Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
^ - @@ JMNJV,THB 1 $@ ~^#@`
-
13
FDNJYJVBEHB ,JV,B
hects-cfmfhsdtkjc ufvodfdt,ekb ehsbthsj,bc
ajypt rdkfd fmnefkehb uf[lf !))_-)! okt,ib
cfv[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbehb jkmbc ufemvt,bcf lf
cfvfxf,kjib itbfhfqt,ekb lfgbhbcgbht,bc
bycgbhbht,bc cfrbs[b8 cojhtl fv stvfpt cfcfe,hjl
3fcfdfk-lfcfdfkvf4 thjdyekb [tkbceakt,bc
ghtvbth-vbybcnhc ,tcfhbjy ueueidbkc
vbvfhsf8 vfi fct 2 hfnjv lfbo.j jvb iblf
mfhskib0 eylf uftemvt,byf se fhf fdnjyjvbehb
jkmbc cnfnecb eptyftc cf,zjc lf hf hjkb
lftrbchf bv;fvfl hectsc +bubdt cf,zjsf rfdibhc
cfmfhsdtkjc lfikfib0
2 ,fnjyj ,tcfhbjy7 !))_
okbc @( jmnjv,hbc vhfdf-
kgfhnbek fhxtdyt,ib 3vh-
udfkb vfublf 2 sfdbceaf-
kb cfmfhsdtkjc4 ufvfh]dt-
,bcsfyfdt lfbf,f ehsbth-
sj,f cf,zjsf rfdibhcf lf cf-
mfhsdtkjc ijhbc8 hfnjv
lfegbhbcgbhlf ujh,fxjdb
ufvcf[ehlbfc0
2 thjdyekb [tkbceakt-
,bc mdt.ybc cfsfdtib vjcdkfv
cf,zjsf rfdibhbc gjkbn,b-
ehj ffythdbekf8 vfiby UFV-
CF[EHLBF fhw afhfdlf7 hjv
cfmfhsdtkjc sfdbceakt,bc
upfpt ufb.dfylf8 hjujhw rb
cfmfhsdtkjv lfbo.j ,hjkf
lf vjhfj,f lfvjerblt,kj-
,bcfrty7 3lfvjerblt,tk cf[t-
kvobajsf sfyfvtuj,hj,bc4
vij,tkvf 2 cf,zjsf rfdibhvf
vb[tbk ujh,fxjdbc gbhbs vfc
vfibydt lfeafhfdfl lf sfd-
[tlehfl ufvjew[flf5 2 CF-
MFHSDTKJ UFDF CF,ZJSF
RFDIBHBLFY7 VFUHFV FA[F-
PTSBCF LF CFV[HTS JCTSBC
UFHTITJ8 fvltyfl7 ufyf[kt-
,ek bvgthbfcsfy 2 3lcs4-
csfy cfmfhsdtkjc vb]fzdbc
vsfdfhb bycnhevtynb eylf
ufv[lfhb.j lf uf[lf rbltw fa-
[fptsb lf tuhts ojlt,ekb
cfv[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbe-
hb jkmb7 [jkj itvchekt-
,tk-fqvfchekt,tkb 2 cf,-
zjsf fhvbf8
2 ctgfhfnbcnekb fkt-
,b cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvob-
ajc obyffqvltu !))_ okb-
lfy ffvjmvtlf cf,zjsf rfd-
ibhvf0
2 ctgfhfnbcnekb fkt,bc
vjvpflt,f cf,zjsf cbcntvfv
obyvcoht,b ntvgt,bs lfbo.j
2 FA[FPTSIB CTGFHFNBC-
NEK UFVJ[LJVT,C ]TH RB-
LTD RJVEYBCNEH CFMFHS-
DTKJIB /MJYLF FLUBKB7
hjltcfw itmvytc lf itfbfhf-
qtc 3,jtdbrt,bc4 gbhdtkb ]ue-
at,b8 fctsbdt fmnbdj,f b.j t8
o8 cfv[hts jctsbc jkmib8 cf-
,zjsf cgtwcfvcf[eht,vf lfb-
o.tc bfhfqbc itnfyf lf ctgf-
hfnbcnekb itbfhfqt,ekb
lf]ueat,t,bc itmvyf jct,bs
vzblhjl lfcf[kt,ek nthb-
njhbt,ptw7 vfufkbsfl7 ,jh-
]jvbc hfbjyib8 CJ[EVIB LF-
FAE"YTC 3RFDRFCBBC VSBTK
[FK[SF RJYATLTHFWBF4 2
ITBFHFQT,EKB RDFPB-CF[T-
KVOBAJ8
2 hf b.j ctgfhfnbpvbc
3ufqdbdt,bc4 vbpfyb0 dby vf-
hsfdlf fv ghjwtct,c0
2 ctgfhfnbpvbc xfcf[dbc7
jhufybpt,bcf lf ufqdbdt,bc
hsdtkj vwbht bvgthbff47 vb-
bqj lflutybkt,f jkmbc 3cf-
v[hts jctsbc cf,zjsf ltvj-
rhfnbek htcge,kbrfl ufh-
lfmvybc itcf[t,48
2 rjveybcnehvf [tkb-
ceakt,fv egfce[jl lfnj-
df tc lflutybkt,f0
2 c[dfsfijhbc7 TC UFLF-
O.DTNBKT,F CFMFHSDTKJC
CCH EPTYFTCB CF,ZJC GHT-
PBLBEVVF UFFEMVF !))_ OK-
BC @! CTMNTV,THC8
2 ufvjlbc7 hjv thjdye-
kb [tkbceakt,bc vbth fh
vjv[lfhf gbhdtkb ghtwtlt-
ynb cfv[hts jctsbc lflut-
ybkt,bc ufemvt,bcf888 fhflf7
jct,cf lf mfhsdtkt,c ij-
hbc fnt[bk jvc pdbfl ufv-
cf[ehlbfc f,hfkt,ty888
2 ctgfhfnbpvbcf lf tsyj-
rjyakbmnbc ufqdbdt,f fhw
thjdyek [tkbceakt,fc lf
FHW PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBFC OF-
HVJEMVYBF LF TC GHJ,KT-
VF VFC CFUFYUT,JL LF CF-
VJVFDKJ GHJDJRFWBT,BC
VBPYBS 3ISFVJVFDKJ,BS
LFENJDF4 CFMFHSDTKJC
RJVEYBCNEHVF HT;BVVF8
3CFV[HTS
JCTSBC
FDNJYJVBEHB
JKMBC4
CFMFHSDT-
KJCFUFY
UFVJ.JABC
JGTHFWBF
LBLB [YBS
FLHT LFBUTUVF
LF COJHTL
FVBCSDBC
UFRTSLF HJRBC
UDBHF,B8
2 tc udbhf,b [jv itdfhl-
yfbc rjvgfhnbbc wtrfc vlb-
dyj,bc lhjc ufbzhf0
2 cojhtl TLEFHL ITDF-
HLYF"BC sfy[vj,bsf lf lblb
v[fhlfzthbs ufb[cyf hjrbc
udbhf,b8 vfc eylf epheydt-
kt.j jcb ctgfhfnbcnt,bc xh-
lbkjtsblfy cfv[tlhj fkbs
v[fhlfzthf lf fhct,bsfl
EYLF UFTTHSBFYT,BYF UFE-
DFKB RFDRFCBBC MTLBS UF-
.JABKB XHLBKJ LF 3CFV-
[HTS JCTSB48
2 pdbfl ufvcf[ehlbfc [t-
kbceakt,bc vbth 3cfv[hts
jctsbc fdnjyjvbehb jk-
mbc4 ufemvt,f v[jkjl vfc
itvltu vj[lf7 hfw jct,vf
3cfv[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvb-
eh htcge,kbrfl4 ufvjfw[f-
ltc iblf mfhskbc bcnjhb-
ekb nthbnjhbf8 tkwbyvfw
[jv lfezbhf fvfib v[fhb
cfmfhsdtkjc eptyftcb cf-
,zjc sfdv]ljvfhtc pdbfl uf-
vcf[ehlbfc0
2 lbf[7 fct b.j8 pdbfl ufv-
cf[ehlbfv vj[th[t,ekfl7 lb-
gkjvfnbehfl ufvjb.tyf cf,-
zjsf rfdibhbc ghtpbltyn VB-
[TBK UJH,FXJDCF lf hect-
sbc atlthfwbbc ghtpbltyn
,JHBC TKWBYC ijhbc fh-
GFHFRT,T,BC VJV[HTYB DF-
HSJ LF FV VBVFHSEKT,BS
FHFATHB RTSLT,F= vbde,he-
ylt,b !))! otkc8 eylf lfdf-
vfnj7 hjv vjvltdyj7 fkpt
vjrkt gthbjlib cfmfhsdt-
kjc thjdyekvf [tkbceakt-
,fv uflfluf fhfthsb evybid-
ytkjdfytcb cfvfhskt,hbdb
yf,b]b7 hfw vrdtshfl fkbt-
ht,lf cfmfhsdtkjc cedthtyb-
ntnc8 tc b.j !))! OKBC #!
VFHNBC htathtylevb cfmfhs-
dtkjc lfvjerblt,kj,bc fq-
lutybc itcf[t, lf !))! OKBC
) FGHBKC cfmfhsdtkjc cf-
[tkvobajt,hbdb lfvjerblt-
,kj,bc fqlutybc fmnbc vbqt-
,f8 eahj vtnbw7 GBHDTKFL
CFMFHSDTKJC BCNJHBFIB7
COJHTL PDBFL UFVCF[EHLB-
FC GHTPBLTYNJ,BC LHJC
VBBQJ CFMFHSDTKJC EPT-
YFTCVF CF,ZJV .DTKFPT UF-
,TLEKB LF VYBIDYTKJDF-
YB LFLUTYBKT,F8
2 hjvtkb lflutybkt,f0
2 cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhb-
fpt ufykfut,ekb CCH RFDIB-
HBC ITBFHFQT,EKB 'FKT-
,BC CFJREGFWBJ CFV[TLHJ
"FKFL UFVJW[FLT,BCF LF
CFMFHSDTKJLFY VFSB UF.-
DFYBC LFLUTYBKT,F7 hjvt-
kbw !))! okbc !% ctmntv-
,thc vbbqj eptyftcvf cf,zjv8
2 hf uffrtsf lqtdfylt-
kvf [tkbceakt,fv nthb-
njhbekb vskbfyj,bc fq-
lutybcfsdbc0 cfvb otkbf7
fvfpt cfe,fhb vblbc888
2 FHFATHB UFERTST,BFS
LF DTHW UFFRTST,TY7 CFYFV
VSKBFYFL LF RFHLBYFKE-
HFL FH UFSFDBCEAKLT,B-
FY ITDFHLYF"BC HT;BVBC VBTH
CFMFHSDTKJCFSDBC SFDC-
VJ[DTEKB GJKBNBREHB
LF FV GJKBNBREHBC EPH-
EYDTKV.JAB BLTJKJUB-
EHB ,JHRBKT,BCFUFY= CF-
YFV ITDFHLYF"BC CBC[KBF-
YB HT;BVBC CFVFHSFKVTVR-
DBLHTT,B BMYT,BFY [TKB-
CEAKT,FIB7 NTHBNJHBT,C
DTH LFDB,HEYT,S=
2 hects-cfmfhsdtkjc
ijhbc fnt[bkb wbdb jvb bm-
yt, cojhtl nthbnjhbt,bc
lf,heyt,bc vfeo.t,tkbf0
2 fh fhbc ufvjhbw[ekb7
eahj vtnbw7 vjcfkjlytkbf7
hjv hectsb uflfbnfyc lfcf-
dktsbc fv itvjntdfcfw8 CFMF-
HSDTKJ [JV HJUJHW VF-
HBJYTNB7 BCTF XFHSEKB
HECTS-FVTHBRBC BYNTHTCT,-
IB8 cfe,tlehjl7 itcfkjf7
hectsvf vstkb hbc[df rdkfd
cfmfhsdtkjc lffnt[jc7 hjvt-
kcfw bctd lf bctd 3eqfkf-
nt,c lfcfdktsb48 uf[cjds7
cj[evbc lfwtvbc lqtt,ib hjv
fv,j,lf itdfhlyft7 lfcfdkt-
svf udbqfkfnfj888 FVFC RB IT-
LTUFL VJ/.DT,F CFMFHSDT-
KJC BEUJCKFDBPT,F 2
]TH 3RFYJYBTHB4 RJYAT-
LTHFKBPT,F7 [JKJ IT-
VLTU 3RFYJYBTHB4 LFIKF-
LFYFOTDHT,F888
2 lfcfdktsb fvfc lfe-
idt,c0 cfmfhsdtkjc vjrfd-
ibht fvthbrf fh lft[vfht,f0
2 fvthbrf hectsbc obyff-
qvltu jvc fh lfeidt,c8 cfmf-
hsdtkjc rb fv ghj,ktvt,bc
vidblj,bfyfl vjudfht,f fh
itekbf8 hfw itt[t,f cfmfh-
sdtkjc lfikf-lfyfotdht,fc7
ufubrdbhlt,fs7 vfuhfv vfbyw
dbn.db7 hjv tc hectscfw fo-
.j,c lf lfcfdktscfw888
l
cfmfhsdtkjc sfdlfwdbc
vbybcnhb bhfrkb jmhefidb-
kb rbltd ths[tk itudgb-
hlf 2 lfvltu7 @__* otkc
w[bydfkib itd[dlt,bsj8 rf-
hub bmyt,f7 se .jdtkudfhb
ufyc[dfdt,ekb lf gtcbvbc-
nehb ghjuyjpb fh f[lt,f lf
jmhefidbkb ufbvfh]dt,c=
xdtyw tc udbylf=
ktbkf
rdbhbrfidbkb
,TCFHBJY UEUEIDBKB5
CFYFV ITDFHLYF'BC
CBC[KBFYB HT;BVBC
IDBKT,B BMYT,BFY
[TKBCEAKT,FIB7
NTHBNJHBT,C DTH LFDB,HEYT,S=
PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBF LF ,JHBC TKWBYB8
LF,F .FP,TUB7 !))! OKBC @# VFHNB
ct,ekb erblehtcfl ufvodfdt-
,ekb cbnefwbf lf !))!
OKBC @# VFHNC7 LF,F .FP-
,TUIB7 ,JHBC TKWBYB LF
PDBFL UFVCF[EHLBF THSVF-
YTSC IT[DLYTY8 fv it[dtlhf-
pt ,jhbc tkwbyvf cwyj 3cf-
v[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbehb
jkmbc4 ufemvt,f lf pdbfl uf-
vcf[ehlbfc v[fhlfzthfc lf/-
gbhlf8 ufajhvt,ekb [tkit-
rhekt,bc sfyf[vfl7 .jabkb
3CFV[HTS JCTSBC JKMBC4
NTHBNJHBF EYLF LFTNJDT-
,BYF CCH RFDIBHBC SFDLFW-
DBC CFVBYBCNHJC CFV[TLHJ
YFOBKT,C7 [jkj hectsbc
cach lf cfmfhsdtkjc ibyf-
ufy cfmvtsf cfvbybcnhjt,c th-
sj,kbdb fkt,bs !_ fghb-
kfvlt eylf ittmvyfs vbkbwb-
bc hfpvb cfv[hts jctsbc
fdnjyjvbehb jkmbc nthb-
njhbfpt .dtkf erfyjyj aj-
hvbht,bc ufycfbfhfqt,kfl8 fv
hfpvc lftdfkf cfpjufljt,hb-
db otchbubc lfwdf vjwtvek
nthbnjhbfpt dbsfht,bc cnf-
,bkbpfwbfvlt8
2 ufvjlbc7 hjv pdbfl uf-
vcf[ehlbfc [tkbceakt,f
[tkitrhekt,t,bsf lf lb-
gkjvfnbehb upt,bs fhtue-
kbht,lf cfvfxf,kjib fnt-
[bk lfgbhbcgbht,fc8 fvfpt
lqtc hfnjv fhfdby fhfathc
fv,j,c0 bmyt,7 rdkfd fctsb
upbs eylf bfhjc cfmfhsdt-
kjc [tkbceakt,fv nthb-
njhbekb vskbfyj,bc fqcf-
lutyfl0
2 etzdtkfl888 lqtc fct hjv
fh vblbc veifj,f7 bvbnjvfw
fhbc ufehrdtdtkb lf ,eylj-
dfyb w[bydfkbc htubjybc lf-
,heyt,bc gthcgtmnbdf8 FV,J-
,TY7 VIDBLJ,BFYB VJKF-
vsfdfhb vbpfyb b.j lf fhbc
cfmfhsdtkjc lfvjerblt,-
kj,bcf lf nthbnjhbekb
vskbfyj,bc obyffqvltu he-
ctsbc vbth ofhvjt,ekb jvb-
cf lf nthbnjhbt,bc jregf-
wbf-fytmcbbc itybq,df8 BVGT-
HBEKVF CGTWCFVCF[EHT,VF
GBHDTKB GJKBNBREHB LF-
HN.VF CFMFHSDTKJPT ]TH
RBLTD CF,ZJSF GTHBJLIB7
.JABK CFV[HTS JCTSBC
FDNJYJVBEH JKMIB VJF-
[LBYTC !))_ OKBC @_ CTM-
NTV,THC8
2 @_ ctmntv,thc0 vfiby
bctd uev,fhbbc [tkbcea-
kt,f b.j mdt.ybc cfsfdtib888
2 lbf[7 @_ ctmntv,thc cf-
v[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbehb
jkmbc cf[fk[j ltgenfnsf
cf,zjv7 ofmtpt,ekvf FYLHTB
CF[FHJDBC kjpeyubs 3cfmf-
DBCB O.FKJ,BS UFMHF FCJ 3B4
W[BYDFKBC MFHSEKB CF[TKOJLT,BLFY0
RDBHUDBYJCYT,B
lqtc bcts cfmfhsdtkjib dw-
[jdhj,7 hjvtkcfw okt,bc oby
djwyt,j,lb lf fv;fvbyltkb vsfd-
hj,f f[kf frtst,c8 itvbkbf lf-
dbabwj7 hjv yfqlb xtxyt,b lf
fhf genbybctekb mfhsdtkt,c
udthlib lfelut,bfy8
c
f
m
f
h
s
d
t
k
j
i
b
x
t
x
y
e
h
b
l
b
f
c
g
j
h
b
c
[
t
k
v
'
q
d
f
y
t
k
b
[
B
P
B
H
F
K
L
F
V
J
D
B
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
dthfcjltc
itdtuet,b7
hjv ,fnjyvf
vb[tbk cffrf-
idbkvf7 bhfr-
kb jmhefidb-
kvf7 dfyj vt-
hf,bidbkvf7
ubuf ,jrthbfv7
ybrf udfhfvbfv
lf vfsvf evhfdktcj,fv uffsfdbceaktc rj-
ljhb8 tc fhbc cfvfhw[dbyj lf cfresfh sfd-
pt kfabc lfc[vf888 efvhfd cf[tkc dtn.db7
dbyw rjljhb lfbwdf7 hjwf tctyb 3cjcrbs4
gbhib vfublbc mdtvjs lflbjlyty8
.
j
a
b
k
b
c
f
[
t
k
v
o
b
a
j
v
b
y
b
c
n
h
b
r
j
y
a
k
b
m
n
t
,
b
c
v
j
u
d
f
h
t
,
b
c
c
f
r
b
s
[
t
,
i
b
U
J
U
F
[
F
B
Y
L
H
F
D
F
3CFHRT4
,jkj lqt-
t,ib cfmfhsdt-
kjc v[hblfy
itvjzhbc cfa-
hs[t ufbpfhlf8
hjujhw vtsf-
ehb7 fh ufvjd-
hbw[fd7 hjv
cfjvfhb vjm-
vtlt,t,b 'f-
kbfy vfkt lfbo.t,f8 xdty jvb fh udbylf8 fvbc
vbe[tlfdfl cfjvhfl vpfl dfhs8 rfhub itb-
fhfqt,fw udfmdc8 nhf,f[ib fh xfvjvfhsdfs7
vfuhfv hectspt ertstcb bfhfqb udfmdc8 bfhf-
qbc lbl yfobkc mfhsdtkt,bcufy d.ble-
kj,s8
j
c
e
h
b
l
f
]
u
e
a
t
,
b
c
k
b
l
t
h
b
,
F
K
F
,
T
C
N
F
T
D
B
3F[FKB SFJ,F4
a uauer uufepuef-
cafe paofaef snekfpou-
uan anouan kuura. Kfo
uepoaoneu uaue pao-
fo, nuuufe: kornukfep
y reun acerpa c coo.
"
FYT H KT"