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  • The National Question in Marxist Leninist Theory and Strategy

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    211 vues316 pages

    The National Question in Marxist Leninist Theory and Strategy

    Transféré par

    Cristian Roiban

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
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    The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy WALKER CONNOR Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey \Copyrih © 1864 by Pinson Univers Press Publahed by Prince University ree A Wii Sree. Prince, New Jey 08540 In the Une Kingdom Princeton Uaieraty Pet, Guo, Surrey ‘hu Roots Resaves Liar of Congres Cason Pbliton Data vil be found othe at petted page of tht bck ISBN 0-91-0685. 1 ISBN DORTTDIGND (pa) “This book ha een composed ie Lion Bushee Clothiound eon of Pricstin University Pres boas te printed ona pape, se ding eis fe howe for arength sd sty Paperoct alo staacey for persona collections, are ot usall sable for rary red Prine in the United Stes of America by Princrton Unies Pew Princeton, New Jory ae ees To Mary Contents AcwsowexveMesTs xi Isrmooverion x THE THEORY 5 1. Tne SreawDs of Navtowacisi ny Mans AND ENGELS 5 2. Tur Nariosas. Question sRoM ta Secon LWTERWATIONAL rome Gerona Revowwtioy 2 SELPDETERMINATION AS STRATAGEM. 48 3. Tue Somer Prororvee 45 4. Mivonrris ayo tite CREATION oF rc Cause Prori's Revenue 67 5. Honan Proruss i rte NarioNAt LIRERATION AND CGoxsounetion of Viersan 101 6, The Jorave or rue Yecostav Narions 128 7. Stu, Omiek Vanastions 172 The interwar Period 172 Sel:Determination inthe Postwar Environment 179 Poly sth Regard i Capitals Stas 178 Poly wth Regard to Other Maras-Lennst Ser 186 THE DIALECTICAL ROAD TO FUSION 199 8. Narioxat i Fora... 201 Cutural Equa 308 Economic Equality” 214 Pole Equality 217 “The Sot Union 217 Yugaeia "222 Cchalwakia 231 ‘i — Conon China 258 Rumania 237 Vian 258 9, Renroncewsnr ox 286 Fors 254 Language Policy 254 "Fhe Recruiting and Parging of Bites 277 ‘The Rediutibuson and Gerrymandering of National Groups" 300 The Sct Union 302 China 322 Yeglaia 329 Corodeak 337 Rumania 340 Viena S42 10, A Qeesmion oF Teatro. 388 ‘The Soviet Union 392 China 407 Yoogodavin 430 Grechoovakia 444 Developments Ebewhere 448 U1, Axo Namonat es Cowrese 477 Leninism vers Practice 477 Coercion verwas Persuasion 480, Equality yerus Realty and Perceptions of Reality 483 Farm versus Content” 195, "THE UNANTICIPATED SYNTHESIS 581 12, Naveonazasacwrnnn sus Vancuann 533 Keeping the Party Centralized 584 Keeping the Party's Membership Free ofthe Taint of Nationalism 540 [Emocur: Tw Unwiruanine NATIONAL Quustion 581 Bintiocnaeny 589 woe 509 (Nees appr at of ech chapter) Tables, Maps, and Figure Ediolinguistic Composiion of Marxist-Leninist States 200 Minority Cadre, 19-1083 390 National Composition of Union Republics, 1959-1970 305, National Gomposiion of Union Republis, 1970-1979, 307 ‘atonal Composition of Republic and Provinces $91 Mars Chins 70 Southeast Asin 107 Yogosiavia 120 Somet Union 330 Frown Perceptions 5 Acknowledgments Sustawen research on the present manuscript began in 1975 1176, Many debts have been incurred i the ensuing years owe 2 najor debt to the Woodrow Wilon International Center for Scholars forthe award of one-year fellowship. Although 1 had long entertained the posbity of making a compara study of ‘ational in Marast-Lennist states, became consinced that the ‘ndertaking was feanible only after I aeived atthe Cente, became Save of i speclinteletal atmoaphere, and was encouraged bythe aid tht te brary aff wae prepared to offer in running ‘Sow anutiberof obscure worke and document am particular indebed o James Billington, Zed David, Prosser Gifford and Mar Colla Jones, A year at Onford University (1977-1978) wat ead posible bythe award of sting profesoship and the Rhodes Fellowship at Se. Anton's College, further supported by 2 grant from the Ford Foundation. Lowe special grattade to Kenneth Kirkwood and John Stone for making the year at St. Antony’ posible hospitable, simulating and producsive. A Fulbright Hays ‘chior Lecture Award to Poland during one ofthat countrys mot ‘momentous periods (1980-1981) provided an unusual opportunity qo olserve unveiled naionlin at work throaghot # Maris Leeinist system, Tan alko grateful for dhe invitation to vst the Intute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sdences and for the informative dcussions with ts wall and director, Acade- nian Yu. Bromley. Some secon of the book have been pre- ‘ented before the Slave studies Faculty of St. Antony's College 8 trell as before faculty of Far Easter studs before the fauly 1 Slvc studies atthe London School of Economics; before 2 largely Soviet audience atthe Eleventh World Congress ofthe Tnernatonal Poitcal Science Association in Moscow: before fe ty seminar at Florida International University and Goldsmiths College (University of London); and before a graduate seminar a Columbia Uniersiy. The reactions proved mos helpful Robert ‘Conguest graciously commented on chapters | and 2 and Robert LLewisonchapter® Sanford Thatcher af Princeton University Press st — Acknowledgment offered encouragement and sage advice throughout all sages of the book Tam also grateful to Alice Calaprice of Princeton Uni versity Pres forthe Binal editing ofthe book. Finally, ay greatest febeis to Mary Connor, esearch awocate, sounding bat pt ‘itor, and ert, By Way of Introduction Woes follows is an attempt to trace and analyze the evelving rebtionship between communism and nationalism. The ulate incompatibity between the two i constant sessed in Marist Teninie pronouncements The Great Sid Enelopedia defines rstonalsm a2 bourgeois and petit bourgecs decoy and policy aswell asthe ouook ha tases the national question” and iad {that “the proleurian, communist word vew i incompase with, an navonalis ideology.” This incompatiuy dacs not precade ‘Gammunist from appealing 1 rationals i 4 prevevolatonary situation. Both Mary and Lenin condoned the tanipaation of ‘naional aspirations ap a means of furthering the word evolu tionary movement They fl, however, tht there weno place for ‘nzionabsm in 2 postetcluonary society governed by the prin: ples of scenic noalm; moreover, whether belore or ater the revoltion, Commun must never become tainted wih nation alm. The primary significance assigned to guaranteeing the i ‘unity of Communists to dhe national virus 5 unequivocally se Toth inthe sate Great Sve Enlai: “The struggle to ove ‘ime natinalam inthe commumit movement he mast importa tof Mana Lin” emphasis added, ‘The formula for performing de task of harnessing the powerfal fovces of nationalism to the evolution and then vanguishing them thereafter is ermed "Lernist national policy" Despite this appa ‘ey tora atibution o Lenn, dhe poly is perceived asthe prod ‘uci of Marx and Engels, a further refined by Lenin To again cite the Great Soil Engel “A truly scenic theory of ations sea created by Marx and Engels and developed by Lenin.” "\ comprehensive sy ofthe relationship between communism and nationalism must therefore begin with the nature and role of fons and nationalism, as found in the writings of Mark and Engels and later further ditiled by Lenin’ An evaluation of hi slisilation (Leninst atonal plcy can ten be pursued by teacing the degree to which various Marxist-Leninist partes have in fae imolemented Leninis ational poicy and the result of such ath implementation: and the degree to which the pares have deviated from fathfl amplementaton, their estos for doing so, andthe resus oftheir acon Thiy very rough oulime, the Tote taken in dhe folowing chapters. 11s always wine to prefice an Englih-language work dealing wth ations and nations bya few warning wordh on terminology ‘The meaning of thee key term hat been beclouded by their sip shod ise ia the Engishapeaking world? Notion as wed herein ‘efers ta human grouping whone members sharean itive sense of Lindvedness or samenes, prediested upon a myth of common ‘escent It therefore refers to peoples chat the Russne, Ukrain. fans, Armenian, Han Chinese, Tibeean, Serbo, Croats, Cazehs and Slovaks Itdacs not refer to any collecion of people who are Conscious of their multiethnic background (or example, the {Czechosolvak people, the Soviet people, or the American people). Nor does it refer tos wate ar used, for example in the mienomer, the United Nations). Nationlon seers o dent wi and loyally {othe maton inthe mame pristine ams which the word is being employed inthis work. It does not refer to loyalty tothe sate (whic spate National ad pataon nay Often bein conti ‘Thus, Soviet_auoriues pesiodially censure manifestations of Ukrainian, Lidhuanian, or some other nationals a antintte ac ‘We are not dealing just with 2 mater of semantic. Commonly wed terminology by tion-Maraie writers to describe event inthe Second World has caused contusion, Ths, following Belgrade’ bretk with Moscow, Two ae popular descibed ae atonal the warn facta aid international. Titans was equated with ‘national communism it was in fc, "tatecommuniom” Rather than advocating nationalism, ‘Tito advocated patrotsen (Vago anism) The principal argee of his displeasure was nationals, ‘whether ofthe Albania, Croatian, Serbian, oF Slovene stamp ‘Marx was also given to slipshod terminology, often xing main to apply toa sate oF wo an ethnizlly heterogeneous soaety. Not ‘6, however, Lenin and his legates. Ia Marist-Leninis erate, fone may encounter disagreement concerning the specie charac terns at ae essential oa ation (eg, language, terror, and the lke), bt he term wil eer toa peope with a sense of mation onsciousness. Nationals, in the Marxist-Leninist lexan, ca have tne of two meanings a people ina prenation stage of development, that isto say, 2 people who, for whatever reason, have not yet achieved Vand may neve achieve) the more august sation of Rae tionhood: oF a segment ofa nation living abide the sate where {he major body ofthe nation resides or example, Albanians ving ‘rihin Vagos) Being Gassife! a2 atonal rather than 38 ‘ato can have pli implations, Ths, Albanians and Magyary {Hiangians) ave ben denied their wn epubles tin Voge Slava repute sats being reserved for nats. And Peking, by tering to all peoples within China, ther than the Han, ‘onal, justifies hs refusal to creat republson Ue Soviet pat tern, In ait cave, natonam n Mars Lenin erature is 00 ‘onfased wit pti, It refers to pacing primary loyalty ones ton tation or atonal, 2 privy wey maybe acepable on ‘te part ofthe masses i'a prerevohaonarystuation Bu which ‘must give way o proletarian internationals or soe patios Iihe revolutions aftermath. And finaly, Marxit-Leninss e the ‘xpresion, te national queion, to refer to the ei network of frotcmsanung from the extence of nations and nationals? Teint national poic is prodaimed sx providing the method for scion the nana eso ins soc oie. exw reliance upon mnlations was made necessary by the d Cerny of pooper and sates ted pon this study. Such Ucpendency of coum + co inherent in broad comparative Seiden Many important comparative works, price i the eld of watinain, would not hve een undartaken if kiln the Longuage of each people died were made a prerequisite es dbl. for example tater iaecait on the Sone Union's Staonal queson wh protien she language ofeach ofthe Fieen pope who have uronic wats within tbe USSR, t0 Sy nothing of the sores of ether language spoken within that Sige course. Ada to tha the number of languages spoken ‘roughout Ching, Southent Ana, and Eastern Europe, apd the heed tly upon tasty often dae ansatons (eg rom ‘Ttetan to Chinese to Engi), becomes patent ‘My bly to read a document the original proved pat ‘ny trusting when different slanted conficing endrings of Key terme, However, the iat to resolve sch ‘Blemmas was nocavays deo ck of pofsency nthe language. Inmany intanecs the original documents have been desoyed, dnd in many ober insane they have es dated, Whenever Ainbiguty of confit in the wording of tutto wis detec ihe present tent Grave atenton to he uaue and tes the perinent taerasina manoc hwo ender tug the eidence for themsches. 294 — Inerducton sto problems of twansitraion. spellings in his work generally follow those sugested by the United Sates Board on Geographic ‘Names. Inaddition, dhe speing af Chinese words follows te older ‘Wade Giles system rather than dhe new romanized system re ‘ommended by Peking since 1070. ‘A anne preatory note, this concerning the objectivity of thea ‘hor might be advisable. Thir work was dissed solely by my i {eres inthe study of natonaliom a8 gobal phenomenon, Ie was prompted by 4 convicion thatthe experiences of sixteen sates {most of them etinonaonalyheterogeneds and aecnting fat {or approximately one-third of the work!’ population, are spy {oo sigaibeant to he ignored, paroculary when thee tates lam {o have te formula for harnessing sind dsclsing nationalism. It ‘was not knowingly prompted by any sdologcal motivation, None {cles the Fe that the book deals principally with Second World sates might ge tse othe opinion thatthe authori holding wp the practices of these sates aganstsome unfairly ideale, mate standard of behavior, rather than measuring them gaint the prac: tices of non-Marxist-Lennist societies. There are Wo ways of Te: sponding T The author subscribes othe notion that 2 defen of behavior predicated upon the fact tat behasior of others Hs wore OF no beter i always a odkous one. Be tats may the book will 1 hope. make very ear hat the treatment accorded to natal groups thin Mapas Lenni tates has rasled enormovy from sate 0 State, and within individual stats has ao varied sgnifeandy over {ime all sates ofthe workd were listed according tothe polis furrendy being pratied against national groupe, some Marxist Lennist tats ould mert placement among the very worst, wie others would not fare badly. 2. Although th author disaims any tendency to judge the pol ices ofthe Secon Word sates by some timate andar, holding these states to wach a standard coal be justified in terisof the ‘own claims. Te they who calm to have "soled their national "question" and to have eradicated al inequality among nations apd ‘asonaikes To judge their performance aguins their own, oft ‘repeated claims i indeed, therefore, to appl an absolute sandr Water Connor Belmont, Vermont ‘March 1983 1. Themanerin named more flyin Connor, "A Nation sa Nato, 7400 1 The Great Sit Engl’ deinton abit confining bea spe of elaine ang aonb nt fhe more ees elton ‘Mtween nation andthe ate:"Narsonae Queeron, the tei’ of poe ‘Gl sconomic eon ga Meoogial snd cual elton among ‘atoms fat non inthe Rss), nana! groups nm boates (naan in aris aaneconmi ormaons™ The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy The cols bean Moni dcipine and nationals foes ih fly eta fc enter ‘coumorse—inded teenie op of Marni, bth Ps 1 teoreteal pecs and in practic, deve clr tay ‘han ha bed Isaiah Betti, -The Bent Twig THE THEORY cHaPrER | Three Strands of Nationalism in Marx and Engels NNavionaisw and Marxim ate phloophilyincompale, Na Sonal is predicted pon the spn thatthe ox fn Aamenaldtiions of humankind are the many verte Genvges ‘hat die peopl nto ethnonatnal groupe Marca, by contac ‘ea upon eon tat the ms Ramen hance Ee Sons are horizontal can distinc hat at across atonal row ings The natant would therefore contend that et Toys, atonal contnuaness would prove tore perf than AM nrenationldvison, ncladng tof else Marcon the tier hand would maintain tht case consciousness would prove the more power. They would contend that Engity ev Pench ‘8 German workers would nec ome toss tha ach tor significant than the bonds of shed nation were the Tends that ted them othe polars al atonal group in

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