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SAE TECHNICAL

PAPER SERIES

2000-01-1261

On the Validity of Mean Value Engine Models


During Transient Operation
Alain Chevalier
Ford Motor Co.

Martin Mller
Delphi Automotive System

Elbert Hendricks
Technical University of Denmark

Reprinted From: Modeling of SI Engines


(SP1511)

SAE 2000 World Congress


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