國防大學生命科學研究所生態學特論上課講義

食物鏈結構，族群繁衍及衰落因子及
人類影響

1.
Ecosystems and community function
 Certain basic processes occur in all
kinds of communities: energy flow and
matter cycling
 Food web
 Biomass pyramid

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 Ecosystem Productivity
 Net primary productivity (NPP): the rate
at which producer, usually plant,
biomass is created
 Most productive terrestrial ecosystems
are tropical forests and swamps
 Most productive aquatic ecosystems
are estuaries and reefs
 Net secondary productivity (NSP): the
rate at which consumer and
decomposer biomass is produced
6.
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 Matter cycling through ecosystems
 Unlike energy, matter is not always
converted into less useful forms when
used
 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, and phosphorus
 Rate and efficiency of matter cycling
vary between ecosystems

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Four ways that human cause population
growth
 Increase available resources
 Ex. Agriculture, nutrient pollution in lakes
 Competitive release
 Ex. Poisoning of insect pests
 Predator release
 Ex. Overhunting of large carnivores
 Introduce to new areas
 Ex. Nonnative species releases

10.
Four ways that human cause population
decline and extinction
 Change physical environment
 Habitat disruption

 Change biological environment

 Introduce new species
 Overkill
 Secondary extinctions

11.
 Human Impact on Population Ranges
 Habitat destruction

 Domesticating
 Introducing wild species into new areas

12.
Human disturbance of communities
 Human simplify communities on
purpose or inadvertently

13.
 Human disturbance of energy flow and
productivity
 The energy is either “re-channeled” for
human needs, such as directly feeding
ourselves, feeding our pets, running
our factories, or simply lost due to
human activities (such as when we
destroy tropical rainforests)
 Species extinctions

14.
Human disturbance of matter cycling
 Alter the balance between the input
and output of matter by creating
excess output or excess input

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