GDT Final

c1vgiveerea 1ootivg otvtiov.
1
Compiled & Presented by.
Abhifit S Kothawale
Yuvaraf S. Narayanan
2
Geometric Dimensioning &
1olerancing ,GD&1,
Geometric Dimensioning &
1olerancing ,GD&1,
GD&T is a means of dimensioning &
tolerancing a drawing which considers
the function of the part and how this part
functions with related parts.
A drawing made with GD&T can be
interpreted in only one way.
GD&T focuses on functional assembly. t
also defines through the datums the way
in which the component needs to be
manufactured and assembled. This
ensures a uniform method of
manufacture and an assured functional
fit.
GD&T is a system that uses standard
symbols to indicate tolerances that are
based on the feature's geometry.
IS GD&1 IMPOR1AN1
$aves money
For example, if large number of
parts are being made GD&T can
reduce or eliminate inspection of
some features.
Provides "bonus tolerance so that
the tolerances are not tightened
beyond what required for proper
functioning and assembly.
Ensures design, dimension, and
tolerance requirements as they relate
to the actual function
Ensures interchangeability of mating
parts at the assembly
Provides uniformity
t is a universal understanding of the
symbols instead of words
N 1O US GD&1
hen part features are critical to a
function or interchangeability
hen functional gaging is desirable
hen datum references are desirable
to insure consistency between design
hen standard interpretation or
tolerance is not already implied
hen it allows a better choice of
machining processes to be made for
production of a part
Drawing delineation and interpretation
need to be the same
t is important to stop scrapping
perfectly good parts
t is important to increase productivity
Companies want across the board
savings
ample
ample contd..
INDRIA
1ORAN ZON
lindrical 1olerance Zone

lindrical 1olerance Zone

10
Dimensions Stated ithout
1olerance
asic Dimensions:
t express the theoretically correct value of a
dimension. asic dimensions should never be
considered in isolation as a specification.
$pecifications should necessarily consider the
combined definition given by basic dimensions
and tolerances associated with the feature. A
basic dimension is enclosed in a box.
65.00
11
Dimensions Stated ithout
1olerance contd..
#eference Dimensions:
These are superfluous dimensions that are
expressed for ready and quick reference.
#eference dimensions are enclosed in round
brackets. (65.00)
Dimensions with unspecified tolerances:
Also called open toleranced dimensions,
these are usually expressed as a part of the title
block of drawing. They are either expressed as a
table or reference a standard for unspecified
tolerances.
65.00
12
lA1UR
1
1pes o leatures
GD&T classifies features into two
categories.
1. Feature of size:
t is a feature that has a size
associated with it.
2. $urfaces:
$urfaces are non-size features which
have no size associated with them.
1
SIZ
1
aximum aterial Condition
(C)
Least aterial Condition (LC)
#egardless of Feature $ize
(#F$)
Material onditions
1
Maximum MateriaI Condition (MMC): The
condition where a size feature contains the
maximum amount of material within the stated
limits of size. .e., largest shaft and smallest
hole.
This is when part will weigh the most.
C for a shaft is the largest allowable size.
MMC of 0.240].005?
C for a hole is the smallest allowable
size.
MMC of 0.250].005?
Permits greater possible tolerance as the
part feature sizes vary from their calculated
C
Ensures interchangeability
Used
ith interrelated features with respect to
location
$ize, such as, hole, slot, pin, etc.
Maimum Material ondition
1
east Material ondition
east MateriaI Condition (MC): The
condition where a size feature contains the
least amount of material within the stated
limits of size. .e., smallest shaft and largest
hole.
This is when part will weigh the least.
LC for a shaft is the smallest allowable
size.
MC of 0.240].005?
LC for a hole is the largest allowable
size.
MC of 0.250].005?
1
#equires that the condition of the material
NOT to be considered.
This is used when the size feature does not
affect the specified tolerance.
t is used when the goal is to achieve a
centre line or centre plane alignment
between two features or symmetry in
geometry is to be defined the centre line or
the centre plane of the feature becomes
more significant than its periphery.
Valid only when applied to features of size,
such as holes, slots, pins, etc., with an axis
or center plane.
Regardless o leature Size
1
IMI1S Ol SIZ IMI1S Ol SIZ
A variation in form is allowed between
the least material condition (LC) and
the maximum material condition
(C).
TH$ EAN?
HAT DOE$
$ZE DEN$ON
2.007
2.003
20
IMI1S Ol SIZ IMI1S Ol SIZ
A variation in form is allowed
between the least material condition
(LC) and the maximum material
condition (C).
$ZE DEN$ON
C
LC
ENVELOPE OF $ZE
(2.003)
(2.007)
ENVELOPE P#NCPLE
21
LT$ OF $ZE LT$ OF $ZE
ENVELOPE P#NCPLE
LC
CLEA#ANCE
C
ALLOANCE
22
The actual size of the feature at any
cross section must be within the size
boundary.
C
LC
2
No portion of the feature may be
outside a perfect form barrier at
maximum material condition (C).
2
nelopes Associated with
leatures o Size
Virtual Condition
t is a constant boundary (envelope)
that is generated by the collective effects
of the specified C or LC for a
feature and the applicable geometric
tolerances at the specified material
condition.
Actual ating Envelope:
t is an imaginary perfect feature
envelope that contacts high points of the
actual sized feature. Actual mating
envelopes are constrained by the
Location and Orientation tolerances
applicable to the features of size.
2
'irtual ondition - Shat with
MM modiier
For guaranteeing a functional assembly of two
features virtual conditions are evaluated with C
considerations.
The figure below shows the virtual condition for a
shaft due to tolerances of size location acting on the
feature. The worst case envelope acts as a outer
boundary that results due to all the tolerances
reaching their worst case.
The shaft is largest at its C. n addition to the
C size the location tolerance of the shaft will
create an outer envelope that defines the bounds
within the feature will be contained.
2
'irtual ondition -ole with MM
modiier
The figure below shows the virtual condition for a hole
due to the tolerance of size and location acting on the
feature. The worst case envelope acts as a inner
boundary that results in assuring the guaranteed clear
opening available for a mating feature.
The hole is smallest at its C. n addition to the C
size the location tolerance of the hole will create an
inner envelope that defines the inner bounds within the
feature will be contained. No portion of the feature will
encroach within the guaranteed clear opening assured
by the virtual condition.
2
'irtual ondition - with M
modiier
For engineering goal of material protection or wall thickness
protection and to assure a minimum separation between
features generated close to each other, the virtual condition is
evaluated with LC considerations. The figure below illustrates
the same.
As the size of the .D goes towards its LC (becomes larger)
the wall of the pipe becomes thinner. The virtual condition with
LC consideration on the hole gets generated outside the
hole. The wall of the pipe is protected outside of the virtual
condition of hole.
hen the O.D goes towards LC (becomes smaller) the wall
becomes thinner. The virtual condition with LC for shaft gets
generated inside the shaft. The wall of the pipe will be
protected inside the virtual condition envelope.
2
C Virtual Condition: To achieve
functional assembly
$haft VC @ C = C + Positional
Tolerance
Hole VC @ C = C Positional
Tolerance
n both the cases the VC Iies in space.
LC Virtual Condition: To achieve
material protection
$haft VC @ LC = LC - Positional
Tolerance
Hole VC @ LC = LC + Positional
Tolerance
n both the cases the VC Iies in materiaI.
'irtual ondition
2
onus 1olerance
onus Tolerance is the tolerance which gets
released from the size tolerance when the actual
size of the feature goes away from C
towards LC and that can be consumed by
position or orientation tolerance.
onus Tolerance can be availed only when the
value of the position or the orientation tolerance
is expressed with a C or LC modifier.
The figure below illustrates a bonus tolerance
accrued on a shaft feature toleranced at C
virtual condition.
0
onus 1olerance
Here is the beauty of the system! The
specified tolerance was:
This means that the
tolerance is .010 if the
hole size is the C size,
or .497. f the hole is
bigger, we get a bonus
tolerance equal to the
difference between the
C size and the actual
size.
1
onus 1olerance ample
This system makes sense. the larger the
hole is, the more it can deviate from true
position and still fit in the mating condition!
Actual Hole $ize onus Tol. 4 of Tol. Zone
.497 (C) 0 .010
.499 (.499 - .497 = .002) .002 (.010 + .002 = .012) .012
.500 (.500 - .497 = .003) .003 (.010 + .003 = .013) .013
.502 .005 .015
.503 (LC) .006 .016
.504 ? ?
This means that
the tolerance is
.010 if the hole
size is the C
size, or .497. f the
hole is bigger, we
get a bonus
tolerance equal to
the difference
between the C
size and the actual
size.
.503
2
DA1UMS DA1UMS
Datums are reference points, lines and surfaces
from where measurements and definition of
geometry are made.
1.000
Definition:
Datum is a theoretically correct point, axis or a plane
derived from the True Geometric Counterpart of a
Datum Feature.
DA1UMS DA1UMS
atum Feature:
Datum feature is a feature on a part that is used to
establish datum.
Datums Definition of Terms
The pin labeled as Datum D is the "Datum Feature
DA1UMS DA1UMS
%rue Geometric Counterpart:
t is the theoretically perfect boundary of a
specified datum feature.
hen surface is defined as Datum TGC is the
tangent plane to that feature
hen feature of size is defined as datum ,the TGC
is either the Actual ating Envelope of the feature
or the virtual condition of the Datum Feature.
Tangent Plane
True Geometric Counterpart of the surface is the tangential plane.
DA1UMS DA1UMS
%rue Geometric Counterpart:
Feature of size (PN) being the Datum, the TGC is
either the Actual ating Envelope or the Virtual
Condition of the Datum Feature
The figure shows the Virtual Condition envelope on the
datum feature, representing the True Geometric
Counterpart.
The axis of the True Geometric Counterpart is the datum.
DA1UMS DA1UMS
atum Feature SimuIator:
Datum Feature $imulator is the surface of a
gauging or a locating equipment that contacts the
Datum Feature and is used to establish simulated
datums.
To establish the datum in practice the Datum Feature is
located by a sleeve of perfect form. This sleeve is the
Datum Feature $imulator.
DA1UMS DA1UMS
SimuIated atum:
$imulated Datums are points, axes or planes
established by Datum Feature $imulators. For all
practical purposes, $imulated Datums serve as
Datums.
The Axis of the locating sleeve is the simulated
datum.
DA1UMS DA1UMS
Datum Feature
True Geometric Counterpart
Datum Feature $imulator
$imulated Datum
DA1UMS DA1UMS
atums - Key Practices in atums:
Always start with the letter A
Do not use letters , O, or Q
ay use double letters AA, , etc.
Datums on a drawing of a part are represented
using the symbol shown below.
A
$O
A
AN$
1982
A$E
A
1994
0
Placement of Datum $ymbols.
A A O#
A$E 1994
A
AN$ 1982
DA1UMS DA1UMS
Line up with arrow only when
the feature is a feature of
size and is being defined as
the datum
1
Datum symbols should be labeled on the Datum
Features.
DA1UMS DA1UMS
Feature of size with GD&T used as a Datum.
.500.005
2
DA1UMS DA1UMS
t is important to state the assumptions about the
order in which the datums are to be located.
Change in the order of location can change the
value of dimensions being measured.
The illustration shown below shows the effect of
change in order of location on datums A and .
GOM1RI ON1RO GOM1RI ON1RO

NDVDUAL
(No Datum
#eference)
NDVDUAL
or #ELATED
FEATU#E$
#ELATED
FEATU#E$
(Datum
#eference
#equired)
GEOME%#C CHA#AC%E#S%C CON%#OS
%PE OF
FEA%&#E
%PE OF
%OE#ANCE
CHA#AC%E#S%C SMBO
$ET#
FLATNE$$
$T#AGHTNE$$
C#CULA#T
CLND#CT
LNE P#OFLE
$U#FACE P#OFLE
PE#PENDCULA#T
ANGULA#T
PA#ALLEL$
C#CULA# #UNOUT
TOTAL #UNOUT
CONCENT#CT
PO$TON
FO#
P#OFLE
O#ENTATON
#UNOUT
LOCATON
4 characteristics that may be controIIed
leature ontrol lrame leature ontrol lrame

%HE
GEOME%#C SMBO
%OE#ANCE NFO#MA%ON
A%&M #EFE#ENCES
COMPA#%MEN% VA#ABES
CONNEC%NG WO#S
M&S% BE W%HN
OF %HE FEA%&#E
#EA%VE %O
Use feature control frames to

indicate tolerance
#eads as: The position of the
feature must be within a .003
diametrical tolerance zone at
maximum material condition relative
to datums A, , and C.
leature ontrol lrame leature ontrol lrame
The of the feature must be within

tolerance zone.
tolerance zone at
relative to Datum .
tolerance zone relative to Datum .
zone at
relative to Datum .
tolerance zone relative to datums .
Reading leature ontrol
lrames
Placement o leature ontrol

lrames
ay be attached to a side, end or corner
of the symbol box to an extension line.
Applied to surface.
Applied to axis
Placement o leature ontrol

lrames ont`d.
ay be below or closely adjacent to the
dimension or note pertaining to that
feature.
.500.005
0
lorm 1olerances lorm 1olerances
ndividual Features
No Datum #eference
Flatness $traightness
Cylindricity Circularity
1
lorm 1olerance - Straightness lorm 1olerance - Straightness
$traightness: t is always applied to line elements.
There are several different ways in which
straightness can be applied.
Application to axis of Feature of size
easurement:
C...
The axis under consideration is bounded by a cylindrical
tolerance zone of the value of the tolerance specified.
2
Application to longitudinal surface elements of
feature of size.
Note the absence of
diameter symbol.
Tolerance to be applied in the
view in which it is defined.
easurement:
Profile Projector
#olling on $urface plate with feeler wire.

$traightness applied on size
easurement:
Actual local size of the feature at all sections
should be within the tolerance of size.
The feature must be contained within the virtual
condition specified as a result of tolerance of
size and straightness tolerance.

$traightness applied on size
easurement:
Actual local size of the feature at all sections
should be within the tolerance of size.
The feature must be contained within the virtual
condition specified as a result of tolerance of
size and straightness tolerance.
lorm 1olerance - llatness lorm 1olerance - llatness

Flatness: t is defined on surfaces. t is defined as
the entire surface under measurement being
bounded by the two parallel planes at a
separation of the specified value of the tolerance.
The bounding planes need to be parallel to each
other and not to any datum.
easurement:
C...
Face down scanning by a dial mounted through a
hole in a surface plate.
lorm 1olerance - Roundness lorm 1olerance - Roundness

easurement:
#oundness easuring achine.
#oundness: t is applied to cylindrical features
at sections perpendicular to the axis.
#oundness is defined as the profile of the
section being bounded by two concentric
circles at a radial separation of the specified
value of tolerance.
lorm 1olerance - lindricit lorm 1olerance - lindricit

easurement:
#oundness easuring achine.
Cylindricity: t is a combined effect of roundness,
straightness and taper. t is defined as the entire
surface being contained within the bounds of two
coaxial cylinders at a radial separation of the
specified value of tolerances.
lorm 1olerance - lindricit lorm 1olerance - lindricit

Used for the measurement of #oundness and Cylindricity
Orientation 1olerances Orientation 1olerances

Perpendicularity
Controls the orientation of individual features
Datums are required
$hape of tolerance zone: 2 parallel lines, 2
parallel planes, and cylindrical
Angularity
Parallelism
0
Orientation 1olerances -
Perpendicularit
Perpendicularit
Perpendicularity can be expressed on surfaces
as well as on features of size.
On surfaces it is defined as the surface being
bounded by two parallel planes at a linear
separation of the specified value of tolerance
and the bounding surfaces being perpendicular
to the datum.
On features of size it is defined as the axis of
the feature being contained by a cylindrical
tolerance zone of the specified value of the
tolerance zone being perpendicular to the
specified datum.
1
Perpendicularit
Perpendicularit
The tolerance zone is the
space between the 2
parallel lines. They are
perpendicular to the
datum plane and spaced
.005 apart.
The perpendicularity of
this surface must be
within a .005 tolerance
zone relative to datum A.
Perpendicularity Tolerance applied on surface
2
Perpendicularit
Perpendicularit
This means 'the hole (axis) must be
perpendicular within a diametrical
tolerance zone of .010 relative to datum A'
Perpendicularity Tolerance applied to feature of
size.
easurement:
$urface Perpendicularity; by dial gages.
easurement of perpendicularity of feature of size:
Done as a part of virtual condition.
y Cs in case the tolerance is #F$.
Angularit
Angularit
Angularity can also be expressed on surfaces as
well as on features of size.
On surfaces it is defined as all the surface
elements on the plane bounded by two parallel
planes at a linear separation of the value of the
tolerance and the bounding surfaces being
inclined at the specified basic angle with the
datums.
On features of size it is specified in terms of
cylindrical bounding zones which are at the
specified basic angle to the datum.
The former practice of expressing tolerances on
angles in terms of degrees and minutes is not
used any more as it leads to non uniform tolerance
zones.
The surface is at a 45 angle with a .005 tolerance zone

relative to datum A.
Angularit
Angularit
Typically must have a basic dimension
The practice of expressing tolerance on angles in terms
of degrees and minutes is not used any more as it leads
to non uniform tolerance zone.
Angularit
Angularit
easurement
Parallelism
Parallelism
Parallelism is expressed on surfaces as well as on
features of size.
On surfaces parallelism is defined as the surface
under measurement being contained by two parallel
planes at a linear separation of the specified value of
the tolerance and the bounding planes being parallel
to the datum.
On feature of size parallelism is defined as the axis
of the feature being contained within a cylindrical
tolerance zone of the specified value of the tolerance
and the cylindrical tolerance zone being parallel to
the datums specified.
The distance between the parallel lines, or surfaces,
is specified by the geometric tolerance.
Parallelism
Parallelism
easurement:
$urface Parallelism; by dial gages.
easurement of parallelism of feature of size:
ocation 1olerances ocation 1olerances

Position
Concentricity
$ymmetry
Controls the Location of individual features.
Datums are required.
A position tolerance is the total permissible

variation in the location of a feature about its
exact true position.
For cylindrical features, the position tolerance
zone is typically a cylinder within which the axis of
the feature must lie.
For other features, the center plane of the feature
must fit in the space between two parallel planes.
The exact position of the feature is located with
basic dimensions.
The position tolerance is typically associated with
the size tolerance of the feature.
ocation 1olerances -
Position
Position
0
Position
Position
easurement:
easurement of Position of feature of size:
1
oncentricit
oncentricit
Concentricity is the total permissible variation in
the cylindrical tolerance zone of the specified
value defined around the datum feature axis.
Concentricity is aIways #egardIess of Feature
Size.
2
oncentricit
oncentricit
easurement:
Diametrical generators are define.
All the medians of the diametral
generators need to lie within the
cylindrical tolerance zone.
The difference between the
readings of the two dials should
not exceed the value of
concentricity tolerance.
$ymmetry is a location tolerance. As shown in

figure an axis is derived for the datum reference
feature. A tolerance zone of the specified value
(here 0.5) is defined around the datum feature
axis.
$ymmetry is aIways #egardIess of Feature
Size.
Smmetr
Smmetr
easurement:
Smmetr
Smmetr
Opposite surface generators are
drawn along the surfaces of the
feature.
The medians of all the generators
defined above need to lie within
the specified tolerance zone
around feature axis.
The difference between the
readings of the two dials should
not exceed the value of
symmetry tolerance.
Proile 1olerances Proile 1olerances

Profile of a line and profile of a surface fall under the
category of profile tolerances.
Profile of a line is defined by the normal direction
separation between offsets of the theoretical profile
that bound the actual profile.
Profile of a surface is defined by a normal direction
separation between offset surfaces of the theoretical
surface that envelope the actual surface.
n absence of any specific indication the profile
tolerance can be deemed to be distributed equally in
both the sides of the basic profile.
t is always #F$.
Proile 1olerances Proile 1olerances

easurement:
Runout 1olerances Runout 1olerances

Circular #unout and Total #unout fall under the category of
#unout tolerances.
Circular #unout is the total indicator movement of a dial
gauge that probes the runout of features when rotated about
the datum axis. t is expressed at the individual sections.
The dial gage is needed to be mounted radially on the
feature to be gauged.
Total runout involves total indicator reading measurement of
runout when the dial is moved along the axis of the feature
while probing.
#unout tolerances are always #egardless of feature size.

Circular #unout
easurement:

Total #unout
easurement:
0
Smbols - Quick reerence Smbols - Quick reerence

GDT Final

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GDT Final

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c1vgiveerea 1ootivg otvtiov.

lindrical 1olerance Zone

lindrical 1olerance Zone

GOM1RI ON1RO GOM1RI ON1RO

leature ontrol lrame leature ontrol lrame

Use feature control frames to

The of the feature must be within

Placement o leature ontrol

Placement o leature ontrol

lorm 1olerance - Straightness lorm 1olerance - Straightness

lorm 1olerance - Straightness lorm 1olerance - Straightness

lorm 1olerance - llatness lorm 1olerance - llatness

lorm 1olerance - Roundness lorm 1olerance - Roundness

lorm 1olerance - lindricit lorm 1olerance - lindricit

lorm 1olerance - lindricit lorm 1olerance - lindricit

Orientation 1olerances Orientation 1olerances

The surface is at a 45 angle with a .005 tolerance zone

ocation 1olerances ocation 1olerances

A position tolerance is the total permissible

$ymmetry is a location tolerance. As shown in

Proile 1olerances Proile 1olerances

Proile 1olerances Proile 1olerances

Runout 1olerances Runout 1olerances

Runout 1olerances Runout 1olerances

Runout 1olerances Runout 1olerances

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