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The study of angles and of the angular relationships of planar and three-dimensional figures is known as trigonometry. The trigonometric functions (also called the circular functions) comprising trigonometry are the cosecant , cotangent , , , secant , , sine , and , and tangent . Note that the . The inverses of these functions are denoted notation here means inverse function, not to the , cosine , power.
The trigonometric functions are most simply defined using the unit circle. Let axis along anarc of the circle. Then The ratio is defined as
. As a result of this definition, the trigonometric functions are periodic with period
where
A right triangle has three sides, which can be uniquely identified as the hypotenuse, adjacent to a given angle
, or opposite
.A
helpful mnemonic for remembering the definitions of the trigonometric functions is then given by "oh, ah, o-a," "Soh, Cah, Toa," or "SOHCAHTOA", i.e., sine equals opposite over hypotenuse, cosine equals adjacent over hypotenuse, and tangent equals opposite over adjacent,
Another mnemonic probably more common in Great Britain than the United States is "Tommy On A Ship Of His Caught A Herring."
and
The trigonometric functions can be defined algebraically in terms of complex exponentials (i.e., using the Euler formula) as
Osborn's rule gives a prescription for converting trigonometric identities to analogous identities for hyperbolic functions.
are
, and