(Mindanao State University-General Santos City, Philippines)

BSEE-(G.R.F) students ‘04

Solved Problems
in
Mechanics of Materials

ES-64

1. 12-7. Determine the equations of the elastic curve using the x1 and x2
coordinates. Specify the slope at A and the maximum deflection. EI is
constant.
1. 12-10.The beam is made of two rods and is subjected to the concentrated
load P. Determine the slope at C. The moments of inertia of the rods are IAB
and IAC, and the modulus of elasticity is E.
2. 12-13. Determine the elastic curve for the cantilevered beam, which is
subjected to the couple moment Mo. Also compute the maximum slope and
maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
3. 12-15. Determine the deflection at the center of the beam and the slope at B.
EI is constant.
4. 12-16. Determine the elastic curve for the simply supported beam, which is
subjected to the couple moments Mo. Also, compute the maximum slope and
the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
5. 12-19. Determine the equations of the elastic curve using the coordinates x1
and x2, and specify the slope at A. EI is constant.
6. 12-22.The floor beam of the airplane is subjected to the loading shown.
Assuming that the fuselage exerts only vertical reactions on the ends of the
beam, determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
7. 12-27. Determine the elastic curve for the simply supported beam using the x
coordinates 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2. Also, determine the slope at A and the maximum
deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
8. 12-34.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.
9. 12-35.The shaft is supported at A by a journal bearing that exerts only
vertical reactions on the shaft, and at C by a thrust bearing that exerts
horizontal and vertical reactions on the shaft. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve. EI is constant.
10. 12-37.The shafts support the two pulley loads shown. Determine the
equation of the elastic curve. The bearing at A and B exerts only vertical
reactions on the shaft. EI is constant.
11. 12-38.The shafts support the two pulley loads shown. Determine the
equation of the elastic curve. The bearing at A and B exerts only vertical
reactions on the shaft. EI is constant.
12. 12-43.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.
13. 12-54.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.
14. 12-55. Determine the slope and deflection at B. EI is constant.
15. 12-61. Determine the maximum slope and the maximum deflection of the
beam. EI is constant.
16. 12-40.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.
17. 12-45.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.
18. 12-50. Determine the equation of the elastic curve. Specify the slope at A. EI
is constant.
19. 12-25.The beam is subjected to the linearly varying distributed load.
Determine the maximum slope of the beam. EI is constant.
20. 12-42.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the slope and elastic curve. EI is constant.
21. 12-45. The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of
the elastic curve. EI is constant.
22. 12-46.The wooden beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the
equation of the elastic curve. Specify the deflection at the end C.
EW=1.6(103) ksi.
23. 12-63. Determine the deflection and slope at C. EI is constant.
24. 12-66. Determine the deflection at C and the slope of the beam at A, B, and
C. EI is constant.
25. 12-73. Determine the slope at B and deflection at C. EI is constant.
26. 12-86.The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the slope at B
and deflection at C. EI is constant.

1. 5-5.The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 in. and an inner diameter
of 2.30 in. If it is tightly secured to the wall at C and the three torques are
applied to it as shown., determine the shear stress developed at points A and
 B. These points lie on the pipe’s outer surface. Sketch the shear stress on the
volume elements located at A and B.
2. 5-9. The assembly consists of two sections of galvanized steel pipe
connected together using a reducing coupling at B. The smaller pipe has an
outer diameter of 0.75 in. and an inner diameter of 0.68 in., whereas the
larger pipe has an outer diameter of 1 in. and an inner diameter of 0.86 in. If
the pipe is tightly secured to the wall at C, determine the maximum shear
stress developed in each section of the pipe when the couple shown is
applied to the handles of the wrench.
3. 5-10.The link acts as part of the elevator control for a small airplane. If the
attached aluminum tube has an inner diameter of 25 mm, determine the
maximum shear stress in the tube when the cable force of 600 N is applied to
the cables. Also, sketch the shear stress distribution over the cross section.
4. 5-2.The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the
radius r of the inner cone of the shaft that resists one-half of the applied
torque (T/2). Solve the problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula,
(b) by finding the resultant of the shear stress distribution.
5. 5-3.The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the
radius r of the inner core of the shaft that resists one-quarter of the applied
torque (T/4). Solve the problem two ways: (a) by using the torsion formula,
(b) by finding the resultant of the shear stress distribution.
6. 5-13. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is used to transmit 35
hp when turning at 2700 rev/min. Determine the inner diameter d of the tube
to nearest 1/8 in. if the allowable shear stress is τ allow = 10 ksi.
7. 5-17. The steel shaft has a diameter of 1 in. and is screwed into the wall
using a wrench. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft if the
couple forces have a magnitude of F = 30 lb.
8. 5-21. The 20-mm-diameter steel shafts are connected using a brass coupling.
If the yield point for the steel is (τY)st = 100 MPa, determine the applied
torque T necessary to cause the steel to yield. If d = 40 mm, determine the
maximum shear stress in the brass. The coupling has an inner diameter of 20
mm.
9. 5-22. The coupling is used to connect the two shafts together. Assuming that
the shear stress in the bolts is uniform, determine the number of bolts
necessary to make the maximum shear in the shaft equal to the shear stress
in the bolts. Each bolt has a diameter d.
10. 5-29. The shaft has a diameter of 80 mm and due to friction at its surface
within the hole, it is subjected to a variable torque described by the function
(
t = 25 x x
2
)N⋅m/m, where x is in meters. Determine the minimum torque T0
 needed to overcome friction and cause it to twist. Also, determine the
absolute maximum stress in the shaft.
11. 5-30. The solid shaft has a linear taper from rA at one end to rB at the other.
Derive and equation that gives the maximum shear stress in the shaft at a
location x along the shaft’s axis.
12. 5-32. The drive shaft AB of an automobile is made of a steel having an
allowable shear stress of τallow = 8 ksi. If the outer diameter of the shaft is 2.5
in. and the engine delivers 200 hp to the shaft when it is turning at 1140
rev/min, determine the minimum required thickness of the shaft’s wall.
13. 5-33. The drive shaft AB of an automobile is to be designed as a thin walled
tube. The engine delivers 150 hp when the shaft is turning at 1500 rev/min.
Determine the minimum thickness of the shaft’s wall if the shaft’s outer
diameter is 2.5 in. The material has an allowable shear stress τallow = 7 ksi.
14. 5-34. The drive shaft of a tractor is to be designed as a thin-walled tube. The
engine delivers 200 hp when the shaft is turning at 1200 rev/min. Determine
the minimum thickness of the wall of the shaft if the shaft’s outer diameter is
3 in. The material has an allowable shear stress of τallow = 7 ksi.
15. 5-35. A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has
an outer diameter of 2 in. If it is rotating at 200 rad/s. determine its largest
inner diameter to the nearest 1/8 in. If the allowable shear stress for the
material is τallow = 25 ksi.
16. 5-36. The drive shaft of a tractor is made of a steel tube having an allowable
shear stress of τallow = 6 ksi. If the outer diameter is 3 in. and the engine
delivers 175 hp to the shaft when it is turning at 1250 rev/min. determine the
minimum required thickness of the shaft’s wall.
17. 5-37. A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has
an outer diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the
smallest angular velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress
for the material is τallow = 25 ksi.
18. 5-38. The 0.75 in. diameter shaft for the electric motor develops 0.5 hp and
runs at 1740 rev/min. Determine the torque produced and compute the
maximum shear stress in the shaft. The shaft is supported by ball bearings at
A and B.
19. 5-42. The motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and
has an outer diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine
the smallest angular velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear
stress for the material is τallow = 25 ksi.
20. 5-46. The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T at its ends. Show
that the maximum shear strain developed in the shaft is γmax = Tc/JG. What
 is the shear strain on an element located at point A, c/2 from the center of the
shaft? Sketch the strain distortion of this element.
21. 5-74. A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and BC is brass. It is
fixed a its ends and subjected to a torque of T = 680 N⋅m. If the steel portion
has a diameter of 30mm. determine the required diameter of the brass
portion so the reactions at the walls will be the same. Gst = 75 GPa, Gbr = 39
GPa.
22. 5-78. The composite shaft consists of a mid-section that includes the 1-in.-
diameter solid shaft and a tube that is welded to the rigid flanges at A and B.
Neglect the thickness of the flanges and determine the angle of twist of end
C of the shaft relative to end D. The shaft is subjected to a torque of 800
lb⋅ft. The material is A-36 steel.
The column is subjected to an axial force of 8 kN at its top. If the cross-sectional
area has the dimensions shown in the figure, determine the average normal stress
acting at section a-a. Show this distribution of stress acting over the area’s cross
section.

A = 2[10mm(150mm ) + 10mm(140mm )]
A = 4400 mm 2
( )
A = 4.4 10 −3 m 2

P
σ =
A
8000 N
=
( )
4.4 10 −3 m 2
σ = 1.82 MPa
The anchor shackle supports a cable force of 600 lb. If the pin has a diameter of
0.25 in., determine the average shear stress in the pin.

d = 0.25 in
r = 0.125 in
A = πr 2
= π (0.125)
2

= 0.04909 in 2

For double shear stress :

0.6 lb
τ =V =
2A (
2 0.04909 in 2 )
= 6.11 ksi
The small block has a thickness of 5 mm. if the stress distribution at the support
developed by the load varies as shown, determine the force F applied to the block,
and the distance d to where it is applied.

1
( ) 1
[ ( )]
F =  (40) 10 6 (0.06)(0.005) +   (40 + 60) 10 6 (0.12)(0.005)
 2 2
F = 36,000 N
F = 36 kN

Solving for d :
1 2  1   1  2  
F ⋅ d =  (40)(60 )(5) (60) + (40)(120)(5) (120) + 60 +  (20)(120)(5 ) (120) + 60
 2 3  2    2  3  
F ⋅ d = 3,960,000
3960000
d=
36000
d = 110 m
A 175-lb woman stands on a vinyl floor wearing stiletto high-heel shoes. If the
heel has the dimensions shown, determine the average normal stress she exerts on
the floor and compare it with the average normal stress developed when a man
having the same weight is wearing flat-heel shoes. Assume the load is applied
slowly, so that dynamic effect can be ignored. Also assume the entire is supported
only by the heel of one shoe.

( 2 )(1.2)
AM = (0.5in )(2.4in ) + π
2

AM = 3.462 in 2

FM 175 lb
σM = =
AM 3.462 in 2
σ M = 50.5 psi

( 2 )(0.3in)
AW = (0.1in )(0.6in ) + π
2

AW = 0.201in 2

FW 175 lb
σW = =
AW 0.201in 2
σ W = 869 psi
The 50-lb lamp is supported by three steel rods connected by a ring at A.
Determine which rod is subjected to the greater average normal stress and compute
its value. Take θ=30°. The diameter of each rod is given in the figure.

ΣFX = 0
FAC cos 30° = FAD cos 45°
FAD cos 45°
FAC =
cos 30°

ΣFY = 0
FAC sin 30° + FAD sin 45° = 50 lb
50
FAD =
(
cos 45° sin 30°
cos 30°
)+ sin 45°
FAD = 44.83 lb
FAC = 36.6 lb

44.83
σ AD =
( )
π 0.3 2
2
= 634.21 psi
36.6
σ AC =
(
π 0.25 2
2
)
= 745.61 psi
∴Rod AC is subjected to greater average normal stress at 745.61 psi.
The 50-lb lamp is supported by three steel rods connected by a ring at A.
Determine which rod is subjected to the greater average normal stress and compute
its value. Take θ=45°. The diameter of each rod is given in the figure.

ΣF X = 0
FAC cos 45° = FAD cos 45°
FAC = FAD

ΣFY = 0
FAC sin 45° + FAD sin 45° = 50 lb
FAD = 35.36 lb
FAC = 35.36 lb

35.36
σ AD =
( )
π 0.3 2
2
= 500.24 psi
35.36
σ AC =
(
π 0.25 2
2
)
= 720.3 psi

∴Rod AC is subjected to greater average normal stress at 745.61 psi.

The two steel members are joined together using a 60° scarf weld. Determine the
average normal and average shear stress resisted in the plane of the weld.

ΣFY = 0
N sin 30° = V sin 60°
N sin 30°
V=
sin 60°

ΣFx = 0
− 8 + N cos 30° + V cos 60° = 0
N sin 30°
− 8 + N cos 30° + cos 60° = 0
sin 60°
N = 6.93 kN
V = 4 kN

 30mm 
A = 25mm 
 sin 60° 
A = 866.025 mm 2

6.93kN (1000)
3
σ =N = = 8MPa
A 866.025mm 2

4kN (1000)
3
τ =V = = 4.62MPa
A 866.025mm 2
The build-up shaft consist of a pipe AB and solid rod BC. The pipe has an inner
diameter of 20mm and outer diameter of 28mm. The rod has a diameter of 12mm.
Determine the average normal stress at points D and E and represent the stress on a
volume element located at each of this points.

 282   20 2 
AD = π   −  
 4   4 
AD = 301.5929 mm2

AE = π (36)
AE = 113.0973 mm 2

4kN (1000)
3
σD =
301.5929mm 2
σ D = 13.26 MPa (C )

σE =
(
8kN 10003 )
113.0973mm 2
σ E = 70.75 MPa (T )
The plastic block is subjected to an axial compressive force of 600N. Assuming
that the caps at the top and bottom distribute the load uniformly throughout the
block. Determine the average normal and average shear stress acting along section
a-a.

ΣFx = 0
N sin 30° = V cos 30°
N sin 30°
V=
cos 30°

Σ Fy = 0
N sin 30°
600 − sin 30° − N cos 30° = 0
cos 30°
N = 519.62 N
V = 300 N

519.62 N (1000)
2
σ a−a =N = = 90kPa
A 50mm 100mm( cos 30°
)
300 N (1000)
2
τ a−a =V = = 52kPa
(
A 50mm 100mm
cos 30°
)
The specimen failed tension test at an angle of 52° when the axial load was 19.80
kip. If the diameter of the specimen is 0.5 in., determine the average normal and
average shear stress acting on the area of the inclined failure plane. Also, what is
the average normal stress acting on the cross section when failure occurs?

Σ Fy = 0 When failure occurs no shear stress

N sin 38° = V sin 52° exists, since the shear force at the
N sin 38° section is 0.
V=
sin 52°
τ ave = 0
ΣFx = 0 σ =P =
19.8 kip
A 0.196 in 2
− 19.8kip + N cos 38° + V cos 52° = 0
N sin 38° σ = 101 ksi
− 19.8kip + N cos 38° + cos 52° = 0
sin 52°
N = 15.6 kip
V = 12.19 kip

A = π 0.5( 2) 2

A = 0.196 in 2
A' = A
sin 52°
A' = 0.2492 in 2

15.6 kip
∴σ ' = N =
A' 0.2492 in 2
σ ' = 62.6 ksi

12.19 kip
τ ' ave = V ' =
A' 0.2492 in 2
τ ' ave = 48.9 ksi
A tension specimen having a cross-sectional area A is subjected to an axial force P.
Determine the maximum average shear stress in the specimen and indicate the
orientation θ of a section on which it occurs.

τ =V ; where AS = A
AS sin θ
V = P cosθ

P cosθ
τ =
A
sin θ
= P cos θ sin θ
A
dτ P
= (− sin 2θ + cos 2θ )
dθ A
0 = (cos 2θ − sin 2θ )
P
A
P cos 2θ = P sin 2θ
cosθ = sin θ
tan θ = 1
θ = 45°
P
τ =  (cosθ sin θ )
 A
P
τ =   cos 45° sin 45°
 A
P
τ =
2A
The joint is subjected to the axial member force of 5 kN. Determine the average
normal stress acting on sections AB and BC. Assume the member is smooth and is
50 mm thick.

ΣFx = 0
− 5kN cos 45° + FAB cos 30° = 0
FAB = 4.08kN

ΣF y = 0
5kN sin 45° − 4.08 sin 30° = FBC
FBC = 1.49kN

4.08kN (1000)
3
σ AB =
50mm(40mm )
σ AB = 2.04 MPa
1.49kN (1000)
3
σ BC =
50mm(50mm )
σ BC = 596 kPa
The joint is subjected to the axial member force of 6kip. Determine the average
normal stress acting on section AB and BC. Assume the member is smooth and is
1.5in. thick.

ΣFy = 0
6sin60º = FBCsin70º
FBC = 5.53 kip

ΣFx = 0
FAB = 6cos60º+FBCcos70º
FAB = 4.89 kip

For section AB:

σAB=FAB/A = 4.89 kip
2(1.5 in2)
σAB=1.63 ksi

For section BC:

σBC=FBC/A = 5.53 kip
4.5 in(1.5 in)
σBC=0.819 ksi
Rod AB and BC have diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm, respectively. If the load of 8
kN is applied to the ring at B, determine the average normal stress in each rod if θ
= 60°.

ΣFy = 0
-8 kN+FBCsin60º = 0

ΣFx = 0
- FBC = 9.24 kN
FAB+FBCcos60º = 0

FAB = 4.62 kN
σAB=4.62 kN(10003) = 367.65 MPa
π(4mm2)
σBC=9.24 kN(10003) = 326.8 MPa
π(9mm2)
Rods AB and BC have diameters of 4mm and 6mm respectively. If the vertical
load of 8kN is applied to the ring at B, determine the angle θ of rod BC so that the
average normal stress in each rod is equivalent. What is this stress?

Given:
dAB=4mm
dBC=6mm
Find: θ & σ

ΣFy = 0
-8 kN+FBCsinθ = 0
FBC=8 kN/sinθ

ΣFx = 0
-FAB+FBCcosθ = 0
FAB = FBCcosθ = 8 kNcosθ/sinθ

σBC= 8 kN
(sinθ)π(0.006m/2)2
σAB= 8 kNcosθ
πsinθ(0.004m/2)2
σBC=σAB
8 kN = 8 kNcosθ
πsinθ(0.006m/2)2 πsinθ(0.004m/2)2
θ=cos-1(0.0042/0.0062)
θ=63.61º
σ= 8 kN
πsin63.61º(0.006m/2)2
=316 MPa
The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional area of 1.25 in2. Determine the
average normal stress in each member due to the loading P=8kip. State whether the
stress is tensile or compressive.
ΣFx=0 σAB= (5/3)P
Cx-Bx=0 1.25
Cx=Bx =(4/3)(8)=10.7 ksi (T)
σBC=(11/3)P/1.25=(44/5)(8)
ΣFy=0 = 23.5 ksi (T)
Cy+Dy-0.75-P=0 σAE=(4/3)P/1.25=(16/15)(8)
Cy+Dy=1.75 P =8.53 ksi (C)
σBE=.75P/1.25=(3/5)(8)
At joint A =4.8 ksi (T)
ΣFy=0 σED=(4/3)P/1.25=(16/15)(8)
AB(4/5)=P =8.53 ksi (C)
AB=(5/3)P (T) σBD=(35/12)P/1.25=(7/3)(8)
=18.7 ksi (C)
ΣFx=0
AB(4/5)=AE
AE=(4/3)P (C)

At joint B
ΣFy=0
-AB(3/5)-BE+BD(3/5)=0
BD=()5/3[.75P+(3/5)(5/3)P]
BD=(35/12)P (C)

ΣFx=0
-AB(4/5)-BD(4/5)+BC=0
BC=(11/3)P (T)

ΣMD=0
-3Cx+4(.75P)+8P=0
Cx=(11/3)P
Dx=(11/3)P

At joint E
ΣFx=0
AE=ED
ED=(4/3)P (C)
ΣFy=0
BE=.75P (P)
The uniform beam is supported by two rods AB and CD that have cross-sectional
areas of 12 mm2 and 8 mm2, respectively. If d = 1 m, determine the average normal
stress in each rod.

ΣMC = 0
3ΤAB = 12 kN.m
TAB=4 kN
ΣFy = 0
TCD = 6 kN-4 kN
= 2 kN

σAB= 4000 N
12(1m2/10002)
σAB=333 MPa
σCD= 2000 N
8(1m2/10002)
=250 MPa
The uniform beam is supported by two rods AB and CD that have cross-sectional
areas of 12 mm2 and 8 mm2, respectively. If d = 1 m, determine the average
normal stress in each rod.

ΣMA = 0
6d = TCD(3)
TCD = 2d

ΣFy = 0
TAB = 6-2d
σAB = σCD
6-2d = 2d
12 m2 8 m2
10002 10002
(6-2d)(8)(10002) = (12)(2d)(10002)
48 = 40d
:ּd = 1.2m
The railcar dock light is supported by the 1/8 in diameter pin at A. If the lamp
weighs 4lb, and the extension arm AB has a weight of 0.5 lb/ft, determine the
average shear stress in the pin needed to support the lamp. Hint: The shear force is
cost by the couple moment required for equilibrium at A.

0.5 lb.ft

Ay 4 lb
3 ft
ΣFy = 0
Ay = 4+0.5(3)
Ay = 5.5 lb
ΣMA = 0
M = 4(3)+0.5(3)(1.5)
M = 14.25 lb.ft[12 in/1ft]
M = 171 lb.in
T = V/A = M/1.25
πr2
= 11147.47 lb/in2
= 11.1 ksi
The two member frame is subjected to the distributed loading shown. Determine
the intensity w of the largest uniform loading that can be applied to the frame w/o
causing either the average normal stress or the average shear stress at section b-b to
exceed σ = 15MPa and τ = 16MPa, respectively. Member CB has a square cross-
section of 35mm on each side.

ΣM A = 0
 4
3BC   = 3W BC(1.5)
Ay 5 4 5

Ax A
BC = 1.875W
3m 3
B
BC x
σ b −b = W
W
l
3
5
3
(1.875W ) = 15 352  5 
( )
5   3 
W = 27,222.22 N
W = 27.2 kN

BC y
τ b −b =
W
l
3
5
4
(1.875W ) = 16 352
( ) 53 
5   
W = 21,777.78 N
W = 21.8 kN
∴W = 21.8 kN
1-81. The 60mm × 60mm oak post is supported on the pin block. If the allowable
bearing stresses for this material are σ oak =43MPa and σ pine =25MPa, determine
the greatest load P that can be supported. If a rigid bearing plate is used between
this material, determine its required area so that the maximum load P that can be
supported. What is this load?

σOAK=43 MPa
σPINE=25 MPa

σOAK=P/A
[43 N/mm2][602 mm2]=P
154,800 N=P
P=154.8 kN
σPINE=P/A
[25 N/mm2][602 mm2]
90000 N=P
P=90 kN

:ּ P=90 kN since this is the greatest load the pine block can told.

Since there is a bearing plate between the oak block and the pine block,
the maximum load is the allowable load by the pine block that is P≈155 kN

AALLOW= PMAX/σOAK
= 154.8[1000/1 kN]
25N/mm2[(1000mm)2/1 m2
=6.19x10-3 m
1-82. The join is fastened together using two bolts. Determine the required
diameter of the bolts if the allowable shear stress for the bolts is τallow = 110 MPa.
Assume each bolt supports an equal portion of the load.

Τallow = V/4A
110 MPa = 80 kN(1000)
4π(d2/4)
d = √80(1000)/π(110)
d = 15.2 mm
1-83. The lever is attached to the shaft A using a key that has a width d and length
of 25mm. If the shaft is fixed and a vertical force of 200N is applied perpendicular
to the handle, determine the dimension d if the allowable shear stress for the key is
τ allow = 35MPa.

A
20 mm
500 mm
200 N

ΣFy=0
Ay=200 N
ΣMA =0
M=200(500 mm)[1 m/1000 mm]
M=100 N.m

V=M/20 mm=100 N.m/.02 m

=5000N
A=V/TALLOW
dL=V/TALLOW
d=5000 N/(25x25) N
d=5.71 mm
1-86. The tension member is fastened together using two bolts, one on each side of
the member as shown. Each bolt has a diameter of 0.3 inch. Determine the
maximum P that can be applied to the member if the allowable shear stress for the
bolts is τ allow =12ksi and the allowable average normal stress is σ allow = 20ksi.

60°
P P

ΣFy = 0
Vsin60º = Nsin30º
V = Nsin30º
sin60º

ΣFx = 0
-P+Ncos30º+Vcos60º = 0
N = 0.866 P
V = 0.5 P

σ= 0.866 P
2π(0.3 in/2)2
Τ = 0.5 P/2π(0.3 in/2)2

If σ=20 ksi
P = 3.26 kip
Τ = 11.55 ksi
(safe)

If Τ=12 ksi
P = 3.39 kip
σ=20.8 ksi
(fail)

:ּP = 3.26 kip

1-88. The two steel wires AB and AC are used to support the load. If both wires
have an allowable tensile stress of σallow = 200 MPa, determine the required
diameter of each wire if the applied load is P = 5 kN.

B 5
60° 3
4
A

ΣFx = 0
-FABsin60º+FAC(4/5) = 0

FAB = 4FBC/5sin60º

ΣFy = 0
-5+FABcos60º+FAC(3/5) = 0
FAC = 4.71 kN
FAB = 4.35 kN
σAB=4.35(10004)
π(dAB)2
dAB=√4.35(10004)/π(200)
dAB = 5.26mm
σAC=4.71(10004)
π(dAC)2
dAC = √4.71(10004)/π(200)
= 5.48 mm
1-89. The two steel wires AB and AC are used to support the load. If both wires
have an allowable tensile stress of σ allow = 180MPa, and wire AB has a diameter
of 6mm and AC has a diameter of 4mm, determine the greatest force P that can be
applied to the chain before one of the wires fails.

B 5
60° 3
4
A

ΣFx = 0
-FABsin60º+FAC(4/5) = 0
FAB = 4FAC
5sin60º

ΣFy = 0
-P+FABcos60º+FAC(3/5) = 0
FAC = 0.942 P
FAB = 0.87 P

σAB = 0.87 P (1000)

π(9m2)

σAC=0.942 P(1000)
π(4m2)

If σAB = 180 MPa

P = 5.85 kN

2-1. An air filled rubber ball that has a diameter of 6in. If the air pressure w/in it is
increase until the ball’s diameter becomes 7in., determine the average normal
strain in the robber.

6 in.

δ 7 − 6 1 in
P ∈= = =
L 6 6 in
2-2. A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of 15 in. If it is stretched
around a pipe having an outer diameter of 5in., determine the average normal strain
in the strip.

δ 0.708
∈= = = 0.0472 in
L 15 in
2-3. The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the load P
on the beam causes the end C to be displaced 10mm downward, determine the
normal strain developed in wires CE and BD.

D E

P 4m

A B C

3m 2m 2m

δC δ B
=
7 3
δ B = 30 mm
7

δC 10 mm
∈CE = =
L 4 × 10 3 mm
∈CE = 2.5 × 10 −3 mm
mm
30 mm
∈BD = 7
4 × 10 3 mm
∈ = 1.07143 × 10 −3 mm
BD mm
2-5. The wire AB is unstretched when θ = 45°. If the load is applied to the bar AC,
w/c causes θ = 47°, determine the normal strain in the wire.
B
θ

C A

L
( )
sin 47 2 L = x
x = 1.034290324 L

1.034290324 L − L
∈=
L
∈= 0.343
2-7. The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P causes point A to be
displaced horizontally 2mm, determine the normal strain developed in each wire.
C
30
0m
m

30°
30°
P
A
m
0m
30
150
B tan φ =
(300 cos 30° ) + 2
φ = 29.81°

300 + x =
(300 cos 30°) + 2
cos φ
x = 1.734
1.734
∈=
30°
∈= 5.779 × 10 − 3 mm
mm
2-9. Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of rigid member CBD and a
flexible cable AB. If the force is applied to the end D of the member and causes a
normal strain in the cable of 0.0035mm/mm, determine the displacement of D.
Originally the cable is unstretched.

D P

300 mm

300 mm

C
A

400 mm
2-13. The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is given a horizontal
displacement of 5mm. Determine the average normal strain ∋x along the x axis.
y

45° 800 mm 800 sin 45°

tan φ =
(800 cos 45°) + 5
45° φ = 44.75°
x' A A'
5 mm
(800 cos 45°) + 5 − 800
45° cos 44.75°
∈=
800
− 3 mm
800 mm ∈= 4.43 × 10
mm

x
2-14 The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is given a horizontal
displacement of 5mm. Determine the average normal strain ∋x’ along the x’ axis.

45° 800 mm

45°
x' A A'
45° 5 mm

800 mm

δ 5
∈x ' = =
L 800 cos 45°
∈x ' = 8.84 × 10 −3 mm
mm
2-15. The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated.
Determine the average normal strains ∋x and ∋ y along the x and y axes.

2 in.
A

10 in.

D A x

3 in. 3 in
10 in.

C
2 in.
10 in. 10 in.

10 − 10.3 δ x
∈x = =
10 L
∈x = −0.03 in
in

10.2 − 10 δ y
∈y = =
10 L
∈y = 0.02 in
in
2-21. A thin wire, lying along the x axis, is strained such that each point on the
wire is displaced x = kx2 along the x axis. If k is constant, what is the normal
strain at any point P along the wire?

P
x

1 kx 2
∈=
2 dx
1 1 dx
=
2 ∈ kx 2
1 1 1 x −2
2 ∈ k ∫0
= x dx

11 1
=−
2∈ kx
1
∈= −kx
2
∈= −2kx
2-22. The wire is subjected to a normal strain that is defined by ∋ - xe-x2 , where x is
millimeters. If the wire has an initial length L, determine the increase in its length.

∈= xex
2

x
L

∆L = ∫ xe − x dx
2

u = e −x
2
LET
du = −2 x e − x dx( )
2

1
− du = e − x xdx
2

2
1
∆L = ∫ − du
2
1
=− u
2
1
( )
2 L
= − e −x 0
2
1 2 1
= − e −L +
2 2
1
(
∆L = 1 − e − L
2
2
)
2-25. The piece rubber is originally rectangular. Determine the average shear strain
γxy if the corners B and D are subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed
lines. Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal DB and side AD.

3 mm
C

400 mm

B
x
A
2 mm
300 mm
2-26. The piece of rubber is originally rectangular and subjected to the deformation
shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal
DB and side AD.

3 mm
C

tan φ = 3
400
400 mm φ = 0.43°
400
− 400
∈ AD = cos 0 . 43 °
400
x
A B ∈ AD = 2.81 × 10 −3 mm
2 mm mm
300 mm
tan θ = 2
300
θ = 0.38°
500
− 500
∈ AB = cos 0.229°
500
∈ AB = 8.00 × 10 − 6 mm
mm

2 2
 400   300   400  300 
w =
2
 +  − 2   cos 89.188°
 cos 0.43°   cos .382°   cos 0.43°  cos 0.382° 
w = 496.6

496.6 − 500
∈BD =
500
∈BD = −6.8 × 10 −3 mm
mm
2-28. The material distorts into the dashed position shown. Determine the average
normal strain that occurs along the diagonals AD and CF.
y
15 mm
10 mm
C D

25 mm
B

10
tanθ =
100 mm 125
θ = 4.5739
50 mm
x
x 2 = (125mm) + (10mm)
A F 2 2
2 mm
80 mm x = 125.4mm

( )
CF = 80 2 + (125 .4 ) − 2(80 ) 15725 cos (90 − 405739 )
2 2

CF = 143 .2655
143 .2655 −
∈CF =
2-29. The non uniform loading causes a normal strain in the shaft that can be
expressed as ∋ = kx2 , where k is a constant. Determine the displacement of the end
B. Also, what is the average normal strain in the rod?

L
∫ kx =∫
2

A B

x
2-30. The non uniform loading causes a normal strain in the shaft that can be
expresses as ∋ = k sin ((π/L)x), where k is a constant. Determine the displacement
of the center C and the average normal strain in the entire rod.

C
A B

L/2 L/2

π 
∈x = k sin  x 
L 
L
 π  (∆x )C
∫0 k sin L x  = dx
2

(∆x )C = ∫0 2 k sin π x dx

L

L 
π 
(∆x )C
L
= k ∫ 2 sin  x dx
0
L 
L
 L   π  2
(∆x )C = k  − cos x 
 π   L  0
 π  
(∆x )C = k − cos  + cos(0)
 2 
(∆x )C =
kL
π

NORMAL STRAIN :
kL
∈X = π
1
2 L
2k
∈x =
π
2-31. The curved pipe has an original radius of 2ft. If it is heated non uniformly, so
that the normal strain along its length is ∋ = 0.05cosθ, determine the increase in
length of the pipe.

L = rθ
2 ft ∆x
0.05 cosθ =
rdθ
θ ∆x = ∫ 0.05r cosθ dθ
90

A 0

∆x = 0.1∫ cosθdθ
90

= 0.1(sin θ )0
90

∆x = 0.1 ft
4-27. Determine the relative displacement of one end of the tapered plate with
respect to the other end when it is subjected to an axial load P.
d 2 d1
−
P 2 2
d2
x
t 2
dx h
x d1
h −
y 2 2

d1
P
d1
2

Pdy
x d1 d 2 d1 dδ =
− − AE
2 2 = 2 2  h 
y h P  dx
 d 2 − d 1 
x − d 1 d 2 − d1 =
= AE
y h
 h 
xh − d 1 h = d 2 y − d 1 y P  dx
 d 2 − d 1 
 d − d1  =
x= 2  y + d1 xtE
 h   h 
d − d1 P  
dx = 2 dy d2  d 2 − d 1  dx
h δ =∫
d1 tE x
h
dy = dx  h 
d 2 − d1 P 
− 1  d 2 dx
= 
d d
∫d1 x
2

tE
P h 
=  [ln x ]dd12
tE  d 2 − d 1 
P h 
δ =   ln (d 2 − d 1 )
tE  d 2 − d 1 
P  h  d2
δ =   ln
tE  d 2 − d 1  d 1
4-50. The three suspender bars are made of the same material and have equal
cross-sectional areas A. Determine the average normal stress in each bar if the
rigid beam ACE is subjected to the force P.

B D F

P
L

A C E

d/2 d/2 d
4-53. The 10mm diameter steel bolt is surrounded by a bronze sleeve. The outer
diameter of this sleeve is 20mm, and its inner diameter is 10mm. If the bolt is
subjected to a compressive force of P= 20kN. Determine the average normal stress
in the steel and the bronze. Est = 200Gpa, Ebr = 100GPa.

P 20kN = Pst + Pb
Pb(1000)L(0.4)
δB =
( )(
π 0.02 − 0.012 100 × 109 Pa
2
)
δ B = 4.2441× 10−5 PB L
δ ST = 6.3662 × 10−5 L(20 − PB )
10 mm
δ ST = δ B
20 mm 4.2441× 10 −5 LPB = 6.3662 × 10 −5 L(20 − PB )
PB = 12kN
PST = 8kN
δ ST E ST
σ ST =
L
(
= 6.3662 × 10 −5 (8kN ) 200 × 109 )
P σ ST = 102MPa
(
σ B = 4.2441× 10 −5 (12) 100 × 109 )
σ B = 50.9MPa
4-110. A 0.25in diameter steel rivet having a temperature of 1500°F is secured
between two plates such that at this temperature it is 2in long and exerts a
clamping force of 250lb between the plates. Determine the approximate clamping
force between the plates when the rivet cools to 70°F. For the calculation, assume
that the heads of the rivet and the plates are rigid. Take αst = 8(10-6)/°F, Est =
29(103)ksi. Is the result a conservative estimate of the actual answer? Why or why
not?

2 in.
An air filled rubber ball that has a diameter of 6in. If the air pressure w/in it is
increase until the ball’s diameter becomes 7in., determine the average normal
strain in the robber.

6 in.

δ 7 − 6 1 in
P ∈= = =
L 6 6 in
 A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of 15 in. If it is stretched around a
pipe having an outer diameter of 5in., determine the average normal strain in the
strip.

δ 0.708
∈= = = 0.0472 in
L 15 in
 The rigid beam is supported by a pin at A and wires BD and CE. If the load P on
the beam causes the end C to be displaced 10mm downward, determine the normal
strain developed in wires CE and BD.

D E

P 4m

A B C

3m 2m 2m

δC δ B
=
7 3
δ B = 30 mm
7

δC 10 mm
∈CE = =
L 4 × 10 3 mm
∈CE = 2.5 × 10 −3 mm
mm
30 mm
∈BD = 7
4 × 10 3 mm
∈ = 1.07143 × 10 −3 mm
BD mm
 The wire AB is unstretched when θ = 45°. If the load is applied to the bar AC, w/c
causes θ = 47°, determine the normal strain in the wire.

B
θ

C A

( )
sin 47 2 L = x
x = 1.034290324 L

1.034290324 L − L
∈=
L
∈= 0.343
 The two wires are connected together at A. If the force P causes point A to be
displaced horizontally 2mm, determine the normal strain developed in each wire.

C
30
0m
m

30°
30°
P
A
m
0m
30
B

150
tan φ =
(300 cos 30° ) + 2
φ = 29.81°

300 + x =
(300 cos 30°) + 2
cos φ
x = 1.734
1.734
∈=
30°
∈= 5.779 × 10 − 3 mm
mm
 Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of rigid member CBD and a
flexible cable AB. If the force is applied to the end D of the member and causes a
normal strain in the cable of 0.0035mm/mm, determine the displacement of D.
Originally the cable is unstretched.

D P
For the wire:
∆AB
300 mm
0.0035 =
500
∆AB = 1.75 mm
B
x
tan θ =
600
300 mm
x = 4.383 mm

C
A

400 mm

(501.75)2= 4002 + 3002 − 2(400)(300) cos(90 + θ )

1753.0625 = −240000cos(90 + θ )
θ = 0.4185°
 The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is given a horizontal
displacement of 5mm. Determine the average normal strain ∋x along the x axis.

45° 800 mm
800 sin 45°
tan φ =
45° (800 cos 45°) + 5
A
x' A' φ = 44.75°
5 mm
45°
(800 cos 45°) + 5 − 800
∈= cos 44.75°
800 mm 800
− 3 mm
∈= 4.43 × 10
mm

x
The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is given a horizontal
displacement of 5mm. Determine the average normal strain ∋x’ along the x’ axis.

45° 800 mm

45°
x' A A'
45° 5 mm

800 mm

δ 5
∈x ' = =
L 800 cos 45°
∈x ' = 8.84 × 10 −3 mm
mm
 The corners of the square plate are given the displacements indicated. Determine
the average normal strains ∋ x and ∋ y along the x and y axes.

2 in.
A

10 in.

D A x

3 in. 3 in
10 in.

C
2 in.
10 in. 10 in.

10 − 10.3 δ x
∈x = =
10 L
∈x = −0.03 in
in

10.2 − 10 δ y
∈y = =
10 L
∈y = 0.02 in
in
 A thin wire, lying along the x axis, is strained such that each point on the wire is
displaced x = kx2 along the x axis. If k is constant, what is the normal strain at
any point P along the wire?

P
x

1 kx 2
∈=
2 dx
1 1 dx
=
2 ∈ kx 2
1 1 1 x −2
2 ∈ k ∫0
= x dx

11 1
=−
2∈ kx
1
∈= −kx
2
∈= −2kx
The wire is subjected to a normal strain that is defined by ∋ - xe-x2 , where x is
millimeters. If the wire has an initial length L, determine the increase in its length.

∈=xex
2

x
L

∆L = ∫ xe − x dx
2

u = e−x
2
LET
( )
du = −2 x e − x dx
2

1
− du = e − x xdx
2

2
1
∆L = ∫ − du
2
1
=− u
2
1
= − e−x 0
2
( )
2 L

1 2 1
= − e −L +
2 2
1
(
∆L = 1 − e − L
2
2
)
 The piece rubber is originally rectangular. Determine the average shear strain γxy if
the corners B and D are subjected to the deformation shown by the dashed lines.
Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal DB and side AD.

3 mm
C

400 mm

B
x
A
2 mm
300 mm
 The piece of rubber is originally rectangular and subjected to the deformation
shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain along the diagonal
DB and side AD.

3 mm
C

400 mm
tan φ = 3
400
φ = 0.43°
400
x − 400
A B
∈ AD = cos 0 . 43 °
2 mm 400
300 mm ∈ AD = 2.81 × 10 −3 mm
mm

tan θ = 2
300
θ = 0.38°
500
− 500
∈ AB = cos 0.229°
500
∈ AB = 8.00 × 10 − 6 mm
mm

2 2
 400   300   400  300 
w2 =   +  − 2   cos 89.188°
 cos 0.43°   cos .382°   cos 0.43°  cos 0.382° 
w = 496.6

496.6 − 500
∈BD =
500
∈BD = −6.8 × 10 −3 mm
mm
 The material distorts into the dashed position shown. Determine the average
normal strain that occurs along the diagonals AD and CF.
y
15 mm
10 mm
C D
10
25 mm tanθ =
B 125
θ = 4.5739°

x 2 = (125mm) + (10mm)
2 2
100 mm

50 mm x = 125.4mm
x
A F
2 mm
80 mm

( )
CF = 80 2 + (125.4 ) − 2(80) 15725 cos(90 − 405739)
2 2

CF = 143.2655 mm
143.2655 − 22025
∈CF =
22025
∈CF = −0.03465 mm
mm

15
tan φ =
125
φ = 6.843°

y = 15850 = 125.9 mm
( )
AD = 80 2 + 15850 − 2 15850 (80) cos(90 + φ )
2

AD = 157.003 mm

157.003 − 15850
∈AD =
15850
∈AD = 0.24708 mm
mm
 The non uniform loading causes a normal strain in the shaft that can be expresses
as ∋ = k sin ((π/L)x), where k is a constant. Determine the displacement of the
center C and the average normal strain in the entire rod.

C
A B

L/2 L/2

π 
∈x = k sin  x 
L 
L
 π  (∆x )C
∫0 k sin L x  = dx
2

(∆x )C = ∫0 2 k sin π x dx

L

L 
π 
(∆x )C
L
= k ∫ 2 sin  x dx
0
L 
L
 L  π  2
(∆x )C = k  − cos x 
 π  L  0
 π  
(∆x )C = k − cos  + cos(0)
 2 
(∆x )C =
kL
π

NORMAL STRAIN :
kL
∈X = π
1
2 L
2k
∈x =
π
 The curved pipe has an original radius of 2ft. If it is heated non uniformly, so that
the normal strain along its length is ∋ = 0.05cosθ, determine the increase in length
of the pipe.

2 ft
θ
A

L = rθ
∆x
0.05 cosθ =
rdθ
∆x = ∫ 0.05r cosθ dθ
90

∆x = 0.1∫ cosθdθ
90

= 0.1(sin θ )0
90

∆x = 0.1 ft
 Determine the relative displacement of one end of the tapered plate with respect to
the other end when it is subjected to an axial load P.

d 2 d1
P −
2 2
d2
x
t
2
dx h
x d1
h −
y 2 2

d1
P d1
2

x d1 d 2 d 1
− − Pdy
2 2 = 2 2 dδ =
y h AE
 h 
x − d1 d 2 − d1 P  dx
= − 1 
=  2
d d
y h
AE
xh − d 1 h = d 2 y − d 1 y
 h 
 d − d1  P  dx
x= 2  y + d1  d 2 − d 1 
 h  =
xtE
d − d1
dx = 2 dy  h 
h P  
d2  d 2 − d 1  dx
dy =
h
dx δ =∫
d 2 − d1
d1 tE x
 h 
P 
 d 2 − d 1  d 2 dx
=
tE ∫d1 x
P h 
=  [ln x ]dd12
tE  d 2 − d 1 
P h 
δ =   ln (d 2 − d 1 )
tE  d 2 − d 1 
P  h  d2
δ =   ln
tE  d 2 − d 1  d 1
 The three suspender bars are made of the same material and have equal cross-
sectional areas A. Determine the average normal stress in each bar if the rigid
beam ACE is subjected to the force P.

P
B D F σ = , P=F
A
P
P σ AB = , P = F AB
L A
P
σ CD = , P = FCD
A E A
C
P
σ EF = , P = FEF
A
d/2 d/2 d

ΣFy = 0solve FEF u sin g (4) e lim inate FCd u sin g (1 & 3)
FAB + FCD 7+ FEF = P p F AB + FCD + FEF = P
− P + FEF = −
12 2 3
2 F AB + FCD = P
ΣM E = F0EF: = p 2
12
 3d  −p
FAB (2d ) + FCD (d ) = P  − FAB + FEF = eqn.4
2
 2 
solve FCD u sin g (1)
3P
2 FAB + F7CD = P e lim inate FCD u sin g (2 & 3)
P + F2Cd + =P
12 12 F AB − 2 FCD + FEF = 0
P
CD = σ
σ AB − σFEF − σ EF 3
2 F AB + FCD = P
= 3CD ` 2
2d d
5 FAB + FEF = 3P eqn.5
FAB FEF FP FEF
− σ = 7 CD −
A AAB = 12AA A
2d d e lim inate FEF u sin g (4 & 5)
P
FAB − FσEFCD = F3CD − FEF − FAB + FEF =
−p
= A
2 P1 2
σ
FAB − FEF = 212
EF = FCDA − 2FEF 5 FAB + FEF = 3P
7
FAB − 2 FCD + FEF = 0 − 6 FAB = − P
2
7
FAB + FCD + FEF = P eqn.1 FAB = P
12
FAB − 2 FCD + FEF = 0 eqn.2
3P
2 FAB + FCD = eqn.3
2
 (Mindanao State University-General Santos City, Philippines)
BSEE-(G.R.F) students

The 10mm diameter steel bolt is surrounded by a bronze sleeve. The outer
diameter of this sleeve is 20mm, and its inner diameter is 10mm. If the bolt is
subjected to a compressive force of P= 20kN. Determine the average normal stress
in the steel and the bronze. Est = 200Gpa, Ebr = 100GPa.

P
20kN = Pst + Pb
Pb(1000)L(0.4)
δB =
( )(
π 0.02 − 0.012 100 × 109 Pa
2
)
−5
δ B = 4.2441× 10 PB L
10 mm δ ST = 6.3662 × 10−5 L(20 − PB )
δ ST = δ B
4.2441× 10 −5 LPB = 6.3662 × 10 −5 L(20 − PB )
20 mm

PB = 12kN
PST = 8kN
δ ST E ST
σ ST =
L
P
(
= 6.3662 × 10 −5 (8kN ) 200 × 109 )
σ ST = 102MPa
(
σ B = 4.2441× 10 −5 (12) 100 × 109 )
σ B = 50.9MPa
 A 0.25in diameter steel rivet having a temperature of 1500°F is secured between
two plates such that at this temperature it is 2in long and exerts a clamping force of
250lb between the plates. Determine the approximate clamping force between the
plates when the rivet cools to 70°F. For the calculation, assume that the heads of
the rivet and the plates are rigid. Take αst = 8(10-6)/°F, Est = 29(103)ksi. Is the result
a conservative estimate of the actual answer? Why or why not?

2 in.

αL(∆T ) = −
PL
AE
PTH (2 )
(8 × 10 )(2)(70 − 1500 ) =
−6

 π  2
(
 4 (0.25 )  29 × 10
3
)
  
PTH = 16.29 kips

PT = 16.289 + 0.25
PT = 16.54 kips
 The rubber block is subjected to an elongation of 0.03 in along the x axis, and its
vertical faces are given a tilt so that θ = 89.3° .Determine the strains ∈x , ∈x , γ xy .
Take vr = 0.5

3 in.
θ
x

4 in.

Finding ∈x

0.03 in
∈x =
4 in
∈x = 0.0075 in
in

Finding ∈ y

∈y = −υ ∈x
∈y = 0.5(0.0075)
∈y = −0.00375 in
in

Finding γ xy
 (
γ xy = (90° − 89.3°) π
180
)
γ xy = 0.0122 rad

The non uniform loading causes a normal strain in the shaft that can be expressed
as ∋ = kx2 , where k is a constant. Determine the displacement of the end B. Also,
what is the average normal strain in the rod?

L
∫ kx =∫
2

A B

x
5- 2. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the radius r’
of the inner core of the shaft that resists one-half of the applied torque (T/2).

r r'

T
by ratio and proportion:
τ max τ
=
r r'
2T T
= 4
πr 4
πr '
2r ' = r 4
4

r4
r '4 =
2
r4
r' = 4
2
r ' = 0.841r
r ' = r cos 32.7651
5-3. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the radius r’
of the inner core of the shaft that resists one-quarter of the applied torque (T/4).

r r'

T
2( )
T
τ = 23 = 3
πr ' πr '
2T
τ max = 3
πr
b.)
T
τ =
2πr '3
τ max τ
=
r r'
2T T
= 4
πr 4
πr '
2r ' = r 4
4

r4
r'4 =
4
r4
r' = 4
4
r ' = 0.707r
r ' = r sin 45
5-5. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 in. and an inner diameter of
2.30 in. If it is tightly secured to the wall at C and the three torques are applied to it
as shown, determine the shear stress developed at points A and B. These points lie
on the pipe’s outer surface. Sketch the shear stress on the volume elements located
at A and B.

B C

A 450 lb-ft 450 lb⋅ft = 5400 lb⋅in

350 lb-ft 350 lb⋅ft = 4200 lb⋅in
600 lb-ft 600 lb⋅ft = 7200 lb⋅in

sol’n:
τmax
5400 + 4200 – 7200 7200 - 4200
= 2400 = 3000

16TD 16TD
τB = τA =
(
π D4 − d 4 ) (
π D4 − d 4 )
16(2400)(2.5) 16(3000)(2.5)
=
(
π 2.5 4 − 2.34 ) =
(
π 2.5 4 − 2.34 )
τB = 2758.6 lb 2 τA = 3448.3 lb 2
in in
τB = 2.76 ksi τB = 3.45 ksi
5-10. The link acts as part of the elevator control for a small airplane. If the
attached aluminum tube has an inner diameter of 25 mm, determine the maximum
shear stress in the tube when the cable force of 600 N is applied to the cables. Also,
sketch the shear stress distribution over the cross section.
600 N
75mm
5mm

25mm
75mm

600 N
∑ M x = 0;
2(600)(0.075) = T
T = 90 Nm
π
J= (D 4 − d 4 )
32
π
= (0.035 4 − 0.025 4 )
32
J = 108 x10 −9 m 4
Tr
τ max =
J
(90)(0.075) Nm 2
=
(108 x10 −9 )m 4
= 14.45MPa
Tr
τ =
J
(90)(0.0125)
=
(108 x10 −9 )
= 10.40MPa
5-13. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is used to transmit 35 hp
when turning at 2700 rev/min. Determine the inner diameter d of the tube to
nearest 1/8 in. if the allowable shear stress is τallow = 10 ksi.

d
2.5 in.
Given:
D = 2.5in
τ allow 10,000ld / in 2
Ρ = 3hp = 19,250lb. ft / s
f = 2700rev / min = .75rev / s
d =?
Solution:
Ρ = Tω
19250 = T [ 2π (0.75)]
19250
T=
2π (0.75)
T = 4084.97lb.in
4084.97(1.25)
τ max =
π
(1.25 4 − r 4 )
2
4 π 4 π
2
 (4084.97)(1.25) 
(1.25) 2 − ( r ) 2 = 
 10000 
( 4084097 )(1 .25)( 2)
πr 4 = (1.25 4 )π −
10000
6. 649
r4 =
π
r = 1.206
d
=r
2
1
d = 2.4in ; 4 = 0.5
8
1
d = 2 in
2
5-17. The steel shaft has a diameter of 1 in. and is screwed into the wall using a
wrench. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft if the couple forces have
a magnitude of F = 30 lb.

12in

8in.
8in.
F

sol’n:
AB D = 0.75 in
∑M A = 15(6 ) + 15(8) = T d = 0.68 in
BC D = 1 in
T = 210 lb ⋅ in d = 0.86 in

16TD 16TD
τ AB = τ BC =
(
π D4 − d 4 ) (
π D4 − d 4 )
16(210)(0.75) 16(210)(1)
= =
(
π 0.75 4 − 0.68 4 ) (
π 14 − 0.86 4 )
τ AB = 7818.72 lb 2 τ BC = 2361 lb 2
in in
τ AB = 7.8 ksi τ BC = 2.36 ksi
5-21. The 20-mm-diameter steel shafts are connected using a brass coupling. If the
yield point for the steel is (τY)st = 100 MPa, determine the applied torque T
necessary to cause the steel to yield. If d = 40 mm, determine the maximum shear
stress in the brass. The coupling has an inner diameter of 20 mm.
d

20mm

T
To find the T; steel;

2Ts
τ =
πr 3
2Ts
100 x10 6 =
π (0.010) 3
Ts = 157.07 Nm

To find the max.., τ; brass;

2TR
τ =
π (R − r 4 )
4

2(157.07)(0.02)
=
π (0.02 4 − 0.014 )

τ = 13.3MPa
5-22. The coupling is used to connect the two shafts together. Assuming that the
shear stress in the bolts is uniform, determine the number of bolts necessary to
make the maximum shear in the shaft equal to the shear stress in the bolts. Each
bolt has a diameter d.

r
T

Soln:

P
τ =
A
πd 2
P = ⋅τ
4
T = PRn
 πd 2 
T =  ⋅ τ  Rn
 4 
4 T
τ = ; <1>
π d 2 Rn
2T
τ = ; < 2>
πr 3
2T 4T
=
πr 3
π d 2 Rn
2r 3
n =
d2
5-29. The shaft has a diameter of 80 mm and due to friction at its surface within
the hole, it is subjected to a variable torque described by the function
(
t = 25 x x
2
) N⋅m/m, where x is in meters. Determine the minimum torque T0 needed
to overcome friction and cause it to twist. Also, determine the absolute maximum
stress in the shaft.

To
80mm

x (
t = 25 xe x
2
)
2m
Solution:
d=80mm=0.08 m
(
t = 25 xe x
2
)
16T
τ = 3
πd
x2
T = ∫ 25 xe dx
2

T = 25∫ xe x dx
2 2

0
2
let u= x
du=2x dx
du/2=x dx

x=0, u=0
x=2,u=4
4 25e u du
T =∫
0 2
 4
= 12.5∫ e u du
0

[ ]
= 12.5 e u
4

= 12.5[e − 1]
0
4

T = 670 Nm

16T
τ =
πd 3
16(670)
=
π (80 x10 −3 ) 3
τ = 6.66MPa
5-30. The solid shaft has a linear taper from rA at one end to rB at the other. Derive
and equation that gives the maximum shear stress in the shaft at a location x along
the shaft’s axis.

T rB

x L

rA ro

x
L
Solution: r = rB + r1
r1 r −r
= A B
L−x L
(r − r )( L − x)
r1 = A B
L

( rA − rB )( L − x )
r = rB +
L
rB L + ( rA − rB )( L − x)
r=
L
rB L + ( L − x )rA − rB ( L − x )
r=
L
rB [ L − ( L − x)] + rA ( L − x)
r=
L
rB ( x ) + rA ( L − x )
r=
L
xrB + rA ( L − x )
r=
L

16T d
τ = ; r=
πd 3
2
d = 2r
d 3 = 8r 3

16T
τ =
π 8r 3
 2T
=
πr 3
2T
τ = 3
 xr + rA ( L − x) 
π B 
 L 
3
2TL
τ =
π [xrB + rA ( L − x)]
3
5-32. The drive shaft AB of an automobile is made of a steel having an allowable
shear stress of τallow = 8 ksi. If the outer diameter of the shaft is 2.5 in. and the
engine delivers 200 hp to the shaft when it is turning at 1140 rev/min, determine
the minimum required thickness of the shaft’s wall.
Given: τ = 8ksi = 8000 psi
D = 2.5in
Ρ = 200hp = 100,000lbft / s
f = 1140rev / min = 19rev / sec
t =?
Solutions:
Ρ
T=
2πf
100,000lbft / s
=
2π (19rev / s )
T = 837.66lbft or
= 10,051.89lbin

16TD
τ =
π (D 4 − d 4 )
16(10,051.89)(2.5)
8,000 psi =
π ( 2.5 4 − d 4 )
402075.65
(2.5 4 − d 4 ) =
π (8,000)
d 4 = 39 − 15.998
d = 4 23
d = 2.19in

Thickness:
D d
R= ; r=
2 2

2.5 2.19
R= r=
2 2
R = 1.25 r = 1.1

t = R−r
t = 1.25 − 1.1
t = 0.15in
5-33. The drive shaft AB of an automobile is to be designed as a thin walled tube.
The engine delivers 150 hp when the shaft is turning at 1500 rev/min. Determine
the minimum thickness of the shaft’s wall if the shaft’s outer diameter is 2.5 in.
The material has an allowable shear stress τallow = 7 ksi.
 Ρ
T=
2πf
Given 75,000lbft / s
=
2π ( 25rev / s)
T = 477.46lbft
T = 5,729.58lbin
Ρ = 150hp = 75,000lbft / s
f = 1,500rev / min = 25rev / s 16Td
τ =
D = 2.5in π (D 4 − d 4 )
τ = 7 ksi = 7,000 psi 16(5729.58)(2.5)
7,000 =
t min = ? π (2.5 4 − d 4 )
229,183
39 − d 4 =
Solution π (7,000)
d 4 = 39 − 10.42
d = 4 27.5968
d = 2.29in

Thickness:
D d
R= r=
2 2
2.5 2.29
R= ; r=
2 2
R = 1.25in r = 1.146in

t = R−r
t = 1.25 − 1.15
t = 0.104in
5-34. The drive shaft of a tractor is to be designed as a thin-walled tube. The
engine delivers 200 hp when the shaft is turning at 1200 rev/min. Determine the
minimum thickness of the wall of the shaft if the shaft’s outer diameter is 3 in. The
material has an allowable shear stress of τallow = 7 ksi.

Given:
Ρ = 200hp = 100000lb. ft / s
f = 1200rev / min = 20rev / s
D = 3in
τ = 7 ksi
= 7000 psi
t max = ?
Solution:
Ρ
T=
2πf
100000lbft / s
T=
2π ( 20rev / s )
T = 795.8lbft
T = 9549.3lbft
 16TD
τ =
π (D 4 − d 4 )
16(9549.3)(3)
7000 =
π (3 4 − d 4 )
458366.4
81 − d 4 =
π (7000)
d 4 = 81 − 20.84
d = 4 60.16
d = 2.785in

Max Thickness:
D
R=
2
5-35. A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an
outer diameter of 2 in. If it is rotating at 200 rad/s. determine its largest inner
diameter to the nearest 1/8 in. If the allowable shear stress for the material is τallow =
25 ksi.

A B

6 in.

p
T=
ω
τ = 25ksi 250000
T=
= 25000lb / in 2 200
1hp = 500 ft ⋅ lb / s T = 15000lb ⋅ in
 500 ft ⋅ lb / s  16TD
500hp  = 250000 ft / lb τ =
 hp  (
π D4 − d 4 )
16(15000)(2 )
25000 =
(
π 24 − d 4)
d 4 = (16 − 6.11)
d = 1.75in
5-36. The drive shaft of a tractor is made of a steel tube having an allowable shear
stress of τallow = 6 ksi. If the outer diameter is 3 in. and the engine delivers 175 hp
to the shaft when it is turning at 1250 rev/min. determine the minimum required
thickness of the shaft’s wall.

A B

6 in.
5-37. A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an
outer diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the smallest
angular velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress for the material
is τallow = 25 ksi.

A B

6 in.
5-38. The 0.75 in. diameter shaft for the electric motor develops 0.5 hp and runs at
1740 rev/min. Determine the torque produced and compute the maximum shear
stress in the shaft. The shaft is supported by ball bearings at A and B.

A B

6 in.
5-42. The motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an
outer diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the smallest
angular velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress for the material
is τallow = 25 ksi.

B
A
5-46. The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T at its ends. Show that the
maximum shear strain developed in the shaft is γmax = Tc/JG. What is the shear
strain on an element located at point A, c/2 from the center of the shaft? Sketch the
strain distortion of this element.
5-74. A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and BC is brass. It is fixed at
its ends and subjected to a torque of T = 680 N⋅m. If the steel portion has a
diameter of 30mm. determine the required diameter of the brass portion so the
reactions at the walls will be the same. Gst = 75 GPa, Gbr = 39 GPa.
C

B
1.60 m 680 N⋅m

0.75 m A

sol’n:

θAB = θBC

TL TL
=
JG AB JG BC

(680)(0.75) = (680)(1.6)
π (0.030) π d4
(75)(10 ) (39 )(109 )
4
9

32 32

d4 =
(1.6 )(0.030 4 )(75)
(0.75)(39)

(
d = 4 3.3 10 −6 ) m4

d = 0.0427 m
d = 42.7 mm
5-78. The composite shaft consists of a mid section that includes the 1-in-diameter
solid shaft and a tube that is welded to the rigid flanges at A and B. Neglect the
thickness of the flanges and determine the angle of twist of end C of the shaft
relative to end D. The shaft is subjected to a torque of 100-lb.ft. The material is A-
36 steel.

20mm

T
The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to a torque shown,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft.
The bearings at A and B allow free rotation of the shaft.

T AB = 0
TBC = 35 lb. ft
TDE = 25 lb. ft
τ BC = 35 lb. ft

τ BC =
(35)(0.358)(12)
π
(0.75)4
32
τ BC = 5.07 ksi

τ DE =
(25)(0.375)(12)
π
(0.75)4
32
τ DE = 3.62 ksi
The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to a torque shown,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in regions CD and EF of the shaft.
The bearings at A and F allow free rotation of the shaft.

TEF = 0
TCD = 15 lb. ft

τ EF = 0

τ CD =
(15)(0.375)(12)
π
(0.75)4
32
τ CD = 2.17 ksi
5-49. The splined ends and gears attached to the A-36 steel shaft are subjected to
the torque shown. Determine the angle of twist of end B with respect to the end A.
The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm.
5-58. The engine of the helicopter is delivering 600 hp to he rotor shaft AB when
the blade is rotating at 1200 rev/min. Determine the nearest 1/8 in. diameter of the
shaft AB if the allowable shear stress is τ allow= 8 ksi and the vibrations limit the
angle of twist of the shaft to 0.05 rad. The shaft is 2 ft. long and made from 1.2
steel.

5-59.The engine of the helicopter is delivering 600 hp to he rotor shaft AB when

the blade is rotating at 1200 rev/min. Determine the nearest 1/8 in. diameter of the
shaft AB if the allowable shear stress is τ allow= 10.5 ksi and the vibrations limit the
angle of twist of the shaft to 0.05 rad. The shaft is 2 ft. long and made from 1.2
steel.

5-6. the solid 1.25 in diameter shaft is used to transmit the torques applied to the
gears. If it is supported by smooth bearings at A and B, which do not resist torque,
determine the shear stress developed in the shaft at points C and D. Indicate the
shear stress on volume elements located at these points.

5-7. The shaft has an outer diameter of 1.25 in and an inner diameter of 1 in. If it is
subjected to the applied torques as shown, determine the absolute maximum shear
stress developed in the shaft. The smooth bearings at A and B do not resist torque.
5-50.The splined ends and gears attached to the A-36 steel shaft are subjected to
the torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of gear C with respect to gear D.
The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm.
6-1. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. The bearings at A and B
exerts only vertical reactions on the shaft.

A B

250 mm 800 mm
24 kN

RB
ΣM B = 0
0.8 R A = 24(1.05)
R A = 31.5kN
RA ΣFY = 0
RB = −24 = 31.5
7.5 kN
RB = 7.5kN
M A L = −24(0.25)
M AL = −6kN .m
M BL = [(− 24)0.25 + 31.5(0.8)]kN .m
M BL = 0
-24 kN
Vo = −24kN
V A = (− 24 + 31.5)kN
V A = 7.5kN
-6 kN⋅m
VBL = 7.5kN
VB = [7.5 − 7.5]kN
VB = 0
6-2. The load binder is used to support a load. If the force applied to the handle is
50lb, determine the tensions T1 and T2 in each end of the chain and then draw the
shear and moment diagrams for the arm ABC.

T1

C
A

B
50 lb ΣM c = 0
50(15) = 3T1
12 in. 3 in.
T1 = 250lb
T2
ΣFY = 0
T2 = 250lb − 50lb
200 lb T2 = 200lb
V A = −50lb
VBL = −50lb
VB = (− 50lb + 250lb )
VB = 200lb
-50 lb
VC L = 200lb
VC = (200 − 200)lb
VC = 0

-600 lb⋅in
5- 2. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the radius r’
of the inner core of the shaft that resists one-half of the applied torque (T/2).

r r'

T
5-3. The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the radius r’
of the inner core of the shaft that resists one-quarter of the applied torque (T/4).

r r'

5-5. The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 in. and an inner diameter of
2.30 in. If it is tightly secured to the wall at C and the three torques are applied to it
as shown, determine the shear stress developed at points A and B. These points lie
on the pipe’s outer surface. Sketch the shear stress on the volume elements located
at A and B.

B C

450 lb-ft
A
350 lb-ft
600 lb-ft

5-10. The link acts as part of the elevator control for a small airplane. If the
attached aluminum tube has an inner diameter of 25 mm, determine the maximum
shear stress in the tube when the cable force of 600 N is applied to the cables. Also,
sketch the shear stress distribution over the cross section.
600 N
75mm
5mm

25mm
75mm

600 N
5-13. A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is used to transmit 35 hp
when turning at 2700 rev/min. Determine the inner diameter d of the tube to
nearest 1/8 in. if the allowable shear stress is τallow = 10 ksi.

d
2.5 in.
5-17. The steel shaft has a diameter of 1 in. and is screwed into the wall using a
wrench. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft if the couple forces have
a magnitude of F = 30 lb.

12in

8in.
8in.
F

F
5-21. The 20-mm-diameter steel shafts are connected using a brass coupling. If the
yield point for the steel is (τY)st = 100 MPa, determine the applied torque T
necessary to cause the steel to yield. If d = 40 mm, determine the maximum shear
stress in the brass. The coupling has an inner diameter of 20 mm.
d

20mm

5-22. The coupling is used to connect the two shafts together. Assuming that the
shear stress in the bolts is uniform, determine the number of bolts necessary to
make the maximum shear in the shaft equal to the shear stress in the bolts. Each
bolt has a diameter d.

r
T

5-29. The shaft has a diameter of 80 mm and due to friction at its surface within
the hole, it is subjected to a variable torque described by the function
(
t = 25 x x
2
) N⋅m/m, where x is in meters. Determine the minimum torque T0 needed
to overcome friction and cause it to twist. Also, determine the absolute maximum
stress in the shaft.

To
80mm

x (
t = 25 xe x
2
)
2m
5-30. The solid shaft has a linear taper from rA at one end to rB at the other. Derive
and equation that gives the maximum shear stress in the shaft at a location x along
the shaft’s axis.

T
T
rB

B
A

x
rA L
5-35. A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an
outer diameter of 2 in. If it is rotating at 200 rad/s. determine its largest inner
diameter to the nearest 1/8 in. If the allowable shear stress for the material is τallow =
25 ksi.

A B

6 in.

5-36. The drive shaft of a tractor is made of a steel tube having an allowable shear
stress of τallow = 6 ksi. If the outer diameter is 3 in. and the engine delivers 175 hp
to the shaft when it is turning at 1250 rev/min. determine the minimum required
thickness of the shaft’s wall.

A B

6 in.
5-37. A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an
outer diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the smallest
angular velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress for the material
is τallow = 25 ksi.

A B

6 in.

5-38. The 0.75 in. diameter shaft for the electric motor develops 0.5 hp and runs at
1740 rev/min. Determine the torque produced and compute the maximum shear
stress in the shaft. The shaft is supported by ball bearings at A and B.

A B

6 in.

5-42. The motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an
outer diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the smallest
angular velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress for the material
is τallow = 25 ksi.

B
A
5-74. A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and BC is brass. It is fixed at
its ends and subjected to a torque of T = 680 N⋅m. If the steel portion has a
diameter of 30mm. determine the required diameter of the brass portion so the
reactions at the walls will be the same. Gst = 75 GPa, Gbr = 39 GPa.
C

B
1.60 m 680 N⋅m

0.75 m A

5-78. The composite shaft consists of a mid section that includes the 1-in-diameter
solid shaft and a tube that is welded to the rigid flanges at A and B. Neglect the
thickness of the flanges and determine the angle of twist of end C of the shaft
relative to end D. The shaft is subjected to a torque of 100-lb.ft. The material is A-
36 steel.

20mm

T
6-3. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. The bearings at A and D
exert only vertical reactions on the shaft. The loading is applied to the pulleys at B
and C and E.

14 in. 20 in. 15 in. 12 in.

A
E

B C D

80 lb 110 lb 35 lb

82.4 lb
35 lb
2.24 lb

ΣM A = 0
49 RD = 80(14) + 110(34) + 35(61)
RD = 142.76lb
107.76 lb
ΣFY = 0
R A = 80 + 110 + 35 − 142.76
1196 lb.ft
1151.36 lb.ft R A = 82.24lb
V A = 82.24lb
VB = 2.24lb
VC = −107.76lb
-420.24 lb.ft VD = 35lb
VE = 0
ΣM BL = (82.24)(14)lb.in
M BL = 1151.36lb.in
ΣM CL = (82.24)(34) − 80(20)
M C L = 1196.16lb.in
6-4. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for
the beam. ΣM DL = (82.24)49 − 80(35) − 110(15)
M DL = −420.24lb.in
ΣM E L = {82.24(61) − 80(47 ) − 110(27 )
+142.76(12)}(lb.in )
M EL =0
 2 kip 2 kip 2 kip 2 kip

4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft

4 kip
2 kip

-2 kip
-4 kip

24 kip.ft

16 kip.ft 16 kip.ft

By symmetry :
2(4 )
RA = RF =
(2)
RA = RF = 4kip
ΣM B L = 16kip. ft
ΣM C L = (4 )8 − 2(4 )
M C L = 24kip. ft
ΣM D L = 4(12) − 2(8) − 2(4 )
M D L = 24kip. ft
M E L = 4(16) − 2(12 ) − 2(8) − 2(4 )
M E L = 16kip. ft
ΣM FL = 4(20) − 2(16) − 2(12) − 2(8) − 2(4 )
M FL = 0
6-5. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the rod. It is supported by a pin at A
and a smooth plate at B. The plate slides w/in the groove and so it cannot support a
vertical force, although it can support a moment.

15 kN

A
B

4m 2m

15 kN

ΣFY = 0
R A = 1.5kN
60 kN.m ΣM B = 15(4 ) − 15(2 )
30 kN.m M B = 30kN .m
ΣM C L = 60kN .m
6-6. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. The bearings at A and B
exert only vertical reactions on the shaft. Also, express the shear and moment in
the shaft as a function of x w/in the region 125mm<x<725mm.

800 N 1500 N

A B

125 mm 600 mm 75 mm

815.625 N

15.625 N ΣM B = 0
800R A = 800(675) + 1500(75)
R A = 815.625N
ΣFY = 0
RB = 800 + 1500 − 815.625
-1484.375 N RB = 1484.37 N
ΣM CL = 815.625(0.125)

111328 N.m
M C L = 101.953N .m

101953 N.m
ΣM DL = 815.625(0.725) − 800(0.6 )
M D = 111.328N .m
ΣM BL = 815.625(0.8) − 800(0.675) − 2500(0.075)
 6-7. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
@ 125mm < x < 725mm beam.
V = 16.625 N
M = 815.625 x − 800(x − 0.125)
M = (15.625 x + 100 )N .m 10 kN 8 kN

15 kN.m

2m 3m

18 kN
8 kN

ΣFY = 0
R A = 18kN
ΣM A = −10(2 ) − 8(5) − 15
M A = −75kN .m -15 kN.m
-39 kN.m
V A = 18kN
VC L = (18 − 10 )kN
-75 kN.m
VC L = 8kN
VB = 0
ΣM C L = −75 + 18(2 )
M CL = −39kN .m
ΣM BL = −39 + 8(3)
M BL = −15kN .m
ΣM B = 0
6-8. Draw the shear and moment for the pipe. The end screw is subjected to a
horizontal force of 5kN. Hint: the reaction at the pin C must be replaced by
equivalent loadings at point B on the axis of the pipe.

A C ΣM A = 0
80 mm
5 kN
B
0.4 RB = = 5(0.8)
400 mm
RB = 1kN
ΣM B = 0
0.4 R A = (5 )(0.8)
-1 kN
R A = 1 kN
V A = −1 kN
VBL = −1 kN
-0.4 =0
kN.m
MA =0
M BL = −1kN (0.4 m )
= −0.4kN ⋅ m
M B = −0.4kN ⋅ m + 0.4kN ⋅ m
=0
6-9. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. Hint: the 20kip load must
be replaced by equivalent loadings at point C on the axis of the beam.

ΣM A = 0 ΣM B = 0
12 RB = 15(4 ) − 20 12 R A = 15(8) + 20
RB = 3.38 kip R A = 11.67 kip

V A = 11.67 kip VBL = −3.33 kip

VCL = 11.67 kip VB = −3.33 + 3.33
VC = (11.67 − 15) kip =0
= −3.33 kip

MA =0
ΣM CL = 11.67(4 )
= 46.67 kip ⋅ ft
ΣM DL = 11.67(8) − 15(4 ) − 20
= 13.33 kip ⋅ ft
M B = 13.33 − 3.33(4 )
=0
6-10. The engine crane is used to support the engine, which has a weight of 1200
lb. Draw the shear and moment diagrams of the boom ABC when it is in the
horizontal position shown.

3 ft 5 ft

A
B C

4 ft 1200 lb

1200

ΣM B = 0
5 R A = 2000lb(5 ft )
ΣFY = 0
-2000 RB = 2000lb + 1200lb
RB = 3200lb
V A = −2000lb
V AL = −2000lb
-6000
VB = −2000lb + 3200lb
= 1200lb
VCL = 1200lb
VCL = 1200lb − 1200lb
=0
ΣM A = 0
2000(3)
ΣM BL = −
2
= −6000lb ⋅ ft
ΣM CL = (− 6000 − 6000)lb ⋅ ft
=0
6-12. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam w/c is pin
connected at B. It is supported by a pin at A and a fix wall at C.

6 kip 8 kip

A
C
B Mo = 0
M AL = (− 6 kip )(4 ft )
= −24 kip ⋅ ft
4 ft 6 ft 4 ft 4 ft
M DL = 40 kip ⋅ ft − 24 kip ⋅ ft
4 = 16 kip ⋅ ft
M CL = 16 kip ⋅ ft − 16 kip ⋅ ft
=0
ΣM C = 0
-4
14R A = 6(18) + 8(4 )
-6
16 = 108 + 32
R A = 10 kip

ΣFy = 0
RC = 14 − 10
-24
RC = 4 kip

VO = −6 kip
V AL = −6 kip
V A = −6 kip + 10 kip
= 4 kip
VDL = 4 kip
VD = 4 kip − 8 kip
= −4kip
VCL = −4 kip
VC = −4 kip + 4 kip
=0
6-15. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. Also, determine the
shear and moment in the beam as a function of x, where 3ft<x<15ft.

1.5 kip/ft

50 kip.ft A B

x
3 ft 12 ft

13.167 ΣM B = 0
12 R A = 50 + (1.5)(12)(6)
C
R A = 13.167kip
-4.833 ↑ ΣF = 0
x RB = 1.5(12) − 13.167
RB = 4.833kip
7.79 kip.ft
By Similar ∆ :
18 13.167
=
12 x
-50 kip.ft x = 8.778 ft
M C = Area ∆ − 50

=
13.167
(8.778) − 50
2
= 67.778 − 50
= 7.79 kip ⋅ ft

@ 3 ft < x ≤ 15 ft :
V = 13.167 − 1.5( x − 3)
V = 17.7667 − 1.5 x

M = 13.167(x − 3) − ( x − 3)2
1.5
2
(
= 13.167 x − 39.5 − 0.75 x 2 − 6 x + 9 )
= 13.167 x − 39.5 − 0.75 x + 4.5 x − 6.75
2

M = −0.75x 2 + 17.667 x − 46.25

6-16. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

800 lb/ft

A B

800 lb/ft

8 ft 8 ft

-6400
51200
25600

ΣFy = 0 VA = 0
R A = 800(8) − 800(8)
=0 VBL = −800(8)
= −6400 lb
ΣM A = 800(8)(12 ) − 800(8)(4)
= 51200 lb ⋅ ft VCL = −6400 + 6400
=0
ΣM B = 51200 − 800(8)(4 )
= 25600 lb ⋅ ft

ΣM C = 51200 − 800(8)(12 ) − 800(8)(4 )

=0
6-17. The 50lb man sits in the center of the boat, w/c has a uniform width and
weight per linear foot of 3lb/ft. Determine the maximum bending moment exerted
on the boat. Assume that the water exerts a uniform distributed load upward on the
bottom of the boat.

150 lb

7.5 ft 7.5 ft

75 lb

Σ Fy = 0
45 + 150
w0 =
15
-75 lb wo = 13 lb
ft
MA = 0
M B = Area ∆
281.25 lb.ft
= 75(0.75)
1
lb ⋅ ft
2° 2° 2
MC = 0

VA = 0
VBL = 13(7.5) − 3(7.5)
= 75 lb
VB = (75 − 150) lb
= −75 lb
VCL = −75 + 75
=o
6-18. The footing supports the load transmitted by the two columns. Draw the
shear and moment diagrams for the footing if the reaction of soil pressure on the
footing is assumed to be uniform.

14 kip 14 kip

6 ft 12 ft 6 ft
B C
A D

7 kip 7 kip

6 ft

E ΣFy = 0
24wo = 14 kip +14 kip
-7 kip -7 kip = 28kip
24 ft
21 kip.ft 21 kip.ft
wo = 7 kip
6 ft

2° 2°
2° VBL =
7 kip
ft
(6 ft )
6
= 7 kip
VB = 7 kip −14 kip
= −7 kip

VCL = −7 kip +
7 kip
ft
(12 ft )
6
VCL = 7 kip
VC = 7 kip −14 kip
= −7 kip
VDL = −7 kip + kip
=0
6-19. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

2 kip/ft
30 kip.ft

A B

5 ft 5 ft 5 ft

ΣM B = 0
10 R A = 2(5)(12.5) − 30
-0.5 kip
R A = 9.5 kip
-10 kip
2.5 kip.ft VO = 0

V AL = −2(5 ) = −10 kip

2°
V A = (− 10 + 9.5) kip
-25 kip.ft
1° = −0.5 kip
-27.5 kip.ft

MO = 0

M AL = −
1
(10)(5)
2
= −25 kip ⋅ ft
M CL = (− 27.5 + 30) kip ⋅ ft
= 2.5 kip ⋅ ft
M BL = [2.5 − 5(0.5)] kip ⋅ ft
M BL = 0

ΣF y = 0

RB = 2(5) − 9.5
RB = 0.5 kip

VB = (− 0.5 + 0.5 ) kip

VB = 0
6-21. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam and determine the shear
and moment in the beam as a function of x, where 4ft<x<10ft. by symmetry:
150 lb/ft

200 lb.ft 200 lb.ft

A B
x
4 ft 6 ft 4 ft

450 lb

ΣFy = 0
-450 lb R A + RB = 150(6 )
200 lb.ft

900
2° 2° R A = RB =
2
R A = 450 lb = RB
V = 450 − 150(x − 4 )
2

= 1050 − 150 x
150( x − 4 )
2
-200 lb.ft -200 lb.ft M = −200 + 450( x − 4 ) −
2
= −3200 + 1050x − 75 x 2
6-23. The T-beam is subjected to the loading shown. Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for the beam.

ΣF y = 0
R A + RB = 2000 + 100(18)
R A + RB = 3800 lb ; R A = 3566.67 lb

ΣM A = 0
2000(6 ) + RB (18) = 100(18)(9 )
RB = 233.33

ΣFy = 0
V = R A − 2000 − 100( x − 6 )
0 = 3566.67 − 2000 − 100 x + 600
x = 21.67 ft

VMAX = −2 kip
M MAX = −12 kip ⋅ ft
6-24. The beam is bolted or pinned at A and rests on a bearing pad at B that exerts
a uniform distributed loading on the beam over its 2ft length. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the beam if it supports a uniform loading of 2kip/ft.

ΣM A = 0
2 wO (10) = 2(8)(5)
wO = 4 kip
ft

ΣFy = 0
R A = 16 − wO
= 16 − 8
R A = 8 kip

V A = 8 kip
VE = (8 − 16) kip
= −8 kip
VB = (− 8 + 8) kip
=0

16 8
=
8 x
x = 4 ft

MA = 0
ΣM C = 8(1) kip ⋅ ft
ΣM D = [8 + 2(4 )(2 )] kip ⋅ ft
= 24 kip ⋅ ft
ΣM D = [8(9 ) − 2(8)(4 )] kip ⋅ ft
= 8 kip ⋅ ft
ΣM B = 8(11) − 2(8)(6 ) + 4(2 )(1)
=0
6-29. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

ΣM B = 0
1 Wo L  3 L  1 Wo L  1 L 
LR A = ⋅  ⋅ +  + 
2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2
W L2 W L2
LR A = o + o
12 6
WL
RA = o
4
ΣFY = 0
1 Wo L 1 Wo L 1
RB = ⋅ + − ⋅ Wo L
2 2 2 2 4
Wo L
RB =
4

Mmax
L/2

Wo L L Wo L L
ΣM max = ⋅ − ⋅
4 2 4 6
W L
= o
12
6-30. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

ΣM B = 0
2 WL L
⋅ LR A = o ⋅
3 2 3
W L
RA = o
4
ΣFY = 0
W L W L
RB = o − o
2 4
W L
RB = o
4
3 y A Wo
=
L L
W L2
ΣM AL = − o
89

L M
3 RA
x
WO y
=
L x

ΣF y = 0
1
V = RA − xy
2
W L W x2
0= O − O
4 2L
L
x 2 = − 2L
4
L
x=
2
W  L L  1 L  WO L  WO L  L 
ΣM CL = O  − −  ⋅  ⋅  
4  2 3 2 2  L 2  L 2  3 2 
= 0.0934WO L2 − 0.11785WO L2
= −0.0244WO L2
6-31. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

ΣM B = 0
1  L  L 2 L  WO L  L L  1 WO L  2 L 
LR A = WO   + +  + +  
2  3  9 3  3  3 3 2 3 3 3
7WO L2 WO L2 WO L2
= + +
54 6 27
W L
R A = O = RB
3

WO L WO L WO L
VA = = RA VB = − −
3 6 6
W L 1 WO L WO L
VC = O − =−
3 2 3 3
WO L W L W L
= VB = R B = O − O
6 3 3
WO L WO L
VD = − VB = 0
6 3
W L
=− O
6

by similar ∆ :
WO L WO L
3 = 6
L x
3
W L
WO = O
6x
L
x=
6
 WO L  L  WO L  L 
ΣM C =  −  
3  3 6 9
5WO L2
=
54

WO L  L L  WO L  L L  WO L  L 
ΣM MAX =  + −  + −  
3 3 6 6 9 6 6  12 
W L2 5W L2 W L2
= O − O − O
6 108 72
2
23WO L
=
216

23WO L2 1 WO L  L 
ΣM D = −  
216 2 6 6
5WO L2
=
54

ΣM B =
WO L
(L ) − WO L  L + 2L  − WO L  L + L  − WO L  2L 
6 6 9 3  3 6 3 6  9 
=0
6-32. The ski supports the 180lb weight of the man. If the snow loading on its
bottom surface is trapezoidal as shown, determine the intensity w, and then draw
the shear and moment diagrams for the ski.

ΣFY = 0

180 = W (1.5) + W (1.5) + 3W

1 1
2 2
3W
180 = + 3W
2

W=
(180)2
9
= 40 lb
ft

VB =
1
(40) 3  VC = −90 +
3
(40)
2 2 2
= 30 lb = −30 lb

VE = 30 +
3
(40) − 180 VD =
1
(40) 3  − 30
2 2 2
= 90 − 180 =0
VE = −90 lb

ΣM B =
1
(40) 3  3 ⋅ 1 
2  2  2 3 
= 15 lb ⋅ ft

ΣM E =
1
(40)(1.5) 1 + 3  + 3 (40) 3 
2 2 2 2 4
= 105 lb ⋅ ft

 90 + 30 
ΣM C = 105 −  (1.5)
 2 
= 15 lb ⋅ ft

ΣM D = 15 −
30
(1.5)
3
=0
6-33. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
50 kN/m 50 kN/m

A B

4.5 m 4.5 m

112.5 kN

2°

2°

-112.5 kN

168.75 kN.m

ΣM A = 0

9 R B = (50)
1 (4.5) + 50 (4.5)(4.5) 2 + 4.5
2

2 3 2  3 
= 168.75 + 843.75
RB = 112.5 kN by symmetry :
R A = RB = 112.5 kN
V A = 112.5 kN
VBL = (112.5 − 112.5) kN
=0
VCL = 0 − 112.5 kN
= −112.5 kN
VC = (− 112.5 + 112.5) kN
=0

MA =0

M BL =
112.5
(4.5) = 168.75 kN ⋅ m
3
M CL = 168.75 −
112.5
(4.5) = 0
3
6-35. The smooth pin is supported by two leaves A and B and subjected to a
compressive load of 0.4kN/m caused by bar C. Determine the intensity of the
distributed load wo of the leaves on the pin and draw the shear and moment
diagrams for the pin.

ΣF y = 0
1 
2  WO (0.2) = [0.4(0.06)] 0.4 kN/m
2 
WO = 1.2 kN
m

VA = 0
wo wo
1 
VBL =  (1.5)(0.02) kN
2  20 mm 60 mm 20 mm
= 0.012 kN
VCL = [0.012 − 0.4(0.06)] kN 0.012 kN
= −0.012 kN 2°
 1.5 
VDL = − 0.012 +  (0.02)  kN
  2  2°
=0 30 mm 0.012 kN

2.6x10-3 kN⋅m
MA = 0

M BL =
0.012
(0.02) = 0.00008 kN ⋅ m
3

M MAX = 0.00008 +
0.012
(0.03)
2
= 0.00026 kN ⋅ m
6-36. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

3 kip/ft

1500 lb.ft
A

12 ft 6 ft

900
ΣM A = 0
2° RB = 1500 +
3000
(6)(2 + 12)
2
127500
=
12
RB = 10625 lb
-1625
ΣFy = 0
1500
R A = 10625 −
3000
(6)
2
R A = 1625 lb
3°
V A = −1625 lb
-18000 V A = −1625 lb
VB = (− 1625 + 10625) lb
VB = 9000 lb
VCL = 9000 − [300(6 )(0.05)]
=0

M A = 1500 lb ⋅ ft
M B = −1625(12 ) + 1500
M B = −18000

M C = −1800 +
9000
(6)
3
=0
6-37. The compound beam consists of two segments that are pinned together at B.
Draw the shear and moment diagrams if it support the distributed loading shown.

ΣM C = 0
WL(L )
LR A =
6
WL
RA =
6
WL WL
RC = −
2 6
WL
RC =
3
@ V = 0; x?
2WL
Wx =
6
L
x=
3

WL Wx
V= −
6 2

@ x = L/3
WL L
⋅
M MAX = 6 3
3
2
WL
=
54
WL2 WL2
M CL = −
6 6
=0
6-38. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

18 kN/m
12 kN/m

A B

3m
ΣFy = 0
 12 + 18 
RB =  3
 2 
2° RB = 45 kN

ΣM B = 12(3)(1.5) + (6)(3)(1)
-45 kN 1
2
= 54 kN ⋅ m

3° 6
V = −12 x − x
2
-54 kN.m V = −15 x

@ x=3
VB = −45 kN
12 x 2 6  x 
M =− − x 
2 2 3
= −6 x 2 − x 2
M = −7 x 2

@ x=3
M B = −54 kN ⋅ m
 6-39. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam and determine the shear
and moment as a function of x.

ΣM B = 0

6 R A = 200(3)(1.5) + (200)(3)(1)
1
2
= 900 + 300 = 1200
R A = 200 N

ΣFY = 0
 600 
RB =  3 − 1200
 2 
RB = 700 N

V = 200 − 200(x − 3) −
1
( x − 3) 200 ( x − 33)
2  3 
= 200 − 200 x + 600 −
200
(x − 3)2
6
100 2
= 500 − x =0
3
x2 =
500
(3)
100
x = 15
x = 3.8

M = 200 x −
200
(x − 3)2 − 1 (x − 3)2  200  x − 3 
2 2  3  3 
= 200 x − 100( x − 3) − ( x − 3)3
2 100
9
100 3
M =− x + 500 x − 600
9
@ x=0
V A = 200 N ; M A = 0

@ x = 3m;
VCL = 200 N ; M CL = 600 N ⋅ m

@ x = 3.8m;
VDL = 0 ; M DL = 690.3 N ⋅ m

@ x = 6m ; M BL = 0
VBL = −700 N
VB = −700 + 700
=0

(Mindanao State University-General Santos City, Philippines)

BSEE-(G.R.F) students
6-43. A member having the dimensions shown is to be used to resist an internal
bending moment of M = 2 kip⋅ft. Determine the maximum stress in the member if
the moment is applied (a) about the z axis, (b) about the y axis. Sketch the stress
distribution for each case.

x
6 in.

6 in.

a) about z axis

1
I z = ( )(6)(123 )
12
I z = 864in 4
2(6)(12)
σz =
864
σ z = 0.167 kip / in 2 (1000lb / kip )
σ z = 167 psi

(1)(12)(6 3 )
Iy =
12 b) about y axis
I y = 216in 4
( 2)(3)(12)
σy =
216
σ y = (0.333kip / in 2 )(1000lb / kip )
σ y = 333 psi
6-45. A member has the triangular cross section shown. Determine the largest
internal moment M that can be applied to the cross section without exceeding
allowable tensile and compressive stresses of (σallow)t = 22 ksi and (σallow)s = 15 ksi,
respectively.

4 in.
4 in.
M

2 in.
2 in.

Mc
σ=
I
σ I σcI
M= t M =
c c
I bh 2 ( 4)( 2 3 ) 2
= M = 15( )
c 24 24
bh 2 M = 30kip.in
M = 22( )
24
( 4)( 2 3 ) 2
M = 22( )
24
M = 44kip.in

We used the smaller value

 ft 
M = 30kip.in 
 12in 
M = 2.5kip. ft
6-46. A member has the triangular cross section shown. If a moment of M = 800
lb⋅ft is applied to the cross section, determine the maximum tensile and
compressive bending stresses in the member. Also, sketch a three dimensional
view of the stress distribution acting over the cross section.

4 in.
4 in.
M

2 in.
2 in.

Mc1 h
σc = C2 =
I 3

I=
bh 3
C2 =
( )
2 3
36 3
( 4)( 2 3 ) 3 C2 = 1.15in
I=
36
σt =
(9600(1.15))
I = 4.62in 4 4.62
2h σ t = 2400lb / in 2
C1 =
3 σ t = 2.4 ksi

C1 =
( )
22 3
3
4 3
C1 =
3
C1 = 2.31in

σc =
(9600(2.31))
4.62
σ c = 4800lb / in 2
σ c = 4.8ksi
6-49. A beam has the cross section shown. If it is made of steel that has an
allowable stress of σallow =24 ksi, determine the largest internal moment the beam
can resist if the moment is applied (a) about the z axis, (b) about the y axis.
y
0.25 in.

3 in.

3 in.
0.25 in.

z 0.25 in.

3 in.
3 in.

a) about z-axis
Mc
σ =
I

I z = 2
(
 (0.6 ) 0.253 ) (
+ (0.6 )(0.25 ) 3.1252 ) +  (0.2512)(0.6 )
3

 12   
I z = 33.8125in 4

M z = 24(33.8125) / (3 + 0.25 )
M z = 249.7 kip.in
M z = 20.8kip. ft

b) about y-axis
( ) (
 (0.25 ) 0.6 3   (0.6 ) 0.25 3  )
I y = 2 + 
 12   12 
I y = 9in 4

24(9 )
My =
3
M y = 72.06 kip.in
M y = 6.0 kip. ft
6-50. The beam is subjected to a moment of M = 40 kN⋅m. Determine the bending
stress acting at points A and B. sketch the results on a volume element acting at
each of these points.

A
B

M = 40 kN⋅m
50 mm

50 mm

50 mm 50 mm
50 mm
50 mm

I = I y = Iz = 
( ) ( )
 (0.05 ) 0.153   (0.05 ) 0.053 
 + 2 
 12   12 
−5
I = 1.51(10 ) m 4

− Mz y M yz
σA = +
Iz Iy
 (40 )(0.075 )(1000 )
σA = 0+  
 1.5(10 −5 ) 
σ A = 199 MPa
 (40 )(0.025 )(1000 ) 
σB = 0+  
 1.51(10 −5 ) 
σ B = 66.2 MPa
6-73. Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to
the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical
forces, and the allowable bending stress is σallow = 160 MPa.

A B

ΣM = 0
R A (1.2 ) = 600(2 ) − 400(0.6 )
1.2 0.6
0.8
R A = 800 N
600 400
ΣM A = 0
RB (1.2 ) = 400(1.8) − 600(0.8)
RB = 200 N
Mr
σ=
πr 4
4
4M
σ= 3
πr
4M
r3 =
πσ

r =3
(4)(480)
(
π 160(10 6 ) )
r = 0.0156m
d = 31.3mm
6-81. The beam is subjected to the load P at its center. Determine the placement a
of the supports so that the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam is as large
as possible. What is this stress?
P

a a
b
L/2 L/2

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R AY + R BY = P For symmetrical loading
R AY = R BY
2 R AY = P a = 0, L
(M max )(c )
P σ max =
R AY = I
2 3
bd
ΣM c = 0 I=
12
MA = MB
d
c=
P  L   2
MA =  −a
2  2   PL  d 
 
P  L   4 2
σ max =
MB =  −a
2  2   ( )
bd 3
L 12
0≤a≤  PL  12 
2 σ max =   2 
@a = 0  8  bd 
3 PL
PL  σ max =
MA =  − 0 2bd 2
22 
PL
MA =
4
L
@a =
2
P  L L  
M A =  −  
2  2 2  
PL
M max =
4
6-89. The steel beam has the cross-sectional area shown. If w = 5 kip⋅ft, determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam.

w w

8 ft 8 ft 8 ft

8 in.

0.30 in.
0.30 in.
10 in.
0.30 in.

ΣM A = 0
24 R B = 40(4) + 40(2 )
RB = 40kip

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 80
R A = 40kip

I = 2
( )
 (8) 0.30 3
( ( )
  (0.3) 10 3 
)
+ 8(0.3) 5.15 2  +  
 12   12 
I = 152.3in 4

σ max =
(160)(12)(5.3)
152.3
σ max = 66.8 ksi
6-90. The beam has a rectangular cross section as shown. Determine the largest
load P that can be supported on its overhanging ends so that the bending stress
does not exceed σmax = 10 MPa.

P P

1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

ΣM A = 0
250 mm
1.5 RB + 1.5 P = 3P
RB = P 150 mm

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 2P
RA = P
Mc
σ max =
I

I=
(
(0.5) 0.253 )
12
I = 1.953(10 −4 )m 4
1.5 P(0.125)
10(10 6 ) =
1.953(10 − 4 )
P = 10.4kN
6-91. The beam has the rectangular cross section shown. If P =12 kN, determine
that absolute maximum bending stress in the beam. Sketch the stress distribution
acting over the cross section.
P P
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

ΣM A = 0
RB (1.5) + 12(1.5) = 12(3)
250 mm

RB = 12kN 150 mm

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 24
R A = 12kN

I=
(0.15)(0.253 )
12
I = 1.953125(10 −4 ) m 4
18(0.125)
σ max =
1.953125(10 −4 )
18000(0.125)
σ max =
1.953125(10 −4 )
σ max = 11.5MPa
6-93. A log that is 2 ft in diameter is to be cut into a rectangular section for use as a
simply supported beam. If the allowable bending stress for the wood is σallow = 8
ksi, determine the largest load P that can be supported if the width of the beam is b
= 8 in.

h
b
2 ft

8 ft 8 ft
6-102. The member has a square cross section and is subjected to a resultant
moment of M = 850 N⋅m as shown. Determine that bending stress at each corner
and sketch the stress distribution produced by M. Set θ = 45°.
z
125 mm
125 mm
250 mm B
E
M = 850 N⋅m
C θ
A

D
y
6-103. The member has a square cross section and is subjected to a resultant
moment of M = 850 N⋅m as shown. Determine that bending stress at each corner
and sketch the stress distribution produced by M. Set θ = 30°.

z
125 mm
125 mm
250 mm B
E
M = 850 N⋅m
C θ
A

D
y
6-105. The T-beam is subjected to a moment of M = 150 kip⋅in. directed as shown.
Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam and the orientation of the
neutral axis. The location y of the centroid, C, must be determined.
6-185. Determine the bending stress distribution in the beam at section a-a. sketch
the distribution in three dimension acting over the cross section.

80 N 80 N

400 mm 300 mm 300 mm 400 mm

80 N 80 N
15 mm

100 mm

15 mm 15 mm

75 mm
6-51. The aluminum machine part is subjected to a moment of M = 75 N⋅m.
Determine the bending stress created at points B and C on the cross section. Sketch
the results on a volume element located at each of these points.
20 mm 10 mm
10 mm
20 mm
10 mm
10 mm

N
B
10 mm

C M = 75 N⋅m
40 mm
6-53. A beam is constructed from four pieces of wood, glued together as shown. If
the moment acting on the cross section is M = 450 N⋅m, determine the resultant
force that bending stress produces on the top board A and on the side board B.

15 mm

M = 40 kN⋅m
20 mm
200 mm

20 mm
15 mm 200 mm
6-47. The beam is made from three boards nailed together as shown. If the moment
acting on the cross section is M = 600 N⋅m, determine the maximum bending
stress in the beam. Sketch a three-dimensional view of the stress distribution acting
over the cross section.

25 mm

20 mm

200 mm M = 600 N⋅m

20 mm
6-106. If the internal moment acting on the cross section of the strut has a
magnitude of M = 800 N⋅m and is directed as shown, determine the bending stress
at points A and B. The location z of the centroid C of the strut’s cross-sectional
area must be determined. Also, specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
y
12 mm

12 mm 200 mm
z

60° 12 mm 200 mm

M = 800 N⋅m 150 mm

z
6-71. The axle of the freight car is subjected to wheel loadings of 20 kip. If it is
supported by two journal bearings at C and D, determine that maximum bending
stress developed at the center of the axle, where the diameter is 5.5 in.

C A B D

10 in. 60 in. 10 in.

20 kip 20 kip
6-74. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the 1.5-in.-diameter shaft
which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B
support only vertical forces.
400 lb
A

300 lb
1 in. B

18 in.

15 in.
6-75. Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to
the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical
forces, and the allowable bending stress is σallow = 22 ksi.

400 lb
A

300 lb
1 in. B

18 in.

15 in.
6-72. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the 30-mm-diameter
shaft which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B
support only vertical forces.
A B

0.8 m 1.2 m 0.6 m

600 N 400 N
6-79. The steel shaft has a circular cross section with a diameter of 2 in. It is
supported on smooth journal bearings A and B, which exert only vertical reactions
on the shaft. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress if it is subjected to
the pulley loadings shown.

A B

20 in. 20 in. 20 in. 20 in.

500 lb 300 lb 500 lb

The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the radius r’ of the
inner core of the shaft that resists one-half of the applied torque (T/2).

r r'

T
by ratio and proportion:
τ max τ
=
r r'
2T T
= 4
πr 4
πr '
2r ' = r 4
4

r4
r '4 =
2
r4
r' = 4
2
r ' = 0.841r
r ' = r cos 32.7651
 The solid shaft of radius r is subjected to a torque T. Determine the radius r’ of the
inner core of the shaft that resists one-quarter of the applied torque (T/4).

r r'

T
2( )
T
τ = 23 = 3
πr ' πr '
2T
τ max = 3
πr
b.)
T
τ =
2πr '3
τ max τ
=
r r'
2T T
= 4
πr 4
πr '
2r ' = r 4
4

r4
r'4 =
4
r4
r' = 4
4
r ' = 0.707r
r ' = r sin 45
 The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 2.50 in. and an inner diameter of 2.30 in.
If it is tightly secured to the wall at C and the three torques are applied to it as
shown, determine the shear stress developed at points A and B. These points lie on
the pipe’s outer surface. Sketch the shear stress on the volume elements located at
A and B.

B C

A 450 lb-ft 450 lb⋅ft = 5400 lb⋅in

350 lb-ft 350 lb⋅ft = 4200 lb⋅in
600 lb-ft 600 lb⋅ft = 7200 lb⋅in

sol’n:
τmax
5400 + 4200 – 7200 7200 - 4200
= 2400 = 3000

16TD 16TD
τB =
(
π D4 − d 4 ) τA =
(
π D4 − d 4 )
16(2400)(2.5) 16(3000)(2.5)
=
(
π 2.5 4 − 2.34 ) =
(
π 2.5 4 − 2.34 )
τB = 2758.6 lb 2 τA = 3448.3 lb 2
in in
τB = 2.76 ksi τB = 3.45 ksi
 The link acts as part of the elevator control for a small airplane. If the attached
aluminum tube has an inner diameter of 25 mm, determine the maximum shear
stress in the tube when the cable force of 600 N is applied to the cables. Also,
sketch the shear stress distribution over the cross section.
600 N
75mm
5mm

25mm
75mm

600 N
∑ M x = 0;
2(600)(0.075) = T
T = 90 Nm
π
J= (D 4 − d 4 )
32
π
= (0.035 4 − 0.025 4 )
32
J = 108 x10 −9 m 4
Tr
τ max =
J
(90)(0.075) Nm 2
=
(108 x10 −9 )m 4
= 14.45MPa
Tr
τ =
J
(90)(0.0125)
=
(108 x10 −9 )
= 10.40MPa
 A steel tube having an outer diameter of 2.5 in. is used to transmit 35 hp when
turning at 2700 rev/min. Determine the inner diameter d of the tube to nearest 1/8
in. if the allowable shear stress is τallow = 10 ksi.

d
2.5 in.
Given:
D = 2.5in
τ allow 10,000ld / in 2
Ρ = 3hp = 19,250lb. ft / s
f = 2700rev / min = .75rev / s
d =?
Solution:
Ρ = Tω
19250 = T [ 2π (0.75)]
19250
T=
2π (0.75)
T = 4084.97lb.in
4084.97(1.25)
τ max =
π
(1.25 4 − r 4 )
2
4 π 4 π
2
 (4084.97)(1.25) 
(1.25) 2 − ( r ) 2 = 
 10000 
( 4084097 )(1 .25)( 2)
πr 4 = (1.25 4 )π −
10000
6. 649
r4 =
π
r = 1.206
d
=r
2
1
d = 2.4in ; 4 = 0.5
8
1
d = 2 in
2
The steel shaft has a diameter of 1 in. and is screwed into the wall using a wrench.
Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft if the couple forces have a
magnitude of F = 30 lb.

12in

8in.
8in.
F

sol’n:
AB D = 0.75 in
∑M A = 15(6 ) + 15(8) = T d = 0.68 in
BC D = 1 in
T = 210 lb ⋅ in d = 0.86 in

16TD 16TD
τ AB = τ BC =
(
π D4 − d 4 ) (
π D4 − d 4 )
16(210)(0.75) 16(210)(1)
= =
(
π 0.75 4 − 0.68 4 ) (
π 14 − 0.86 4 )
τ AB = 7818.72 lb 2 τ BC = 2361 lb 2
in in
τ AB = 7.8 ksi τ BC = 2.36 ksi
 The 20-mm-diameter steel shafts are connected using a brass coupling. If the yield
point for the steel is (τY)st = 100 MPa, determine the applied torque T necessary to
cause the steel to yield. If d = 40 mm, determine the maximum shear stress in the
brass. The coupling has an inner diameter of 20 mm.
d

20mm

T
To find the T; steel;

2Ts
τ =
πr 3
2Ts
100 x10 6 =
π (0.010) 3
Ts = 157.07 Nm

To find the max.., τ; brass;

2TR
τ =
π (R − r 4 )
4

2(157.07)(0.02)
=
π (0.02 4 − 0.014 )

τ = 13.3MPa
 The coupling is used to connect the two shafts together. Assuming that the shear
stress in the bolts is uniform, determine the number of bolts necessary to make the
maximum shear in the shaft equal to the shear stress in the bolts. Each bolt has a
diameter d.

r
T

Soln:

P
τ =
A
πd 2
P = ⋅τ
4
T = PRn
 πd 2 
T =  ⋅ τ  Rn
 4 
4 T
τ = ; <1>
π d 2 Rn
2T
τ = ; < 2>
πr 3
2T 4T
=
πr 3
π d 2 Rn
2r 3
n =
d2
 The shaft has a diameter of 80 mm and due to friction at its surface within the
hole, it is subjected to a variable torque described by the function
(
t = 25 x x
2
) N⋅m/m, where x is in meters. Determine the minimum torque T0 needed
to overcome friction and cause it to twist. Also, determine the absolute maximum
stress in the shaft.

To
80mm

x (
t = 25 xe x
2
)
2m
Solution:
d=80mm=0.08 m
(
t = 25 xe x
2
)
16T
τ = 3
πd
x2
T = ∫ 25 xe dx
2

T = 25∫ xe x dx
2 2

0
2
let u= x
du=2x dx
du/2=x dx

x=0, u=0
x=2,u=4
4 25e u du
T =∫
0 2
 4
= 12.5∫ e u du
0

[ ]
= 12.5 e u
4

= 12.5[e − 1]
0
4

T = 670 Nm

16T
τ =
πd 3
16(670)
=
π (80 x10 −3 ) 3
τ = 6.66MPa
 The solid shaft has a linear taper from rA at one end to rB at the other. Derive and
equation that gives the maximum shear stress in the shaft at a location x along the
shaft’s axis.

T
T
rB

B
A

x
rA L
Solution: r = rB + r1
r1 r −r
= A B
L−x L
(r − r )( L − x)
r1 = A B
L

( rA − rB )( L − x )
r = rB +
L
rB L + ( rA − rB )( L − x)
r=
L
rB L + ( L − x )rA − rB ( L − x )
r=
L
rB [ L − ( L − x)] + rA ( L − x)
r=
L
rB ( x ) + rA ( L − x )
r=
L
xrB + rA ( L − x )
r=
L

16T d
τ = ; r=
πd 3
2
d = 2r
d 3 = 8r 3

16T
τ =
π 8r 3
 2T
=
πr 3
2T
τ = 3
 xr + rA ( L − x) 
π B 
 L 
3
2TL
τ =
π [xrB + rA ( L − x)]
3
 The drive shaft AB of an automobile is made of a steel having an allowable shear
stress of τallow = 8 ksi. If the outer diameter of the shaft is 2.5 in. and the engine
delivers 200 hp to the shaft when it is turning at 1140 rev/min, determine the
minimum required thickness of the shaft’s wall.
Given: τ = 8ksi = 8000 psi
D = 2.5in
Ρ = 200hp = 100,000lbft / s
f = 1140rev / min = 19rev / sec
t =?
Solutions:
Ρ
T=
2πf
100,000lbft / s
=
2π (19rev / s )
T = 837.66lbft or
= 10,051.89lbin

16TD
τ =
π (D 4 − d 4 )
16(10,051.89)(2.5)
8,000 psi =
π ( 2.5 4 − d 4 )
402075.65
(2.5 4 − d 4 ) =
π (8,000)
d 4 = 39 − 15.998
d = 4 23
d = 2.19in

Thickness:
D d
R= ; r=
2 2

2.5 2.19
R= r=
2 2
R = 1.25 r = 1.1

t = R−r
t = 1.25 − 1.1
t = 0.15in
 The drive shaft AB of an automobile is to be designed as a thin walled tube. The
engine delivers 150 hp when the shaft is turning at 1500 rev/min. Determine the
minimum thickness of the shaft’s wall if the shaft’s outer diameter is 2.5 in. The
material has an allowable shear stress τallow = 7 ksi.
 Ρ
T=
2πf
Given 75,000lbft / s
=
2π ( 25rev / s)
T = 477.46lbft
T = 5,729.58lbin
Ρ = 150hp = 75,000lbft / s
f = 1,500rev / min = 25rev / s 16Td
τ =
D = 2.5in π (D 4 − d 4 )
τ = 7 ksi = 7,000 psi 16(5729.58)(2.5)
7,000 =
t min = ? π (2.5 4 − d 4 )
229,183
39 − d 4 =
Solution π (7,000)
d 4 = 39 − 10.42
d = 4 27.5968
d = 2.29in

Thickness:
D d
R= r=
2 2
2.5 2.29
R= ; r=
2 2
R = 1.25in r = 1.146in

t = R−r
t = 1.25 − 1.15
t = 0.104in
The drive shaft of a tractor is to be designed as a thin-walled tube. The engine
delivers 200 hp when the shaft is turning at 1200 rev/min. Determine the minimum
thickness of the wall of the shaft if the shaft’s outer diameter is 3 in. The material
has an allowable shear stress of τallow = 7 ksi.

Given:
Ρ = 200hp = 100000lb. ft / s
f = 1200rev / min = 20rev / s
16TD
D = 3in τ =
π (D 4 − d 4 )
τ = 7 ksi
16(9549.3)(3)
= 7000 psi 7000 =
π (3 4 − d 4 )
t max = ?
458366.4
Solution: 81 − d 4 =
Ρ π (7000)
T=
2πf d 4 = 81 − 20.84
100000lbft / s d = 4 60.16
T=
2π ( 20rev / s ) d = 2.785in
T = 795.8lbft
T = 9549.3lbft
 Max Thickness:
D
t = R−r R=
2
t = 0.12in
R = 1.5
d
r = = 1.3925in
2
 A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an outer
diameter of 2 in. If it is rotating at 200 rad/s. determine its largest inner diameter to
the nearest 1/8 in. If the allowable shear stress for the material is τallow = 25 ksi.

A B

6 in.

p
T=
ω
τ = 25ksi 250000
T=
= 25000lb / in 2 200
1hp = 500 ft ⋅ lb / s T = 15000lb ⋅ in
 500 ft ⋅ lb / s  16TD
500hp  = 250000 ft / lb τ =
 hp  (
π D4 − d 4 )
16(15000)(2 )
25000 =
(
π 24 − d 4)
d 4 = (16 − 6.11)
d = 1.75in
 The drive shaft of a tractor is made of a steel tube having an allowable shear stress
of τallow = 6 ksi. If the outer diameter is 3 in. and the engine delivers 175 hp to the
shaft when it is turning at 1250 rev/min. determine the minimum required
thickness of the shaft’s wall.

A B

6 in.

P
T=
2πf 16TD
τ =
=
87500 (
π D4 − d 4 )
2π (20.833) 16(1322.2 )(4.5)
=
T = 668.45 ft.lb (
π 4.5 4 − 2 4 )
T = 8021.4lb.in τ = 483.17lb / in 2
16TD
τ =
(
π D4 − d 4 )
16(8021.4 )(2.5)
6000 =
( )
π 2.5 4 − d 4
320856.87
39 − d 4 =
π (6000)
d 4 = 21.98in
d = 2.165in
thickness;
D 2.5
R= = = 1.25
2 2
d 2.165
r= = = 1.08
2 2
t = R−r
t = 0.167in
 A motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an outer
diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the smallest angular
velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress for the material is τallow =
25 ksi.

A B

6 in.

16TD
τ =
(
π D4 − d 4 )
16(2T )
25000 = ; T = 11137.2lb.in
(
π 2 4 − 1.84 4)
P
ω=
T

=
( )
3 10 6
11137.2
ω = 296rad / s
 The 0.75 in. diameter shaft for the electric motor develops 0.5 hp and runs at 1740
rev/min. Determine the torque produced and compute the maximum shear stress in
the shaft. The shaft is supported by ball bearings at A and B.

A B

6 in.
P
T =
2πf
260
=
2 π (29 )
T = 1 . 51 ft .lb
T = 18 . 12 lb .in

16 T
τ =
πd 3
16 (18 . 12 )
=
(
π 0 . 75 3 )
τ = 219 psi
 The motor delivers 500 hp to the steel shaft AB, which is tubular and has an outer
diameter of 2 in. and an inner diameter of 1.84 in. Determine the smallest angular
velocity at which it can rotate if the allowable shear stress for the material is τallow =
25 ksi.

B
A

τ =
16TD
=
(
τπ D 4 − d 4 )
( )
; T
π D4 − d 4 16 D
P
T=
ω
(
P τπ D 4 − d 4
=
)
ω 16 D
( )
3 10 6
=
(
(2500π ) 2 4 − 1.84 4 )
ω 32

ω=
( )
3 10 6

11137.22
ω = 296.4rad / s
 The solid shaft of radius c is subjected to a torque T at its ends. Show that the
maximum shear strain developed in the shaft is γmax = Tc/JG. What is the shear
strain on an element located at point A, c/2 from the center of the shaft? Sketch the
strain distortion of this element.

Tρ c
Tr τ = ; ρ=
τ max = ;r=c j 2
J
Tc
Tc =
= 2J
J
τ max = γG
τ = γG
τ
γ max = τ
G γ =
G
Tc
γ max = Tc
JG γ =
2 JG
 A rod is made from two segments: AB is steel and BC is brass. It is fixed at its
ends and subjected to a torque of T = 680 N⋅m. If the steel portion has a diameter
of 30mm. determine the required diameter of the brass portion so the reactions at
the walls will be the same. Gst = 75 GPa, Gbr = 39 GPa.
C

B
1.60 m 680 N⋅m

0.75 m A

sol’n:

θAB = θBC

TL TL
=
JG AB JG BC

(680)(0.75) = (680)(1.6)
π (0.030) π d4
(75)(10 ) (39 )(109 )
4
9

32 32

d4 =
(1.6 )(0.030 4 )(75)
(0.75)(39)

(
d = 4 3.3 10 −6 ) m4

d = 0.0427 m
d = 42.7 mm
 The composite shaft consists of a mid section that includes the 1-in-diameter solid
shaft and a tube that is welded to the rigid flanges at A and B. Neglect the thickness
of the flanges and determine the angle of twist of end C of the shaft relative to end
D. The shaft is subjected to a torque of 100-lb.ft. The material is A-36 steel.

20mm

T
 5-14. The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to a torque shown,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in regions BC and DE of the shaft.
The bearings at A and B allow free rotation of the shaft.

T AB = 0
TBC = 35lb. ft
TDE = 25lb. ft
35(0.375)(12 )
τ BC =
(
π 0.75 4 )
32
τ BC = 8.07 ksi

τ DE =
(40)(0.375)(12)
(
π 0.75 4 )
32
τ DE = 3.62ksi
 5-15. The solid shaft has a diameter of 0.75 in. If it is subjected to a torque shown,
determine the maximum shear stress developed in regions CD and EF of the shaft.
The bearings at A and F allow free rotation of the shaft.

TEF = 0
TCD = 15lb
τ EF = 0
15(0.375)(12)
τ CD =
(
π 0.75 4)
32
τ CD = 2.17ksi
5-49. The splined ends and gears attached to the A-36 steel shaft are subjected to
the torque shown. Determine the angle of twist of end B with respect to the end A.
The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm.

( )
G = 75 10 9 N / m 2
TBD = 400 N .m
TCD = 200 N .m
T AC = 300 N .m
d = 0.04m
r = 0.02m
TL
θ =Σ
JG
400(0.5)(0.2 ) 200(0.4)(2 ) 300(0.3)(2 )
θB/ A = + −
( )( ( ))
π 0.02 75 10
4 9
( )( ( ))
π 0.02 75 10
4 9
( )( ( ))
π 0.02 4 75 10 9
= 0.010079813rad (57.3)
θ B / A = 0.0578°
5-58. The engine of the helicopter is delivering 600 hp to he rotor shaft AB when
the blade is rotating at 1200 rev/min. Determine the nearest 1/8 in. diameter of the
shaft AB if the allowable shear stress is τ allow= 8 ksi and the vibrations limit the
angle of twist of the shaft to 0.05 rad. The shaft is 2 ft. long and made from 1.2
steel.
 P
T=
2πf
300000
=
2π (20)
T = 2387.3lb. ft
T = 28648lb.in
16T
τ =
πd 3
16(28648)
d3 =
π (8000)
1
d = 2.6in ; 0. 6  = 0.75
8
d = 2.75in

5-59.The engine of the helicopter is delivering 600 hp to he rotor shaft AB when

the blade is rotating at 1200 rev/min. Determine the nearest 1/8 in. diameter of the
shaft AB if the allowable shear stress is τ allow= 10.5 ksi and the vibrations limit the
angle of twist of the shaft to 0.05 rad. The shaft is 2 ft. long and made from 1.2
steel.

P
T=
2πf
300000
=
2π (20)
T = 2387lb. ft
T = 28648lb.in
16T
τ = 3
πd
16(28648)
d3 =
π (10500)
1
d = 2.4in ; 0 .4  = 0.5
8
d = 2.5in
5-6. the solid 1.25 in diameter shaft is used to transmit the torques applied to the
gears. If it is supported by smooth bearings at A and B, which do not resist torque,
determine the shear stress developed in the shaft at points C and D. Indicate the
shear stress on volume elements located at these points.

TC = 1500lb.in
TD = 600lb.in
Tr
τ =
J
1500(1625)(32)
τC =
(
π 1.25 4)
τ C = 3.91ksi
600(0.625)(32)
τD =
(
π 1.25 4)
τ D = 1.56ksi
5-7. The shaft has an outer diameter of 1.25 in and an inner diameter of 1 in. If it is
subjected to the applied torques as shown, determine the absolute maximum shear
stress developed in the shaft. The smooth bearings at A and B do not resist torque.

16TD
τ max = ; Tmax = 1500lb.in
(
π D4 − d 4 )
16(1500)(1.25)
=
(
π 1.25 4 − 14 )
τ max = 6.62ksi
5-50.The splined ends and gears attached to the A-36 steel shaft are subjected to
the torques shown. Determine the angle of twist of gear C with respect to gear D.
The shaft has a diameter of 40 mm.

G = 75(10 9 ) N / m 2
TBD = 400 N .m
TCD = 200 N .m
T AC = 300 N .m
d = 0.84m

TL
θ =Σ
JG
400(0.5)(2 ) 200(0.4 )(2 )
θC / D = +
( )( ( ))
π 0.02 75 10
4 9
( )( ( ))
π 0.02 4 75 10 9
θC / D = 0.243°
 T

T rB

x L

rA ro

x
L
The simply supported shaft has a moment of inertia of 2I for given region BC and
a moment of inertia I for regions AB and CD. Determine the maximum deflection
P
of the beam due to the load P.

B C
A I I D
2I
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
2 2
PL PL 2
2 2 PL
PL PL
8 8
16
8
16

δ
TD/A
TP/A

∑M D = 0:
L
RA L = P
2
P
R A = RD =
2

5PL3 7 PL3 5 PL3 PL3 3PL3 5 PL3

TD / A = + + + + +
384 1536 512 384 512 1536
5PL3
TD / A =
128

PL3 PL3 PL3

TB / A = + +
192 512 1536
PL3
TB / A =
128

5 PL3 PL3
+δ
128 = 128
L L
2
3
3 PL
δ =
256
 Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the beam using the x coordinate
that is valid for 0 ≤ x ≤ L/2. Specify the slope at A and the beam’s maximum
deflection. EI is constant.
P

A B

x
L L
2 2

ΣM = 0
p
M = x
2
ΣFy = 0 @x =0
p
R A + RB = P EIy' ' = x C1
2 y =θ = 0+
ΣM A = 0 p EI
EIy' = x 2 + C1 − PL2
L 4 θA =
RB L = P  16 EI
2 p 3
EIy = x + C1 x + C 2
P 12
RB =
2
RA =
P @ y = 0, x = 0
2 C2 = 0

L
@ y' = 0, x =
2
2
PL
0=   + C1
42
PL2
C1 = −
16

P 3 PL2
EIy = x − x
12 16
y=
P
48EI
(
x 4 x 2 − 3L2 )
L
ymax @ x =
2
PL
ymax = −
48EI
Determine the equations of the elastic curve using the x1 and x2 coordinates.

Specify the slope at A and the maximum deflection. EI is constant.

P P
a a

A B

x1
x2
L
 The beam is made of two rods and is subjected to the concentrated load P.
Determine the slope at C. The moments of inertia of the rods are IAB and IAC, and
the modulus of elasticity is E.
P

B
C
A

L
 Determine the elastic curve for the cantilevered beam, which is subjected to the
couple moment Mo. Also compute the maximum slope and maximum deflection of
the beam. EI is constant.

A B
Mo

x
L

ΣM = 0 θ max @ x = 0
ΣFy = 0 M = MO C1
y ' = θ max = 0 +
RA = 0 EIy ' = M O x + C1 EI
ΣM A = 0 MO 2 M L
EIy = x + C1 x + C2 θ max =− O
MO = MO 2 EI

@ y = 0, x = 0
C2 = 0

@ y ' = 0, x = L
C1 = − M O L

MO 2
EIy = x − M O Lx
2
ymax @ x = L
M O L2
EIymax = − M O L2
2
M L2
ymax =− O
2 EI
Determine the deflection at the center of the beam and the slope at B. EI is
constant.

M0
B

A
x

Σ M B = 0;
RA L = −M O
− M O x 3 M O x 2 M O Lx
RA = − O
M EIy = + −
L 6L 2 3
Σ M A = 0; y=
MO
6 LEI
[ ]
− x 3 + 3Lx − 2 L2 x
MO
RB =
L
M = −RA x + M O
− M O x2
EIy ' = + M O x + C1
2L
M x3 M x2
EIy = − O + O + C1 x + C 2
6L 2
@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = L, y = 0
− M O L3 M O L2
0= + + C1 L + 0
6L 2
M L
C1 = − O
3
@x =0
MOL
EIy ' = −
3
M L
y' = − O
3 EI
L
@x =
2
M L3 M L2 M L2
EIy max = − O + O − O
48 L 8 6
2
3M O L
y max = −
48 EI
 Determine the elastic curve for the simply supported beam, which is subjected to
the couple moments Mo. Also, compute the maximum slope and the maximum
deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
M0 M0

L
 Determine the equations of the elastic curve using the coordinates x1 and x2, and
specify the slope at A. EI is constant.

A B C
M0

x1 x2
L L

ΣFy = 0; ΣM = 0;
M
R A + RB = 0 M = O x
L
R A = − RB
MO 2
ΣM A = 0; EIy ' = x + C1
2L
RB L = M O M
EIy = O x 3 + C1 x + C 2
MO 6L
RB =
L
− MO @ y = 0, x = 0
RA =
L C2 = 0

@ y = 0, x = L
MOL
C1 = −
6

θA @ x = 0
EI θ = −C1
MOL
θ =− ;
6 EI
negative sign indicates below
The floor beam of the airplane is subjected to the loading shown. Assuming that
the fuselage exerts only vertical reactions on the ends of the beam, determine the
maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.

80 lb/ft

2 ft 8 ft 2 ft

ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 80(8) = 640
ΣM B = 0;
R A (12) = 80(8)(6)
R A = 320lb
RB = 320lb 18.77
y max = − kip. ft 3
EI
 x − 10   x − 2
M = R A x + 80( x − 10)  − 80(x − 2)  18.77
 2   2  ∆ max = kip. ft 3
EI
EIy' ' = 320x + 40(x − 10) − 40( x − 2)
2 2

EIy' = 160x 2 + ( x − 10) − ( x − 2) + C1

40 3 40 3

3 3
160 3 10
x + ( x − 10) − (x − 2) + C1 x + C 2
10
EIy =
4 4

3 3 3
@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 12, y = 0

0=
160
(12)3 + 10 (2)4 − 10 (10)4 + C112
3 3 3
14720
C1 = − lb. ft 3
3
160 3 10
x + ( x − 10) − (x − 2) −
10 14720
EIy =
4 4
x
3 3 3 3
y max @ x = 6
160 3 10 4 14720
EIy = (6) + (4) − (6)
3 3 3
56320
y max =− lb. ft 3
3EI
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.
3 kip/ft

5 kip-ft 5 kip-ft

A B

4 ft 8 ft 4 ft

ΣM B = 0
R A (8) − 3(8)(4) = 0
R A = 12kips
ΣFy = 0
R A + RB = 24
RB = 12kips
 x − 4  x − 12 
M = −5 + R A (x − 4) − 3( x − 4)  + RB ( x − 12) + 3( x − 12) 
 2   2 
EIy' = −5 x + ( x − 4) − (x − 4) + ( x − 12) + (x − 12) + C1
12 2 3 3 12 2 3 3

2 6 2 6
2
+ 2( x − 4) − (x − 4) + 2(x − 12) + (x − 12 ) + C1 x + C 2
5x 1 1
EIy = −
3 4 3 4

2 8 8
@ x = 8, y' = 0
C1 = −24
5x 2
+ 2( x − 4) − (x − 4) + 2(x − 12) + (x − 12 ) − 24 x + C 2
1 1
EIy = −
3 4 3 4

2 8 8
@ x = 4, y = 0
C 2 = 136
 5x 2 
+ 2(x − 4) − ( x − 4) + 2(x − 12) + ( x − 12) − 24 x + 136 kip. ft 3
1 1 1
y= −
3 4 3 4

EI  2 8 8 
The shaft is supported at A by a journal bearing that exerts only vertical reactions
on the shaft, and at C by a thrust bearing that exerts horizontal and vertical
reactions on the shaft. Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
C
A
B

P
x

a b

ΣM = 0
RB (a ) = P(a + b )
P(a + b )
RB =
a
ΣFy = 0
R A = RB − P
Pb
RA =
a

M = − R A x + RB ( x − a )
Pbx P (a + b )(x − a )
EIy' ' = − +
a a
P(a + b )( x − a )
2 2
Pbx
EIy' = − + + C1
2a 2
Pbx 3 P(a + b )( x − a )
3
EIy = − + + C1 x + C 2
6a 6a
@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = a, y = 0
− Pba 3
0= + C1 a
6a
Pba
C1 =
6
Pbx 3 P(a + b )( x − a )
3
Pba
EIy = − + + x
6a 6a 6
1  Pbx 3 P(a + b )(x − a ) Pba 
3
y=  − + + x
EI  6a 6a 6 
The shafts support the two pulley loads shown. Determine the equation of the

elastic curve. The bearing at A and B exerts only vertical reactions on the shaft. EI

is constant.

B
A

x
20 in. 20 in. 20 in.

40 lb 60 lb

ΣM A = 0
R B (40 ) = 40(20 ) + 60(60 )
R B = 110lb ↑

ΣFy = 0
R B = R A + 60 + 40
R A = 10lb ↓

M = − R A x − 40( x − 20 ) + R B (x − 40 )
EIy ' ' = −10 x − 40(x − 20 ) + 110 (x − 40 )
− 10 x 2 40( x − 20 ) 110(x − 40 )
2 2
EIy ' = − + + C1
2 2 2
EIy = −1.67 x 3 − 6.67( x − 20 ) + 18.33( x − 40 ) + C1 x + C 2
3 3

@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 40, y = 0
( ) ( )
0 = −1.67 40 3 − 6.67 20 3 + 40C1
C1 = 4006
EIy = −1.67 x 3 − 6.67( x − 20 ) + 18.33( x − 40 ) + 4006 x
3 3

y=
1
EI
[
− 1.67 x 3 − 6.67 (x − 20 ) + 18.33( x − 40 ) + 4006 x lb.in 3
3 3
]
The shafts support the two pulley loads shown. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve. The bearing at A and B exerts only vertical reactions on the shaft. EI
is constant.
x

A
B

12 in. 24 in. 24 in.

50 lb 80 lb

ΣM A = 0
50(12 ) + RB (48) = 80(24)
RB = 27.5lb
ΣFy = 0
R A + RB = 50 + 80
R A = 102.5lb

M = −50 x + 102.5( x − 12) − 80(x − 36)

50 x 2 102.5( x − 12) 80( x − 36)
2 2
EIy' = − + − + C1
2 2 2
EIy = −8.33x 3 + 17.1( x − 12) − 13.33(x − 36) + C1 x + C 2
3 3

@ x = 12, y = 0
0 = −14400 + 12C1 + C 2
@ x = 60, y = 0
0 = −95040 + 60C 2
equating eqn1 & 2
C1 = 1680
C 2 = −5760
EIy = −8.33x 3 + 17.1( x − 12) − 13.33(x − 36) + 1680x − 5760
3 3

y=
1
EI
[
− 8.33x 3 + 17.1( x − 12) − 13.33(x − 36) + 1680x − 5760 lb.in 3
3 3
]
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.
6 kip/ft

A B
x
l
9 ft. 15 ft.
ΣM B = 0

R A (15 ) −
1
(6 )(9 ) 1 (9 ) + 15 − 6(15 )(7.5 ) = 0
2  3  
R A = 77.4 kips
ΣFy = 0 equating eqn.1 & 2
C1 = −256.5
R A + RB −
1
(9 )(6 ) − 6(15) C 2 = 2636 .55
2
R B = 39.6 kips  x 5 77.4 
y=
1 − + (x − 9)3 + 1 (x − 9)5 
180 6 180
EI  
 − 256.5 x + 2636 .55 
y 6
=
x 9
2
y= x
3
1  1
M = − (xy ) x  + R A ( x − 9 ) + ( y − 6 )(x − 9 ) (x − 9)
1 1
2 3  2 3
1  2  1  12  1
EIy ' ' = − x x  x  + 77 .4( x − 9 ) +  x − 6 (x − 9 ) (x − 9 )
2  3  3  23  3
3
+ 77 .4( x − 9 ) + (x − 9 )
x 1
=−
3

9 9
4
EIy ' = −
x
+
77 .4
( x − 9 ) 2 + 1 ( x − 9 ) 4 + C1
36 2 36
5
EIy = −
x
+
77 .4
(x − 9)3 + 1 (x − 9 )5 + C1 x + C 2
180 6 180
@x = 9:y = 0

0=_
1 5
180
( )
9 + C1 (9) + C 2 (eqn.1)
@ x = 24 : y = 0
−1
0=
180
( )
24 5 +
77 .4
6
(24 − 9 )3 + 1 (24 − 9 )5 + C1 24 + C 2
180
(eqn.2 )
Determine the slope and deflection at C. EI is constant.
15 kip

A
C
B
30 ft. 15 ft.
Determine the slope and deflection at B. EI is constant.

A
PL (L )
1
B EIθ B =
2
PL2
L θB =
2 EI

2L 2
EI∆B =   PL
3 2
PL3
∆B =
3EI
Determine the maximum slope and the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is
constant.

M0 M0

B
A
L

ΣFy = 0;
R A = − RB
ΣM A = 0;
RB L = 0 ΣM = 0;
RB = 0 θ max @ x = 0
M = MO
EIθ = 0 + C1
EIy' = M O x + C1
MOL
M θ =−
EIy = O x 2 + C1 x + C 2 2 EI
2

@ y = 0, x = 0
C2 = 0

L
@ y ' = 0, x =
2
MOL
C1 = −
2

M O x 2 M O Lx
EIy = −
2 2
L
y max @ x =
2
M L2 M L2
EIy max = O − O
8 4
2
M L
y max = − O
8 EI
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant. 4 kip
2 kip
A
4 kip/fit

x B

8 ft. 8 ft. 8 ft.

The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.
20 kN 20 kN

A B
x

1.5 m 3m 1.5 m

ΣFy = 0;
R A + RB = 40kN
ΣM B = 0;
R A (3) = 20(4.5) − 20(1.5)
R A = 20kN
RB = 20kN
M = R A ( x − 1.5) + RB (x − 4.5) − 20x
M = 20( x − 1.5) + 20(x − 4.5) − 20x
EIy' = 10(x − 1.5) + 10( x − 4.5) − 10 x 2 + C1
2 2

EIy =
10
(x − 1.5)3 + 10 (x − 4.5)3 − 10 x 3 + C1 x + C 2
3 3 3
@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 6, y = 0

0 = (4.5) + (1.5) − (6) + C1 (6)

10 3 10 3 10 3
3 3 3
C1 = 67.5kN .m 2

EIy =
10
(x − 1.5)3 + 10 (x − 4.5)3 − 10 x 3 + 67.5 x + C 2
3 3 3
@ x = 4.5, y = 0

0 = (3)3 + (0)3 − (4.5)3 + 67.5(4.5) + C 2

10 10 10
3 3 3
C 2 = −90kN .m 2

1 10
y=  (x − 1.5)3 + 10 (x − 4.5)3 − 10 x 3 + 67.5x − 90kN .m 3
EI  3 3 3 
Determine the equation of the elastic curve. Specify the slope at A. EI is constant.

B
C
A
x

L L
The beam is subjected to the linearly varying distributed load. Determine the
maximum slope of the beam. EI is constant.
w

B
A
x

ΣFy = 0 L

wO L
R A + RB =
2
ΣM B = 0

RA L =
1
6
(
wO L2 ) @x = L

RA = o
w L
6
EIy ' =
1
12
( )
wO L −
3 1
24
( )
wO L −
3 7 wO L3
360
wo L w L 3
RB = EIy ' = O
3 45
by ratio and proportion w L3
θ max = O
y wO 45 EI
=
x L
w x
y= O
L
M = R A (x) −
1
(xy ) x 
2 3
EIy ' ' = (wO Lx ) − wO x 3
1
6
1
6
( )
1  w x4

EIy ' =
1
(
wO Lx 2 −  O) + C1
24  L
12 
1 w x 
( )
4
1
EIy = wO Lx 3 −  O  + C1 x + C 2
36 20  L 
@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = L, y = 0

0=
1
36
( )w L4
wO L4 − O + C1 L
120 L
3
7w L
C1 = − O
360
1  w x4  7 wO L3
EIy ' =
1
(
wO Lx 2 −  O)
24  L
 −
12  360
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of the slope and
elastic curve. EI is constant.
3 kN/m

A 15 kN⋅m
B C
x

5m 3m

ΣM B = 0;
R A (5) + 3(5)(2.5 ) − 15 = 0
R A = 4.5kN
ΣM A = 0
R B (5) = (3)(5)(2.5) + 15
R B = 10.5kN
 x  x −5
M = R A x − 3(x )  + R B ( x − 5) + 3(x − 5 ) 
2  2 
x3
EIy ' = 2.25 x 2 − + 5.25( x − 5) +
2 (x − 5 ) + C 3

1
2 2

EIy = 0.75 x 3 −
x4
+ 1.75( x − 5) +
3 ( x − 5)4 + C x + C
1 2
8 8
@ x = 0, y = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 5, y = 0

( )
0 = 0.75 5 3 −
54
8
+ C1 5

C1 = −3.125

1  2.25 x 2 −
x3
+ 5.25(x − 5) +
2 ( x − 5)3 − 3.125
y' = 
2 2 
EI 
 

y=
1  3
−
x4
+ ( − ) 3
+
( x − 5)4 − 3.125 x 
 0 . 75 x 1 . 75 x 5 
EI  8 8 
The wooden beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve. Specify the deflection at the end C. EW=1.6(103) ksi.
1.5 kip
0.8 kip/ft

A C 12 in.
B
x
6 in.
9 ft 9 ft

ΣM A = 0

RB (9 ) = 1.5(18) +
1
(0.8)(9) 2 (9)
2 3 
RB = 5.4kips
ΣFy = 0
1
R A − 1.5 − (0.8)(9) + 5.4 = 0
2
R A = −0.3kips
1
( ) 
M = −0.3 x −  x 2 y  + 5.4(x − 9 ) + 0.4( x − 9 ) + ( y − 0.8)(x − 9 )
2 1 2

 6  6
by ratio and proportion
y 0.8
=
x 9
0.8 x
y=
9
EIy' ' = −0.3x −  ( )
 0.8 2 
x  + 5.4( x − 9 ) + 0.4(x − 9 ) + 
2 1  0.8 x 
− 0.8 ( x − 9 )
2

 54  6 9 
− 0.3 x 2 0.8 x 4 5.4( x − 9 ) 0.4(x − 9 ) 0.8( x − 9 )
2 3 4
EIy' = − + + + + C1
2 54(4 ) 2 3 54(4 )
− 0.3 x 3 0.8 x 5 5.4(x − 9 ) 0.4( x − 9 ) 0.8(x − 9 )
3 4 5

EIy = − + + + + C1 x + C 2
6 1080 6 12 1080
@ x = 0, y = 0; C 2 = 0
@x =9 y = 0

− 0.05(9 ) −
3 ( )
0.8 9 5
+ 9C1 = 0; C1 = 8.9
1080
@ x = 18, EI = 1.6 10 3( )
y = −0.765 in.
Determine the deflection and slope at C. EI is constant.

A C
M0
B
x

L L
Determine the deflection at C and the slope of the beam at A, B, and C. EI is
constant.

A 8 kN⋅m

B C

6m 3m
ΣFy = 0
R A + RB = 0
ΣM B = 0
R A (6) = −8
deflection@ C; @ x = 9
4 4
R A = − kN ; RB = kN
EIy = − x 3 + (x − 6) + 8 x
2 2 3
3 3
M = R A x + RB (x − 6 )
9 9
EIy = −84
 4
EIy' ' = − x +  (x − 6)
4
84
3  3 yC = −
EI
EIy' = − x 2 + ( x − 6) + C1
4 4 2 84
6 6 ∆C = kN .m 3
EI

3
( )
= − x 2 + (x − 6) + C1
2 2
3
2

EIy = − x 3 + (x − 6) + C1 x + C 2
2 2 3

9 9
@ y = 0, x = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 6, y = 0
2
9
( )
0 = − 6 3 + (0) + C1 6
2
9
C1 = 8kN .m 2

Eiy' = −
3
( )
x + (x − 6) + 8
2 2 2
3
2

slope @ A; x = 0
8
EIy' = 8, θ A =
EI
slope @ B; x = 6
− 16 16
EIy' = −16, θ B = or θ B =
EI EI
slope @ C ; x = 9
40 40
EIy' = −40, θ C = − or θ C =
EI EI
Determine the slope at B and deflection at C. EI is constant.

P
P P
2 2

A B

a a a a
The beam is subjected to the load shown. Determine the slope at B and deflection
at C. EI is constant. w w

A B

C
a a
a a
2 2

ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 2wa x−a  wx
2
 x − 2a 
M = R A x + w (x − a ) − − w ( x − 2 a ) 
ΣM B = 0;  2  2  2 
wx 2
EIy ' ' = wax + ( x − a ) − − (x − 2 a )
w w
a 
R A (3a ) = wa  + 2a  +
2 2

2 2 2
2 
w (x − a )
3
wax 2 wx 3
− (x − 2 a ) + C 1
w
EIy ' = + −
3
2
wa 2 6 6 6
2 w (x − a )
4
wax 3 wx 4
5wa 2 wa 2
EIy = + − −
w
(x − 2 a )4 + C 1 x + C 2
R A (3a ) = + 6 24 24 24
2 2 @ y = 0, x = 0
R A = wa C2 = 0
RB = wa @ y = 0, x = 3a
27 wa 4
0 = +
w
(2 a )4 − w
(3 a )4 − w (a )4 + C 1 (3 a )
6 24 24 24
C1 = −
7
12
(wa 3 )
w (x − a )
( )
3
wax 2 wx 3
− (x − 2 a ) −
w 7
EIy ' = + −
3
wa 3
2 6 6 6 12
w (x − a )
( )
3 4
wx 4
EIy =
wax
+ − −
w
(x − 2 a )4 − 7 wa 3 x
6 24 24 24 12
slope @ B ; x = 3 a

EI θ =
wa
(3 a )2 + w (2 a )3 − w (3 a )3 − w (a )3 − 7
2 6 6 6 12
3
7 wa
θB =
12 EI
3
deflection @ C ; x = a
2
3 4 4
wa  3  w 1  w 3  3 
3
7 wa
EIy =  a +  a −  a −  a
6 2  24  2  24  2  24 2 
4
25 wa
EIy = −
48
25 wa 4 25 wa 4
yC = − ; ∆C =
48 EI 48 EI
Determine the elastic curve for the simply supported beam the x coordinate 0 ≤x ≤
L/2. Also, determine the slope at A, and the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is
constant.

ΣFy = 0
1  wo L  1  wo L 
R A + RB =  +   wo
2 2  2 2 
w L
R A + RB = o
2
ΣM A = 0
A B
wo L  2  L  wo L  L 1  L 
   + +   = RB L x
4  3  2  4  2 3  2 
L
w L2 w L2
RB L = o + o
12 6
w L
RB = o L
4 y max @ x = :
2
w L
RA = o wo L  L 
5 3
wo L  L  5wo L3 L
4 EIy MAX = −   +   −  
BY RATIO AND PROPORTION : 60 L  2  24  2  192 2
wo L4
y wo
= y MAX = −
x L 24 EI
2
wo x
y=
L
2 θ MAX @ x = 0
ΣM = 0
1  2w Lx 2  x wo L EI θ MAX = 0 + 0 + C 1
M +  o  − (x ) = 0
2 L  3 4 w o L3
θ MAX =
w x 3 w Lx 192 EI
M =− o + o
3L 4
4
wo x wo Lx 2
EIy' = − + + C1
12 L 8
w x 5 w Lx 3
EIy = − o + o + C1 x + C 2
60 L 24
@ x = 0; y = 0
C2 = 0
L
@x = ; y' = 0
2
4 2
w L w LL
0 = − o   + o   + C1
12 L  2  8 2
5 wo L3
C1 = −
192
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. The bearings at A and B exerts
only vertical reactions on the shaft.

A B

250 mm 800 mm
24 kN

RB
ΣM B = 0
0.8 R A = 24(1.05)
R A = 31.5kN
RA ΣFY = 0
RB = −24 = 31.5
7.5 kN
RB = 7.5kN
M A L = −24(0.25)
M AL = −6kN .m
M BL = [(− 24)0.25 + 31.5(0.8)]kN .m
M BL = 0
-24 kN
Vo = −24kN
V A = (− 24 + 31.5)kN
V A = 7.5kN
-6 kN⋅m
VBL = 7.5kN
VB = [7.5 − 7.5]kN
VB = 0
The load binder is used to support a load. If the force applied to the handle is 50lb,
determine the tensions T1 and T2 in each end of the chain and then draw the shear
and moment diagrams for the arm ABC.

T1

C
A

B
50 lb ΣM c = 0
50(15) = 3T1
12 in. 3 in.
T1 = 250lb
T2
ΣFY = 0
T2 = 250lb − 50lb
200 lb T2 = 200lb
V A = −50lb
VBL = −50lb
VB = (− 50lb + 250lb )
VB = 200lb
-50 lb
VC L = 200lb
VC = (200 − 200)lb
VC = 0

-600 lb⋅in
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. The bearings at A and D exert
only vertical reactions on the shaft. The loading is applied to the pulleys at B and C
and E.

14 in. 20 in. 15 in. 12 in.

A
E

B C D

80 lb 110 lb 35 lb

82.4 lb
35 lb
2.24 lb

ΣM A = 0
49 RD = 80(14) + 110(34) + 35(61)
RD = 142.76lb
107.76 lb
ΣFY = 0
R A = 80 + 110 + 35 − 142.76
1196 lb.ft
1151.36 lb.ft R A = 82.24lb
V A = 82.24lb
VB = 2.24lb
VC = −107.76lb
-420.24 lb.ft VD = 35lb
VE = 0
ΣM BL = (82.24)(14)lb.in
M BL = 1151.36lb.in
ΣM CL = (82.24)(34) − 80(20)
M C L = 1196.16lb.in
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the
beam. ΣM DL = (82.24)49 − 80(35) − 110(15)
M DL = −420.24lb.in
ΣM E L = {82.24(61) − 80(47 ) − 110(27 )
+142.76(12)}(lb.in )
M EL =0
 2 kip 2 kip 2 kip 2 kip

4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft 4 ft

4 kip
2 kip

-2 kip
-4 kip
24 kip.ft

16 kip.ft 16 kip.ft

By symmetry :
2(4 )
RA = RF =
(2)
RA = RF = 4kip
ΣM B L = 16kip. ft
ΣM C L = (4 )8 − 2(4 )
M C L = 24kip. ft
ΣM D L = 4(12) − 2(8) − 2(4 )
M D L = 24kip. ft
M E L = 4(16) − 2(12 ) − 2(8) − 2(4 )
M E L = 16kip. ft
ΣM FL = 4(20) − 2(16) − 2(12) − 2(8) − 2(4 )
M FL = 0
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the rod. It is supported by a pin at A and
a smooth plate at B. The plate slides w/in the groove and so it cannot support a
vertical force, although it can support a moment.

15 kN

A
B

4m 2m

15 kN

ΣFY = 0
R A = 1.5kN
60 kN.m ΣM B = 15(4 ) − 15(2 )
30 kN.m M B = 30kN .m
ΣM C L = 60kN .m
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft. The bearings at A and B exert
only vertical reactions on the shaft. Also, express the shear and moment in the
shaft as a function of x w/in the region 125mm<x<725mm.

800 N 1500 N

A B

125 mm 600 mm 75 mm

815.625 N

15.625 N

-1484.375 N

111328 N.m

101953 N.m
ΣM B = 0
800R A = 800(675) + 1500(75)
R A = 815.625N
ΣFY = 0
RB = 800 + 1500 − 815.625
RB = 1484.37 N
ΣM CL = 815.625(0.125)
M C L = 101.953N .m
ΣM DL = 815.625(0.725) − 800(0.6 )
M D = 111.328N .m
ΣM BL = 815.625(0.8) − 800(0.675) − 2500(0.075)

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for @ 125mm < x < 725mm the beam.
V = 16.625 N
M = 815.625 x − 800( x − 0.125)
10 kN 8 kN M = (15.625 x + 100)N .m

15 kN.m

2m 3m

18 kN
8 kN

ΣFY = 0
R A = 18kN
ΣM A = −10(2 ) − 8(5) − 15
-15 kN.m M A = −75kN .m
-39 kN.m
V A = 18kN
VC L = (18 − 10 )kN
-75 kN.m
VC L = 8kN
VB = 0
ΣM C L = −75 + 18(2 )
M CL = −39kN .m
ΣM BL = −39 + 8(3)
M BL = −15kN .m
ΣM B = 0
Draw the shear and moment for the pipe. The end screw is subjected to a
horizontal force of 5kN. Hint: the reaction at the pin C must be replaced by
equivalent loadings at point B on the axis of the pipe.

A C ΣM A = 0
80 mm
5 kN
B
0.4 RB = = 5(0.8)
400 mm
RB = 1kN
ΣM B = 0
0.4 R A = (5 )(0.8)
-1 kN
R A = 1 kN
V A = −1 kN
VBL = −1 kN
-0.4 =0
kN.m
MA =0
M BL = −1kN (0.4 m )
= −0.4kN ⋅ m
M B = −0.4kN ⋅ m + 0.4kN ⋅ m
=0
The engine crane is used to support the engine, which has a weight of 1200 lb.
Draw the shear and moment diagrams of the boom ABC when it is in the horizontal
position shown.

3 ft 5 ft

A
B C

4 ft 1200 lb

1200

ΣM B = 0
5 R A = 2000lb(5 ft )
ΣFY = 0
-2000 RB = 2000lb + 1200lb
RB = 3200lb
V A = −2000lb
V AL = −2000lb
-6000
VB = −2000lb + 3200lb
= 1200lb
VCL = 1200lb
VCL = 1200lb − 1200lb
=0
ΣM A = 0
2000(3)
ΣM BL = −
2
= −6000lb ⋅ ft
ΣM CL = (− 6000 − 6000)lb ⋅ ft
=0
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam w/c is pin connected
at B. It is supported by a pin at A and a fix wall at C.

6 kip 8 kip

A
C
B Mo = 0
M AL = (− 6 kip )(4 ft )
= −24 kip ⋅ ft
4 ft 6 ft 4 ft 4 ft
M DL = 40 kip ⋅ ft − 24 kip ⋅ ft
4 = 16 kip ⋅ ft
M CL = 16 kip ⋅ ft − 16 kip ⋅ ft
=0
ΣM C = 0
-4
14R A = 6(18) + 8(4 )
-6
16 = 108 + 32
R A = 10 kip

ΣFy = 0
RC = 14 − 10
-24
RC = 4 kip

VO = −6 kip
V AL = −6 kip
V A = −6 kip + 10 kip
= 4 kip
VDL = 4 kip
VD = 4 kip − 8 kip
= −4kip
VCL = −4 kip
VC = −4 kip + 4 kip
=0
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. Also, determine the shear and
moment in the beam as a function of x, where 3ft<x<15ft.

1.5 kip/ft

50 kip.ft A B

x
3 ft 12 ft

13.167 ΣM B = 0
12 R A = 50 + (1.5)(12)(6)
C
R A = 13.167kip
-4.833 ↑ ΣF = 0
x RB = 1.5(12) − 13.167
RB = 4.833kip
7.79 kip.ft
By Similar ∆ :
18 13.167
=
12 x
-50 kip.ft x = 8.778 ft
M C = Area ∆ − 50

=
13.167
(8.778) − 50
2
= 67.778 − 50
= 7.79 kip ⋅ ft

@ 3 ft < x ≤ 15 ft :
V = 13.167 − 1.5( x − 3)
V = 17.7667 − 1.5 x

M = 13.167(x − 3) − ( x − 3)2
1.5
2
(
= 13.167 x − 39.5 − 0.75 x 2 − 6 x + 9 )
= 13.167 x − 39.5 − 0.75 x + 4.5 x − 6.75
2

M = −0.75x 2 + 17.667 x − 46.25

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

800 lb/ft

A B

800 lb/ft

8 ft 8 ft

-6400
51200
25600

ΣFy = 0 VA = 0
R A = 800(8) − 800(8)
=0 VBL = −800(8)
= −6400 lb
ΣM A = 800(8)(12 ) − 800(8)(4)
= 51200 lb ⋅ ft VCL = −6400 + 6400
=0
ΣM B = 51200 − 800(8)(4 )
= 25600 lb ⋅ ft

ΣM C = 51200 − 800(8)(12 ) − 800(8)(4 )

=0
The 50lb man sits in the center of the boat, w/c has a uniform width and weight per
linear foot of 3lb/ft. Determine the maximum bending moment exerted on the boat.
Assume that the water exerts a uniform distributed load upward on the bottom of
the boat.

150 lb

7.5 ft 7.5 ft

75 lb

Σ Fy = 0
45 + 150
w0 =
15
-75 lb wo = 13 lb
ft
MA = 0
M B = Area ∆
281.25 lb.ft
= 75(0.75)
1
lb ⋅ ft
2° 2° 2
MC = 0

VA = 0
VBL = 13(7.5) − 3(7.5)
= 75 lb
VB = (75 − 150) lb
= −75 lb
VCL = −75 + 75
=o
The footing supports the load transmitted by the two columns. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams for the footing if the reaction of soil pressure on the footing is
assumed to be uniform.

14 kip 14 kip

6 ft 12 ft 6 ft
B C
A D

7 kip 7 kip

6 ft

E ΣFy = 0
24wo = 14 kip +14 kip
-7 kip -7 kip = 28kip
24 ft
21 kip.ft 21 kip.ft
wo = 7 kip
6 ft

2° 2°
2° VBL =
7 kip
ft
(6 ft )
6
= 7 kip
VB = 7 kip −14 kip
= −7 kip

VCL = −7 kip +
7 kip
ft
(12 ft )
6
VCL = 7 kip
VC = 7 kip −14 kip
= −7 kip
VDL = −7 kip + kip
=0
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

2 kip/ft
30 kip.ft

A B

5 ft 5 ft 5 ft

ΣM B = 0
10 R A = 2(5)(12.5) − 30
-0.5 kip
R A = 9.5 kip
-10 kip
2.5 kip.ft VO = 0

V AL = −2(5 ) = −10 kip

2°
V A = (− 10 + 9.5) kip
-25 kip.ft
1° = −0.5 kip
-27.5 kip.ft

MO = 0

M AL = −
1
(10)(5)
2
= −25 kip ⋅ ft
M CL = (− 27.5 + 30) kip ⋅ ft
= 2.5 kip ⋅ ft
M BL = [2.5 − 5(0.5)] kip ⋅ ft
M BL = 0

ΣF y = 0

RB = 2(5) − 9.5
RB = 0.5 kip

VB = (− 0.5 + 0.5 ) kip

VB = 0
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam and determine the shear and
moment in the beam as a function of x, where 4ft<x<10ft. by symmetry:
150 lb/ft

200 lb.ft 200 lb.ft

A B
x
4 ft 6 ft 4 ft

450 lb

ΣFy = 0
-450 lb R A + RB = 150(6 )
200 lb.ft

900
2° 2° R A = RB =
2
R A = 450 lb = RB
V = 450 − 150(x − 4 )
2

= 1050 − 150 x
150( x − 4 )
2
-200 lb.ft -200 lb.ft M = −200 + 450( x − 4 ) −
2
= −3200 + 1050x − 75 x 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
50 kN/m 50 kN/m

A B

4.5 m 4.5 m

112.5 kN

2°

2°

-112.5 kN

168.75 kN.m

ΣM A = 0

9 R B = (50)
1 (4.5) + 50 (4.5)(4.5) 2 + 4.5
2

2 3 2  3 
= 168.75 + 843.75
RB = 112.5 kN by symmetry :
R A = RB = 112.5 kN
V A = 112.5 kN
VBL = (112.5 − 112.5) kN
=0
VCL = 0 − 112.5 kN
= −112.5 kN
VC = (− 112.5 + 112.5) kN
=0

MA =0

M BL =
112.5
(4.5) = 168.75 kN ⋅ m
3
M CL = 168.75 −
112.5
(4.5) = 0
3
The smooth pin is supported by two leaves A and B and subjected to a compressive
load of 0.4kN/m caused by bar C. Determine the intensity of the distributed load
wo of the leaves on the pin and draw the shear and moment diagrams for the pin.

ΣF y = 0
1 
2  WO (0.2 ) = [0.4(0.06)] 0.4 kN/m
2 
WO = 1.2 kN
m

VA = 0
wo wo
1 
VBL =  (1.5)(0.02) kN
2  20 mm 60 mm 20 mm
= 0.012 kN
VCL = [0.012 − 0.4(0.06)] kN 0.012 kN
= −0.012 kN 2°
 1.5 
VDL = − 0.012 +  (0.02)  kN
  2  2°
=0 30 mm 0.012 kN

2.6x10-3 kN⋅m
MA = 0

M BL =
0.012
(0.02) = 0.00008 kN ⋅ m
3

M MAX = 0.00008 +
0.012
(0.03)
2
= 0.00026 kN ⋅ m
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

3 kip/ft

1500 lb.ft
A

12 ft 6 ft

900
ΣM A = 0
2° RB = 1500 +
3000
(6)(2 + 12)
2
127500
=
12
RB = 10625 lb
-1625
ΣFy = 0
1500
R A = 10625 −
3000
(6)
2
R A = 1625 lb
3°
V A = −1625 lb
-18000 V A = −1625 lb
VB = (− 1625 + 10625) lb
VB = 9000 lb
VCL = 9000 − [300(6 )(0.05)]
=0

M A = 1500 lb ⋅ ft
M B = −1625(12 ) + 1500
M B = −18000

M C = −1800 +
9000
(6)
3
=0
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam and determine the shear and
moment as a function of x.

18 kN/m
12 kN/m

A B

3m

ΣM B = 0
2°
6 R A = 200(3)(1.5) + (200)(3)(1)
1
-45 kN 2
= 900 + 300 = 1200
R A = 200 N

3°
ΣFY = 0
 600 
-54 kN.m RB =  3 − 1200
 2 
RB = 700 N

V = 200 − 200(x − 3) −
1
( x − 3) 200 ( x − 33)
2  3 
= 200 − 200 x + 600 −
200
(x − 3)2
6
100 2
= 500 − x =0
3
x2 =
500
(3)
100
x = 15
x = 3.8

M = 200 x −
200
(x − 3)2 − 1 (x − 3)2  200  x − 3 
2 2  3  3 
= 200 x − 100( x − 3) − ( x − 3)3
2 100
9
100 3
M =− x + 500 x − 600
9
A member having the dimensions shown is to be used to resist an internal bending
moment of M = 2 kip⋅ft. Determine the maximum stress in the member if the
moment is applied (a) about the z axis, (b) about the y axis. Sketch the stress
distribution for each case.

x
6 in.

6 in.

a) about z axis

1
I z = ( )(6)(123 )
12
I z = 864in 4
2(6)(12)
σz =
864
σ z = 0.167 kip / in 2 (1000lb / kip )
σ z = 167 psi

(1)(12)(6 3 ) b) about y axis

Iy =
12
I y = 216in 4
( 2)(3)(12)
σy =
216
σ y = (0.333kip / in 2 )(1000lb / kip )
σ y = 333 psi
A member has the triangular cross section shown. Determine the largest internal
moment M that can be applied to the cross section without exceeding allowable
tensile and compressive stresses of (σallow)t = 22 ksi and (σallow)s = 15 ksi,
respectively.

4 in.
4 in.
M

2 in.
2 in.

Mc
σ=
I
σ I σcI
M= t M =
c c
I bh 2 ( 4)( 2 3 ) 2
= M = 15( )
c 24 24
bh 2 M = 30kip.in
M = 22( )
24
( 4)( 2 3 ) 2
M = 22( )
24
M = 44kip.in

We used the smaller value

 ft 
M = 30kip.in 
 12in 
M = 2.5kip. ft
 A member has the triangular cross section shown. If a moment of M = 800 lb⋅ft is
applied to the cross section, determine the maximum tensile and compressive
bending stresses in the member. Also, sketch a three dimensional view of the stress
distribution acting over the cross section.

4 in.
4 in.
M

2 in.
2 in.

Mc1 h
σc = C2 =
I 3

I=
bh 3
C2 =
( )
2 3
36 3
( 4)( 2 3 ) 3 C2 = 1.15in
I=
36
σt =
(9600(1.15))
I = 4.62in 4 4.62
2h σ t = 2400lb / in 2
C1 =
3 σ t = 2.4 ksi

C1 =
( )
22 3
3
4 3
C1 =
3
C1 = 2.31in

σc =
(9600(2.31))
4.62
σ c = 4800lb / in 2
σ c = 4.8ksi
 A beam has the cross section shown. If it is made of steel that has an allowable
stress of σallow =24 ksi, determine the largest internal moment the beam can resist if
the moment is applied (a) about the z axis, (b) about the y axis.
y
0.25 in.

3 in.

3 in.
0.25 in.

z 0.25 in.

3 in.
3 in.

a) about z-axis
Mc
σ =
I

I z = 2
(
 (0.6 ) 0.253 ) (
+ (0.6 )(0.25 ) 3.1252 ) +  (0.2512)(0.6 )
3

 12   
I z = 33.8125in 4

M z = 24(33.8125) / (3 + 0.25 )
M z = 249.7 kip.in
M z = 20.8kip. ft

b) about y-axis
( ) (
 (0.25 ) 0.6 3   (0.6 ) 0.25 3  )
I y = 2 + 
 12   12 
I y = 9in 4

24(9 )
My =
3
M y = 72.06 kip.in
M y = 6.0 kip. ft
 The beam is subjected to a moment of M = 40 kN⋅m. Determine the bending stress
acting at points A and B. sketch the results on a volume element acting at each of
these points.

A
B

M = 40 kN⋅m
50 mm

50 mm

50 mm 50 mm
50 mm
50 mm

I = I y = Iz = 
( ) ( )
 (0.05 ) 0.153   (0.05 ) 0.053 
 + 2 
 12   12 
−5
I = 1.51(10 ) m 4

− Mz y M yz
σA = +
Iz Iy
 (40 )(0.075 )(1000 ) 
σA = 0+  
 1.5(10 −5 ) 
σ A = 199 MPa
 (40 )(0.025 )(1000 ) 
σB = 0+  
 1.51(10 −5 ) 
σ B = 66.2 MPa
Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to the
concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical forces,
and the allowable bending stress is σallow = 160 MPa.

A B
ΣM = 0
R A (1.2 ) = 600(2 ) − 400(0.6 )
1.2 0.6 R A = 800 N
0.8

600 400 ΣM A = 0
RB (1.2 ) = 400(1.8) − 600(0.8)
RB = 200 N
Mr
σ=
πr 4
4
4M
σ= 3
πr
4M
r3 =
πσ

r =3
(4)(480)
(
π 160(10 6 ) )
r = 0.0156m
d = 31.3mm
The beam is subjected to the load P at its center. Determine the placement a of the
supports so that the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam is as large as
possible. What is this stress?
P

a a
b
L/2 L/2

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R AY + R BY = P For symmetrical loading
R AY = R BY
2 R AY = P a = 0, L
(M max )(c )
P σ max =
R AY = I
2 3
bd
ΣM c = 0 I=
12
MA = MB
d
c=
P  L   2
MA =  −a
2  2   PL  d 
 
P  L   4 2
σ max =
MB =  −a
2  2   ( )
bd 3
L 12
0≤a≤  PL  12 
2 σ max =   2 
@a = 0  8  bd 
3 PL
PL  σ max =
MA =  − 0 2bd 2
22 
PL
MA =
4
L
@a =
2
P  L L  
M A =  −  
2  2 2  
PL
M max =
4
The beam has a rectangular cross section as shown. Determine the largest load P
that can be supported on its overhanging ends so that the bending stress does not
exceed σmax = 10 MPa.

P P

1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

ΣM A = 0
250 mm
1.5 RB + 1.5 P = 3P
RB = P 150 mm

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + RB = 2P
RA = P
Mc
σ max =
I

I=
(
(0.5) 0.253 )
12
I = 1.953(10 −4 )m 4
1.5 P(0.125)
10(10 6 ) =
1.953(10 − 4 )
P = 10.4kN
The beam has the rectangular cross section shown. If P =12 kN, determine that
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam. Sketch the stress distribution acting
over the cross section.
P P
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

ΣM A = 0
RB (1.5) + 12(1.5) = 12(3)
250 mm

RB = 12kN 150 mm

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 24
R A = 12kN

I=
(0.15)(0.253 )
12
I = 1.953125(10 −4 ) m 4
18(0.125)
σ max =
1.953125(10 −4 )
18000(0.125)
σ max =
1.953125(10 −4 )
σ max = 11.5MPa
A log that is 2 ft in diameter is to be cut into a rectangular section for use as a
simply supported beam. If the allowable bending stress for the wood is σallow = 8
ksi, determine the largest load P that can be supported if the width of the beam is b
= 8 in.

h
b
2 ft

8 ft 8 ft

h= (24 2
− 82 )
= 22.6 in
ΣM B = 0
RA (16 ) = 8 P
P
RA =
2
P
RB =
2
bh 2
S=
6

=
(8)(22.6)2
6
= 681in 4

, M = (96 )RA
M
σ=
S
8=
(96)(RA )
681
RA = 56.75 kip
M = 96(56.75)
= 5448 kip ⋅ ft
P = 2 RA
= 2(56.75)
= 113.5 kip
P = 114 kip
 The member has a square cross section and is subjected to a resultant moment of
M = 850 N⋅m as shown. Determine that bending stress at each corner and sketch
the stress distribution produced by M. Set θ = 45°.
z
125 mm
125 mm
250 mm B
E
M = 850 N⋅m
C θ
A

D
y

θ = 45°
M Y = 850 cos 45 = 601.04 Nm
M Z = 850 sin 45 = 601.04 Nm

IY =
1
12
3
(
⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10 −4 m 4 )
1
12
3
(
I Z = ⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10 −4 m 4 )
− M Z y MY z
σA = +
IZ IY
− 601.04(− 0.125) 601.04(− 0.125)
= +
(
3.2552 10 −4 )
3.2552 10 − 4 ( )
=0
− 601.04(− 0.125) (0.125)601.04
σB = +
(
3.2552 10 − 4 )
3.2552 10 − 4 ( )
= 462 kPa
− 601.04(0.125) 601.04(0.125)
σD = +
(
3.2552 10 −4 )
3.2552 10 −4 ( )
= −462 kPa
− 601.04(0.125) 601.04(0.125)
σE = +
(
3.2552 10 −4 ) (
3.2552 10 −4 )
=0
The member has a square cross section and is subjected to a resultant moment of M
= 850 N⋅m as shown. Determine that bending stress at each corner and sketch the
stress distribution produced by M. Set θ = 30°.

z
125 mm
125 mm
250 mm B
E
M = 850 N⋅m
C θ
A

D
y

θ = 30°
M Y = 850 cos 30 = 736.12 Nm
M Z = 850 sin 30 = 425 Nm

IY =
1
12
3
(
⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10− 4 m4 )
I Z = ⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10− 4 m4
1
12
3
( )
− M Z y MY z
σA = +
IZ IY
− 425(− 0.125) 736.12(− 0.125)
= +
3.2552 10− 4 ( )
3.2552 10− 4 ( )
= −119 kPa
− 425(− 0.125) 736.12(0.125)
σB = +
(
3.2552 10− 4 )
3.2552 10− 4 ( )
= 446 kPa
− 425(0.125) 736.12(0.125)
σD = +
(
3.2552 10− 4 ) (
3.2552 10− 4 )
= −446 kPa
− 425(0.125) 736.12(0.125)
σE = +
(
3.2552 10− 4 ) (
3.2552 10− 4 )
= 119 kPa
The T-beam is subjected to a moment of M = 150 kip⋅in. directed as shown.
Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam and the orientation of the
neutral axis. The location y of the centroid, C, must be determined.
y

150 kip.in

6in. 6in.

2in.
y
60°
z

8in.

M Y = 150 sin 60 = 129.9038 kip ⋅ in 2in.

M Z = −150 cos 60 = −75 kip ⋅ in

Σy A
yo =
ΣA
=
[(4)(8)(2) + (9)(2)(12)]
(8)(2) + (2)(12)
= 7 in
 1  
( ) ( )
I Y =  (8) 2 3 + (2 ) 12 3 
1
 12  12 
= 293.33 in 4
IZ
tan α = (tan θ )
 1  2
( ) 1 2
I Z =  (2 ) 8 3 + 8(2)(7 − 4 )  +  (12)(2 ) + 12(2 )(9 − 7 ) 
3 IY
(333.333) (tan 30)
 12   12  =
= 333.33 in 4 293.33
− 75(3) 129.9(6) α = −33.2 − 30
σA =− + = −63.2°
333.333 293.333
= 3.33 ksi
− 75(− 7 ) 129.9(− 1)
σB = − +
333.33 293.333
= −2.0178 ksi
∴ σ max = 3.33 ksi
 The aluminum machine part is subjected to a moment of M = 75 N⋅m. Determine
the bending stress created at points B and C on the cross section. Sketch the results
on a volume element located at each of these points.
20 mm 10 mm
10 mm
20 mm
10 mm
10 mm
B
N

10 mm

C M = 75 N⋅m
40 mm

0.005(0.08)(0.01) + 2(0.04)(0.01)(0.03)
y=
0.01(0.08) + (0.04)(0.01)
= 0.0175 m
 1  2
1
( ) 
( )
I Z =  (0.08) 0.013 + (0.08)(0.01)(0.0175 − 0.005) 2  + 2  (0.01) 0.04 3 + (0.03 − 0.0175) 
12   12  
( )
= 0.3633 10 6 m 4

σB = −
(75)(− 0.0175)
(
0.3633 10 −6 )
σ B = 3.61MPa
− (75)(− 0.0075)
σC =
(
0.3633 10 −6 )
σ c = 1.55MPa
A beam is constructed from four pieces of wood, glued together as shown. If the
moment acting on the cross section is M = 450 N⋅m, determine the resultant force
that bending stress produces on the top board A and on the side board B.

15 mm

M = 40 kN⋅m
20 mm
200 mm

20 mm
15 mm 200 mm

1
( ) ( ) 1
( )
I y = 2  (0.2) 0.02 3 + (0.2 )(0.02) 0.112  + 2  (0.015) 0.24 3 
12  12 
( )−4
= 1.316 10 m 4

− MZ y MY z
σA = +
IZ Iy
σA = 0+0
=0
FRA = 0
450(0.12 )
σB = 0+
(
1.316 10 −4 )
= 0.410MPa

FRB =
(410334.34)(0.24)(0.015)
1000
= 1.5kN
 The beam is made from three boards nailed together as shown. If the moment
acting on the cross section is M = 600 N⋅m, determine the maximum bending
stress in the beam. Sketch a three-dimensional view of the stress distribution acting
over the cross section.

25 mm

20 mm

200 mm M = 600 N⋅m

20 mm

Σy A
y=
ΣA
=
(0.0125)(0.025)(0.24 ) + (2 )(0.1)(0.15)(0.02)
0.025(0.24 ) + 2(0.15)(0.02)
y = 0.05625m
C = 0.175 − 0.05625 = 0.11875m
1
( ) 2
I =  (0.24) 0.0253 + (0.24)(0.025)(0.05625 − 0.0125)  +
12 
1
( ) 2
2  (0.02) 0.153 + (0.02 )(0.15)(0.1 − 0.05625) 
12 
= 34.53(10 )m
−6 4

Mc
σ max =
I
600(0.11875)
=
(
24.53 10 −6 )
= 2.06MPa
 If the internal moment acting on the cross section of the strut has a magnitude of M
= 800 N⋅m and is directed as shown, determine the bending stress at points A and
B. The location z of the centroid C of the strut’s cross-sectional area must be
determined. Also, specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
y
12 mm

12 mm 200 mm
z

60° 12 mm 200 mm

M = 800 N⋅m 150 mm

z=
(0.006)(0.012)(0.4) + (2)(0.081)(0.012)(0.138)
(0.012)(0.4) + (2)(0.012)(0.138)
= 0.366m
C = 0.15 − 0.0366 = 0.1134m
1
( ) 2
I Y =  (0.4 ) 0.012 3 + (0.4 )(0.012)(0.081 − 0.0366) 
12 
( −6
= 16.3374 10 m) 4

= 2  (0.138)(0.012 ) + (0.138)(0.012)(0.194 ) +
1 3  2
IZ
 12 
1
(
3 
12 (0.012) 0.4  )
(
= 0.18869 10 −3 m 4 )
− 400(0.2 ) (− 692.82)(− 0.1134)
σA = +
(
0.1886 10 −3 ) 16.3374 10 −6 ( )
= 4.38MPa
− 400(− 0.2 ) − 692.82(0.0366)
σB = +
(
0.11869 10 −3 )
16.3374 10 −6 ( )
= −1.13MPa
I
tan α = Z tan θ
IY
(
 0.18869 10 −3 
tan α = 
)
(
−6 
16.3374 10 
tan 30
)
α = −87.1°
The beam has a rectangular cross section as shown. Determine the largest load P
that can be subjected to the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B
support only vertical forces.
A B

0.8 m 1.2 m 0.6 m

600 N 400 N

3
d 
π 
πd 3
; I=   =
Mc 2
σ =
I 4 32
Mr
= 2
πr
4
32M
=
πd 3
32(480)
=
π (0.030)
3

σ = 181 N / m 2
A member having the dimensions shown is to be used to resist an internal bending
moment of M = 2 kip⋅ft. Determine the maximum stress in the member if the
moment is applied (a) about the z axis, (b) about the y axis. Sketch the stress
distribution for each case.

x
6 in.

6 in.

a) about z axis

1
I z = ( )(6)(123 )
12
I z = 864in 4
2(6)(12)
σz =
864
σ z = 0.167 kip / in 2 (1000lb / kip )
σ z = 167 psi

b) about y axis
 (1)(12)(6 3 )
Iy =
12
I y = 216in 4
( 2)(3)(12)
σy =
216
σ y = (0.333kip / in 2 )(1000lb / kip )
σ y = 333 psi
A member has the triangular cross section shown. Determine the largest internal
moment M that can be applied to the cross section without exceeding allowable
tensile and compressive stresses of (σallow)t = 22 ksi and (σallow)s = 15 ksi,
respectively.

4 in.
4 in.
M

2 in.
2 in.

Mc
σ=
I
σ I σcI
M= t M =
c c
I bh 2 ( 4)( 2 3 ) 2
= M = 15( )
c 24 24
bh 2 M = 30kip.in
M = 22( )
24
( 4)( 2 3 ) 2
M = 22( )
24
M = 44kip.in

We used the smaller value

 ft 
M = 30kip.in 
 12in 
M = 2.5kip. ft
 A member has the triangular cross section shown. If a moment of M = 800 lb⋅ft is
applied to the cross section, determine the maximum tensile and compressive
bending stresses in the member. Also, sketch a three dimensional view of the stress
distribution acting over the cross section.

4 in.
4 in.
M

2 in.
2 in.

Mc1 h
σc = C2 =
I 3

I=
bh 3
C2 =
( )
2 3
36 3
( 4)( 2 3 ) 3 C2 = 1.15in
I=
36
σt =
(9600(1.15))
I = 4.62in 4 4.62
2h σ t = 2400lb / in 2
C1 =
3 σ t = 2.4 ksi

C1 =
( )
22 3
3
4 3
C1 =
3
C1 = 2.31in

σc =
(9600(2.31))
4.62
σ c = 4800lb / in 2
σ c = 4.8ksi
 A beam has the cross section shown. If it is made of steel that has an allowable
stress of σallow =24 ksi, determine the largest internal moment the beam can resist if
the moment is applied (a) about the z axis, (b) about the y axis.
y
0.25 in.

3 in.

3 in.
0.25 in.

z 0.25 in.

3 in.
3 in.

a) about z-axis
Mc
σ =
I

I z = 2
(
 (0.6 ) 0.253 ) (
+ (0.6 )(0.25 ) 3.1252 ) +  (0.2512)(0.6 )
3

 12   
I z = 33.8125in 4

M z = 24(33.8125) / (3 + 0.25 )
M z = 249.7 kip.in
M z = 20.8kip. ft

b) about y-axis
( ) (
 (0.25 ) 0.6 3   (0.6 ) 0.25 3  )
I y = 2 + 
 12   12 
I y = 9in 4

24(9 )
My =
3
M y = 72.06 kip.in
M y = 6.0 kip. ft
 The beam is subjected to a moment of M = 40 kN⋅m. Determine the bending stress
acting at points A and B. sketch the results on a volume element acting at each of
these points.

A
B

M = 40 kN⋅m
50 mm

50 mm

50 mm 50 mm
50 mm
50 mm

I = I y = Iz = 
( ) ( )
 (0.05 ) 0.153   (0.05 ) 0.053 
 + 2 
 12   12 
−5
I = 1.51(10 ) m 4

− Mz y M yz
σA = +
Iz Iy
 (40 )(0.075 )(1000 )
σA = 0+  
 1.5(10 −5 ) 
σ A = 199 MPa
 (40 )(0.025 )(1000 ) 
σB = 0+  
 1.51(10 −5 ) 
σ B = 66.2 MPa
Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to the
concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical forces,
and the allowable bending stress is σallow = 160 MPa.

A B

ΣM = 0
R A (1.2 ) = 600(2 ) − 400(0.6 )
1.2 0.6
0.8
R A = 800 N
600 400
ΣM A = 0
RB (1.2 ) = 400(1.8) − 600(0.8)
RB = 200 N
Mr
σ=
πr 4
4
4M
σ= 3
πr
4M
r3 =
πσ

r =3
(4)(480)
(
π 160(10 6 ) )
r = 0.0156m
d = 31.3mm
The beam is subjected to the load P at its center. Determine the placement a of the
supports so that the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam is as large as
possible. What is this stress?
P

a a
b
L/2 L/2

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R AY + R BY = P For symmetrical loading
R AY = R BY
2 R AY = P a = 0, L
(M max )(c )
P σ max =
R AY = I
2 3
bd
ΣM c = 0 I=
12
MA = MB
d
c=
P  L   2
MA =  −a
2  2   PL  d 
 
P  L   4 2
σ max =
MB =  −a
2  2   ( )
bd 3
L 12
0≤a≤  PL  12 
2 σ max =   2 
@a = 0  8  bd 
3 PL
PL  σ max =
MA =  − 0 2bd 2
22 
PL
MA =
4
L
@a =
2
P  L L  
M A =  −  
2  2 2  
PL
M max =
4
The steel beam has the cross-sectional area shown. If w = 5 kip⋅ft, determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam.

wo wo 0.30 in
8 in

0.3 in 10 in

0.30 in
8 ft 8 ft 8 ft

40 kip

-40 kip
160 kip.ft

ΣM A = 0
24 R B = 40(4 ) + 40(2 )
RB = 40kip

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + RB = 80
R A = 40kip

I = 2
( )
 (8 ) 0.30 3
( ) ( )
  (0.3) 10 3 
+ 8(0.3) 5.15 2  +  
 12   12 
I = 152.3in 4

σ max =
(160)(12)(5.3)
152.3
σ max = 66.8 ksi
The beam has a rectangular cross section as shown. Determine the largest load P
that can be supported on its overhanging ends so that the bending stress does not
exceed σmax = 10 MPa.

P P

1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

ΣM A = 0
250 mm
1.5 RB + 1.5 P = 3P
RB = P 150 mm

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 2P
RA = P
Mc
σ max =
I

I=
(
(0.5) 0.253 )
12
I = 1.953(10 −4 )m 4
1.5 P(0.125)
10(10 6 ) =
1.953(10 − 4 )
P = 10.4kN
The beam has the rectangular cross section shown. If P =12 kN, determine that
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam. Sketch the stress distribution acting
over the cross section.
P P
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

ΣM A = 0
RB (1.5) + 12(1.5) = 12(3)
250 mm

RB = 12kN 150 mm

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0
R A + R B = 24
R A = 12kN

I=
(0.15)(0.253 )
12
I = 1.953125(10 −4 ) m 4
18(0.125)
σ max =
1.953125(10 −4 )
18000(0.125)
σ max =
1.953125(10 −4 )
σ max = 11.5MPa
. A log that is 2 ft in diameter is to be cut into a rectangular section for use as a
simply supported beam. If the allowable bending stress for the wood is σallow = 8
ksi, determine the largest load P that can be supported if the width of the beam is b
= 8 in.

h
b
2 ft

8 ft 8 ft

h= (24 2
− 82 )
= 22.6 in
ΣM B = 0
RA (16 ) = 8 P
P
RA =
2
P
RB =
2
bh 2
S=
6

=
(8)(22.6)2
6
= 681in 4

, M = (96 )RA
M
σ=
S
8=
(96)(RA )
681
RA = 56.75 kip
M = 96(56.75)
= 5448 kip ⋅ ft
P = 2 RA
= 2(56.75)
= 113.5 kip
P = 114 kip
 The member has a square cross section and is subjected to a resultant moment of
M = 850 N⋅m as shown. Determine that bending stress at each corner and sketch
the stress distribution produced by M. Set θ = 45°.
z
125 mm
125 mm
250 mm B
E
M = 850 N⋅m
C θ
A

D
y

θ = 45°
M Y = 850 cos 45 = 601.04 Nm
M Z = 850 sin 45 = 601.04 Nm

IY =
1
12
3
(
⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10 −4 m 4 )
1
12
3
(
I Z = ⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10 −4 m 4 )
− M Z y MY z
σA = +
IZ IY
− 601.04(− 0.125) 601.04(− 0.125)
= +
(
3.2552 10 −4 )
3.2552 10 − 4 ( )
=0
− 601.04(− 0.125) (0.125)601.04
σB = +
(
3.2552 10 − 4 )
3.2552 10 − 4 ( )
= 462 kPa
− 601.04(0.125) 601.04(0.125)
σD = +
(
3.2552 10 −4 )
3.2552 10 −4 ( )
= −462 kPa
− 601.04(0.125) 601.04(0.125)
σE = +
(
3.2552 10 −4 ) (
3.2552 10 −4 )
=0
The member has a square cross section and is subjected to a resultant moment of M
= 850 N⋅m as shown. Determine that bending stress at each corner and sketch the
stress distribution produced by M. Set θ = 30°.

z
125 mm
125 mm
250 mm B
E
M = 850 N⋅m
C θ
A

D
y

θ = 30°
M Y = 850 cos 30 = 736.12 Nm
M Z = 850 sin 30 = 425 Nm

IY =
1
12
3
(
⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10− 4 m4 )
I Z = ⋅ (0.25)(0.25) = 3.2552 10− 4 m4
1
12
3
( )
− M Z y MY z
σA = +
IZ IY
− 425(− 0.125) 736.12(− 0.125)
= +
3.2552 10− 4 ( )
3.2552 10− 4 ( )
= −119 kPa
− 425(− 0.125) 736.12(0.125)
σB = +
(
3.2552 10− 4 )
3.2552 10− 4 ( )
= 446 kPa
− 425(0.125) 736.12(0.125)
σD = +
(
3.2552 10− 4 ) (
3.2552 10− 4 )
= −446 kPa
− 425(0.125) 736.12(0.125)
σE = +
(
3.2552 10− 4 ) (
3.2552 10− 4 )
= 119 kPa
The T-beam is subjected to a moment of M = 150 kip⋅in. directed as shown.
Determine the maximum bending stress in the beam and the orientation of the
neutral axis. The location y of the centroid, C, must be determined.

M Y = 150 sin 60 = 129.9038 kip ⋅ in

M Z = −150 cos 60 = −75 kip ⋅ in
Σy A
yo =
ΣA
=
[(4)(8)(2) + (9)(2)(12)]
(8)(2) + (2)(12)
= 7 in
 1  
( ) ( )
I Y =  (8) 2 3 + (2 ) 12 3 
1
 12  12 
= 293.33 in 4
IZ
tan α = (tan θ )
 1  2
( ) 1 2
I Z =  (2 ) 8 3 + 8(2)(7 − 4 )  +  (12)(2 ) + 12(2 )(9 − 7 ) 
3 IY
(333.333) (tan 30)
 12   12  =
= 333.33 in 4 293.33
α = −33.2 − 30
− 75(3) 129.9(6)
σA =− + = −63.2°
333.333 293.333
= 3.33 ksi
− 75(− 7 ) 129.9(− 1)
σB = − +
333.33 293.333
= −2.0178 ksi
∴ σ max = 3.33 ksi
6-185. Determine the bending stress distribution in the beam at section a-a. Sketch
the distribution in three dimension acting over the cross section.

( ) (
 (0.15) 0.13  (0.75) 0.153 )
I= +
 12  12
( )
= 2.52 10 −6 m 4
Mc
σ =
I

=
(32)(0.050)Nm 2
2.52
= 634.6 kPa
The aluminum machine part is subjected to a moment of M = 75 N⋅m. Determine
the bending stress created at points B and C on the cross section. Sketch the results
on a volume element located at each of these points.
20 mm 10 mm
10 mm
20 mm
10 mm
10 mm
B
N

10 mm

C M = 75 N⋅m
40 mm

0.005(0.08)(0.01) + 2(0.04)(0.01)(0.03)
y=
0.01(0.08) + (0.04)(0.01)
= 0.0175 m
 1  2
1
( ) 
( )
I Z =  (0.08) 0.013 + (0.08)(0.01)(0.0175 − 0.005) 2  + 2  (0.01) 0.04 3 + (0.03 − 0.0175) 
12   12  
( )
= 0.3633 10 6 m 4

σB = −
(75)(− 0.0175)
(
0.3633 10 −6 )
σ B = 3.61MPa
− (75)(− 0.0075)
σC =
(
0.3633 10 −6)
σ c = 1.55MPa
 A beam is constructed from four pieces of wood, glued together as shown. If the
moment acting on the cross section is M = 450 N⋅m, determine the resultant force
that bending stress produces on the top board A and on the side board B.

15 mm

M = 40 kN⋅m
20 mm
200 mm

20 mm
15 mm 200 mm

1
( ) ( )  1
( )
I y = 2  (0.2) 0.02 3 + (0.2 )(0.02) 0.112  + 2  (0.015) 0.24 3 
12  12 
( ) −4
= 1.316 10 m 4

− MZ y MY z
σA = +
IZ Iy
σA = 0+0
=0
FRA = 0
450(0.12 )
σB = 0+
(
1.316 10 −4 )
= 0.410MPa

FRB =
(410334.34)(0.24)(0.015)
1000
= 1.5kN
 The beam is made from three boards nailed together as shown. If the moment
acting on the cross section is M = 600 N⋅m, determine the maximum bending
stress in the beam. Sketch a three-dimensional view of the stress distribution acting
over the cross section.

25 mm

20 mm

200 mm M = 600 N⋅m

20 mm

Σy A
y=
ΣA
=
(0.0125)(0.025)(0.24 ) + (2 )(0.1)(0.15)(0.02)
0.025(0.24 ) + 2(0.15)(0.02)
y = 0.05625m
C = 0.175 − 0.05625 = 0.11875m
1
( ) 2
I =  (0.24) 0.0253 + (0.24)(0.025)(0.05625 − 0.0125)  +
12 
1
( ) 2
2  (0.02) 0.153 + (0.02 )(0.15)(0.1 − 0.05625) 
12 
= 34.53(10 )m
−6 4

Mc
σ max =
I
600(0.11875)
=
(
24.53 10 −6 )
= 2.06MPa
 If the internal moment acting on the cross section of the strut has a magnitude of M
= 800 N⋅m and is directed as shown, determine the bending stress at points A and
B. The location z of the centroid C of the strut’s cross-sectional area must be
determined. Also, specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
y
12 mm

12 mm 200 mm
z

60° 12 mm 200 mm

M = 800 N⋅m 150 mm

z=
(0.006)(0.012)(0.4) + (2)(0.081)(0.012)(0.138)
(0.012)(0.4) + (2)(0.012)(0.138)
= 0.366m
C = 0.15 − 0.0366 = 0.1134m
1
( ) 2
I Y =  (0.4 ) 0.012 3 + (0.4 )(0.012)(0.081 − 0.0366) 
12 
( −6
= 16.3374 10 m) 4

= 2  (0.138)(0.012 ) + (0.138)(0.012)(0.194 ) +
1 3  2
IZ
 12 
1
(
3 
12 (0.012) 0.4  )
(
= 0.18869 10 −3 m 4 )
− 400(0.2 ) (− 692.82)(− 0.1134)
σA = +
(
0.1886 10 −3 ) 16.3374 10 −6 ( )
= 4.38MPa
− 400(− 0.2 ) − 692.82(0.0366)
σB = +
(
0.11869 10 −3 )
16.3374 10 −6 ( )
= −1.13MPa
I
tan α = Z tan θ
IY
(
 0.18869 10 −3 
tan α = 
)
(
−6 
16.3374 10 
tan 30
)
α = −87.1°
The axle of the freight car is subjected to wheel loadings of 20 kip. If it is
supported by two journal bearings at C and D, determine that maximum bending
stress developed at the center of the axle, where the diameter is 5.5 in.

ΣM D = 0
20(70) + 20 = RC (80)
RC = 20kip
ΣFy = 0
20 + 20 − 20 = RD
R D = 20 kip
Mc
σ =
I
Mr
= 4
πr
4
=
(4)(200)
(
π 2.75 3 )
σ = 12.24ksi
6-74. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the 1.5-in.-diameter shaft
which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B
support only vertical forces.

ΣM B = 0
R A (30) = 400(18) − 300(15)
R A = 90 lb
ΣFY = 0
RB = 400 + 300 − 90
RB = 610 lb

4
d 
π 
I=  
Mc 2
σ =
I 4
64Mr πd 4
= I=
πd 4 64
64(4500)(7.5)
=
π (1.5 )
4

= 13.6 Ksi
6-75. Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to
the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical
forces, and the allowable bending stress is σallow = 22 ksi.

Given:
σ = 22 Ksi
d =?
Solution:

ΣM B = 0
R A (30) = 400(18) − 300(15)
R A = 90 lb
ΣFY = 0
RB = 400 + 300 − 90
RB = 610 lb

Mc
σ =
I
3
d 
π 
πd 3
I= 4 =   =
32M Mr 2
σ = ;
πd 3 πr 4 32
4
32(4500)
22 =
πd 3
144000
d3 =
π (22000)
d = 3 2.1
d = 1.28 in
Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the 30-mm-diameter shaft
which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B
support only vertical forces.
A B

0.8 m 1.2 m 0.6 m

600 N 400 N

3
d 
π 
Mc  2 πd 3
σ = ; I= =
I 4 32
Mr
= 2
πr
4
32M
=
πd 3
32(480)
=
π (0.030)
3

σ = 181 N / m 2
 6-79. The steel shaft has a circular cross section with a diameter of 2 in. It is
supported on smooth journal bearings A and B, which exert only vertical reactions
on the shaft. Determine the absolute maximum bending stress if it is subjected to
the pulley loadings shown.

ΣM B = 0 ;
R A (80) = 500(60) + 300(40) + 500(20)
R A = 650lb
ΣM A = 0
RB (80) = 800(60) + 300(40) + 500(20)
RB = 650lb
Mc Mr 4 M
σ = = 4 = 3
I πr πr
4
4(16000)
=
( )
π 13
σ = 20.4ksi
Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the 20mm diameter pin. The
smooth pin is supported by two leaves A and B and subjected to a compressive
load of 0.4kN/m caused by bar C. Determine the intensity of the distributed load
wo of the leaves on the pin and draw the shear and moment diagrams for the pin.

0.4 kN/m

Mc
σ=
I
π 90.014
wo wo I=
4
20 mm 60 mm 20 mm
( )
= 7.853 10 −9 m 4

0.00026(0.01)
σ max =
( )
7.853 10 −9
σ max = 331kPa

2.6x10-3 kN⋅m
If the beam ABC has square cross-section 6in by 6in, determine the absolute
bending stress in the beam. The 20kip load must be replaced by equivalent
loadings at point C on the axis of the beam.

I=
1
12
( )
(6) 63
I = 108in 4
Mc
σ max =
I
46.68(3)(12 )
σ max =
108
= 15.6ksi
6-67. If the crane boom ABC has a rectangular cross-section with the base of 2in a
height of 3in, determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the boom. The
engine crane is used to support the engine, which has a weight of 1200 lb.

I=
1
12
( )
(2) 33
= 4.5in 4

 kip  12in 
M = 6000lb. ft   
 1000lb  ft 
= 72kip.in

72(1.5)
σ max =
4.5
= 24ksi
6-86. The simply supported beam is made from four ¾ in diameter rod w/c are
bounded as shown determine the maximum bending stress in the beam due to the
loading shown.

ΣM B = 0
R A (10) = 80(8) + 80(2 )
R A = 80lb
ΣM A = 0
RB = 80lb

d=
3
(4)in − 1 (4)in
4 4
= 2in
Mr M
σ = 3 = 32 3
πr πd
4
160lb. ft = 1920lb.in
32M
σ =
πd 3
32(1920)
=
π 23
= 2.4ksi
6-48. The beam is made from three boards nailed together as shown. If the moment
acting on the cross-section is M=600N.m, determine the resultant force bending
stress produces on the top board.

y 945
=
25 93.75
y = 252kPa
945 + 252
Ave. stress = = 598.5kPa
2
FR = (598.5)(25)(240) / 1000
FR = 3.591N
5-59. The beam is subjected to a moment M=30lb.ft. Determine the bending stress
at points A and B. Also, sketch a three dimensional view of the stress distribution
acting over the entire cross-sectional area.

2(1)(0.5) + (2)(0.5)(3)(1)(2 )
y=
2(1) + 2(0.5)(3)(1)
= 1.4in 2
2(1)  3 3  1 2
I= ( )
+ (2) 0.9 2 + 2   + (1)(3)(2 − 1.4 ) 
12  36  2 
= 4.367in 4

30(12 )(4 − 1.4 )

σA =
4.367
= 214.35 psi
30(12 )(0.4 )
σD =
4.367
= 32.977 psi

(Mindanao State University-General Santos City, Philippines)

BSEE-(G.R.F) students 2004