Solutions Chap14

CHAPTER FOURTEEN SOLUTIONS
1. (a) s = 0;
(b) s = ± j9 s-1;
(c) s = -8 s-1;
(d) s = -1000 ± j1000 s-1;
(e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos 2t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit

analysis problem, superposition will need to be invoked, where the original function v(t)
is expressed as v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t), with v1(t) = 8 mV and v2(t) = 2 cos 2t mV. The
complex frequency of v1(t) is s = 0, and the complex frequency of v2(t) is s = ± j2 s-1.
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th Edition Copyright 2002 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All Rights Reserved
2. (a) (6 – j)* = 6 + j
(b) (9)* = 9
(c) (-j30)* = +j30
(d) (5 e-j6)* = 5 e+j6
(e) (24 ∠ -45o )* = 24 ∠ 45o
*
 4 − j18   4 + j18  18.44 ∠77.47 o
(f)   =   = = 5.303 ∠ 94.19o
 3.33 + j   3.33 − j  3.477 ∠ - 16.72o
* *
 5 ∠0.1o   5 ∠0.1o 
(g)   =  o 
( )
 = 0.6202 ∠60.36o * = 0.6202 ∠ − 60.36o
 4 − j7   8.062∠ − 60.26 
(h) (4 – 22 ∠ 92.5o)* = (4 + 0.9596 – j21.98)* = (4.9596 – j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98
3. Re i (t ) = i (t ) . No units provided.
(a) ix (t ) = (4 − j 7) e( −3+ j15)t = (8.062∠ − 60.26°) e −3t e j15t = 8.062e −3t e j (15t −60.26°)
∴ ix (t ) = Re ix (t ) = 8.062e−3t cos(15t − 60.26°)
(b) iy (t ) = (4 + j 7)e −3t (cos15t − j sin15t ) = 8.062e −3t e− j15t + j 60.26°

∴ i y (t ) = 8.062e−3t cos(15t − 60.26°)
(c) iA (t ) = (5 − j8)e( −1.5t + j12)t = 9.434e − j 57.99°e −1.5t e j12t = 9.434e −1.5t e j (125−57.99°)
∴ Re iA (0.4) = 9.434e −0.6 cos(4.8rad − 57.99°) = −4.134
(d) iB (t ) = (5 + j8)e( −1.5+ j12)t = 9.434e j 57.99°e −1.5t e − j12t = 9.434e −1.5t e− j (12t −57.99°)
∴ Re iB (0.4) = −4.134
4. (a) ω = 279 Mrad/s, and ω = 2 πf. Thus, f = ω/2π = 44.4 MHz
(b) If the current i(t) = 2.33 cos (279×106 t) fA flows through a precision 1-TΩ resistor,
the voltage across the resistor will be 1012 i(t) = 2.33 cos (279×106 t) mV. We may write
this as 0.5(2.33) cos (279×106 t) + j (0.5)2.33 sin (279×106 t) + 0.5(2.33) cos (279×106 t)
- j (0.5)2.33 sin (279×106 t) mV
= 1.165 e j279×106 t + 1.165 e -j279×106 t mV
5. (a) vs(0.1) = (20 – j30) e(-2 + j50)(0.1) = (36.06 ∠ -56.31o) e(-0.2 + j5)
= 36.06e-0.2 ∠ [-56.31o + j5(180)/ π] = 29.52 ∠230.2o V (or 29.52 ∠-129.8o V).
(b) Re{ vs } = 36.06 e-2t cos (50t – 56.31o) V.
(c) Re{ vs(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2o) = -18.89 V.
(d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s-1
(e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 – j50 s-1
6. (a) s = 0 + j120π = + j120π
(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 179 ∠ 0o with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
di di
v(t) = 100 i(t) + L = 100 i(t) + 500×10-6
dt dt
and we assume a response of the form Iest.
Substituting, we write (179 ∠ 0o) est = 100 Iest + sL Iest

Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
179∠0o 179∠0o 179∠0o

I = = = 1.79 ∠ -0.108o A
100 + s500 × 10 -6
=
100 + j120π 500 × 10 (
-6
)
100∠0.108 o
Converting back to the time domain, we find that
i(t) = 1.79 cos (120πt – 0.108o) A.
7.
(a) vs = 10e−2t cos(10t + 30°) V ∴ s = −2 + j10, Vs = 10∠30° V

10 5 −1 − j 5 −5 − j 25 (−25 − j125) / 26
Zc = = = , Zc 5 =
−2 + j10 −1 + j 5 26 26 (−5 − j 25 + 130) / 26
−25 − j125 −1 − j 5
∴ Zc 5 = = = − j1 ∴ Zin = 5 + 0.5(−2 + j10) − j1 = 4 + j 4 Ω
125 − j 25 5 − j1
10∠30° (−5 − j 25) / 26 10∠30° −5 − j 25 5∠30° −5 − j 25 1∠30° −1 − j 5
∴ Ix = × = = =
4 + j 4 5 + ( −5 − j 25) / 26 4 + j 4 130 − 5 − j 25 2 + j 2 125 − j 25 2 + j 2 5 − j1
1∠30°
∴ Ix = (− j1) = 0.3536∠ − 105° A
2 2∠45°
(b) ix (t ) = 0.3536e−2t cos(10t − 105°) A
8. (a) s = 0 + j100π = + j100π

(b) We first construct an s-domain voltage V(s) = 339 ∠ 0o with s given above.
The equation for the circuit is
dv dv
v(t) = 2000 i(t) + vC(t) = 2000 C C + vC(t) = 0.2 C + vC(t)
dt dt
and we assume a response of the form VCest.
Substituting, we write (339 ∠ 0o) est = 0.2s VCest + VCest
Supressing the exponential factor, we may write
339∠0o 339∠0o 339∠0o

VC = = = = 5.395 ∠ -89.09o A
1 + 0.2s 1 + j100π (0.2 ) 62.84∠89.09 o
Converting back to the time domain, we find that

vC(t) = 5.395 cos (100πt – 89.09o) V.
dvC
and so the current is i(t) = C = -0.1695 sin(100πt) A = 169.5 sin (100πt) mA.
dt
9. iS 1 = 20e−3t cos 4t A, iS 2 = 30e−3t sin 4t A
(a) IS1 = 20∠0°, IS 2 = − j 30, s = −3 + j 4

10 −3 − j 4
∴ Zc = = 0.4(−3 − j 4) = −1.2 − j1.6, Z L = −6 + j8
−3 + j 4 −3 − j 4
5(7.2 + j 6.4) −6 + j 8 (−6 + j8)(3.8 − j1.6)
∴ Vx = 20 × − j 30
−2.2 + j 6.4 −7.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
−600 + j800 − j 30(−22.8 + 12.8 + j 30.4 + j 9.6) −600 + j800 − j 30(−10 + j 40)
= =
−2.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
−600 + 1200 + j1000 600 + j1000
= = = 185.15− ∠ − 47.58° V
−2.2 + j 6.4 −2.2 + j 6.4
(b) vx (t ) = 185.15− e−3t cos(4t − 47.58°) V
10. (a) If v(t) = 240 2 e-2t cos 120πt V, then V = 240 2 ∠0o V where s = -2 + j120π.
240 2 ∠0o
Since R = 3 mΩ, the current is simply I = −3
= 113.1 ∠0o kA. Thus,
3 × 10
i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA
(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute

i(t) = v(t) / 3×10-3 = (240 2 e-2t cos 120πt ) / 3×10-3 = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA
(c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance

1 1 1
= = Ω in parallel with the 3-mΩ
sC (-2 + j120π )(1000 × 10 )
-3
- 2 + j120π
resistor. However, since the capacitor has been added in parallel (it would have been
more interesting if the connection were in series), the same voltage still appears across its
terminals, and so
i(t) = 113.1e-2t cos 120πt kA as before.
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − K −st
11. L{K u (t )} = ∫ - Ke u(t )dt = K ∫ - e u (t )dt = K ∫ e dt =
− st − st − st
e
0 0 0 s 0
 − K − st  K 
= lim  e  + lim  e − st 
t →∞
 s  t → 0
s 
If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

t →∞
( ) = 0 (i.e. s must be finite). This leads
to the first term dropping out (l’Hospital’s rule assures us of this), and so
L {K u (t )} =
K
s
∞
∞ ∞ ∞ − 3 − st
12. (a) L {3 u (t )} = ∫ - 3e u(t )dt = 3∫ - e u (t )dt = 3∫ e dt =
e
0 0 0 s 0
 − 3 − st  3 
= lim  e  + lim  e −st 
t →∞
 s  t→0  s 

t →∞
L {3 u (t )} =
3
s
∞
∞ − 3 −st ∞
(b) L {3 u (t − 3)} = ∫ - 3e u (t − 3)dt = 3∫ e dt =
− st
e − st
0 3 s 3
 − 3 − st  3 
= lim  e  +  e −3s 
t →∞
 s  s 

t →∞
L{3 u (t − 3)} =
3 −3s
e
s
(c)
∫0 [3u (t − 3) − 3]e dt
∞ ∞ ∞
L {3 u (t − 3) − 3} = -
− st
= 3∫ e −st dt - 3∫ - e −st dt
3 0
∞ ∞
− 3 − st − 3 −st
= e - e
s 3 s 0−
Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write
L{3 u (t − 3) − 3} =
3 − 3s
s
e −
3
s
=
3 − 3s
s
e -1 ( )
(d)
− 3 − st
3
∞
L {3 u (3 − t )}
3
= 3∫ - e u (3 − t )dt = 3∫ - e dt =
− st
e − st
0 0 s 0-
− 3 − 3s
=
s
e −1 ( ) =
3
s
(
1 − e −3s )
∞
− 5 − st
∫ - e [2 + 3u (t )]dt =
∞ ∞
13. (a) L{2 + 3 u (t )} = − st
∫ 5e − st dt = e
0 0 s 0
 − 5 − st  5 
= lim  e  + lim  e − st 
t →∞
 s  t →0  s 

t →∞
L {2 + 3 u (t )} =
5
s
∞
− 3 − (8 + s ) t
{
(b) L 3 e -8t
}= ∫ ∞
0-
-8t − st
3 e e dt = ∫
∞
0-
3e − (8 + s ) t
dt =
s+8
e
0−
 − 3 − ( s + 8) t   3 − ( s + 8) t  3 3
= lim  e  + lim  e  = 0+ =
t →∞
s+8  t →0  s + 8  s+8 s+8
(c) L { u (−t )} =
∞ 0-
∫ - e u(−t )dt = ∫ - e u(−t )dt = ∫
0
− st − st
(0) e − st dt = 0
0 0 0-
∞
− K − st
(d) L {K } =
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ Ke dt = K ∫ - e dt = K ∫
e dt = e
0- 0 0 s 0
 − K − st  K 
= lim  e  + lim  e − st 
t →∞
 s  t → 0
s 

t →∞
L {K } =
K
s
14. (a) The frequency-domain representation of the voltage across the resistor is (1)I(s)
{
where I(s) = L 4e-t u (t ) = }
4
s +1
A . Thus, the voltage is
4
s +1
V.
(b)
15. (a)
∫ [5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)]e
∞
L{5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)} = − st
dt
0-
∞ ∞
∞ ∞ − 5 − st 5 − st
= 5∫ e − st dt - 5∫ e − st dt = e + e
0 2 s 0 s 2
 − 5 −st  5  − 5 − st 
= lim  e  + lim  e −st  + lim  5 
e  +  e − 2s 
t →∞
 s  t→0  s  t →∞
 s  s 

t →∞
to the first and third terms dropping out (l’Hospital’s rule assures us of this), and so
L{5 u (t ) − 5 u (t − 2)} =
5
s
(
1 + e − 2s )
(b) The frequency domain current is simply one ohm times the frequency domain voltage,
or
5
s
1 + e −2s ( )
16.
∞
(a) f(t) = t + 1 ∴ F( s) = ∫ − (t + 1) e− ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
∞
(b) f (t ) = (t + 1) u (t ) ∴ F( s) = ∫ − (t + 1) e− ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
∞
(c) f (t ) = e50t u (t ) ∴ F( s) = ∫ − e50t e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴σ > 50
0
∞
(d) f (t ) = e50t u (t − 5) ∴ F( s) = ∫ − e50t u (t − 5) e − ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 50
0
∞
(e) f (t ) = e−50t u (t − 5) ∴ F( s) = ∫ − e−50t u (t − 5) e− ( σ+ jω)t dt ∴ σ > 0
0
17. ∞
(a) f (t ) = 8e−2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)] ∴ F( jω) = ∫ f (t ) e jωt dt
−∞
3 8
∴ F( jω) = ∫ 8e(2+ jω)t dt = [ e 6 + j 3 ω − e −6 − j 3 ω ]
−3 2 + jω
∞ 3 8
F(2) ( s ) = ∫ f (t )e− st dt = ∫ 8e − (2+ s )t dt = [ e 6 + 3 s − e −6 − 3 s ]
∞ −3 2+s
∞ ∞ 8
F( s ) = ∫ f (t )e − st dt = ∫ − 8e ( −2+ s )t dt = [1 − e −6−3s ]
0 0 2+s
f (t ) = 8e2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)] F( jω) = ∫ 8e(2− jω)t dt

3
(b)
−3
8 3
= [e6− j 3ω − e−6+ j 3ω ] F(2) ( s ) = ∫ 8e(2− s )t dt
2 − jω −3
8 ∞
= [e−6+ 3s − e6−3s ], F( s ) = ∫ − 8e(2− s )t dt
s−2 0
8 8
= [e6−3s − 1] = [1 − e6−32 ]
2−s s−2
3
[u (t − 3) − u (t − 3)] ∴ F( jω) = ∫ 8e
−2 t −2 t
(c) f (t ) = 8e e− jωt dt
−3
8 8
∴ F( jω) = ∫ 8e(2− jω)t dt + ∫ 8e( −2− jω)t dt =
0 3
[1 − e6+ j 3ω ] + [1 − e−6− j 3ω ]
−3 0 2 − jω 2 + jω
3 0
F(2) ( s ) = ∫ 8e dt = ∫ 8e(2− s )t dt
−2 t − st
−3 −3
8 8
+ ∫ 8e( −2− s )t dt ∴ F(2)
(s)
= [ − e −6 + 3 s ] + [1 − e −6−3s ]
2−s 2+ s
3 8
F( s ) = ∫ − 8e( −2− s )t dt = [1 − e−6−3s ]
0 s+2
  1  1
18. (a) L L-1  =
  s  s
{
(b) L 1 + u (t ) + [u (t )]2 }= 1 1 1
+ + =
s s s
3
s
(c) L {t u (t ) − 3} =
1 3
−
s2 s
(d) L{1 - δ (t ) + δ (t − 1) − δ (t − 2)} =

1
− 1 + e − s − e − 2s
s
19. (a) f(t) = e-3t u(t)
(b) f(t) = δ(t)
(c) f(t) = t u(t)
(d) f(t) = 275 u(t)
(e) f(t) = u(t)
20.
∫ [ f (t ) + f 2 (t )]e − st dt =
∞ ∞ ∞
L {f1 (t ) + f 2 (t )} = - 1 ∫ -
f1 (t )e − st dt + ∫ f 2 (t )e − st dt
0 0 0-
= L {f1 (t )} + L {f 2 (t )}
21. ∞
∞ −2 st 2 −2 s
(a) f (t ) = 2u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2 ∫ e − st dt + e = e ; s = 1 + j2
2 s 2 s
2
∴ F(1 + j 2) = e −2 e − j 4 = 0.04655+ + j 0.11174
1+ j2
(b) f (t ) = 2δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2e−2 s , F(1 + j 2) = 2e−2 e− j 4 = −0.17692 + j 0.2048
∞
−∞ 1 1 −2 s − 2
(c) f (t ) = e u (t − 2) ∴ F( s) = ∫ e
−t − ( s +1)t
dt = e− ( s +1)t = e
2 −s + 1 2 s +1
1
∴ F (1 + j 2) = e −2 e −2 e − j = (0.4724 + j 6.458)10−3
4
2 + j2
∞
22. (a) ∫ −∞
8 sin 5t δ (t − 1) dt = 8 sin 5 × 1 = - 7.671
∞
∫ (t − 5) δ (t − 2)dt = (2 − 5) 2 = 9
2
(b)
−∞
∞
∫
−4
(c) 5e − 3000tδ (t − 3.333 × 10 − 4 )dt = 5e − 3000 ( 3.333×10 )
= 1.840
−∞
∞
(d) ∫
−∞
Kδ (t − 2)dt = K
23.
∞
(a) f (t ) = [u (5 − t )] [u (t − 2)] u (t ), ∴ F( s) ∫ − [u (5 − t )] [u (t − 2)] u (t ) e − st dt
0
5
5 1 1 −2 s − 5 s
∴ F( s ) = ∫ e− st dt = − e − st = (e − e )
2 s 2 s
∞ 4 −2 s
(b) f (t ) = 4u (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 4 ∫ e− st dt = e
2 s
∞
∞ −4 − ( s +3) t
(c) f (t ) = 4e −3t u (t − 2) ∴ F( s) = 4 ∫ e − ( s +3)t dt = e
2 s+3 2
4 −2 s − 6
∴ F( s ) = e
s+3
∞ 2+
(d) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 4 ∫ − δ (t − 2) e− st dt = 4 ∫ e−2 s δ (t − 2) dt = 4e−2 s
0 2
0+
(e) f (t ) = 5δ (t ) sin (10t + 0.2π) ∴ F( s ) = 5∫ − δ(t ) [sin 0.2π] X 1dt = 5sin 36°
0
∴ F( s ) = 2.939
∞
24. (a) ∫ −∞
cos 500t δ (t ) dt = cos 500 × 0 = 1
∫ (t ) δ (t − 2)dt (2) 5
∞
= = 32
5
(b)
−∞
∞
(c) ∫ 2.5e − 0.001tδ (t − 1000)dt = 2.5e − 0.001(1000 ) = 0.9197
−∞
∞
(d) ∫
−∞
− K 2δ (t − c)dt = - K2
25.
(a) f(t) = 2 u(t – 1) u(3 – t) u(t3)
( )
3
2 2 −s
F(s) = ∫ e − st dt = - e − st =
3
e - e − 3s
1 s 1 s
∞ −2 2
(b) f (t ) = 2u (t − 4) ∴ F( s) = 2 ∫ e − st dt = (0 − e −4 s ) = e −4 s
4 s s
∞ 3 −4 s − 8
(c) f (t ) = 3e−2t u (t − 4) ∴ F( s) = 3∫ e − ( s + 2)t dt = e
4 s+2
∞
(d) f (t ) = 3δ (t − 5) ∴ F( s) = 3∫ − δ(t − 5) e− st dt = 3e−5 s
0
(e) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ]

∞
∴ F( s) = 4∫ − δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ] e− st dt ∴ F( s) = −4e− s
0
26. (a) f(t) = 5 u(t) – 16 δ(t) + e-4.4t u(t)
(b) f(t) = δ(t) + u(t) + t u(t)
5 88 a b
(c) F(s) = + + +
s+7 s s+6 s +1
17 17
where a = = - 3.4 and b = = 3.4 .
s + 1 s = -6 s + 6 s = -1
Thus,
f(t) = 5 e-7t u(t) + 88 u(t) –3.4 e-6t u(t) + 3.4 e-t u(t)
Check with MATLAB:

EDU» T1 = '5/(s+7)';
EDU» T2 = '88/s';
EDU» T3 = '17/(s^2 + 7*s + 6)';
EDU» T = symadd(T1,T2);
EDU» P = symadd(T,T3);
EDU» p = ilaplace(P)
p=
5*exp(-7*t)+88-17/5*exp(-6*t)+17/5*exp(-t)
EDU» pretty(p)
5 exp(-7 t) + 88 - 17/5 exp(-6 t) + 17/5 exp(-t)
5
27. If V(s) = , then v(t) = 5 u(t) V. The voltage at t = 1 ms is then simply 5 V, and the
s
current through the 2-kΩ resistor at that instant in time is 2.5 mA.
5
28. I(s) = pA, so i(t) = 5 e-10t u(t) pA. The voltage across the 100-MΩ resistor is
s + 10
therefore 500 e-10t u(t) µV.
(a) The voltage as specified has zero value for t < 0, and a peak value of 500 µV.
(b) i(0.1 s) = 1.839 pA, so the power absorbed by the resistor at that instant = i2R
= 338.2 aW. (A pretty small number).
(c) 500 e-10t1% = 5

Taking the natural log of both sides, we find t1% = 460.5 ms
29.
s +1 2 1 2
(a) F( s ) = + = 1+ + ↔ δ(t ) + u (t ) + 2e − t u (t )
s s +1 s s +1
(b) F( s ) = (e − s + 1) 2 = e−2 s + 2e− s + 1 ↔ δ (t − 2) + 2δ (t − 1) + δ(t )
(c) F( s ) = 2e − ( s +1) = 2e −1 e −2 s + 2e −1 δ (t − 1)
(d) F(s) = 2e-3s cosh 2s = e-3s (e2s + e-2s) = e-s + e-5s ↔ δ(t – 1) + δ(t – 5)
30. N(s) = 5s.

N(s) 5s 5s a b
(a) D(s) = s2 – 9 so = 2 = = +
D(s) s -9 (s + 3)(s - 3) (s + 3) (s − 3)
5s - 15 5s 15
where a = = = 2.5 and b = = = 2.5 . Thus,
(s − 3) s = -3 - 6 (s + 3) s = 3 6
f(t) = [2.5 e-3t + 2.5 e3t] u(t)
(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

N(s) 5s a b c
= = + +
D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) (s + 3) (s + 10) (s + 9)
5s - 15 5s - 50
a = = = - 0.3571, b = = = - 7.143
(s + 10)(s + 9) s = -3 (7)(6) (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1)
5s - 45
c = = = 7.5. ∴ f(t) = [-0.3571 e-3t - 7.143 e-10t + 7.5 e-9t] u(t)
(s + 3)(s + 10) s = -9 (-6)(1)
(c) D(s) = (4s + 12)(8s2 + 6s + 1) = 32(s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so
N(s)  5  s a b c
=   = + +
D(s)  32  (s + 3)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) (s + 3) (s + 0.5) (s + 0.25)
 5  s  5 s
a =   = − 0.06818, b =   = 0.125
 32  (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -3  32  (s + 3)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5
 5  s
c =  = - 0.05682
 32  (s + 3)(s + 0.5) s = - -0.25
∴ f(t) = [-0.06818 e-3t + 0.125 e-0.5t – 0.05682e-0.25t] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU» N = [5 0]; EDU» N = [5 0]; EDU» N = [5 0];
EDU» D = [1 0 -9]; EDU» D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU» D = [32 120 76 12];
EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D)
r= r= r=
2.5000 -7.1429 -0.0682
2.5000 7.5000 0.1250
-0.3571 -0.0568
p= p= p=
3 -10.0000 -3.0000
-3 -9.0000 -0.5000
-3.0000 -0.2500
y=
[] y= y=
[] []
31.
5
(a) F( s ) = ↔ 5e − t u (t )
s +1
5 2
(b) F( s ) = − ↔ (5e − t − 2e −4t ) u (t )
s +1 s + 4
18 6 6
(c) F( s ) = = − ↔ 6 (e − t − e −4t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
18s −6 24
(d) F( s ) = = + ↔ 6 (4e −4t − e − t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s + 1 s + 4
18s 2 6 96
(e) F( s ) = = 18 + − ↔ 18δ (t ) + 6 (e − t − 16e −4t ) u (t )
( s + 1) ( s + 4) s +1 s + 4
32. N(s) = 2s2.

N(s) 2s 2 2s 2 a b
(a) D(s) = s2 – 1 so = 2 = = + +2
D(s) s - 1 (s + 1)(s - 1) (s + 1) (s − 1)
2s 2 2 2s 2 2
where a = = = - 1 and b = = = 1 . Thus,
(s − 1) s = -1
-2 (s + 1) s = 1 2
f(t) = [2δ(t) + e-t + et] u(t)
(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so
N(s) 2s 2 a b c
= = + +
D(s) (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) (s + 3) (s + 10) (s + 9)
2s 2 18 2s 2 200
a = = = 0.4286, b = = = 28.57
(s + 10)(s + 9) s = -3 (7)(6) (s + 3)(s + 9) s = -10 (-7)(-1)
2s 2 162
c = = = - 27. ∴ f(t) = [0.4286 e-3t + 28.57 e-10t - 27 e-9t] u(t)
(s + 3)(s + 10) s = -9 (-6)(1)
(c) D(s) = (8s + 12)(16s2 + 12s + 2) = 128(s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) so
N(s)  2  s2 a b c
=   = + +
D(s)  128  (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) (s + 1.5) (s + 0.5) (s + 0.25)
 2  s2  2  s2
a=  = 0.02813, b =   = - 0.01563
 128  (s + 0.5)(s + 0.25) s = -1.5  128  (s + 1.5)(s + 0.25) s = - 0.5
 2  s2
c =  = 0.003125
 128  (s + 1.5)(s + 0.5) s = - 0.25
∴ f(t) = 0.02813 e-1.5t – 0.01563 e-0.5t + 0.003125e-0.25t] u(t)

(d) Part (a): Part (b): Part (c):
EDU» N = [2 0 0]; EDU» N = [2 0 0]; EDU» N = [2 0 0];
EDU» D = [1 0 -1]; EDU» D = [1 22 147 270]; EDU» D = [128 288 160 24];
EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D) EDU» [r p y] = residue(N,D)
r= r= r=
-1.0000 28.5714 0.0281
1.0000 -27.0000 -0.0156
0.4286 0.0031
p= p= p=
-1.0000 -10.0000 -1.5000
1.0000 -9.0000 -0.5000
-3.0000 -0.2500
y=
2 y= y=
[] []
33.
2 3
(a) F( s ) = − so f(t) = 2 u(t) – 3 e-t u(t)
s s +1
2 s + 10 4
(b) F( s ) = = 2+ ↔ 2δ(t ) + 4e −3t u (t )
s+3 s+3
(c) F( s ) = 3e −0.8 s ↔ 3δ (t − 0.8)
12 3 3
(d) F( s ) = = − ↔ 3(e −2t − e −6 t ) u (t )
( s + 2) ( s + 6) s + 2 s + 6
12 3 A 0.75
(e) F( s ) = = + +
( s + 2) ( s + 6) ( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
2 2
12 3 A 0.75
Let s = 0 ∴ = + + ∴ A = −0.75
4× 6 4 2 6
3 0.75 0.75
∴ F( s ) = − + ↔ (3te−2t − 0.75e −2t + 0.75e−6t ) u (t )
( s + 2) s + 2 s + 6
2
1 π
34. F(s) = 2 - + 3
s s + 4s + 5s + 2
2
1 π
= 2 - +
s (s + 2)(s + 1 − j 7.954)(s + 1 + j 7.954)
1 a b b*
= 2 - + + +
s (s + 2) (s + 1 − j 7.954) (s + 1 + j 7.954)
π
where a = = 0.04888
(s + 1 − j 7.954)(s + 1 + j 7.954) s = - 2
π
b = = - 0.02444 + j 0.003073
(s + 2)(s + 1 + j 7.954) s = -1+ j 7.954
and hence b* = -0.02444 – j0.003073
Thus, we may write
f(t) = 2 δ(t) – u(t) + 0.04888 e-2t u(t) + [(-0.02444 + j0.003073) e(-1 + j7.954)t
+ (-0.02444 + j0.003073) e(-1 + j7.954)t ] u(t)
This may be further simplified by expressing (-0.02444 + j0.003073) e(-1 + j7.954)t

o
as 0.02463 e j172.83 e(-1 + j7.954)t . This term, plus its complex conjugate above, add to the
purely real expression 0.02463 e-t cos (7.954t + 172.8o).
Thus, f(t) = 2 δ(t) – u(t) + 0.04888 e-2t u(t) + 0.02463 e-t cos (7.954t + 172.8o).
(s + 1)(s + 2) a b
35. (a) F(s) = = +
s(s + 3) s (s + 3)
(s + 1)(s + 2) 2 (s + 1)(s + 2) (-2)(-1) 2

a = = and b = = = -
(s + 3) s = 0 3 s s = -3 -3 3
so
f(t) =
2
3
2
u (t ) - e − 3t u (t ) =
3
2
3
( )
1 − e − 3t u (t )
(s + 2) a b c c*
(b) F(s) = = + + +
s (s 2 + 4)
2
s 2
s (s + j 2) (s − j 2)
(s + 2) 2
a = = = 0.5
(s 2 + 4) s =0
4
d  (s + 2)   (s 2 + 4) − 2s(s + 2)  4
b =  2  =   = 2 = 0.25
ds  (s + 4)  s = 0  (s + 4)
2 2
s = 0 4
(s + 2) 2 − j2
c = = = 0.125 + j 0.125 = 0.1768∠45o (c* = 0.1768∠-45o)
s (s − j 2)
2
s = − j2
4(− j 4)
so
o o
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.1768 ej45 e-j2t u(t) + 0.1768 e-j45 ej2t u(t)
The last two terms may be combined so that
f(t) = 0.5 t u(t) + 0.25 u(t) + 0.3536 cos (2t - 45o)
36.
4
(a) 5[sI(s) – i(0-)] – 7[sI(s) – si(0-) – i'(0-)] + 9I(s) =
s
(b) m[sP(s) – sp(0-) – p'(0-)] + µf [sP(s) – p(0-)] + kP(s) = 0
∆N p (s ) GL
(c) [s ∆Np(s) – ∆np(0-)] = − +
τ s
37.
15u (t ) − 4δ(t ) = 8 f (t ) + 6 f ′(t ), f (0) = −3
15 15 − 4s 15 − 4s
∴ − 4 = 8F( s ) + 6sF( s ) + 18 = ∴ F( s ) (6 s + 8) = 18 +
s s s
−22s + 15 15 / 8
∴ F( s ) = = ∴ f (t ) = (1.875 − 5.542e−4t / 3 ) u (t )
6s ( s + 4 / 30) s + 4 / 3
38.
diL
(a) -5 u(t – 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 = 0
dt
− 5 − 2s
(b) e + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0
s
5 − 2s
e + 5 iL (0- )
s e −2s + 5 × 10-3 s
IL(s) = =
5s + 10 s (s + 2)
a − 2s b  5 × 10-3
(c) IL(s) = e  +  + s+2
s s + 2
1 1 1 1
where a = = , and b = = - , so that we may write
s + 2 s=0 2 s s = -2 2
1 − 2s  1 1  5 × 10-3
IL(s) = e  −  + s+2
2 s s + 2 
Thus, iL(t) =
1
2
[ ]
u (t − 2) − e − 2 (t − 2 ) u (t − 2) + 5 × 10-3 e- 2t u (t )
=
1
2
[ ]
1 − e − 2 (t − 2 ) u (t − 2) + 5 × 10-3 e- 2 t u (t )
39.
(a) vc (0− ) = 50 V, vc (0+ ) = 50 V
(b) 0.1 vc′ + 0.2 vc + 0.1(vc − 20) = 0

2
(c) ∴ 0.1 vc′ + 0.3 vc = 2, 0.1sVc − 5 + 0.3Vc =
s
2 5s + 2
∴ Vc (0.1s + 0.3) = 5 + =
s s
5s + 2 20 / 3 130 / 3  20 130 −3t 
∴ Vc ( s ) = = + ∴ vc (t ) =  + e  u (t ) V
s (0.1s + 0.3) s s+3  3 3 
40.
diL
(a) 5 u(t) -5 u(t – 2) + 10 iL(t) + 5 = 0
dt
5 5
(b) − e − 2 s + 10 I L (s) + 5 [sI L (s) - iL (0- )] = 0
s s
5 − 2s 5
e - + 5 iL (0- )
s s e −2s − 5 + 5 × 10-3 s
IL(s) = =
5s + 10 s (s + 2)
a b  c d
(c) IL(s) = e − 2s  +  + + where
s s + 2  s s+2
1 1 1 1 5 × 10 −3 s − 5 5
a = = ,b = =- , c = =- = −2.5 , and
s + 2 s=0 2 s s = -2 2 s+2 s=0
2
−3 −3
5 × 10 s − 5 - 10 × 10 - 5
d = = = 2.505 ,
s s = -2
-2
so that we may write
1 − 2s 1 1  2.5 2.505
IL(s) = e s − s + 2  − s + 2 + s
2  
Thus, iL(t) =
1
2
[ ]
u (t − 2) − e − 2(t − 2 ) u (t − 2) − 2.5e- 2t u (t ) + 2.505 u (t )
41.
12
12 u (t ) = 20 f 2′ (t ) + 3 f 2 (0− ) = 2 ∴
= 20 sF2 − 20 (2) + 3F2
s
12 12 + 40s 2s + 0.6
∴ + 40 = (20 s + 3) F2 = ∴ F2 ( s ) =
s s s ( s + 0.15)
4 2
∴ F2 ( s ) = − ↔ (4 − 2e−0.15t ) u (t )
s s + 0.15
42. (a) f(t) = 2 u(t) - 4δ(t)
(b) f(t) = cos ( 99 t )

1 a b
(c) F(s) = -5 = + - 5
s + 5s + 6
2
s−3 s−2
1 1
where a = = 1 and b = = -1
s−2 s=3 s−3 s=2
Thus,
f(t) = e-3t u(t) – e-2t u(t) – 5δ(t)
(d) f(t) = δ '(t) (a “doublet”)
(e) f(t) = δ'"(t)
43.
x′ + y = 2u (t ), y′ − 2 x + 3 y = 8u (t ), x(0 − ) = 5, y(0− ) = 8
2 8 1 2  2 5 Y
sX − 5 + Y = , sY − 8 − 2X + 3Y = ∴ X =  + 5 − Y  = 2 + −
s s s s  s s s
4 10 2Y 8  2  4 18
∴ sY + 3Y − − + = 8+ ∴ Ys +3+  = 2 + +8
 s s
2
s s s s s
 s 2 + 3s + 2  4 + 18s + 8s 2 8s 2 + 18s + 4 2 6 0
Y  = , Y( s ) + = + +
 s  s 2
s ( s + 1) ( s + 2) s s + 1 s + 2
1 1
∴ y (t ) = (2 + 6e − t ) u (t ); x(t ) = [ y′ + 3 y − 8u (t )] = y′ + 1.5 y − 4u (t )
2 2
1
∴ x(t ) = [−6e − t u (t )] + 1.5 [2 + 6e − t ] u (t ) − 4u (t )
2
∴ x(t ) = 6e − t u (t ) − u (t ) = (6e − t − 1) u (t )
8
44. (a) F(s) = 8s + 8 + , with f(0-) = 0. Thus, we may write:
s
f(t) = 8 δ(t) + 8 u(t) + 8δ ' (t)
s2
(b) F(s) = -s + 2.
(s + 2)
f(t) = δ ' (t) - 2δ(t) + 4e-2t u(t) - δ ' (t) + 2δ(t) = 4e-2t u(t)
45.
40 − 100
(a) ic (0 − ) = 0, vc (0) = 100 V, ∴ ic (0 + ) = = −0.6 A
100
∞
(b) 40 = 100 ic + 50 ∫ − ic dt + 100
0
(c) 60 50
− = 100 Ic ( s ) + Ic ( s)
s s
6 10 s + 5 −6 0.6
∴ = Ic , Ic ( s) = = ↔ ic (t ) = 0.6e −0.5t u (t )
s s 10 s + 5 s + 0.5
4s
46. (a) 4 cos 100t ↔
s + 1002
2
2 × 103 3
(b) 2 sin 103t – 3 cos 100t ↔ - 2
s + 10
2 6
s + 1002
14s 2 sin 8o
(c) 14 cos 8t - 2 sin 8 o
↔ -
s 2 + 64 s
6
(d) δ(t) + [sin 6t ]u(t) ↔ 1 +
s + 36
2
4 1
(e) cos 5t sin 3t = ½ sin 8t + ½ sin (-2t) = ½ (sin 8t – sin 2t) ↔ - 2
s + 64 s + 4
2
t
47. is = 100e −5t u (t ) A; is = v′ + 4v + 3∫ − vdt
0
v 1 t 1 1
(a) is = + Cv′ + ∫ − vdt ; R = Ω, C = 1F, L = H
R L 0 4 3
(b) 100 3
= sV( s ) + 4V( s ) + V( s )
s+5 s
 3 s 2 + 4s + 3 100 100s
V( s )  s + 4 +  = V( s ) = , V( s ) =
 4 s s+5 ( s + 1) ( s + 3) ( s + 5)
−12.5 75 62.5
∴ V( s ) = + − , v(t ) = (75e −3t − 12.5e −t − 62.5e −5t ) u (t ) V
s +1 s + 3 s + 5
48.
7 e −2 s
(a) V(s) = + V
s s
e −2 s
(b) V(s) = V
s +1
(c) V(s) = 48e-s V
49.
∞
4 u (t ) + ic + 10 ∫ − ic dt + 4 [ic − 0.5δ (t )] = 0
0
4 10  10  4 2s − 4
∴ + Ic + Ic + 4Ic = 2, Ic  5 +  = 2 − +
s s  s  s s
2s − 4 1.6
∴ Ic = = 0.4 −
5s + 10 s+2
∴ ic (t ) + 0.4δ (t ) − 1.6e −2t u (t ) A
50.
t
v′ + 6v + 9 ∫ − v( z ) dz = 24 (t − 2) u (t − 2), v′(0) = 0
0
9 1 s2 + 6s + 9 ( s + 3) 2
∴sV( s ) − 0 + 6 V( s ) + V( s ) = 24e−2 s 2 = V( s ) = V( s )
s s s s
1 s 1/ 9 1/ 9 1/ 3 
∴ V( s ) = 24e −2 s = 24e −2 s  − −
s ( s + 3)
2 2
 s s + 3 ( s + 3) 2 
8 / 3 8 8  8
∴ V( s ) = e −2 s  − − 2
↔ [u (t − 2) − e −3( t − 2) u (t − 2)]
 s s + 3 ( s + 3)  3
8 8 
−8(t − 2) e −3( t −2) u (t − 2) ∴ v(t ) =  − e −3( t − 2) − 8(t − 2) e −3( t − 2)  u (t − 2)
3 3 
51.
5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
(a) F( s ) = 3 ∴ f (0 ) = =5
( s + 1) s →∞ s3 + 1
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
f (∞ ) = , but 1 pole in RHP ∴ indeterminate
s →0 s3 + 1
5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
(b) F( s) = ∴ f (0 ) = =0
s 3 + 16 s →∞ s 4 + 16
f (∞) is indeterminate since poles on jω axis
( s + 1) (1 + e−4 s ) +
lim s ( s + 1) (1 + e−4 s )
(c) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =1
s2 + 2 s →∞ s2 + 2
f (∞) is indeterminate since poles on jω axis
 2s 2 + 6 
52. (a) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim 2  = 2
s →∞ s → ∞ s + 5s + 2 
 
 2s 2 + 6 
f(∞) = lim[s F(s)] = lim 2
6
 = = 3
s →0 s → 0 s + 5s + 2
  2
 2se − s 
(b) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim  = 0
s →∞ s →∞ s + 3 
 
 2se − s 
f(∞) = lim[s F(s)] = lim  = 0
s →0 s →0 s + 3 
 
( )
 s s2 + 1 
(c) f(0+) = lim[s F(s)] = lim  2  = ∞
s →∞ s →∞
 s +5 
f(∞) : This function has poles on the jω axis, so we may not apply the final value
theorem to determine f(∞).
53.
5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5s ( s 2 + 1)
(a) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =5
( s + 1)3 s →∞ ( s + 1)3
5( s 2 + 1) +
lim 5( s 2 + 1)
(b) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =0
s ( s + 1)3 s →∞ ( s + 1)3
5( s 2 + 1)
lim
f (∞) = = 5 (pole OK)
s →0 ( s + 1)3
(1 − e−3 s ) +
lim 1 − e −3 s
(c) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =0
s2 s→∞ s
lim 1 − e −3 s lim 1  1 
f (∞) = =  1 − 1 + 3s − × 9s 2 + ...  = 3 (no poles)
s →0 s s →0 2  2 
54.
1
f (t ) = (e at − e− bt ) u (t )
t
1 ∞ 1 1
(a) Now,
t
f (t ) ↔ ∫
s
F( s) ds ∴ e− at u (t ) ↔
s+a
, − e− bt u (t ) ↔ −
s+b
∞ ∞
1 ∞  1 1  s+a s+a s+b
∴ (e − at − e − bt u (t ) ↔
t ∫s  −  ds = ln
 s +a s +b s+b s
= ln
s +b s
= ln
s+a
(b) lim 1 − at − bt lim 1 − at + ... − 1 + bt

( e − e ) u ( t ) = = b−a
t →0+ t t →0+ t
lim s + b lim ln ( s + b) − ln ( s + a )
sln =
s →∞ s + a s→∞ 1/ s
lim 1/( s + b) − 1/( s + a ) lim  2 (a − b) 
Use l′ Hopital. ∴ sF( s) = =  −s =b−a
s →∞ −1/ s 2 s →∞
 ( s + b) ( s + a ) 
55. 8s − 2 lim s (8s − 2)

(a) F( s ) = ∴ f (0+ ) = =8
s + 6s + 10
2 s →∞ s 2 + 6 s + 10
lim s (8s − 2)  −6 ± 36 − 40 
f (∞) = = 0  poles: s = , LHP, ∴ OK 
s →0 s + 6s + 10
2
2
 
2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5 +
lim 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5
(b) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = =∞
s 3 + 6s 2 + 10s s →∞ s 2 + 6s + 10
lim 2 s 3 − s 2 − 3s − 5
f (∞) = = −0.5 (poles OK)
s →0 s 2 + 6s + 10
8s − 2 lim s (8s − 2)
(c) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 + ) = =8
s − 6s + 10
2 s →∞ s 2 − 6 s + 10
lim s (8s − 2) 6 ± 36 − 40
f (∞) = , s= RHP ∴ indeterminate
s →0 s − 6 s + 10
2
2
8s 2 − 2 +
lim
(d) F( s ) = ∴ f (0 ) = F( s ) = 0
( s + 2)2 ( s + 1) ( s 2 + 6s + 10) s →∞
lim s (8s 2 − 2)
f∞= = 10 (pole OK)
s →0 ( s + 2) 2 ( s + 1) ( s 2 + 6 s + 10)

Solutions Chap14

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Solutions Chap14

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CHAPTER FOURTEEN SOLUTIONS

(d) s = -1000 ± j1000 s-1;

(e) v(t) = 8 + 2 cos 2t mV cannot be attributed a single complex frequency. In a circuit

(c) (-j30)* = +j30

(d) (5 e-j6)* = 5 e+j6

(e) (24 ∠ -45o )* = 24 ∠ 45o

(h) (4 – 22 ∠ 92.5o)* = (4 + 0.9596 – j21.98)* = (4.9596 – j21.98)* = 4.9596 + j21.98

(b) iy (t ) = (4 + j 7)e −3t (cos15t − j sin15t ) = 8.062e −3t e− j15t + j 60.26°

4. (a) ω = 279 Mrad/s, and ω = 2 πf. Thus, f = ω/2π = 44.4 MHz

= 1.165 e j279×106 t + 1.165 e -j279×106 t mV

= 36.06e-0.2 ∠ [-56.31o + j5(180)/ π] = 29.52 ∠230.2o V (or 29.52 ∠-129.8o V).

(b) Re{ vs } = 36.06 e-2t cos (50t – 56.31o) V.

(c) Re{ vs(0.1) } = 29.52 cos (230.2o) = -18.89 V.

(d) The complex frequency of this waveform is s = -2 + j50 s-1

(e) s* = (-2 + j50)* = -2 – j50 s-1

6. (a) s = 0 + j120π = + j120π

Substituting, we write (179 ∠ 0o) est = 100 Iest + sL Iest

179∠0o 179∠0o 179∠0o

Converting back to the time domain, we find that

i(t) = 1.79 cos (120πt – 0.108o) A.

(a) vs = 10e−2t cos(10t + 30°) V ∴ s = −2 + j10, Vs = 10∠30° V

(b) ix (t ) = 0.3536e−2t cos(10t − 105°) A

8. (a) s = 0 + j100π = + j100π

339∠0o 339∠0o 339∠0o

Converting back to the time domain, we find that

9. iS 1 = 20e−3t cos 4t A, iS 2 = 30e−3t sin 4t A

(a) IS1 = 20∠0°, IS 2 = − j 30, s = −3 + j 4

(b) vx (t ) = 185.15− e−3t cos(4t − 47.58°) V

(b) Working in the time domain, we may directly compute

(c) A 1000-mF capacitor added to this circuit corresponds to an impedance

If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

Based on our answers to parts (a) and (b), we may write

If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

If the integral is going to converge, then lim e − st

f (t ) = 8e2t [u (t + 3) − u (t − 3)] F( jω) = ∫ 8e(2− jω)t dt

(d) L{1 - δ (t ) + δ (t − 1) − δ (t − 2)} =

19. (a) f(t) = e-3t u(t)

(b) f(t) = δ(t)

(c) f(t) = t u(t)

(d) f(t) = 275 u(t)

(e) f(t) = u(t)

(b) f (t ) = 2δ (t − 2) ∴ F( s ) = 2e−2 s , F(1 + j 2) = 2e−2 e− j 4 = −0.17692 + j 0.2048

(a) f(t) = 2 u(t – 1) u(3 – t) u(t3)

(e) f (t ) = 4δ (t − 1) [cos πt − sin πt ]

26. (a) f(t) = 5 u(t) – 16 δ(t) + e-4.4t u(t)

(b) f(t) = δ(t) + u(t) + t u(t)

Check with MATLAB:

(c) 500 e-10t1% = 5

(b) F( s ) = (e − s + 1) 2 = e−2 s + 2e− s + 1 ↔ δ (t − 2) + 2δ (t − 1) + δ(t )

30. N(s) = 5s.

(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

∴ f(t) = [-0.06818 e-3t + 0.125 e-0.5t – 0.05682e-0.25t] u(t)

32. N(s) = 2s2.

(b) D(s) = (s + 3)(s2 + 19s + 90) = (s + 3)(s + 10)(s + 9) so

∴ f(t) = 0.02813 e-1.5t – 0.01563 e-0.5t + 0.003125e-0.25t] u(t)

(c) F( s ) = 3e −0.8 s ↔ 3δ (t − 0.8)

and hence b* = -0.02444 – j0.003073

Thus, we may write

This may be further simplified by expressing (-0.02444 + j0.003073) e(-1 + j7.954)t

(s + 1)(s + 2) 2 (s + 1)(s + 2) (-2)(-1) 2

The last two terms may be combined so that