei), sick (.-. seoc, . siuks, . sjukr, . sjuk, . siech) . .;
to drink (.-. drincan, . drigkan, . drekka, . dricka, . drikke, . trinken),
to make (.-. macian, .-. macon, . maken, . machen) .
, all (.-.
eal, . alls, ., . al, . all, . all), along (.-. andlang, . entlang), forward (.-.
foreweard, . vorwarts, . voorwaarts) . .
.
,
.
, .
.
garlic (.-. gar leac)
(geirr ), (Ger )
(laukr ), (log), (look), (Lauch).
.
about .
on-be-utan, onbutan.
;
on (ana), (); be
bei by, utan
(ud) aus, ut, ut. understand
,
. .
, ;
.
1.2.
,
70% , .
;
54
,
,
, .
,
,
. , ,
, / -,
;
.
.
,
, .
.
1.2.1.
, , ,
.
. , , paper (papier),
papuros, papyrus. cinnabar (,
- ) (cinnabaris),
(kinnabari), , .
.
, ,
.
, .
,
.
.
, , ,
.
, (. ), butter (. butyrum), copper (. cuprum) . .
.
, street (. via strata), wall
(. vallum), mint (. menta, moneta) .
. ,
, -Chester (. castra ) Chester,
Colchester, Manchester, Lancaster Gloucester, Worcester; -wich Greenwich, Harwich
vicus .
.
priest (. presbuteros), minster (. monastermm), candle (. candela, candela), creed (.
credo) . . ,
, ,
, chest (. cista, ), silk (. sericum, ), coriander (.
coriandrum), parsley (. petroselinum), rose (. rosa) .
55
,
: school (. schola), verse (. versus), circle (.
circulus), .
(formula, fraction, magnanimity, fatal, jovial, beneficial,
vernacular). ,
.
, ,
(oculist, osteotomy, etc.).
.
,
, IX .
,
. proud, tower,
chancellor ( ).
1066 . XVI .
.
,
. , country, valley, river,
border . . .
; king, queen, earl, lord, lady.
emperor, duke, duchess, baron, count, dame, damsel .,
, .
,
: sovereign, crown, administration, parliament, guardian, reign . .
,
: justice, crime, plaintiff, evidence, dungeon ., :
war, navy, peace, captain, admiral, victory, conquer . .
XII-XVI .
, , ,
: chastity, innocence, devotion; barber, butcher, merchant, coin; garment, cotton, towel; fry,
boil, mutton, cabbage.
XVII .
: capital, commerce, insurance, bank, machine, investment .
XVIII . : aristocrat,
democracy, despot, section . .
;
(garage, chauffer, development, fiance . .).
.
(X-XI .). , ,
.
. XII . ,
,
. ,
56
, .
, .
;
: husband, fellow, drag, bag, snare, leg, calf, skin, skirt; cast, take, guess; ill, wrong,
low .
; ombudsman a person appointed by an
institution (such as a government or a university) to receive a report on complaints made by ordinary
people against the services of that institution.
.
..
(. ),
. .
(bowsprit, buoy, cruise, dock, reef, yacht) (rock , spool , stripe
). XVI-XVII .
(easel, etch, landscape);
, -
(bushman, kraal, veldt).
(, , )
.
XVI . (adagio, allegro, basso, opera, trio, sonata),
, (cameo, fresco, studio, intaglio;
canto, stanza).
(volcano, lava, casino, gondola, cicerone).
, (fascism, bank, traffic).
, .
pasta, paparazzi, mafia.
XVI-XVII ., ,
, ,
, ,
, .
armada, banana, barbecue, canyon, cargo, chocolate, cigar,
cocoa, hurricane, potato, ranch.
, ,
, , ,
, , .
cobra, Madeira, tank, veranda, mandarin, banana.
, ,
, ,
80- . XX .
, ,
(altyn, boyar, borzoi, samovar, vodka, nihilist, tundra, taiga).
- :
Komsomol, artel, Soviets. ,
57
: sputnik, cosmonaut. ,
XX ., -
(perestroika, glasnost).
1.2.2.
-, - .
, , .
/ .
,
.
,
(domino, protege, tete-a-tete).
.
,
(reason, culture, exhibition).
,
. , caseus (),
, ,
. alouer, ,
allow, .
canister ( canistrum ), coffin (
coffin ), travel ( travailler
).
,
.
, ,
. ,
anion, cation ( . ana , cata ion ); telephone,
phonograph, teletype.
.
.
, , ,
. - ,
. , , . .
. ciao ( ), rajah ( ,
, ), wigwam ( , ) .
.
, ,
. , ,
(etymon, homonym, lexical; pensive, oration, gregarious, matron). H.H.
.
,
(genius genii, geniuses), (garage- [grid3/gra:3]),
(ballet, queue). , .
, ,
.
58
,
- , ,
.
. take,
wall, table . ,
, H.H. .
2.
.
, 800
, .
, , . .
( , , chainsmoking,
kettel-rauchen),
( ). , .. ,
, ,
. , -
, . ,
. ,
,
(); ,
, .
, , ,
. 1) (
) bio-computer, telecommuter, audiotyper; 2) (
) sudser (soap opera), bigC (cancer); 3)
( ) acid (narcotics), bread (money), box
(TV-set).
.
, . . .
,
(acryl, perlon). .. - (yuk, yech),
(zizz short n), .
, .
.
59