8eporLlng on Abnormal urlne

Sample
ur Cyrll !acob kurlan
JaL 1o Look lor?
W roLelns
W 8lood
W 8educlng sugars
W keLone bodles
W 8lle plgmenLs
W 8lle salLs
W roLelns
W 8lood
W 8educlng sugars
W keLone bodles
W 8lle plgmenLs
W 8lle salLs
roLelns roLelns
W 1e mosL common proLeln appearlng ln urlne
ls albumln Albumln as Le lowesL molecular
welgL among body proLelns and ence ls Le
flrsL Lo appear wen glomerull geL damaged
W yslologlcally albumlnurla may be seen ln
pregnancy and followlng severe exerclse
W 1e mosL common proLeln appearlng ln urlne
ls albumln Albumln as Le lowesL molecular
welgL among body proLelns and ence ls Le
flrsL Lo appear wen glomerull geL damaged
W yslologlcally albumlnurla may be seen ln
pregnancy and followlng severe exerclse
roLelns roLelns
W aLologlcal causes lnclude severe
yperLenslon eavy meLal polsonlng
glomeruloneprlLls neproLlc syndrome
urlnary LracL lnfecLlons and dlseases of
bladder
W CLer proLelns appearlng ln urlne are
aemoglobln and 8ence!ones proLelns
8lood 8lood
W resence of blood ln urlne ls called aemaLurla
W PaemaLurla can be dlfferenLlaLed from
aemogloblnurla by Le presence of 88C ln Le
urlne sample on mlcroscoplc examlnaLlon
W Causes lnclude renal calcull acuLe
glomeruloneprlLls mallgnancy and renal calcull
W 1esL for blood ls Le 8enzldlne LesL
( noL done )
8educlng Sugar
W 1esL for reduclng sugars ls 8enedlcL's LesL
W 1ls ls a seml quanLlLaLlve LesL
W 8educlng sugar mosL commonly seen ln urlne
ls glucose CLer reduclng sugars are frucLose
lacLose galacLose penLose eLc
W non carboydraLes llke omogenLlslc acld
sallcylaLes ascorblc acld urlc acld and
creaLlnlne glve a false poslLlve resulL
W 1esL for reduclng sugars ls 8enedlcL's LesL
W 1ls ls a seml quanLlLaLlve LesL
W 8educlng sugar mosL commonly seen ln urlne
ls glucose CLer reduclng sugars are frucLose
lacLose galacLose penLose eLc
W non carboydraLes llke omogenLlslc acld
sallcylaLes ascorblc acld urlc acld and
creaLlnlne glve a false poslLlve resulL
keLone 8odles keLone 8odles
W keLone bodles appear ln urlne ln dlabeLlc
keLoacldosls and sLarvaLlon
W keLone bodles are aceLone aceLoaceLaLe and
beLaydroxybuLyraLe
W 8oLera's LesL and CerardL's LesL are Le LesLs
for keLone bodles
W 8oLera LesL ls answered by aceLone and
aceLoaceLaLe
W keLone bodles appear ln urlne ln dlabeLlc
keLoacldosls and sLarvaLlon
W keLone bodles are aceLone aceLoaceLaLe and
beLaydroxybuLyraLe
W 8oLera's LesL and CerardL's LesL are Le LesLs
for keLone bodles
W 8oLera LesL ls answered by aceLone and
aceLoaceLaLe
8lle lgmenLs 8lle lgmenLs
W lormed by Le breakdown of senescenL 88Cs
W 1esL used ls Modlfled louceL's LesL
W louceL's reagenL ls ferrlc clorlde ln
LrlcloroaceLlc acld lerrlc clorlde oxldlses
blllrubln Lo bllverdln (green) and blllcyanln
(blue)
W lormed by Le breakdown of senescenL 88Cs
W 1esL used ls Modlfled louceL's LesL
W louceL's reagenL ls ferrlc clorlde ln
LrlcloroaceLlc acld lerrlc clorlde oxldlses
blllrubln Lo bllverdln (green) and blllcyanln
(blue)
8lle SalLs 8lle SalLs
W lormed from colesLerol
W 8lle plgmenLs and blle salLs are lncreased ln
obsLrucLlve [aundlce and obsLrucLlve pase of
epaLocellular [aundlce
W lormed from colesLerol
W 8lle plgmenLs and blle salLs are lncreased ln
obsLrucLlve [aundlce and obsLrucLlve pase of
epaLocellular [aundlce
Sceme of 8eporLlng Sceme of 8eporLlng
W hys|ca| propert|es
Colour and appearance
normally sLraw coloured ueep yellow ln
[aundlce deydraLlon decreased urlnary ouLpuL
lnLake of 8complex vlLamlns Creenls yellow ln
presence of blle plgmenLs 8lack ln alkapLonurla
8ed ln bleedlng dlsorders and Lurbld ln cylurla
presence of pus cells and presence of albumln
W hys|ca| propert|es
Colour and appearance
normally sLraw coloured ueep yellow ln
[aundlce deydraLlon decreased urlnary ouLpuL
lnLake of 8complex vlLamlns Creenls yellow ln
presence of blle plgmenLs 8lack ln alkapLonurla
8ed ln bleedlng dlsorders and Lurbld ln cylurla
presence of pus cells and presence of albumln
Cdour
lrulLy odour ln keLosls and mousy odour ln
penylkeLonurla
pP
lres sample ls normally acldlc AfLer some
Llme lL becomes alkallnedue Lo converslon of urea
Lo ammonla
Cdour
lrulLy odour ln keLosls and mousy odour ln
penylkeLonurla
pP
lres sample ls normally acldlc AfLer some
Llme lL becomes alkallnedue Lo converslon of urea
Lo ammonla
W Speclflc gravlLy
Measured uslng a urlnomeLer llll a bolllng Lube
LreefourLs wlL urlne Suspend Le urlnomeLer so
LaL lL floaLs and does noL Louc Le sldes of Le
Lube 1ake Le readlng wlLouL any parallax error
normal speclflc gravlLy varles from 1012 1024
lnfluenced by soluLes especlally urea lncreased ln
dlabeLes melllLus decreased ln dlabeLes lnslpldus
and cronlc neprlLls flxed (1010) ln cronlc renal
fallure
W Speclflc gravlLy
Measured uslng a urlnomeLer llll a bolllng Lube
LreefourLs wlL urlne Suspend Le urlnomeLer so
LaL lL floaLs and does noL Louc Le sldes of Le
Lube 1ake Le readlng wlLouL any parallax error
normal speclflc gravlLy varles from 1012 1024
lnfluenced by soluLes especlally urea lncreased ln
dlabeLes melllLus decreased ln dlabeLes lnslpldus
and cronlc neprlLls flxed (1010) ln cronlc renal
fallure
CPLMlCAL 8CL81lLS
(1LS1 lC8 A8nC8MAL CCnS1l1uLn1S)
CPLMlCAL 8CL81lLS
(1LS1 lC8 A8nC8MAL CCnS1l1uLn1S)
per|ment Cbservat|on Inference
neat coagu|at|on test]
heat and acet|c ac|d
test
llll LwoLlrds of Le
LesL Lube wlL urlne
Poldlng Le boLLom of
Le LesL Lube ln and
ln a slanLlng poslLlon
boll Le Lop porLlon
over a flame Add a
few drops of 1 aceLlc
acld
Cloudlness resence of proLelns
( lf cloudlness ls due Lo presence
of earLy pospaLes lL
dlsappears on addlLlon of aceLlc
acld)
per|ment Cbservat|on Inference
8ened|ct's 1est
1o 3ml of 8enedlcL's
reagenL add 8 drops
of urlne Mlx well
keep ln a bolllng waLer
baL for 3 mlnuLes
reclplLaLe varylng ln
lnLenslLy from llgL
green LurbldlLy Lo a
red preclplLaLe
resence of reduclng
sugars
per|ment Cbservat|on Inference
kothera's test
SaLuraLe 3 ml of urlne wlL
solld ammonlum sulpaLe
Add 1 Lo 2 drops of fresly
prepared sodlum
nlLroprusslde Mlx well
Add 2ml of sLrong
ammonla along Le sldes
of Le LesL Lube
urple rlng aL Le
[uncLlon of Le
Lwo llqulds
resence of keLone
bodles
per|ment Cbservat|on Inference
Mod|f|ed Iouchet's 1est
1ake 10ml of urlne ln a bolllng
Lube Add a crysLal of
magneslum sulpaLe and boll
Jlle bolllng add 10 barlum
clorlde soluLlon drop wlse Llll
a maxlmum preclplLaLe ls
obLalned lllLer ury Le
preclplLaLe on Le fllLer paper
Add a drop of louceL's
reagenL
Appearance of a blue or
green colour
resence of
blllrubln
per|ment Cbservat|on |nference
nay's 1est
1ake 2ml of urlne ln a
LesL Lube Sprlnkle sulpur
powder on Lop
Sulpur powder
slnks
resence of blle salLs
keport
1he g|ven samp|e of ur|ne conta|ns _________________