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Matemtica
Matemtica
11. o ano
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GUIA DO PROFESSOR
11
NDICE
ndice
1. Resoluo de problemas
envolvendo tringulos
GEOMETRIA II
15
25
33
5. Complementos de geometria
analtica no espao
39
48
1. Funes racionais
54
71
FUNES II
80
93
100
107
3. Limites de sucesses
114
SUCESSES
2004
ISBN 972-0-90617-0
Execuo grfica: Bloco Grfico, Lda. R. da Restaurao, 387 4050-506 PORTO PORTUGAL
Apresentao
Apresentao
Estamos perante a publicao de um novo livro de Matemtica para o 11. ano.
A experincia dos ltimos anos, os trabalhos de investigao que fizemos e
acompanhmos permitiram-nos evoluir para um novo livro, com uma nova estrutura e abordagem das matrias, matrias essas apresentadas partindo de exemplos
em contextos reais.
Na abordagem procura-se orientar o pensamento dos alunos usando a descoberta guiada e levando-os a compreender os processos de resoluo de problemas.
A conexo entre os contedos e outros saberes prvios dos alunos foi uma das
nossas opes metodolgicas.
Sugerem-se ainda alguns exemplos prticos relacionando a informao matemtica com outros conhecimentos da vida real ou de outras cincias.
A solicitao constante dirigida aos alunos para que expliquem e justifiquem
todos os processos usados na resoluo dos problemas uma das mais-valias
deste manual, ao obrigar o aluno ao raciocnio constante.
Para facilitar o estudo e a aprendizagem prope-se diversos exemplos e problemas
resolvidos com explicaes complementares (que acompanham a resoluo a cor
azul).
Consideramos que o aluno depois de compreender as matrias deve praticar
e, para tal, o livro disponibiliza um nmero muito significativo de exerccios e
de problemas.
Porm, a carga horria da disciplina insuficiente para que se possam resolver
na aula todos os problemas; como tal, optou-se por incluir a sua resoluo no
livro do professor. Assim, o professor pode fotocopiar as resolues dos problemas
que no tenham sido analisados e resolvidos na aula, permitindo, deste modo, que
o aluno tenha acesso a toda a informao que eventualmente possa necessitar.
No final do livro do professor so, ainda, disponibilizadas indicaes especficas
sobre a utilizao das calculadoras grficas.
Agradecemos a todos e em especial aos nossos consultores que de uma forma
ou de outra influenciaram o nosso trabalho.
Aprendemos com todos ao partilhar diferentes opinies, interagindo uns com
os outros.
Os nossos agradecimentos pela vossa ajuda que, por certo, est aqui integrada.
Os autores
3
Geometria II
1 Resoluo de problemas envolvendo
5.6.
tringulos
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
V2
15 ; tan q = 8 ;
sin q = 8 ; cos q =
Pg.
17
17
15
12
5
12
sin q = ; cos q = ; tan q = ;
13
13
5
3
4
3
sin q = ; cos q = ; tan q = ;
5
5
4
3
1
sin q = ; cos q = ; tan q = 3 ;
2
2
16
6. sin cos- 1 1
-1
7. tan sin- 1 1
-1
9.1. c = 6 ; b = 8
AC
AB
logo, 0 <
<1 e 0<
< 1 , ou seja,
BC
BC
b
4
8
cos q = a = =
10 5
c 6 3
tan q = = =
b 8 4
AC
= AC
tan q =
AB
a2 = 82 + 62 a = 10
c
6
3
sin q = a = =
10 5
AB , AC e BC so nmeros positivos
; q ) 16,43 .
B
C
Pg. 17
9.3. a = 29 ; c = 21
5.1.
; q ) 56,31 ;
3
1
5
5.3.
5.4.
; q ) 14,48 ;
; q ) 78,46 ;
1
V3
; q = 30 ;
3
2
V3
292 = b2 + 212 b = 20
21
20
21
sin q = ; cos q = ; tan q = ;
29
29
20
9.4. a = 1 ; b = 1
4
5.2.
72 = 42 + c2 c = 33
33
4
33
4.3. 30 ;
5.5.
9.2. a = 7 ; b = 4
; q = 30 ;
+c
1
1
=
4
c=
144
1
1
c2 = -
9 16
7
c =
12
12
7
sin q = = ; cos q =
1
4
3
7
12
7
tan q = = .
1
3
4
3
= ;
1
4
Geometria II
10.1.
C
1
1
1
3
= - 2 * - 2 * + 3 *
2
2
2
3
1
1
= - 1 - 1 + 1 = - .
2
2
q
B
V1- x2
A
2
AB + BC = AC
AB + x 2 = 1 AB = 1 - x 2
2
1
12.2. 1
= cos 60 12 = x * x = 24 m ;
AB = 1
- x2
x
sin q = = x
1
cos q = 1
- x2
(sin q) (cos q) = x 1
- x2 ;
10.2.
2
x
2
12.3. = cos 45 x = 15 *
15
2
15 2
x = ) 10,61 m ;
2
x
3
12.4. = tan 30 x = 8 *
8
3
8
3
x = ) 4,62 m ;
3
x
12.5. = tan 60 x = 6 3 ) 10,39 m ;
6
C
5
q
x
A
2
3
12.6. x = cos 30 x = 12,5 *
AB + BC = AC
2
2
x2 + BC = 25 BC = 25 - x2
BC
(tan q)2 =
AB
BC
25 - x2
= 2 =
;
x2
AB
10.3.
5
15
13.1. 1x
= tan 48 x =
24
h ) 3,96 m ;
30 + 50
1
13.3. tan q =
tan q = ;
AB + BC = AC
2
2
32 + x2 = AC AC = x2 + 9
-1
BC
AB
AB * BC
(sin q) * (cos q) = * =
2
A
C
(AC)
3x
=
;
x2 + 9
10.4.
C
2
Pg. 21
tan 48
x ) 13,51 m ;
12,5
25 3
x = ) 10,83 m .
4
q
A
12,37
x = 6,185 m ;
q = tan
400
1
) 11,3 ;
5
tan 4,5
q
B
A
2
AB + BC = AC
2
AB + x 2 = 4 AB = 4
- x2
BC x
AB 4
- x2
sin q = = ; cos q = =
2
2
2
2
x 2
x2
4
4
2
4
2x2
4 (sin q)2
=
2 = = .
4
-x
2
cos q
4
- x2
4
-x
2
2
53
1,5
1,5 m
10 m
Pg. 18
1
3 1
= + 3 * 3
- 2 * = + 3 - 3
2
2
2
7
= - 3 ;
2
13.7.
48
3
ah
d x = tan 50
b h
d = tan 30
c x + 700
a h = x tan 50
b
c x tan 50 = x tan 30 + 700 tan 30
45
62
3
3
= cos 48 a =
a
cos 48
3
3
= sin 62 b =
b
sin 62
3
3
= sin 45 c =
c
sin 45
3
3
3
a + b + c = + +
cos 48 sin 62 sin 45
a h = x tan 50
b
c x (tan 50 - tan 30) = 700 tan 30
a h = x tan 50
a h ) 783,92
d
b
b
700 tan 30
dx =
c x ) 657,78
tan 50 - tan 30
c
) 12,12 m ;
13.8. a)
784 m
(0 c. d.) .
16.
x
42
32
7y
y
M
8
tan (MEWD) = ; MEWD = tan- 1
5
8
AEWD = 2 tan- 1 ) 116,0 ;
5
b) tan (MEWC) = 4 ; MEWC = tan- 1
5
4
BEWC ) 2 tan- 1 ) 77,3 ;
5
W
W
W
c) CED = MED - MEC ) tan- 1 8
5
) 19,33 .
ax
d y = tan 42
b x
d = tan 32
c7-y
5
8
a x = y tan 42
b
c y tan 42 = 7 tan 32 - y tan 32
5
4
a x = y tan 42
b
c y (tan 42 + tan 32) = 7 tan 32
- tan 5
-1
a x = y tan 42
a x ) 2,582
d
b
b
7 tan 32
dy =
c y ) 2,868
tan 42 + tan 32
c
Pg. 22
14.
2,58 m
y
20
100
a y = x tan 42
b
c x tan 42 = 100 tan 20 + x tan 20
a y = x tan 42
b
c x (tan 42 - tan 20) = 100 tan 20
a y = x tan 42
a y ) 61,09
d
d
b
b
100 tan 20
d x =
d x ) 67,85
tan 42 - tan 20
c
c
x ) 67,85 m ; y ) 61,09 m .
50
x
35
a
5
x
= sin 35 x = 3 sin 35 ) 1,721
3
a
= cos 35 a = 3 cos 35
3
b = 5 - a = 5 - 3 cos 35 ) 2,543
2
+ b2
EP = x
2
) (1,721
),543)
+ (22 ) 3,07
3 km
15.
Pg. 23
17.
ay
d x = tan 42
b
y
d = tan 20
c 100 + x
30
700 m
(2 c. d.) .
42
(0 c. d.) .
12
b
= cos 45 b = 12 cos 35 b = 6 2
12
a = 30 - 6 2
Geometria II
2
AC = x
+ a2 = (
6 2)
+ (30 -
6 2
)
2
) 23,13
20
20
x=
= tan 60 20 = x 3
x
3
40
Lado: L = 2x =
3
40
20 * L
A = 6 * = 60 *
2
3
C
12
45
b
) 1385,6 m2 .
= 800 3
30
23,13 km
21.1. E
(2 c. d.) .
Pg. 25
19.1.
12
V136
AC = 62 + 102
53
5
tan a =
136
AC = 136
;
24
h
= sin 53 h = 12 sin 53
12
A = 24 * 12 sin 53 ) 230 m2 ;
3
19.2. h = sin 60 h = 15 sin 60 = 15
15
5
a = tan- 1 ) 23,21 ;
136
21.2.
90
15
30 h
60
30
3
A = 30 * 15 = 225 3
) 389,7 m2 .
2
A
2
DB = a2 + a2
DB = 2a
2 = 2 a
a
1
tan (BDW G) = =
2 a
2
20.1. 360 : 8 = 45
5
45
1
BDW G = tan- 1 ) 35,26 .
2
45
22.1. H
67,5
a
2,5
12
h
= tan (67,5) h = 2,5 tan (67,5)
2,5
5 * 2,5 tan (67,5)
A = 8 *
2
12
B
ou
20.2.
x
20
60
A
2
2)
+ 12
+ 12 = 468
) 21,63 cm ;
PC = (6
8 3
22.2. tan a = 1
=
12
-1
a = tan
2
3
) 56,31 .
2
Pg. 29
1
1 + tan a =
cos2 a
2
5 2
1
9
1 + =
cos2 a =
3
cos2 a
34 cos a > 0
3 M
cos a =
34
9
25
sin2 a = 1 - cos2 a = 1 - =
34 34 sin a > 0
5
M
sin a =
34
5
9
-4
sin a - 3 cos a = - =
34
34
34
- 2 34
- 4 34
= = .
34
17
M
cos a =
4
1
1
15
4
tan a = = =
15
15
15
4
15
15
- 11 15
tan a - cos a = - = .
15
4
60
25.7. 1 + 1 = 22
1 + cos a 1 - cos a
1
1
+
1 + cos a 1 - cos a
sin a
(1 - cos a) + (1 + cos a)
2
= =
(1 + cos a) (1 - cos a)
1 - cos2 a
2
=
;
sin2 a
cos2 a - sin2 a 1 - tan a
25.8.
2 =
(sin a + cos a)
1 + tan a
cos2 a - sin2 a
2
(sin a + cos a)
(cos a - sin a) (cos a
+ sin a)
=
(sin a + cos a)2
cos a - sin a
cos a
cos a - sin a
= =
cos a + sin a
sin a + cos a
cos a
sin a
1 -
cos a
1 - tan a
= = ;
sin a
1 + tan a
1 +
cos a
1
1
25.9. 1
+
=
2
2
2
4
cos x
sin x
sin x - sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x
1
1
+ =
sin2 x.cos2 x
cos2 x sin2 x
1
=
sin2 x.cos2 x
1
1
=
sin2 x - sin4 x sin2 x (1 - sin2 x)
1
=
;
sin2 x.cos2 x
1 - cos a
sin a
2
25.10.
+ - = 0
sin a
1 - cos a
sin a
1 + sin a
1 - cos a
sin a
2
+ -
sin a
1 - cos a sin a
cos2 a
1 - sin2 a
=
1 + sin a
1 + sin a
(1 - sin a) (1 + sin a)
= = 1 - sin a ;
1 + sin a
25.4. tan a + 1 = 1
tan a
sin a cos a
1
sin a cos a
tan a + = +
tan a cos a sin a
sin2 a + cos2 a
1
=
= ;
cos a sin a
sin a cos a
2
2
1 + cos
a- 2
cos a + 1 - cos
a - 2 + 2
cos a
= = 0 .
sin a (1 - cos a)
1.3. a) Verdadeira.
= 1 + 2 sin a cos a ;
Pg. 34
c
Como 0 < c < a , 0 < < 1 .
a
Logo, 0 < sin a < 1 ;
Geometria II
b) Verdadeira.
2
x
-1
x
b
Como 0 < b < a , 0 < < 1 .
a
Logo, 0 < cos a < 1 ;
c
> 0 , ou seja , tan a ]0 , + ?[ .
b
1.4. Verdadeiro. sin2 a = sin a * sin a 0 sin (a.a) ;
2
x
-1
x -1
1
x
-1
(K) tan a =
=
(V)
2
2
So todas verdadeiras, excepto (D) e (H) .
3
3.1. 3 = sin 60 3 = x *
2
6
x = x = 2 3
.
3
5 3
3.2. x = tan 30 x = 5 tan 30 x = ;
1
10 2
3.3. x = cos 45 x = x = 5 2 .
2
10
h = V3
2
60
30
1
2
1
4.2. a2 = 122 + 52 a = 13 m
3
1
1
h2 + = 1 h = 1 - h =
2
4
4
1
2
1
sin 30 = =
1
2
C
a = 13
3
sin 60 =
2
12
a
tan 45 = = 1 .
a
a
45
a
2
5
tan BW = ; BW ) 22,62
12
CW = 90 - BW ) 67,38
1.8. Verdadeira.
CW = 90 - 27 = 63
2
2
Pg. 35
3
tan 45 > tan 30 1 > (V)
3
sin a
tan a = (F)
cos a
1
=
1 + tan2 a (V)
cos2 a
1
cos 60 = = sin 30 (V)
2
27
6
6
= tan 27 AB = ) 11,78
tan 27
AB
6
6
= sin 27 AC = ) 13,22 m
sin 27
AC
3 13
13
(H) cos a =
= = (F)
2
2
13
5. A
15 m
45
C
D
x
C
1
a
A
Vx2 - 1
A = A - A
15 * 15 * 152
= -
2
8
= 112,5 - 28,125 ) 24,14 m2
45 = 8
360
18,13
a = ) 32,4398 m
tan (29,2)
6.1. a)
18,13 * 32,4398
A1 = ) 294,067 m2
2
18,13
= sin (29,2)
b
18,13
b = b ) 37,1623
sin (29,2)
b
62
12 m
a
= cos 62 a = 12 cos (62)
12
b
= sin 62 b = 12 sin (62)
12
c
= tan (30,1)
b
18,13
c = * tan (30,1)
sin (29,2)
ab 12 cos 62 * 12 sin 62
A = = ) 29,85 m2 ;
2
2
c ) 21,5422
bc
A2 = ) 400,280 m2
2
A1 + A2 ) (294,067 + 400,280) m ) 694,35 m2 ;
b)
6,2 m
c)
33
A2
a
= cos 33 a = 6,2 cos (33)
6,2
h
= sin 33 h = 6,2 sin (33)
6,2
A1
4,2
A3
40
4,2
4,2
= tan 43 a =
a
tan 43
4,2
4,2
= tan 40 b =
b
tan 40
6.2. a) A1 = 20 * 8 = 160 m2
A = A1 + A2 + A3
a * 4,2
4,2 * b
= + 2 * 4,2 +
2
2
4,2
4,2
= 2,1 *
+ 8,4 + 2,1 *
) 28,37 m2
tan 43
tan 40
C
A2 8
8
20 A1 20 A
3
d) h = tan 28 a = h
43,5
a
A 8
4,2
43
3,5 m
tan 28
2,2 h
8*8
A2 = = 32 m2
2
28
= tan (43,5)
a
28
a =
tan (43,5)
h
28
a
2,2 h
a * (20 + 8)
A3 = = 14a =
2
28
= 14 * ) 413,08 m2
tan (43,5)
+ 2,2 h
2,2 h +
tan 28
A = * h
h
h2
1
= 4,4 + ) 3,14 h2 m2 .
2
tan 28
b)
C
Pg. 36
7.1.
(30,1)
V
b
18,13
A2
A1
5m
(29,2)
A
a
18,13
= tan (29,2)
a
10
M
A
10 m
Geometria II
2,1
tan (EBW C) =
3,2
2,1
EBW C = tan- 1 ) (33,27)
3,2
a
5V2
2
3,2
+ 2 = 38,33
AC = 5,3
2,1
tan (EAWC) =
38,33
AC = 10 2
;
2,1
EAWC = tan- 1 ) (18,74)
38,33
AC = 102 + 102
2
2
AM
= 5 2
VM
5
2
tan (VAW C) = = =
2
AM
5 2
3,2
tan (BFWC) =
32,5
2
VAW C = tan- 1 ) (35,26)
2
VM
=M
N
=5
3,2
BFWC = tan- 1 ) (29,31) ;
32,5
2
+ 52 = 5 2
VN = 5
2
a = tan- 1
2
W
BVC = 2a ) 70,53
O
D
2
2,5
+ 2 = 12,5
= 2,5 2 ) 3,53 m
AF = 2,5
2,5
AB = 2,5 m;
2,5
= sin a
6
2,5
a = sin- 1
6
AVWB = 2a ) (49,25) ;
a
a
7.2. a) Face
5
tan a = =
2
5 2
2
2
2,5
+ 2,5
+ 2 = 2,5 3 ) 4,33 m
AG = 2,5
2
FG
2,5
1
tan (FAWG) = = = =
2
AF
2,5 2
2
2
FAWG = tan- 1 ) 35,26
2
b) rea da face
a2 + 2,52 = 62 a = 29,75
5 * 29,75
Af =
2
rea da base
h2 + 2,52 = 52
h = 18,75
3
2,5
HG
cos (HGWA) = = =
3
AG
2,5 3
2,5
rea total
3
HGWA = BHWG = cos- 1 = 54,7356
3
W
W
GOH = 180 - 2 HGA ) 70,53 ;
5 18,75
5 29,75
+ 3 * ) 51,73 m2 .
2
2
8.1.
5 * 18,75
Ab =
2
2,1
8.3.
E
F
3,2
A
5,3
10
11
9.4. a)
2
AC = 10
+ 42 = 116
EA
3
tan (ACWE) = =
AC
116
ACWE ) (15,56)
500
500
40
+ 32 = 109
a
= sin (40)
500
a = 500 sin (40)
x = 2a = 1000 sin (40)
x ) 642,79 m ;
4
EH
tan (ECWH) = =
109
HC
ECWH ) (20,96) .
Pg. 37
9.1.
b)
20 m
20,13
50 m
10 m
32,3
x
20 m
30
tan (a) = ; a = tan- 1 (2)
15
20
4
tan (b) = ; b = tan- 1
15
3
Logo,
20,13
20,13
x = -
tan (32,3) tan (53,4)
4
a = a - b = tan- 1 (2) - tan- 1 ) (10,30) ;
3
9.2. A
x ) 16,89 m ;
c)
B
35
42
15,12
15
20,13
20,13
a
ay =
= tan (53,4)
d y
d
tan (53,4)
b
b 20,13
20,13
d = tan (32,3)
dx + y =
tan (32,3)
cx+y
c
15 m
48,2
h
= tan (35) h = b tan (35)
b
h
15 sin 42
b = b =
tan (35)
tan 35
62,3
x
ay = sin (48,2)
ay = 15,12 sin (48,2)
d 15,12
d
b
by
y
dx =
d = tan (62,3)
tan (62,3)
c
cx
a
= cos (42) a = 15 cos 42
15
h
= sin (42) h = 15 sin 42
15
d)
15 sin 42
AB = a + b = 15 cos 42 + ) 25,48 m ;
tan 35
5,32
9.3.
b
18,23
y =
18,232
- 5,322 ) 304,03
05
) 17,4365
25
22
a
= tan (25) a = 22 tan (25)
22
22
22
= cos (25) b =
b
cos (25)
22
a + b = 22 tan (25) + ) 34,53 m ;
cos (25)
12
53,4
5,32
y = tan a
5,32
a ) tan- 1 ) 16,9673
17,4365
x
y = sin a x = y sin a
x ) 17,4365 * sin (16,9673)
x ) 5,09 m .
Geometria II
10.
) 3,63 m .
h
25
42
x
10
13.
a
ah
d x = tan (42)
b h
d = tan (25)
c 10 + x
40
23
3m
1,7
a h = x tan (42)
b
c x tan 42 = 10 tan (25) + x tan (25)
aa
d b = tan 40
b a
d = tan 23
cb+3
a h = x tan 42
b
c x (tan 42 - tan 25) = 10 tan 25
a a = b tan 40
b
c b tan 40 = b tan 23 + 3 tan 23
a h = x tan 42
a h ) 9,67 m
d
b
b
10 tan 25
dx =
c x ) 10,74 m
tan 42 - tan 25
c
a a = b tan 40
b
c b (tan 40 - tan 23) = 3 tan 23
11.
35 h
12
80 m
Pg. 38
a a = b tan 40
a a ) 2,58
d
b
b
3 tan 23
db =
c b ) 3,07
tan 40 - tan 23
c
h ) 2,58 + 1,7 = 4,28 m .
14. 35 32 ) (35,533)
ah
d x = tan 35
b h
d = tan 12
c 80 + x
a h = x tan 35
b
c x tan 35 = 80 tan 12 + x tan 12
a h = x tan 35
b
c x (tan 35 - tan 12) = 80 tan 12
a h = x tan 42
d
b
10 tan 25
dx =
tan 42 - tan 25
c
17,68
S1S2 = 2a
= 2 * 480 sin (17,767)
) 292,94 km .
O1
215
55
(2 c. d.) .
E
1
1,5
28
S2
12.
480
a h ) 24,42
b
c x ) 84,87
h = 24,42 m
S1
(35,53) : 2 = (17,767)
a
= sin (17,767)
480
35 h
1500 km
28
2,2
1500 a
62
90
b
50
3m
208
O2
15.2. 90 - 55 = 35 ;
a
= sin (28) a = 1,5 sin (28)
1,5
b
= cos (50) b = 3 cos (50)
3
90 - 62 = 28
a a = tan 35
dh
b 1500 - a
d = tan 28
h
c
13
a a = h tan (35)
b
c 1500 - h tan (35) = h tan (28)
a a = h tan (35)
b
c h (tan 35 + tan 28) = 1500
18.
a a = h tan (35)
a a ) 852,5829
d
b
b
1500
h
=
d
c h ) 1217,6145
tan 35 + tan 28
c
53
a
2
EO1 = a
+ h2 ) 1486,43 km .
37
100 - a
ah
d a = tan 53
b
d h = tan 37
c 100 - a
16.
h
25
42
a h = a tan 53
b
c a (tan 53 + tan 37) = 100 tan 37
500
a h = a tan 53
b
c a tan 53 = 100 tan 37 - a tan 37
ah
d x = tan 42
b
d h = tan 25
c 500 + x
a h = a tan 53
a h = 48,063
d
b
b
100 tan 37
a
=
d
c a = 36,218
tan 53 + tan 37
c
a h = x tan 42
b
c x tan 42 = 500 tan 25 + x tan 25
2
AP = a
+ h2 ) 60,18 m
a h = x tan 42
b
c x (tan 42 - tan 25) = 500 tan 25
2
BP = h
00
+ (1)
- a2 ) 79,86 m
a h = x tan 42
a h ) 483,6
d
b
b
500 tan 25
dx =
c x ) 537,10
tan 42 - tan 25
c
C
19.1. O
= tan 87 OC = 3,6 tan 87
3,6
OC ) 68,69 cm ;
A
Pg. 39
3,6
3,6
87
90 - 19 = 71
90 - 39 = 122 - 71 = 51
A
51 h
71
50
39
B
19
a
a
= cos (19) a = 50 cos 19
50
h
= sin (19) h = 50 sin 19
50
h
50 sin 19
= tan (39) b =
b
tan 39
50 sin 19
BC = a + b = 50 cos (19) +
) 67,378 km
tan 39
50
Vtor: 30 * t = 50 t = t = 1 h 40 min
30
67,378
Sara: 50 * t = 67,378 t =
50
t ) 1 h 21 min
14
19.2. 5 m = 500 cm = OC
500
= tan (BAWO)
3,6
500
BAWO = tan- 1 ) 89,59 .
3,6
Geometria II
2.2. (92,18) = 92 10 48 ;
180
3
1,5 m
5
1,
180
481
= rad ) 2,10 rad ;
720
3.4. 15 30 = (15,5) = 15,5 * rad
180
31
= rad ) 0,27 rad ;
360
1,5 m
Pg. 45
2m
D
S
R
22,5
A
5 * 180
4.1. 5 rad =
= 150 ;
6
11
11 * 180
4.2.
rad = = 110 ;
18
18
3,14 * 180
4.3. 3,14 rad =
) (179,91) ;
AB = AC = 1,5 + 2 + QB ) 7,1213
CB = FE + CS + PB
1 * 180
4.4. 1 rad =
) (57,30) ;
3
= 2 2 + ) 10,0711
tan (22,5)
0,2 * 180
4.5. 0,2 rad =
) (11,46) .
AB * AC
A = ) 25,36 m2
2
P = 2 AB + PQ ) 24,31 m .
5. 2 2r
s = qr
q s
5.1. s = * 5 = 5 ) 2,62 cm ;
31
5.2. 155 = 155 * rad =
rad
180
36
31
31
s = * 6 cm = cm ) 16,23 cm ;
36
36
300
28
5.3. s = * 1 = cm ) 1,57 cm ;
28
23
5.4. 230 = 230 * rad =
rad
180
18
23 23
23 18
= * r r = * r = 9 cm ;
2
18
18 23
21.1. DCWA = 28 ;
21.2. DAWC = 90 - 28 = 62 ;
||
||AD
300
|= 300 sin (28) ) 140,84 .
||AD|
280 * 36
6. 360 * 62 ; A =
= 28 ) 87,96 cm2
Pg. 42
280 A
360
395 | 360
35 1
35 ; 1. Q ;
13
5
7.2.
= 3 + = 2 +
= (12,11) ;
2.1. (15,35) = 15 21 ;
5.6. 8 = 2r r = 4 cm .
0,35 * 60 = 21
4
4
5
; 3. Q ;
4
Pg. 47
13 | 4
1 3
15
2100 | 360
300 5
1
cos = cos - = cos =
3
3
3 2
17 | 3
2 5
1
sin (150) = sin (180 - 30) = sin (30) =
2
cos (150) = cos (180 - 30)
3
= - cos (30) = -
2
8.3.
= 4 + = 4 + - ; a 2. Q
6
29
29
sin rad > 0 ; cos rad < 0 ;
6
6
29
tan rad < 0 ;
6
8.4. a = - 3 = - + ; a 3. Q
4
4
3
3
sin - rad < 0 ; cos - rad < 0 ;
4
4
3
tan - rad > 0 ;
4
12
23
3
8.8.
= 5 + = 6 - ; a 4. Q
4
4
4
23
23
23
sin < 0 ; cos > 0 ; tan < 0 .
4
4
4
12
14.
Pg. 59
Y1 = sin x
- 2
Y2 = - sin x
Em radianos
2
3
2
1
1
2
= 1 + 0 + 2 * (- 1) - (- 1) = 1 - 2 + = - ;
3
3
3
9.2. - 3 cos + sin - 2 cos 3 + tan 0 + cos 0
2
2
=-3*0+0-2*0+0+1=1.
Pg. 54
3
5
16
12
5
= - tan ;
12
8.7. a = 1 ; a 11. Q
8.6. a = 1 rad ; a 1. Q
11.1. 5 = 2 -
19
5
5
12.2. tan
= tan 2 - = tan -
Y1 = sin x
- 360
360
Y2 = - sin x
Em graus
Pg. 61
Geometria II
O grfico de y3 = 3 sin (2x) resulta de uma contraco do grfico de y = sin (x) , na direco de
1
0x e segundo o factor , seguida de uma
2
expanso na direco de 0y segundo o factor 3 .
Y1 = cos x
- 360
360
Y2 = - cos x
y
Os grficos de y1 = cos x e y2 = cos (- x) so
coincidentes porque cos (- x) = cos x , A x R .
y3 = 3 sin (2x)
3
-
2
Y1 = sin x
Y2 = cos x
- 2
-3
2
Pg. 62
17.
y
1
17.1. tan x = 1 x = x = 5
-
2
y4 = |sin(x)|
4
3
7
tan x = - 1 x = x =
4
4
tan x = 0 x = 0 x = x = 2 .
Pg. 63
y1 = 3 sin x
Pg. 67
3
x = + 2k ,k Z ;
2
20.2. sin x = 0 x = k , k Z ;
-
2
-3
x = - + 2k x = + + 2k , k Z ;
6
6
y2 = sin 2x
[- 1 , 1] . A equao impossvel ;
-
-
2
-1
M11FNAGP - 2
2
20.7. sin x = -
x = - + 2k x = + + 2k , k Z
4
4
5
x = - + 2k x = + 2k , k Z ;
4
4
17
3
20.8. sin (3x) = -
3x = - + 2k 3x = + + 2k ,
3
3
kZ
2k
4 2k
x = - + x = + , k Z .
9
3
9
3
3
3
23.2. cos x +
= 0 cos x = -
2
2
5
5
x = + 2k x = - + 2k, k Z ;
6
6
21.1. 6 sin x - 3 = 0 x [0 , 2]
1
sin x = x [0 , 2]
2
5
x = x = ;
6
6
x = 1,37 + 2k x = - 1,37 + 2k , k Z
(2 c. d.) ;
2
2
2
2x = + 2k 2x = - + 2k , k Z
3
3
x = + k x = - + k , k Z .
3
3
1
sin- 1 ) 0,253 ; - 0,253 ) 2,889
4
3
21.3. sin x =
x [0 , 2]
2 2
x
x
= + 2k = - + 2k
3
2 3
2
x [0 , 2] , k Z
2
4
x = + 4k x = + 4k
3
3
24.1. 3 tan x + 3 = 0
3
21.4. sin x = -
x [0 , 2]
2 2
x
x
= - + 2k = + + 2k
3
3
2
2
x [0 , 2] , k Z
8
x = - 3 + 4k x = 3 + 4k
x [0 , 2] , k Z
xO.
2
x = - + 4k
3
2
k = 0 x = - < 0
3
10
k = 1 x = > 2
3
8
x = + 4k
3
8
k = 0 x = > 2
3
4
k = - 1 x = - < 0
3
2
1
sin (2x) = - 2x = - + 2k
2
6
7
2x = + 2k , k Z
6
7
x = - + k x = + k , k Z ;
12
12
22.2. y1 = 2 sin x ; y2 = - 1
x
x
1
2 sin = - 1 sin = -
2
2
2
x
x 7
= - + 2k = + 2k , k Z
2
6
2
6
7
x = - + 4k x = + 4k , k Z .
3
3
18
Pg. 71
y
1
1
2
0
p
6
5p p
6
2p
y = sin x
sin x = x [0 , 2] x =
2
6
1
sin x > x [0 , 2] x
2
5
x =
6
5
, ;
6
6
tan- 1 (- 2) ) - 1,107
2x = - 1,107 + k , k Z
k
x = - 0,55 + , k Z (2 c. d.) .
2
2
4
x = x = ;
3
3
Pg. 70
3
tan x = -
3
x = - + k , k Z ;
6
x [0 , 2] , k Z
1
cos- 1 ) 1,37
5
21.2. 2 sin x = 1 x [0 , 2]
2
1
sin x = x [0 , 2]
4
x ) 0,253 x ) 2,889 ;
Pg. 69
2x = + k , k Z
2
k
x = + , k Z ;
4
2
y
2p
3
0
1
2
4p
3
2p
y = cos x
1
cos x = - x [0 , 2]
2
2
4
x = x =
3
3
Geometria II
1
cos x < -
2
2
x ,
3
17
2
8
1.3. sin - 7 - sin
+ cos - + tan
x [0 , 2]
6 3
5
= - sin + - sin 2 + +
6
6
2
+ cos - + tan 2 +
3 3
4
;
3
y = sin x
2
p
2p
1
cos (2x) = x [0 , 2]
2
2x = + 2k 2x = - + 2k , k Z
3
3
x = + k x = - + k , k Z
6
6
x [0 , 2]
M
5
7
11
x = x = x = x =
6
6
6
6
y
1
1
2
11p 2p x
6
y = cos (2x)
4. sin ( - x)
11
6 , 6
5. cos ( - a) + tan ( + a)
Pg. 78
3
2
1
3
= - cos - 1 - 0 = - - 1 = - ;
3
2
2
7
= - sin - sin + 0 - tan 2 -
4
4
4
2 2
= - - - 1 = - 2 - 1 ;
2
2
5
9
16
cos2 x = 1 - cos2 x =
x 2. Q
25
25
4 M
cos x = - ;
5
3
5
3
sin x
tan x = = = - ;
4
4
cos x
-
5
4 3
31
cos x + tan x = - - = - .
5 4
20
21
= - .
5
x [0 , 2]
3. sin x = 3 x 2. Q
= sin x
2
3
= - sin 2 + - x + cos ( - x) 2
3
- cos 2 + - x = cos x - cos x + sin x
2
= sin x .
7
2.5. E(x) = sin x - 7
+ cos (5 - x) - cos - + x
1
cos (2x)
2
x ,
6
x [0 , [ ] , 2] ;
7p
6
2
2
= - sin (4 + - x) + sin x - cos x
x [0 , 2] \ {}
5p
6
x
sin < 1 x [0 , 2]
2
p
6
x
x
sin = 1 [0 , ]
2
2
x
= x =
2 2
1
= sin - sin - cos - tan = - - 3
.
6
6
3
3
2
= - cos a + tan a
7 2
= - +
3
7
7 14
= - +
3
7
- 7 7
+ 3 14
= .
21
2
cos x = - x 3. Q
5
4
2
sin x = 1 -
25
21
sin2 x =
x 3. Q
25
M
21
sin x = -
5
2
sin ( + a) = -
3
0 < a <
2
7
cos a = , a 1. Q
3
2
3
2
tan a = =
7
7
19
sin2 q + x2 = 1
1
1 + tan2 x =
cos2 x
1
1 + 42 =
x 3. Q
cos2 x
M
1
17
cos x = - = -
17
17
sin2 q = 1
3 6 2
3 1
e sin + sin = + 0 1 .
3
6
2
2
6.1. sin2 x = 1 - 1
17
16
sin x =
17
2
4
4
17
sin x = - = - ;
17
17
x 3. Q
M
17
Pg. 79
180
7. 1 rad corresponde a
) (57,3) .
(1 c. d.) .
q = + k , k Z ,
2
logo a condio no universal.
12
9. A x , 1x
2
6
3
3
1
e 2 cos = 2 * = 3 0 .
6
2
2
1x
y= 2
11
15.5. 330 * 1 rad =
rad .
180
q
x
1
5
15.4. 275 * 1 rad = 5
rad ;
180
36
6
180
16.1. *
= 12 ;
15
180
16.2. 7 *
= 210 ;
180
16.3. 7 *
) 133,69 ;
x>0
x2
2
x + = 1 5x = 4
4
2
2 5
x = x =
5
5
2
23 180
16.4.
* = 276 ;
15
11 180
16.5.
* = 396 .
5
y =
5
Como q 3 Q
5
9.1. sin q = - y = -
;
5
2 5
9.2. cos q = - x = -
;
5
5
-
5
-y
9.3. tan q = = = 1 .
-x
2
2 5
-
5
20
Geometria II
Pg. 80
2 5 cm
0,8 A
3
P3 1 , - ;
2
2
2
21.2. sin (405) = sin (360 + 45) = sin 45 =
;
2
sin q
3
- 3 = sin q = - .
1
2
3
1
P1 1 , - ;
2
2
0,8 * 5
A = = 2 cm2 .
2
1
= cos 2
- = cos = .
3
3 2
Pg. 81
y
So da forma y = mx sendo m = 0 se (x0 , y0)
x0
um ponto da recta.
3
24.1. P3 P6 ; P3 1 1 ,
; m = 3 ;
2
2
2 2
P P ; P 1 , ; m = 1 ;
2 2
3 1
1
3
P P ; P 1 , ; m = = ;
2
2
3
3
3
P3 P6 : y = 3x ; P2 P5 : y = x ; P1 P4 : y = x .
3
3
22.3. sin q = -
0 q 360
3
1
3
24.2. P1 P4 ; P1 1
, - ; m = - ;
2
q = 240 q = 300 ;
2 2
3
2
2
P P ; P 1 , - ; m = - 1 ;
2
2
1
3
;
P P ; P 1 , - ; m = - 3
2
2
2
3
P1 P4 : y = - x ; P2 P5 : y = - x ;
3
P3 P6 : y = - 3x .
2 2
P2 1 (cos 45 , sin 45) 1 , ;
2
2
5
25. P 1 2 , -
;
1 3
P3 1 (cos 60 , sin 60) 1 , ;
2
2
e raio 1 : x2 + y2 = 1
5
3 + - 3 = 1 9 + 9 = 1
5
2
5
25.2. sin q = -
; cos q = ; tan q = - .
1 = 1 (Verdade) ;
3
2
26.1. sin a = -
2
5
a = + 2k a = - + 2k , k Z
4
4
tan a = 1 tan a = - 1 ;
21
4
3
a = + 2k a = - + 2k , k Z
4
4
2
2
cos a = - cos a = .
2
2
4
3
= - 2 * - +
5
5
8 3 11
= + = .
5 5
5
tan q
2
28.1. 1 - 1 = 1
-
2
sin q
tan q
- 1 = - + 1
tan q
tan q tan q
1
cos2 q
2
1 - sin2 q
2
=
- + 1 =
- + 1
sin2 q tan q
sin2 q
tan q
1
2
1
2
- 1 - + 1 =
- c.q.d. ;
=
sin2 q
tan q
sin2 q tan q
1
1
1
=
=
2
2
1
c
o
s
q
sin
q
+
cos2 q
1 +
1 +
2
2
tan2 q
sin q
sin q
1
= = sin2 q = 1 - cos2 q
1
sin2 q
= (1 + cos q) (1 - cos q) c.q.d. ;
1 - sin q
cos q
28.4.
=
1 + sin q
cos q
cos q (1 - sin q)
cos q
=
(1 + sin q) (1 - sin q)
1 + sin q
cos q sin q
.
=
1 + 2 cos2 q
29.3. y = 3 sin x em [0 , 2] ;
Pg. 82
2
1 1
1
- 1 sin x 1 - 1 + + sin x 1 +
2 2
2
1
3
- f (x)
2
2
1 3
Df' = - , ;
2 2
x
- 1 + 2 2 + sin 1 + 2
2
1 f (x) 3
Df' = [1 , 3] ;
1 - sin q
= c.q.d. ;
cos q
1 + tan2 x 1
cos q
1
sin q
tan q
=
2
1
sin q + 3 cos2 q
1 + 3
tan2 q
sin2 q
29.2. y = - 2 sin x em [0 , 2] ;
1 - sin2 q
cos2 q
tan q
sin q
28.5. =
1
1
1 + 3
2
cos
q +
tan2 q
cos q
22
sin q
sin q
=
1
2 cos2 q + 1
2 cos q +
cos q
cos q
tan2 x 0
Dj' = [1 , + ?[ ;
3
31.1. 2 sin x = - 3 sin x = -
4
x = - + 2 k x = + 2 k , k Z
3
3
2
Solues em [- , ] : x = - x = - ;
3
3
cos q sin2 q
cos q sin q
=
=
11
11
tan (2x) =
tan- 1 ) 1,3045
3
3
2x = 1,3045 + k , k Z
cos q sin q
cos q sin q
=
=
;
1 - cos2 q + 3 cos2 q
1 + 2 cos2 q
k
x = 0,6523 + , k Z
2
Geometria II
5
Em [- , ] : x = - x = x = ;
2
6
6
Em [- , ] :
x - 2,49 x - 0,92 x 0,65 x 2,22
x - 0,79 x - 0,29
x 0,21 x 0,71 (1 c. d.) ;
2x = + x + 2k 2x = - - x +
+ 2k , k Z
2k
x = + 2k x = - + , k Z
3
3
Em [- , ] :
x = - x = - x = x = ;
3
3
1
sin- 1 ) 0,12533
8
x
= 0,12533 + 2k
2
x
= - 0,12533 + 2k , k Z
2
x 0,25066 + 4k
x = 6,0325 + 4k , k Z
Em [- , ] : x 0,08 (2 c. d.) ;
cos x (cos x + 1) = 0
- 3 - 1
4
cos x = 0 cos x = - 1
x = + k x = + 2k , k Z
2
Em [- , ] :
x = - x = - x = x = .
2
2
cos x =
34
3 > 1
4
xO;
31.6. 12 + cos x + = - 1
10
cos x + = - 13
10
2
1
3
sin x x ,
2
2
2
(- 13 < - 1)
5
x ,
6
6
xO;
2 , 2
5
x , ;
2
6
1
sin x =
2
2
2
sin x = - sin x =
2
2
k
x = + , k Z
4
2
2
1
1
2
Em [- , ] :
3
3
x = - x = - x = x = ;
4
4
4
4
5p
6
p
6
y = sin x
2x = x + 2k 2 x = - x + 2k , k Z
2k
x = 2k x = , k Z
3
2
2
Em [- , ] : x = - x = 0 x = ;
3
3
[0 , ]
4
x 0 , ;
3
y = cos x
2x = - x + 2k
2
2x = - + x + 2k , k Z
2
2k
x = + x = - + 2k , k Z
6
3
2
2 4
x ,
3
3
2p
3
1
2
1
4p
3
p
2p
y = sin x
23
PA
35. = cos b
PQ
4
= cos b b = 60
8
a = 180 - 2b = 60
x = 2 - 0,201 x = + 0,201
x = 6,082 x = 3,343
sin x = 0,2
4m
x = 0,201 x = - 0,201
R
8m
x = 0,201 x = 2,940
y
1
4m
8m
A
0,2
0 0,201
0,2
2,94
3,343
6,082 2p x
y = sin x
60 * 64 32
A = = m2 33,51 m2
360
3
x = 1,875 x = 2 - 1,875
36.1.
x = 1,875 x = 4,408
cos x = 0,3
x = 1,266 x = 5,017
y
1
y = cos x
5
5
30
0,3
0
0,3
1,266
1,875
4,408 5,017
2p
x
A
1
x [0 ; 1,266] [1,875 ; 4,408] [5,017 ; 2] .
33. 2 * 82 m2
16
a m2
3
CB = 2 M
B = 5 m
M
A
3
A= 5
= cos 30 M
5
2
Pg. 83
360 * 52
240 A
240 * * 25
50
A = m2 = m2 52,36 m2 .
360
3
24
60 * * 52 25
= = m2
360
6
M
B
1
B = 5 *
= sin 30 M
2
5
16
* 2
3
32
a = = = rad .
64
3 * 64 6
360 * 5
60 A
5
3
25 3
5 *
2
2
25 3
A = = = m2
2
2
4
25 25 3
A = - m2 2,26 m2 ;
6
4
Geometria II
36.2.
N
C
B
3m
P
N 60
60
60
C
80
80
10 m
95 m
A
a h = tan 45
d a
b h
d = tan 35
c 95 - a
60 * * 132 169
= = m2
360
6
ah = a
b
c a = 95 tan 35 - a tan 35
ah = a
b
c a (1 + tan 35) = 95 tan 35
5
3
A = 10 * = 25 3 m2
2
169
A = - 25 3
m2 45,19 m2 ;
6
ah = a
d
b
95 tan 35
d a =
1 + tan 35
c
36.3.
N
C
95 tan 35
h = a = 39,12447
1 + tan 35
10 m
h
h
= sin 35 OC = 68,21143
sin 35
OC
10 m
P
10 m
95 m
360 * 132
60 A
A
45
60
10 m
A
360 * 20
60 A
A
Permetro = 2 BC + C 2 * 95 + C ) 380,48 m ;
60 * * 202 200
= = m2
360
3
A[PAQ] = 25 3 m2
200
A = - 25 3
m2 166,14 m2 .
3
160 * * OC2
= 6496,533 m2
360
h
45
B
35
95 a
95
Pg. 87
1.1. u +
v = (- 1 + 3 , 3 - 5) = (2 , - 2) ;
1.2. 2u = 2 (- 1 , 3) = (- 2 , 6) ;
25
1.3. - 2
v = - 2 (3 , - 5) = (- 6 , 10) ;
5.3. A 1 (- 1 , 2) ; B 1 (- 5 , - 3)
= (- 4 , - 5) ;
= AB
w
1.4. - u - 2
v = - (- 1 , 3) - 2 (3, - 5)
= (1 , - 3) + (- 6 , 10) = (- 5 , 7) ;
5.4.
s = (- 1 , 4 , 3) ; \\
s|\= 1
+ 16
+ 9 = 26
.
1
v = (- 1 , 3) - 2 (3 , - 5)
1.5. 1 u - 2
2
6.1. u = (2 , 3) ;
v = (- 1 ; - 1,5)
13 23
= - , .
2
2
1 3
= - , + (- 6 , 10)
2 2
6.2. u = (2 , - 2 , 6) ;
v = (- 1 , - 2 , 3)
u = k
v (2 , - 2 , 6) = k (- 1 , - 2 , 3)
2.1. u+
v = (- 1 + 0 , 2 - 3 , 5 + 2) = (- 1 , - 1 , 7) ;
1
2.2. u - 1
v = (- 1 , 2 , 5) - (0 , - 3 , 2)
2
2
3
= (- 1 , 2 , 5) + 0 , , - 1
2
7
= - 1 , , 4 ;
2
v = 50
u
= (- 2 , 4 , 10) + (0 , - 3 , 2)
u e
v so colineares.
= (- 2 , 1 , 12) ;
2.4. - u - 2
v = - (- 1 , 2 , 5) - 2 (0 , - 3 , 2)
= (1 , - 2 , - 5) + (0 , 6 , - 4)
= (1 , 4 , - 9) ;
1
1
2.5. 1 u - 1
v = (- 1 , 2 , 5) - (0 , - 3 , 2)
4
4
1
5
3
1
= - , 1 , + 0 , , -
2
2
4
2
1 7
= - , , 2 .
2 4
3. M 1 (1 , - 2) ; N 1 (0 , - 3)
Pg. 88
= (1 , - 2) + (1 , 1) = (2 , - 1) ;
3.2. M + NM
N +
MN = (0 , - 3) + (- 1 , - 1) = (- 1 , - 4) .
4. A 1 (1 , - 3 , 5) ; B 1 (2 , 3 , - 4)
= B - A = (2 , 3 , - 4) - (1 , - 3 , 5)
4.1. AB
= (- 1 , - 6 , 9) ;
BA
= B 1 (2 , 3 , - 4) ;
4.2. A + AB
= A 1 (1 , - 3 , 5) .
B + BA
5.1. u = (- 10 , 6) ;
\\u|\= 100
+ = 136
36
= 4
* 34 = 234
;
\\
v|\=
1
65
65
+ 16 =
= ;
4
4
2
v = k u (6 , a , b) = k (4 , - 1 , 6)
a k = 3
a 6 = 4k
d
2
d
d
3
b a = - b a = - 3
2
d
d
2
d
c b = 6k
cb = 9
3
a = - ; b = 9 .
2
k)
v = ku = (k , 0 , 3
= (1 , 1) ;
NM
1
5.2.
v = - , 4 ;
7. u = (4 , - 1 , 6) ;
v = (6 , a , b)
8. u = (1 , 0 , 3) ;
v = ku e \\
v|\= 1
= N - M = (0 , - 3) - (1 , - 2) = (- 1 , - 1) ;
3.1. MN
= (1 , 6 , - 9) ;
a2 = - k
d
b - 2 = - 2k
d
c 6 = 3k
k = - 2 k = 1 k = 2 (impossvel)
u e
v no so colineares;
2.3. 2u +
v = 2 (- 1 , 2 , 5) + (0 , - 3 , 2)
Pg. 89
u = - 2
v
u e
v so colineares;
2. u = (- 1 , 2 , 5) ;
v = (0 , - 3 , 2)
26
|\ = 16
5
;
\\w
+ 2 = 41
2
k2 + 02
+ (
\\
v|\= 1
3k) = 1
1
4k
2 = 1 2 \k|= 1 k =
2
1
3
1
3
v = , 0 , ou
v = - , 0 , - .
2
2
2
2
9.1. A 1 (- 1 , 6) ; B 1 (1,5 ; 6)
- 1 + 1,5 6 + 6
1
M 1 , = , 6 ;
2
2
4
9.2. A 1 (- 1 , 5) ; B 1 (2 ; - 3)
- 1 + 2 5-3
1
M 1 ,
= , 1 ;
2
2
2
9.3. A 1 (- 1 , 3 , 6) ; B 1 (6 , - 9 , - 9)
- 1+ 6 3 -9 6 -9
5
3
M1
, , = , - 3 , - ;
2
2
2
2
2
9.4. A 1 (- 1 , 0 , 2) ; B 1 - 1 , 0 , 1
2
1
1
2 +
- 1 -
2
3
0+0
M 1 , ,
2
2
2
3
7
= - , 0 , .
4
6
Geometria II
10.1.
a.
b = 5 * 4 * cos (38)
Pg. 92
AC.
10.2.
a.
b = 3 * 4 * cos 90 = 0 ;
10.3.
a.
b = 6,2 * 8,3 * cos (132)
4
10.4.
a.
b = 3 * 3,2 * cos rad
5
4
= 9,6 cos rad ) - 7,77 ;
5
B
+ BC
).(BC
+ CD
)
= (AB
CD = - AB
M
= (AB + BC ).(BC - AB )
10.5.
a.
b = 4 * 3 * cos = - 12 ;
10.6.
a.
b = 6 * 4 * cos (1 rad) ) 12,97 .
BC
- AB.
AB
+ BC.
BC
- BC.
AB
= AB.
Pg. 94
2
3
) 56,31 ;
2
BC
- AB.
BC
- \\AB
\\ + \\BC
\\
= AB.
\\AB
\\= \\BC
\\
2
2
M
= 0 - \\AB \\ + \\AB \\
2
=0
BD
= 0 AC
Y BD
AC.
11.3. BC = 22 + 32 BC = 13
2
2
13
cos (ABWC) = = ;
13
13
15.1.
CB
= \\DC|\
\\CB
\\ cos (DCWB)
11.5. DC.
Pg. 98
y
5
u = (-2, 5)
v = (3, 2)
w = (2, -5)
cos ABWC
= - 5 * 13
13
= - 5 * 13
* 2 = - 10 ;
13
2
v
CD
= \\AB
\\ \\CD
\\ cos (AB
W, CD
)
11.6. AB.
-2
= 7 * 5 * (- 1) = - 35 ;
DC
= \\AB
\\ \\DC
\\ cos (AB
W, DC
)
11.7. AB.
= 7 * 5 * 1 = 35 ;
w
AD
= 0 porque AB
Y AD
.
11.8. AB.
-5
= [u + (-
12.1. (u -
v ).w
v )].w
Pg. 95
+ (-
= u.w
v ).w
+ (-
) = u.w
-
.
= u.w
v.w
v.w
12.2. \\u +
v \\2 = (u +
v ).(u +
v)
= u.u + u.
v+
v.u +
v.
v
= \\
u|\2 + \\
v|\2 + 2u.
v.
13. (u +
v ).(u -
v ) = u.u - u.
v+
v.u -
v.
v
v|\2
= \\
u|\2 - \\
u +
v e u -
v so ortogonais
(u.
v ).(u -
v) = 0
\\
u|\2 - \\
v |\2 = 0
v |\2
\\
u|\2 = \\
\\
u|\ = \\
v|\ .
\\
u|\ 0 e \\
v |\ 0
M
15.2. \\
u|\ = 4
+ 25 = 29
;
;
\\
v|\ = 9
+ 4 = 13
|\ = 4
\\w
+ 25 = 29
15.3. u.
v = (- 2 , 5).(3 , 2) = - 6 + 10 = 4;
v.
w = (3 , 2).(2 , - 5) = 6 - 10 = - 4 ;
u.
w = (- 2 , 5).(2 , - 5) = - 4 - 25 = - 29;
4
4
15.4. a) cos (u W,
v ) = =
29
* 13
(u , v ) ) (78,11) ;
377
-4
4
b) cos (
v W,
w) = = -
13
* 29
W
(
v ,
w) ) (101,89) ;
377
- 29
c) cos (u W,
w) = = - 1
29
* 29
(u W,
w) ) 180 .
27
(x - 1 , y - 2).(- 6 , - 2) = 0
16. A 1 (3 , 4) ; B 1 (- 2 , 1) e
C 1 (- 4 , - 2) ;
- 6 (x - 1) - 2 (y - 2) = 0
= B - A = (- 5 , - 3) ; BC
= C - B = (- 2 , - 3)
16.1. AB
= C - A = (- 7 , - 6) ; BA
= - AB
= (5 , 3) ;
AC
- 6x + 6 - 2y + 4 = 0
3x + y - 5 = 0 ;
= (- 5 , - 3).(- 2 , - 3) = 10 + 9 = 19 ;
a) AB.
BC
P (x, y)
= (- 7 , - 6).(5 , 3)
b)
AC.
BA
= - 35 - 18 = - 53 ;
AB.BC
W, BC
) =
16.2. cos (AB
|.||BC|
|
||AB|
19
19
= =
25
+ 9 4
+9
442
W, BC
) ) 25,35 .
(AB
BP
= 0
b) AP.
(x - 4 , y - 3).(x + 2 , y - 1) = 0
17. u = (4 , 2)
17.1. Por exemplo:
a = (2 , 4) ,
b = (- 2 , 4) e
c = (4 , - 8) ;
(x - 4) (x + 2) + (y - 3) (y - 1) = 0
x2 + 2x - 4x - 8 + y2 - y - 3y + 3 = 0
x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y - 5 = 0 ;
17.2. Seja
n = (a , b) e
nY
u
nY
u (a , b).(4 , 2) = 0
4a + 2b = 0 2a + b = 0 b = - 2a
P (x, y)
A
(4, 3)
B
(-2, 1)
Pg. 99
AB
= 0
c) BP.
(x + 2 , y - 1).(- 6, - 2) = 0
- 6x - 12 - 2y + 2 = 0
3x + y + 5 = 0 .
x = 325
- s
300
co)
(50
x ) 11,50 cm
cm
10
B (-2, 1)
50
A
15 cm
B
P (x, y)
21. A 1 (1 , 0) ; B 1 (- 1 , 4)
21.1. Ponto mdio de [AB] : M 1 (0 , 2)
= (- 2 , 4)
AB
= B - A = (- 6 , - 2)
20.1. AB
AB
= 0
MP.
(- 6 , - 2) ;
28
P (x, y)
(x , y - 2).(- 2 , 4) = 0
- 2x + 4y - 8 = 0 A
x - 2y + 4 = 0 ;
B
M (0, 2)
Geometria II
21.2.
P (x, y)
C (3, -4)
B (-1, 4)
1
3
1
3
1
3
i-
j+
k ) ; a= , - ,
24. a= (
1
1
1
b = (
j+
k) ;
b= 0, ,
2
2
2
c = (- 2
i-
j+
k) ;
6
[CB] um dimetro da circunferncia sendo
= (1 , 0) + (2 , - 4) = (3 , - 4)
C = A + BA
BP
= 0
CP.
(x - 3 , y + 4).(x + 1 , y - 4) = 0
2
1
1
c= - , - ,
6
6
6
(x - 1)2 + y2 = 20 x2 + y2 - 2x - 19 = 0 ;
21.3.
1
1
=0- + =0
6 6
ou circunferncia de centro A 1 (1 , 0)
\\ = 4
e raio \\AB
+ 16 = 20
1
1
1
1
1
a.b = , - , . 0 , ,
3
3 3
2 2
x + y - 2x - 19 = 0
2
a.
b=0
aY
b.
1
1
1
2
1
1
a.c = , - , . - , - ,
3 3 3
6 6 6
P (x, y)
2
1
1
=- + + =0
18
18
18
a.
c=0
aY
c.
A (1, 0)
B (-1, 4)
AB
= 0 (x - 1 , y).(- 2 , 4) = 0
AP.
- 2x + 2 + 4y = 0 x - 2y - 1 = 0 ;
21.4.
2
1
1
1
1
c.
b = - , - , . 0, ,
6
6 6
2 2
1
1
=0- + =0
2
2
c.
b=0
cY
b.
1.1. D
Pg. 106
s
O
P (x, y)
5 cm
BC
= 0 porque AB
Y BC
;
AB.
r
O (0, 0)
Recta s :
AB
= 0 (x , y).(- 2 , 4) = 0
OP.
- 2x + 4y = 0 x - 2y = 0 .
22. a= (- 1 , 0 , 2) ;
b = (- 3 , 5, 4) Pg. 103
(- 1 , 0 , 2).(- 3 , 5 , 4)
cos (
a W,
b ) =
1
+ 0 +
4 9
+ 25
+ 16
11
3+8
= =
250
5 50
(
a W,
b ) ) (45,92) .
a = (- 1 , 0 , 2) ; \\
a|\= 5
23.
Por exemplo:
b = (2 , 0 , 1)
a.
b = 0 e \\
b \\= 5 .
DC
= \\AB
\\ \\DC
\\ cos (AB
W, DC
)
1.2. AB.
= 5 * 5 * cos 0 = 25 ;
2
\\= \\AC
\\= 5
1.3. \\BD
+ 52 = 5 2
BD
= \\AB
\\ \\BD
\\ cos (AB
W, BD
)
AB.
= 5 * 5 2
* cos (90 + 45)
2
= 25 2
* -
2
= - 25 ;
DC
= \\AO
\\ \\DC
\\ cos (AO
W, DC
)
1.4. AO.
5 2
= * 5 * cos (45)
2
2
25 2
= *
2
2
= 12,5 .
29
2.1.
Seja
u tal que
u = k
b e \\
u||= 5
u = k (3 , 1) = (3k , k)
60
2
\\
u||= 5 9k
+ k2 = 5
10k
2 = 5 \k|10
=5
5 10
5
|k|= k =
10
10
BC
= \\AB
\\ \\BC
\\ cos (AB
W, BC
)
AB.
1
= 1 * 1 * cos 60 = ;
2
AO
= \\OF
\\ \\AO
\\ cos (OF
W, AO
)
2.2. OF.
1
= 1 * 1 * cos 120 = - ;
2
OC
= \\AO
\\ \\OC
\\ cos (AO
W, OC
)
2.3. AO.
1
= 1 * 1 * cos 60 = .
2
10
k=
2
10
10
3 10
Para k = tem-se u = , ,
2
2
2
por exemplo.
8.
a = (4 , 6) - (1 , 4) = (3 , 2)
b = (3 , 2) - (7 , - 2) = (- 4 , 4)
a.
b
(3 , 2).(- 4 , 4)
cos (a W, b) =
=
||
a||||
b||
9
+ 4 16
6
+ 1
- 12 + 8
-4
-1
= = =
13
32
13
* 4 2
26
3. a = (1 , 0 , 3) ,
b = (2 , - 5 , 0) ,
c = (0 , 1 , - 3)
3.1.
a.
b = (1 , 0 , 3).(2 , - 5 , 0) = 2 + 0 + 0 = 2 ;
3.2.
a.
c = (1 , 0 , 3).(0 , 1 , - 3) = 0 + 0 - 9 = - 9 ;
-1
(
a W,
b ) = cos- 1 ) 101,31 .
26
(101,31)
4. u = (1 , 1 , 3) ,
v = (0 , 2 , 1)
u.
v=0+2+3=5;
\\
u|\ = 1
+ 1 +
9 = 11
;
1 = 5 ;
\\
v|\ = 0
+ 4 +
(2 c. d.) .
9.
u = (1 , 3) e
v = (- 5 , 6)
9.1.
u.
v = (1 , 3).(- 5 , 6) = - 5 + 18 = 13 ;
u.
v
13
9.2. cos (u W,
v ) =
=
||
u||||
v||
4.1. - 2u.
v = - 2 * 5 = - 10 ;
4.3. (u - 2
v ).(u + 2
v ) = \\
u|\2 - 4 \\
v|\2
= 11 - 4 * 5 = - 9 ;
1
+ 9 25
6
+ 3
13
=
610
4.2. (u -
v ).(
v + u) = u
v + u.u -
v.
v-
v.u
= \\
u|\2 - \\
v|\2 = 11 - 5 = 6 ;
13
(
u W,
v ) = cos- 1 ) (58,24) .
610
4.4. O.(
v + 10u) - u.(3
v ) = O - 3u.
v = - 3 * 5 = - 15 .
= (4 , 4) ;
= (4 , - 1) ;
= (0 , - 5)
UL
UA
LA
5.1. 3
u.(4u + 6
v ) = 12u.u + 18u.
v
UA
UL.
W, UA
) =
cos (UL
|
||UL||||UA|
= 12 * \\
u|\2 + 18 * (- 1)
= 12 * 9 - 18 = 90 ;
5.2. (3u +
v ).(5
u-
v ) = 15
u.u- 3
u.
v + 5
v.
u-
v.
v
v - \\
v|\2
= 15 \\
u|\2 + 2u.
= 15 * 4 + 2 * 0 - 1 = 59 .
1
6. \\
u||= 3 ; \\
v ||= 1 , cos (
u W,
v ) = .
3
(k
u + 2
v) Y
u (k
u + 2
v ).
u=0
k
u.
u + 2
v.
u=0
u|| \\
v ||cos (
u W,
v) = 0
k \\
u||2 + 2 \\
1
9k + 2 * 1 * 3 * = 0 9k + 2 = 0
3
2
k = - .
9
7. Seja
a = (1 , - 3) . Por exemplo, o vector
b = (3 , 1) perpendicular a
a.
30
(4 , 4).(4 , - 1)
16 - 4
=
=
16
6
+ 1 * 16
+1
32
17
12
=
544
(UL
12
) = cos- 1
W, UA
) 59
544
LU.
LA
W, LA
) =
cos (LU
|||
|
||LU|
LA|
2
(- 4 , 4).(0 , - 5)
20
=
= =
2
.
4
2
*
5
16
6
+ 1 5
(LU
) = 45
W, LA
W, AL
) ) 180 - 59 - 45 = 76
(AU
UW ) 59 ; LW = 45 ; AW ) 76 .
Geometria II
2
14. \\
u+
v || = (
u+
v ).(
u+
v)
11. \\
u||= 5 ; \\
v ||= 1 ; (
u W,
v ) = 45 ;
a=
u+
v ;
b=
u-
v
2
\\
u+
v || =
u.
u+
u.
v+
v.
u+
v.
v
a.
b
cos (
a W,
b ) =
||
a||||
b||
2
2
2
u|| + 2
u.
v + \\
v ||
\\
u+
v || = \\
2
2
2
Logo, 2
u.
v = \\
u+
v || - \\
u|| - \\
v ||
2
2
a.
b = (
u+
v ).(
u-
v ) = \\
u || - \\
v ||
=5-1=4
OE
= \\OC
\\ * \\OE
\\ cos (OC
W, OE
)
15.1. OC.
a.
a = (
u+
v)
u+
v)
\\
a|| =
.(
=
\\
u || +
2
u.
v
+ \\
v ||
= r * r cos (2 * 72)
=
5 + 2
5 - 1
cos 45
+ 1 =
6 + 10
\\
b|| =
b.
b =
(
u-
v)
u-
v) =
.(
\\
u || -
2
u.
v
+ \\
v || =
6 - 10
=
2
4
=
6 +
10 .
6 -
10
54
36
E
M
4
=
(6 +
) (6
10
- 1)
0
4
4
= =
36
0
- 1
26
L
C
r
72
108
A
4
(
a W,
b ) = cos- 1 ) (38,33) .
26
12.1. A
CD
= - CE
.CD
15.2. EC.
W, CD
)
\\ * \\CD
\\ cos (CE
= - \\CE
= 2 L cos (36) * L cos (36)
CM
= L cos (36) ; CE
= 2L cos (36)
= cos (36) ; CM
L
V5
a
15.3. EC = 12 cm
90 a
M
6
12 = 2L cos (36) L =
cos (36)
\\ = 6 cm ) 7,42 cm ;
\\ED
cos (36)
= 5 4 (MI) = 5
1
M
I2 + M
I
2
= \\
\\ cos (
)
15.3.2.
EC.
ED
EC\\ * \\
ED
EC W, ED
MI 2 > 0
M
I2 = 4 M
I = 2 ;
6
= 12 * * cos (36)
cos (36)
= 72 ;
= MI
+ IP
= MI
+ 1 MA
12.2. MP
2
- 1 AM
;
= MI
2
IP
W, MP
) =
12.3. cos a = sin (90 - a) = sin (MI
5
1
5
= = ;
5
5
= -
) =
15.3.3.
EC.
DC
CE. (- CD
CE. CD
\\ cos (
)
= \\
CE\\ * \\
CD
CE W,
CD
6
= 12 * * cos (36)
cos (36)
= 72 .
.MP
= - MA
.MP
= - \\MA
\\ * \\MP
\\cos a
12.4. AM
5
= - 2 * 5
* = - 2
5
Pg. 108
B 1 (- 2 , 1) ; P (x , y)
.BC
+ BC
.
+ CA
.AB
13. AB
CA
0-2 3+1
16.1. M 1
, = (- 1 , 2) ;
.BC
- CB
.
- AC
.AB
= - BA
CA
= - 1 * 1 * cos 60 - 1 * 1 *
* cos 60 - 1 * 1 * cos 60
3
= - .
2
A
16. A 1 (0 , 3) ;
60
AB
= 0 (x + 1 , y - 2).(- 2 , 2) = 0
MP.
- 2x - 2 - 2y + 4 = 0
60 60
1
x+y-1=0 y=-x+1;
31
220
vx
15
0
5=5; AC;
A (1,
, 1)
vy
y)
vx
= cos (220) vx = 150 cos (220)
150
vy
= sin (220) vy = 150 sin (220)
150
2)
) (- 114,91 ; - 96,42) .
21. A 1 (2 , 2 , 3) ;
BP
= 0 define a superfcie esfrica de di21.1. AP.
Pg. 109
B 1 (0 , - 2 , 1) ; P (x , y , z)
metro [AB]
(x - 2 , y - 2 , z - 3).(x , y + 2 , z - 1) = 0
x2 - 2x + y2 - 4 + z2 - z - 3z + 3 = 0
x2 + y2 + z2 - 2x - 4z - 1 = 0
2
+ a2 = 2
a ;
FC = a
21.2. M 1 (1 , 0 , 2)
2
FD = a
+ a2
+ a2 = 3
a
.AB
= 0 define o plano mediador de [AB] .
MP
FD.FG
W, FG
) =
18.1. cos (FD
|||
|
||FD|
FG|
(x - 1 , y , z - 2).(- 2 , 4 , - 2) = 0
- 2x + 2 - 4y - 2z + 4 = 0
.FG
+ FG
.GD
= FG
FG
Y GD
2
\\ + 0
M
= \\FG
x + 2y + z - 3 = 0
Plano mediador de [AB] : x + 2y + z - 3 = 0 .
=a
W,
(FD
1
) = cos- 1
FG
) (54,74) ;
3
FD.FC
W, FC
) =
18.2. cos (FD
|||
|
||FD|
FC|
).
FD.
FC = (
FC+
CD
FC
.
=
FC.
FC +
CD
FC
CD
Y
FC
\\2 + 0 = (2
= \\FC
a)2 = 2a2 M
2a2
2
W, FC
) =
cos (FD
=
3a.2a
6
W,
(FD
32
2
) = cos- 1
FC
) (35,26) .
6
22.
vy
20
a2
1
W, FG
) =
cos (FD
=
3
3a.a
52
vx
vx
= cos (52) vx = 20 cos (52)
20
vy
= sin (52) vy = 20 sin (52)
20
Geometria II
23.
BD : m = - 1 ; B 1 (5 , 3)
y - 3 = - 1 (x - 5) y = - x + 5 + 3
y=-x+8
FD : m = 0 ; F 1 (- 5 , 6)
y=6
30
30
|= 60 * 9,8 = 588 N
||P|
|
||F'|
= sin 30
|
||P|
EG : m = 0 ;
y=2.
E 1 (- 5 , 2)
2.1. P 1 (- 1 , 2) ; m = - 1
2
1
1
1
y - 2 = - (x + 1) y = - x - + 2
2
2
2
1
3
y = - x + ;
2
2
|=||P|
|sin 30
||F'|
|= 588 * 1
||F'|
2
|= 294 N
||F'|
2.2. P 1 0 , - 1 ; m = - 2
3
1
1
y + = - 2 (x - 0) y = - 2x - .
3
3
24.
u = (5 , 2) ;
v = (4 , 5)
3. m = - 3 ; A 1 (- 1 , 0)
24.1.
u+
v = (9 , 7) =
r
9
) 11,40 ;
\\
u+
v ||= 81
+ 4 = 130
r.i
24.2. cos (
r W,
i ) =
\\
r || * \\
i||
(9 , 7).(1 , 0)
9
=
=
81
9
+ 4 * 1
130
-1
9
(
r W,
i ) = cos- 1 ) 38 .
130
y = -3x - 3
y - 0 = - 3 (x + 1) y = - 3x - 3
1.1. A 1 (4 , 1) ; B 1 (5 , 3) ;
C 1 (2 , 3) ;
Pg. 115
D 1 (2 , 6) ;
E 1 (- 5 , 2) ;
F 1 (- 5 , 6) ;
G 1 (- 2 , 2) ;
3-1
1.2. a) mAB =
=2;
5-4
3-1
b) mAC = = 2 = - 1 ;
2-4 -2
6-3
3
c) mBD =
= = - 1 ;
2-5 -3
6-6
d) mFD =
=0;
-5-2
e) No est definido;
2-2
f) mEG =
=0;
-2+5
1.3. AB : m = 2 ; A 1 (4 , 1)
y - 1 = 2 (x - 4) y = 2x - 8 + 1
y = 2x - 7
AC : m = - 1 ; A 1 (4 , 1)
y - 1 = - 1 (x - 4) y = - x + 4 + 1
y=-x+5
M11FNAGP - 3
-3
4.1. A 1 (- 1 , 0) ; B 1 (- 3 , 0) ;
0-0
m = = 0 ; y = 0 ;
-3+1
4.2. A 1 0 , 1 ; B 1 (- 5 , 3) ;
2
1
3 -
2
1
m = = -
-5-0
2
1
1
1
1
y - = - (x - 0) y = - x + ;
2
2
2
2
4.3. A 1 (- 1 , 0) ; B 1 (- 2 , - 5) ;
-5-0
m = = 5
-2+1
y - 0 = 5 (x + 1) y = 5x + 5 .
5. a : Recta vertical x = 3 ;
b : Recta vertical x = - 4 ;
c : (0 , 0) ; (1 , 1) ; m = 1 ; y = x ;
d : (0 , 0) ; (- 4 , 4) ; m = - 1 ; y = - x ;
e : (- 4 , 4) ; (3 , 4) ; m = 0 ; y = 4 ;
f : Recta horizontal y = - 1 .
33
8.2. r : y = 2x + 1 ; s = - 3x
g : (- 4 , 4) ; (- 6 , 2) ;
-2
2-4
m = = = 1
-6+4 -2
r = (1 , 2) ;
s = (1 , - 3)
y - 4 = 1 (x + 4) y = x + 8
h : (3 , 4) ; (5 , 3) ;
3-4
1
m = = -
5-3
2
1
1
3
y - 4 = - (x - 3) y = - x + + 4
2
2
2
1
11
y = - x + .
2
2
6.1. A 1 (- 1 , 2) ;
Pg. 116
v = (3 , - 1)
5
2
= = a = 45 ;
2
5 2
8.3. r : x + y - 1 = 0 ; s : y = x + 2
r = (1 , - 1) ;
8.4. r : y = 2x + 3 ; s : y = 2x - 3
Vectorial:
(x , y) = (- 1 , 2) + k (3 , - 1) , k R ;
1
Reduzida: m = - ;
3
1
1
5
y - 2 = - (x + 1) y = - x + ;
3
3
3
6.2. A 1 (- 2 , 0) ;
v = - 1 ,
2
Vectorial:
1
(x , y) = (- 2 , 0) + k - 1 , , k R ;
2
1
Reduzida: m = - ;
2
1
1
y - 0 = - (x + 2) y = - x - 1 .
2
2
r // s ; (r W, s) = 0 .
9. A 1 (4 , 1) ; B 1 (0 , 2) ; C 1 (- 2 , - 2)
= (- 2 , - 4) ; BA
= (4 , - 1) ; CA
= (6 , 3)
BC
(- 2 , - 4).(4 , - 1)
W, BA
) =
cos (BC
4
+ 16 * 16
+1
-8+4
-4
= =
20
17
340
W, BA
) ) (102,529)
(BC
(2 , 4).(6 , 3)
W,
) =
CA
cos (CB
20
36
+9
12 + 12
24 4
= = =
30 5
20
45
7. A 1 (2 , 4) ; B 1 (- 1 , 2)
= B - A = (- 3 , - 2) ;
7.1. AB
W,
) ) (36,870)
(CB
CA
7.2. a) Vectorial:
(x , y) = (2 , 4) + k (- 3 , - 2) , k R ;
2
Reduzida: m = ;
3
2
2
8
y - 4 = (x - 2) y = x + ;
3
3
3
b) P 1 (1 , 0)
Vectorial:
(x , y) = (1 , 0) + k (- 3 , - 2) , k R ;
2
Reduzida: m = ;
3
2
2
2
y - 0 = (x - 1) y = x - .
3
3
3
8.1. r : (0 , 3) + k (1 , 3) , k R ;
Pg. 119
s : (x , y) = (- 1 , 5) + k (- 1 , 2) , k R
r = (1 , 3) ;
s = (- 1 , 2)
34
s = (1 , 1)
W,
(AC
10. r : y = x ;
r = (1 , 1)
s = (3 + 1 , - 3 + 1)
r.
s = (3 + 1) + (- 3 + 1) = 2
s:
\\
r||= 2
\\
s ||= (
3 + 1)
+ (- 3
+ 1) =
2
=
3 + 1 +
2 3
+3+
1 - 2 3
= 2 2
|
r.
s|
2
1
cos a =
= =
2
2 * 2 2
||
r ||||
s||
a = 60 .
11.1. a : y = - 3x + 1
Pg. 120
11.2. b : y = 2x + 1
2
a = tan- 1 (2) ) 63,43 ;
Geometria II
11.3. c : x + 2y - 2 = 0 2y = - x + 2
a = tan- 1
1
y = - x + 1
2
1
- + 180 ) 153,43 ;
2
11.4. d : y = - 2x
a = tan- 1 (- 2) + 180 ) 116,57 ;
11.5. e : y = - 50
a = tan- 1 (0) = 0 ;
11.6. f : x = 1800
O declive no est definido; a = 90 .
16. A 1 (- 1 , 3)
Pg. 125
3
2
2
5
3
y = x - ; m = -
3
3
2
3
3
3
y - 3 = - (x + 1) y = - x + ;
2
2
2
16.3. x = 100 ; y = 3 ;
16.4. y = - 5 ; x = - 1 ;
12. A 1 (- 1 , 5)
y - 5 = 3 (x + 1) y = 3
x + 3 + 5
5
2
5
2
2y = - 5x - 4 y = - x - 2 ; m =
2
5
2
2
17
y - 3 = (x + 1) y = x + .
5
5
5
17. A 1 (6 , 2) ; B 1 (- 3 , - 1) ;
C 1 (0 , 7) .
y - 5 = 1 (x + 1) y = x + 6 ;
= B - A = (- 3 - 6 , - 1 - 2) = (- 9 , - 3) ;
17.1. a) AB
= C - B = (0 , 7) - (- 3 , - 1) = (3 , 8) ;
b) BC
y - 5 = 0,27 (x + 1)
y = 0,27x + 5,27
y-3
16.6. - x =
+ 1 - 5x = 2y - 6 + 10
y = 3x + 3 + 5 ;
y = 1,56x + 6,56
3
3
3
3
9
y - 3 = (x + 1) y = x + ;
2
2
2
= C - A = (0 , 7) - (6 , 2) = (- 6 , 5) ;
c) AC
(2 c. d.)
13.1. - 1 ;
Pg. 124
13.2. 1 ;
2
.AB
= 0
MP
3
1
x - , y - .(- 9 , - 3) = 0
2
2
27
3
- 9x + - 3y + = 0
2
2
3x + y - 5 = 0 ;
2
13.3. 1 ;
5
13.4. - 2 ;
2
13.5. -
;
2
-1
13.6. =
3 - 1
- 1 (3 + 1)
(3 - 1) (3 + 1)
- 3 - 1
3
1
= = - - ;
3-1
2
2
-1
2 - 3
13.7. =
- 1 (2 + 3)
(2 - 3) (2 + 3)
- 2 - 3
= = 2 + 3 .
2-3
2
1
y = x - 2 (por exemplo).
2
15. A 1 (1 , 5) ; m = 2
y - 5 = 2 (x - 1) y = 2x + 3 .
. BC
= 0
MP
3
x + , y - 3 .(3 , 8) = 0
2
9
3x + + 8y - 24 = 0
2
39
3x + 8y - = 0
2
6x + 16y - 39 = 0 ;
. AC
= 0
MP
x - 3 , y - 2.(- 6 , 5) = 0
9
45
- 6x + 18 + 5y - = 0
2
9
6x - 5y + = 0
2
12x - 10y + 9 = 0 ;
35
17.4. A 1 (6 , 2)
= (3 , 8) ; m = 8
BC
3
8
8
y - 2 = (x - 6) y = x - 14 .
3
3
B 1 (a , b)
a b
M 1 ,
2 2
= (a , b)
AB
a b = - 2 a + 6
aM R
d
2
b2
b
r=0
d
cAB.
c a - 2b = 0
a b = - 2b + 6
a 5b = 12
d
b
b2
d
c a = 2b
c a = 2b
a b = 12
d
5
24 , 12
; B1
b
2
5
5
d a = 4
c
5
21.2. A 1 (4 , 6)
18. r : y = - 2x + 1
5
k
s : kx + 3y = 5 y = - x + ;
3
3
18.1. - k = - 2 k = 6 ;
3
18.2. - k = 1 - k = 3 k = - 3 .
2
2
3 2
= (5 , - 3) ; AP
= (x - 4 , y)
19. CA
B 1 (a , b)
a+4 b+6
M 1 ,
2
2
= (a - 4 , b - 6)
AB
b+6
a+4
a
aM R
d = - 2 2 + 6
b 2
b
r=0
d
c AB.
c (a - 4 , b - 6).(1 , - 2) = 0
a b + 6 = - 2a - 8 + 12
b
c a - 4 - 2b + 12 = 0
C
(-1, 3)
A (4, 0)
P (x, y)
CA
AP
. = 0 (x - 4 , y).(5 , - 3) = 0
5x - 20 - 3y = 0
3y = 5x - 20
5
20
y = x - .
3
3
20. A 1 (1 , 3) ; r perpendicular a
v = (- 1 , 2) ;
1
1
1
5
m = ; y - 3 = (x - 1) y = x + .
2
2
2
2
21. r : y = - 2x + 6 ;
r = (1 , - 2)
21.1.
A 1 (0 , 0)
a b = - 2a - 2
b
c a - 2 (- 2a - 2) + 8 = 0
14
ab =
d
5
12 , 14 ;
; B1 -
b
12
5
5
da = -
c
5
21.3. A 1 (1 , 2)
B 1 (a , b)
a+1 b+2
M 1 ,
2
2
= (a - 1 , b - 2)
AB
b+2
a+1
a
aM R
d 2 = - 2 2 + 6
b
b
r=0
d
cAB.
c (a - 1 , b - 2).(1 , - 2) = 0
a b + 2 = - 2a - 2 + 12
b
c a - 1 - 2b + 4 = 0
a b = - 2a + 8
b
c a - 2 (- 2a + 8) + 3 = 0
36
14
ab =
d
5
13 , 14 .
; B1
b
13
5
5
da =
c
5
Geometria II
a x - 3y = 1
Pg. 128
22.1. b
ay = - x + 1
ay = 0
b
b
cx - 1 = y
cx - 1 = - x + 1
cx = 1
c 2x - 5 = 5
22.4. b
a y = 4
a 5 - 3y = 1
d
3
b
b
d
cx = 5
x
=
5
c
y
1
1 x- 3
y= 3
y=x-1
4
3
1
0
y = -x + 1
-1
x=5
Sistema possvel e determinado.
Soluo: (1 , 0) ;
a y = 2 x - 5
a 2x - 3y = 5
d
3
3
22.2. b
b
c 3x + 2y = 1
d y = - 3 x + 1
2
2
c
a- x = y + 1
ay = - x - 1
b
cx + y = - 1
cy = - x - 1
22.5. b
5
- 3
2 x
y= 3
y
1
-1 0
-1
y = -x - 1
Sistema indeterminado.
As rectas so coincidentes;
-1
y-1
ax -
=-1
a 2x - y + 1 = - 2
d
2
b
22.6. b
x-y
c- 6 - x + y = 0
d- 2 -
=0
3
c
-4
y=-3 x+ 1
2
2
a y = 2x + 3
a x + 6 = 2x + 3
ax = 3
b
b
b
cy = x + 6
cy = x + 6
cy = 9
Soluo: (1 , - 1) ;
ax - y = 0
22.3. b
c 2x - 2y = 2
ay = x
ay = x
b
b
y
=
x
1
c
c0 = - 1
9
6
-1
y=x+6
0
-1
y = 2x + 3
Sistema possvel e determinado.
Soluo: (3 , 9) .
Sistema impossvel.
37
9 9
Q 1 ,
2 2
2. r : x + 7y = 36 ;
ay = x
23.1. b
cy = x + 1
ax + y = 1
2
4 * 9 = 36 36 = 36 ;
23.2. b
c 2x + 2y = 2
a y = 2x + 1
23.3. b
quadrado.
ay = - x + 2
23.4. b
cy = x + 2
Ento x2 + x2 = 52 2x2 = 25
25
5
x 2 = x = .
2
2
cy = x + 2
24.1. P 1 (1 , 3)
Pg. 131
y
D
r : y = - 2x + 5 2x + y - 5 = 0
|2 * 1 + 3 - 5|
d (P , r) =
=0;
2
2
+1
A
P pertence recta;
24.2. P (0 , 1) um ponto de r : y = - 3x + 1
9
2
|3 * 0 + 1 - 5|
d (P , s) =
2
3
+1
s : y = - 3x + 5 3x + y - 5 = 0
5
2 10
4
4 10
= = = ;
10
5
10
B
0
9
2
24.3. A 1 (4 , 1) ; B 1 (1 , - 2) ;
C 1 (- 3 , 2)
r = (7 , - 1) um vector director de r .
5
colinear com r e \\QC|\=
Ento QC
.
2
= k (7 , - 1) , k R
QC
A
h
= (7k , - k)
QC
B
= C - A = (- 7 , 1)
AC
Recta AC
1
y - 1 = - (x - 4)
7
7y - 7 = - x + 4 x + 7y - 11 = 0
|1 - 14 - 11|
24
h = d (B , AC) = =
1
+ 49
50
24
49
+ 1 *
|.h
||AC|
50
A = = = 12 u. a.
2
2
1. (A) 0 a 90 ;
Pg. 134
5
5
2
\\QC|\=
+
(- k)2 =
(7k)
2
2
5
5
2
50k
= \k| 5 * 2 =
2
2
5
1
1
k = * \k|=
2
2 5
2
1
1
k = - k =
2
2
= 7 , - 1 , - QC
= QA
= - 7 , 1 .
Logo, QC
2
2
2 2
As diagonais de um quadrado so perpendicula e QD
so ortores e bissectam-se. Ento, QB
Geometria II
A 1 (1 , 5) ;
B 1 (4 , 1) ;
C 1 (8 , 4) ;
D 1 (5 , 8) .
3.1. u 1 (6 , 4) ;
A 1 (8 , 6)
3
3
y - 6 = (x - 8) y = x - 6 ;
2
2
Pg. 135
3
3.7. w
= (- 5 , 3) ; m = -
5
3
y = - x 5y = - 3x 3x + 5y = 0
5
A 1 (8 , 6)
v 1 (6 , 4);
w
1 (- 5 , 3) ;
|3 * 8 + 5 * 6|
24 + 30
54
d = = =
9
+ 25
34
34
3.2. \\
w|\= 25
+ 9 = 34
1
34
a= w
= (- 5 , 3)
34
34
- 534
334
= , , por exemplo.
34
34
54 34
27
34
= = ) 9,26 ;
34
17
4 2
=
3.8. Recta OE : QE
u = (6 , 4) ; m = =
6 3
2
y = x 3y = 2x 2x - 3y = 0 ;
3
C 1 (2 , 6)
u.w
3.3. cos (
u W, w
) =
||
u|| ||
w||
(6 , 4).(- 5 , 3)
=
+9
36
6
+ 1 25
|2 * 2 - 3 * 6|
d (CD , OE) = d (C , OE) =
4
+9
14
14
13
= = ) 3,88 ;
13
13
- 30 + 12
- 18
= =
1768
52
34
- 18
(
u W, w
) = cos- 1 ) (115,35) ;
1768
3.9.
3.4.1. A 1 (8 , 6) ;
4 2
u = (6 , 4) ; m = =
6 3
2
r : y - 6 = (x - 8) 3y - 18 = 2x - 16
3
2x - 3y + 2 = 0
B 1 (- 5 , 3) ;
3
w
= (- 5 , 3) ; m = -
5
3
s : - 3 = - (x + 5) 5y - 15 = - 3x - 15
5
3x + 5y = 0
O
E = \\
O
u|\= 36
6
+ 1 = 52
= 2 13
14
13
h = d (C , OE) =
13
14
13
2 13
*
13
A = = 14 u. a.
2
r : 2x - 3y + 2 = 0 ; s : 3x + 5y = 0 ;
|u w
|
.
3.4.2. cos a =
=
||
u|| ||
w||
18
1768
18
a = cos- 1 ) (64,65) ;
1768
3
3.5. A 1 (8 , 6)
2
3.6. p : 2x + 3y - 5 = 0 ;
u = (2 , 3) Y
p;
no espao
BOF : y = 0 ;
Pg. 138
ABO : z = 0 ;
ax = 3
ay = 0
ax = 0
; BO : b
; OC : b
;
cz = 0
cz = 0
cz = 0
1.2. AB : b
ay = - 3
ax = 3
ax = 3
CA : b
; AD : b
; BE : b
;
z
=
0
y
=
3
c
c
cy = 0
ax = 0
ax = 0
ax = 3
OF : b
; CG : b
; DE : b
;
cy = 0
cy = - 3
cz = 5
3.5.1. a = rad , t : x = 8 ;
t : y - 6 = - 2,19 (x - 8)
y = - 2,19x + 23,52
(2 c. d.) ;
ay = 0
ax = 0
ay = - 3
EF : b
; FG : b
; GD : b
.
z
=
5
z
=
5
c
c
cz = 5
2.1. A 1 (- 3 , 1 , 0) ;
Pg. 141
u = (- 1 , 1 , 2)
x+3 y-1 z
z
= = - x - 3 = y - 1 = ;
-1
1
2
2
39
2.2. A 1 (0 , 1 , 5) ;
u = (0 , 1 , 6)
ax = 0
ax = 0
z-5 ;
by-1 x-5 b
c 1 = 6
c y - 1 = 6
2.3. A 1 (- 2 , - 1 , 0) ;
ax = - 3
BC : b
;
cz = 0
ay = - 3
ax = 3
CD : b
; DA : b
.
cz = 0
cz = 0
5.3. V 1 (0 , 0 , 8)
u = (2 , 0 , - 1)
x+2
z
a
=
-1
b 2
cy = - 1
ay = 3
AB : b
;
cz = 0
x+2
a
=-z
b 2
cy = - 1
= (3 , 3 , - 8)
VA
= (3 , - 3 , 8)
BV
= (3 , 3, 8) ;
CV
= (3 , - 3 , - 8)
VD
x-1 y-1
x-1 y-1 z-0
3.1.
= = z = =
2
3
2
3
1
A 1 (1 , 1 , 0) e u= (2 , 3 , 1) (p. e.) ;
x+3 y-1 z
3.2.
= =
-1
2
5
A 1 (- 3 , 1 , 0) e u= (- 1 , 2 , 5) (p. e.) ;
4 + 2x 1 - y z
x+2 y-1 z
3.3.
= = = =
6
2
3
-2
1
1
A 1 (- 2 , 1 , 0) e u= (3 , - 2 , 1) (p. e.) ;
4 + 2x 6 - 2y
3.4.
= = z + 5
3
x-1 y-2
s : = = z - 3 ;
2
3
ax = 0
r: b
;
cz = 2
ax = 0
s: b
; s=r;
cz = 2
ax = 0
4.3. A 1 (- 1 , 1 , 1) ; r : db
z-1 ;
d y - 2 =
3
c
r = (0 , 1 , 3) ;
ax = - 1
d
s: b
z-1 .
d y - 1 =
3
c
6. A 1 (2 , 0 , 0) ;
Pg. 142
B 1 (2 , 1 , 0) ;
C 1 (0 , 1 , 0) ;
E 1 (2 , 0 , 3) ;
F 1 (2 , 1 , 3) ;
G 1 (0 , 1 , 3) ;
H 1 (0 , 0 , 3)
= (0 , 1 , 0) ;
6.2. HG
= (0 , 1 , 0)
AB
= AB
(HG W, AB) = 0 ;
HG
= (- 2 , 1 , 3) ;
6.3. AG
= (2 , 0 , 0)
HE
.HE|
|- 4|
|AG
cos a = =
4
+
1 +
9 * 4
*
||AG|| ||HE||
2
4
= =
14
*2
14
2
a = cos- 1 ) (57,69) ;
14
= (- 2 , 1 , - 3) ;
6.4. EC
= (2 , 1 , 0)
HF
1
1
V = Ab * h 96 = * 62 * h h = 8
3
3
Logo, V 1 (0 , 0 , 8) ;
.HF|
|EC
cos a =
| * ||HF|
|
||EC|
5.2. A 1 (3 , 3 , 0) ; B 1 (- 3 , 3 , 0) ;
C 1 (- 3 , - 3 , 0) ; D 1 (3 , - 3 , 0) ;
= DC
= (- 6 , 0 , 0) ;
AB
40
x
y
z-8
VD : = = .
3 -3
-8
.CB
= 0 (EF W, CB) = 90 ;
EF
r = (0 , 1 , 0) ;
x y z-8
CV : = = ;
3 3
8
= (2 , 0 , 0)
CB
4.2. A 1 (0 , - 1 , 2) ;
x
y
z-8
BV : = = ;
8
3 -3
= (0 , 1 , 0) ;
6.1. EF
x-1 y-2
4.1. A 1 (1 , 2 , 3) ; r :
= = z ;
r = (2 , 3 , 1) ;
x y z-8
VA : = = ;
-8
3 3
|- 4 + 1|
3
= =
4
+ 1 +
9 * 4
+1
70
3
a = cos- 1 ) (68,99) .
70
Geometria II
7.1. A 1 (2 , 0 , 0) ;
B 1 (0 , 2 , 0) ;
= (- 1 , - 1 , 5) ;
b) BV
Pg. 147
B 1 (2 , 2 , 0)
C 1 (- 2 , 0 , 0) ;
D 1 (0 , - 2 , 0) ;
x-2 y-2 z
z
BV : = = 2 - x = 2 - y = ;
-1
-1 5
5
E 1 (0 , 0 , - 2) ;
F 1 (0 , 0 , 2) ;
c) E 1 (1 , 1 , 0) ;
7.2. a) A 1 (2 , 0 , 0) ;
= (0 , 0 , - 5)
VE
ax = 1
VE : b
;
cy = 1
= (- 2 , 2 , 0)
AB
x-2 y
a =
2 2-x=y z=0
AB : b - 2
cz = 0
8.2. B 1 (2 , 2 , 0) ;
= (- 1 , - 1 , 5)
BV
b) B 1 (0 , 2 , 0) ;
- 1 (x - 2) - 1 (y - 2) + 5 (z - 0) = 0
- x - y + 5z + 4 = 0 x + y - 5z - 4 = 0 ;
= (0 , - 2 , 2)
BF
ax = 0
BF : b y - 2 z x = 0 2 - y = z
=
c
2
-2
= (0 , 2 , 0) ;
8.3. AB
= (- 1 , 1 , 5) ;
AV
= (- 2 , 2 , 0) ; F 1 (0 , 0 , 2)
7.3. AB
n = (a , b , c)
= 0
a n.AB
a 2b = 0
b
b
c n.AV = 0
c - a + b + 5c = 0
- 2 (x - 0) + 2 (y - 0) + 0 (z - 2) = 0
- 2x + 2y = 0 x - y = 0 ;
ab = 0
b
c a = 5c
n = (5c , 0 , c) ; para c = 1 , n = (5 , 0 , 1)
7.4. A 1 (2 , 0 , 0) ;
= (- 2 , 2 , 0) ;
AB
= (- 2 , 0 , 2)
AF
B 1 (2 , 2 , 0) um ponto da recta;
n = (5 , 0 , 1) um vector director
x-2 z
x-2
a
a
=
=z ;
1 b 5
b 5
cy = 2
cy = 2
Seja n = (a , b , c)
= 0
a n.AB
a - 2a + 2b = 0
ab = a
b
b
b
c n.AF = 0
c - 2a + 2c = 0
cc = a
n = (a , a , a)
Para a = 1 , n = (1 , 1 , 1)
ABF : 1 (x - 2) + y + z = 0 x + y + z - 2 = 0 ;
8.5.
V
V
= (0 , - 2 , 2) ; O 1 (0 , 0 , 0) ;
7.5. BF
0 (x - 0) - 2 (y - 0) + 2 (z - 0) = 0
- 2y + 2z = 0 y - z = 0 ;
7.6. A 1 (2 , 0 , 0) ;
= (- 2 , 0 , - 2) ;
FC
= (0 , - 4 , 0)
BD
Seja n = (a , b , c)
= 0
a n.FC
a - 2a - 2c = 0
aa = - c
b
b
b
c n.BD = 0
c - 4b = 0
cb = 0
n = (- c , 0 , c)
Para c = - 1 , n = (1 , 0 , - 1)
1 (x - 2) + 0 (y - 0) - 1 (z - 0) = 0 .
B M
M
V = 12 + 52 ; M
V = 26
B
A
*M
V
AL = 4 * AF = 4 * = 2 * 2 * 26
2
= 4 26
4 26
u. a.
9. A 1 (0 , 1 , 2) ; B 1 (- 1 , 0 , 3) ;
8.1. a) A 1 (2 , 0 , 0) ; B 1 (2 , 2 , 0) ;
C 1 (0 , 2 , 0) ; V 1 (1 , 1 , 5) ;
= (0 , 2 , 0) ;
AB
ax = 2
AB : b
cz = 0
A 1 (2 , 0 , 0)
C 1 (- 1 , 3 , 0) ;
D 1 (0 , 0 , 5)
= (0 , 3 , - 3)
9.1. BC
ax = 0
ax = 0
;
by-1 z-2 b
=
cy - 1 = 2 - z
c 3
-3
41
-z+2
ax =
y-1 z-2
3
y = =
-1
-3
cx = - y + 1
A 1 (0 , 1 , 2) ;
1 (x - 0) - 3 (y - 1) + 5 (z - 2) = 0
x - 3y + 5z - 7 = 0 ;
(x , y , z) = (0 , 1, 2) + k (1 , - 1 , - 3) , k R .
9.3. Seja n = (a , b , c) ;
= (0 , 3 , - 3) ;
BC
= (1 , - 3 , 5)
CD
b) ABE : x = 1 ; EBC : y = 1 ;
= 0
a n.BC
a 3b - 3c = 0
b
b
n
CD
=
0
.
c
c a - 3b + 5c = 0
c) ABE : x = 1 ; OBE : x - y = 0 ;
13.2. ABC : z = 0 ; u = (0 , 0, 1) normal a ABC .
ab = c
ab = c
b
b
c a - 3c + 5c = 0
c a = - 2c
n = (- 2c , c , c) ;
Plano BCD : B 1 (1 , 1 , 0) ;
C 1 (0 , 1 , 0) ;
para c = - 1 tem-se
= (- 1 , 0 , 0) ;
BC
n = (2 , - 1 , - 1)
= (0 , - 1 , 1)
BD
2 (x - 0) - (y - 1) - (z - 2) = 0
2x - y - z + 3 = 0 .
10. a : x - y + z = 1
= 0
a n.BC
a- a = 0
aa = 0
b
b
b
c n.BD = 0
c- b + c = 0
cb = c
Pg. 149
10.1. n = (1 , - 1 , 1) normal a a .
Para c = 1 , n = (0 , 1 , 1)
Logo n Y b , sendo b // a .
O 1 (0 , 0 , 0) b ;
|u.
n|
cos q =
||
u || ||
n ||
b : 1 (x - 0) - 1 (y - 0) + 1 (z - 0) = 0
b: x-y+z=0;
10.2. Seja
t = (a , b , c) um vector normal ao plano
pedido.
2
1
= =.
2
2
Logo (a , b , c).(1 , - 1 , 1) = 0
a-b+c=0 b=a+c.
Logo, q = 45 .
11.1. x = 0 ; x = 3 ; z = 0 ; z = 3 ;
Pg. 150
a : x + y - 2z - 1 = 0
R 1 (1 + l , 3 , 2l) , l R
- 3l + 3 = 0 l = 1
x-2 y-1
14.2. r :
= = 1 - z
2
3
a: x-y-z=0
= (- 3 , 3 , - 3)
DC
F 1 (0 , 3 , 3)
- 3 (x - 0) + 3 (y - 3) - (z - 3) = 0
- 3x + 3y - 3z x - y + z = 0 .
Pg. 152
cx + y = 1
a 2x - (1 - x) + z = 1
a 3x + z = 2
b
b
cy = 1 - x
cx = - y + 1
42
r : (x , y , z) = (1 , 3 , 0) + l (1 , 0 , 2) , l R
I 1 (2 , 3 , 2) ;
b) D 1 (3 , 0 , 3) ; C 1 (0 , 3 , 0)
a 2x - y + z = 1
Pg. 154
14.1.
R a (1 + l) + 3 - 2 (2l) - 1 = 0
11.2. a) y = 3 ;
12. b
D 1 (1 , 0 , 1)
r : (x , y , z) = (2 , 1 , 1) + l (2 , 3 , - 1) ,
lR
R 1 (2 + 2l , 1 + 3l , 1 - l) , l R
R a 2 + 2l - (1 + 3l) - (1 - l) = 0
0=0
A equao indeterminada. Logo, a recta est
contida no plano; r a = r .
Geometria II
15.1. A 1 (3 , 0 , 0) ; B 1 (0 , 0 , 4)
= (- 3 , 0 , 4) um vector director de AB .
AB
x = y x - y = 0 ; n = (1 , - 1 , 0)
normal ao plano.
.
|AB
n|
sin q =
| * ||
||AB|
n ||
b
a
3
=
5 2
17.3. a x + y = 2
@a
d
x
+
y
+
z
=
3
@b
b
d
@p
cz = - 1
3
q = sin- 1 ) 25,1 .
5 2
16. a : x + y + z + 3 = 0 ;
Pg. 155
b: x+y+z-1=0
A 1 (0 , 0 , - 3) a
|0 + 0 - 3 - 1 |
d (a , b) = d (A , b) =
1
+ 1 +
1
|4|
4 3
= = u. c.
3
3
17.1. a x - 2y + z = 0
@a
d
@b
b 2x + 3y - z = 0
d
c 5x - y - 3z + 1 = 0 @ p
a x = 2y - z + 3
d
b 7y - 3z = - 6
d
c 9y - 8z = - 16
d
b x - 3y + 2 = 0
d
c 2x - 2y + 2z = 1
@a
@b
@p
u1 = (1 , - 1 , 1) Y a
u2 = (1 , - 3 , 0) Y b
u3 = (2 , - 2 , 2) Y p
u3 = 2 u1
18. a 3x + 2y - z - 1 = 0
ax = 1
d
by = 0
d
cz = 2
17.2. a x - y + z = 0
O sistema impossvel. Como no h planos paralelos, estes intersectam-se dois a dois segundo
rectas paralelas.
Pg. 160
a x = 2y - z + 3
d
b 2 (2y - z + 3) + 3y - z = 0
d
c 5 (2y - z + 3) - y - 3z = - 1
a x = 2y - z + 3
d
3z - 6
d
b y = 7
d
3z - 6
d9 *
- 8z = - 16
c
7
ax + y = 2
ax = 2 - y
d
d
bx + y - 1 = 3 b1 = 3
d
d
cz = - 1
cz = - 1
d
b 2x + 3y + z - 2 = 0
d
c 2x + y - z - 4 = 0
a z = 3x + 2y - 1
d
b 2x + 3y + 3x + 2y - 1 = 2
d
c 2x + y - 3x - 2y + 1 = 4
a z = 3x + 2y - 1
a z = 3x + 2y - 1
d
d
b 5x + 5y = 3
bx = - y - 3
d
d
c- x - y = 3
c - 5x - 15 + 5y = 3
a z = 3x + 2y - 1
d
bx = - y - 3
d
c 0 = 18
O sistema impossvel. Como no h planos paralelos, estes intersectam-se dois a dois segundo
rectas paralelas.
43
C 1 (1 , 0 , 0)
19.1. a x - 2y - 3z + 1 = 0
d
b 2x - y + z - 1 = 0
d
c 2x - 4y - 6z + 2 = 0
2x - 4y - 6z + 2 = 0 x - 2x - 3z + 1 = 0
p1 = p3
p1 e p3 so coincidentes e secantes a p2
a x - 2y - 3z + 1 = 0
A interseco a recta r : b
c 2x - y + z - 1 = 0
= - 5 , 3 , 2 ;
AB
2
AC = (0 , 1 , 0)
n = (a , b , c)
= 0
a n.AB
a - 5a + 3 b + 2c = 0
2
b
b
c n.AC = 0
cb = 0
a c = 5 a
cb = 0
p1 = p3
r
Para a = 2 , n = (2 , 0 , 5)
ABC : 2 (x - 1) + 0 (y + 1) + 5 (z - 0) = 0
2x + 5z - 2 = 0 .
p2
3.1. a : 2x - y + z - 1 = 0 ;
b : 4x - 2y + 2z - 5 = 0
ax = 0
d
d
bx + y + z = 0 by = - 4
d
d
cx = 0
cz = 4
u = (2 , - 1 , 1) Y a ;
a e b so estritamente paralelos;
19.2. a 5x - y = 0
v = (4 , - 2 , 2) Y b
v = 2
u e 205
3.2. a : - x + y + 2z = 0 ;
b : 3x - 3y - 6z + 8 = 0
1.1. P 1 (1 , 3 , 4) ,
Pg. 170
v = (3 , - 3 , - 6) Y b
1 (x - 1) + 0 (y - 3) + 2 (2 - 4) = 0
x + 2z - 9 = 0 ;
v = - 3
u e 008
1.2. P 1 (1 , 0 , 0) , u = (0 , 0 , 1)
0 (x - 1) + 0 (y - 0) + 1 (z - 0) = 0 z = 0 ;
1.3. P 1 (0 , 0 , 0) , u = (1 , - 3 , - 1)
1 (x - 0) - 3 (y - 0) - 1 (z - 0) = 0
x - 3y - z = 0 .
2.1. A 1 (- 1 , 0 , 2) ;
B 1 (0 , 0 , 3) ;
C 1 (1 , 0 , 1)
a e b so estritamente paralelos;
5
10
b : 0,5x - 0,1y - 0,05z + 0,2 = 0
1
1
u = 1 , - , - Y a ;
5
10
= (1 , 0 , 1) ; AC
= (2 , 0 , - 1)
AB
n = (a , b , c)
= 0
a n.AB
aa + c = 0
ac = - a
b
b
b
c n.AC = 0
c 2a - c = 0
c 3a = 0
ac = 0
b
ca = 0
a e b so estritamente paralelos.
4. r : (x , y , z) = (1 , 0 , 2) + l (1 , 3 , 2) , l R
a : x - y + z + 10 = 0
r = (1 , 3 , 2) um vector director de r
n = (1 , - 1 , 1) Y a
Para b = 1 , n = (0 , 1 , 0)
r.
n = (1 , 3 , 2).(1 , - 1 , 1) = 1 - 3 + 2 = 0
rY
n
ABC : 0 (x + 1) + 1 (y - 0) + 0 (z - 0) = 0
y=0;
Como
rY
n , r // a .
2.2. A 1 (1 , - 1 , 0) ;
1
B 1 - 4 , , 2 ;
2
44
u = (- 1 , 1 , 2) Y a ;
u= (1 , 0 , 2)
5. a : x - 2y + z - 3 = 0
n = (1 , - 2 , 1) Y a
Seja
r = (a , b , c) o vector director de r
Geometria II
5.1. r // a
rY
n
9. A 1 (1 , 2 , 3)
rY
n
r.
n = 0 a - 2b + c = 0
a = 2b - c
Por exemplo, para b = 1 e c = 1 , tem-se
a=1 e
r = (1 , 1 , 1)
(x , y , z) = (0 , 0 , 0) + k (1 , 1 , 1) , k R
(por exemplo);
5.2. r Y a
r e
n so colineares
Por exemplo,
r = (1 , - 2 , 1)
(x , y , z) = (0 , 0 , 0) + k (1 , - 2 , 1) , k R
(por exemplo).
6.1. a : 2x - 2y + 6z - 1 = 0 ; u = (2 , - 2 , 6) Y a
b : 2x - y - z - 4 = 0 ;
v = (2 , - 1 , - 1) Y b
u.
v = (2 , - 2 , 6).(2 , - 1 , - 1) = 4 + 2 - 6 = 0
u.
v=0
uY
v aYb;
6.2. a : 3x - 3y + z - 8 = 0 ; u = (3 , - 3 , 1) Y a
b : 4x + 5y + 3z + 8 = 0 ; v= (4 , 5 , 3) Y b
u.
v = (3 , - 3 , 1).(4 , 5 , 3) = 12 - 15 + 3 = 0
u.
v=0
uY
v aYb.
x+1 y-4 z-1
7. r :
r = (2 , 1 , - 1)
= = ;
2
1
-1
um vector director de r ;
a : 4x + 2y - 2z - 1 = 0 ; u = (4 , 2 , - 2) Y a
u = 2
r ;
r colinear com u . Ento r Y a .
8.1. r : 2 - x = y - 3 = z
Pg. 171
x-2 y-3 z
= =
-1
1
1
r : (x , y , z) = (2 , 3 , 0) + k (- 1 , 1 , 1) , k R
R 1 (2 - k , 3 + k , k) , k R um
ponto genrico de r
a : x + y + 2z = 1
R a (2 - k) + (3 + k) + 2k = 1
2k = - 4 k = - 2
Substituindo k por - 2 obtm-se o ponto de
interseco I 1 (4 , 1 , - 2) ;
x-1 y-3 z-1
8.2. r :
= =
2
r : (x , y , z) = (1 , 3 , 1) + k (2 , 2 , 4) , k R
R 1 (1 + 2k , 3 + 2k , 1 + 4k) , k R
um ponto genrico de r
a : x + 3y - 2z - 1 = 0
9.1. x = 1 ;
9.2. y = 2 ;
9.3. z = 3 .
10.1. a 2x - 3y + 2z = 5
a z = - 5y - 2
d
b 2x - 3y - 10y - 4 = 5
d
c x - 4y - 10y - 4 = 0
d
b - 5y - z = 2
d
c x - 4y + 2z = 0
a z = - 5y - 2
a z = - 5y - 2
d
d
b 2x - 13y = 9 b x = 14y + 4
d
d
c x - 14y = 4
c 28y + 8 - 13y = 9
7
a
d z = - 3
d
d
74
b x =
15
d
d
1
d y =
15
c
Os trs planos intersectam-se no ponto
74
1
7
, , - ;
15 15
13
10.2. a 3x + 2y - 2z = 1
a y = - 2x - 4z
d
d
b 2x + y + 4z = 0 b 3x - 4x - 8z - 2z = 1
d
d
c 5x + 3y - 5z = 2
c 5x - 6x - 12z - 5z = 2
a y = - 2x - 4z
a y = - 2x - 4z
d
d
b - x - 10z = 1 b x = - 10z - 1
d
d
c - x - 17z = 2
c 10z + 1 - 17z = 2
2
a
d y = - 7
d
d
3
b x =
7
d
d
1
d z = -
7
c
Os trs planos intersectam-se no ponto
3
2
1
, - , - ;
7
7
7
10.3. a 2y + z = 1
a z = 1 - 2y
d
d
b 3x - 2y + 4z = 0 b 3x - 2y + 4 - 8y = 0
d
d
c 3x + 4y + 7z = 3
c 3x + 4y + 7 - 14y = 3
a z = 1 + 2y
d
b 3x - 10y = - 4
d
c 3x - 10y = - 4
a z = 1 + 2y
d
b 3x - 10y = - 4
d
-4=-4
c
Ra
(1 + 2k) + 3 (3 + 2k) - 2 (1 + 4k) - 1 = 0
Sistema indeterminado
45
10.4. a x + y + z = 1
ax + z = 1
a2 = 1
d
d
d
bx - y + z = 2 bx + z = 2 bx + z = 2
d
d
d
cy = 0
cy = 0
cy = 0
11. C 1 (0 , - 5 , 0)
Pg. 172
A 1 (4 , 3 , 0) ; r // Oz
z
r
P
10.5. a 2x - y + z = 1
d
b - 6x + 3y - 3z = - 3 ;
d
cx - y = 0
ax + y + z = 1
d
d
d x + y + z = 3
2x
+
2y
+
2z
=
3
b
b
2
d
d
d x + y + z = 5
c 3x + 3y + 3z = 5
c
3
10.6. a x + y + z = 1
10.7. a x + y + z = 1
ax + y + z = 1
d
d
3
b 2x + 2y + 2z = 3 b x + y + z =
2
d
d
cz = 0
cz = 0
O sistema impossvel. Dois planos so estritamente paralelos, sendo intersectados pelo terceiro;
10.8. a - 2x - y - 5z = 4
d
b 3x - y + 2z = - 1
d
c - 4x + y + z = 5
a y = - 2x - 5z - 4
d
b 3x + 2x + 5z + 4 + 2z = - 1
d
c - 4x - 2x - 5z - 4 + z = 5
a y = - 2x - 5z - 4
d
b 5x + 7z = - 5
d
c - 6x - 4z = 9
46
11.1. B 1 (0 , 5 , 0)
= (- 4 , - 8 , 0)
AC
= (- 4 , 2 , 0)
AB
.AB
= 16 - 16 = 0 AC
Y AB
AC
AC Y AB .
= 16 - 16 = 0 ; AC
. e = (- 4 , 8 , 0).(0 , 0 , 1) = 0 ;
AC
3
Y BD
AC
perpendicular a dois vectores paraleComo AC
perpendicular ao plano.
los ao plano ABD , AC
ABD : - 4 (x - 0) - 8 (y - 5) + 0 (z - 0) = 0
- 4x - 8y + 40 = 0 x + 2y - 10 = 0 .
12. Q 1 (2 , 2 , 0)
12.1. V 1 (0 , 0 , h)
z
a y = - 2x - 5z - 4
d
- 5 - 7z
d
b x = 5
d
- 5 - 7z
d- 6 *
- 4z = 9
c
5
7
a
d y = - 2
a y = - 2x - 5z - 4
d
d
d
- 5 - 7z
43
b x =
b x = -
5
2
2
d
d
d
c 30 + 42z - 20z = 45
15
d z =
22
c
2x - y + z = 1 - 6x + 3y - 3z = - 3
O sistema indeterminado. Dois planos so
coincidentes. A interseco dos trs planos
uma recta;
6 V
M
S
P
x
P
Q=4
1
V = Ab * h
3
R
y
O
Q
Geometria II
1
32 = * 42 * h
3
13. C 1 (0 , 4 , 0)
16
3
32 = * h h = 32 * h = 6
3
16
V (0 , 0 , 6)
12.2. Q 1 (2 , 2 , 0) ;
Pg. 173
13.1.
B
R 1 (- 2 , 2 , 0);
C
O
V (0 , 0 , 6)
= (- 4 , 0 , 0) ;
QR
= (- 2 , - 2 , 6)
QV
A
x
B
O
=O
C = A
B
=4
M
B
=2
aa = 0
b
c b = 3c
2 =
OM
2 + M
B
2
OB
Para c = 1 , n = (0 , 3 , 1)
QRV : 0 (x - 0) + 3 (y - 0) + 1 (z - 6) = 0
3y + z = 6
42 = O
M
2 + 22
M
O
= 12
B 1 (12
, 2 , 0)
B' o simtrico de B relativamente a Oy .
B' a projeco de G sobre xOy .
Como G pertence ao plano z = 12 , tem-se
G 1 (- 12
, 2 , 12) .
13.2. D 1 (0 , - 4 , 12) ;
G 1 (- 12
, 2 , 12)
= (- 12
DG
, 6 , 0)
y+4
a x =
d - 12
6
DG : b
d
c z = 12
y+4
a x =
d - 2 3
6
b
d
c z = 12
x
3 y+4
a
=
d -
6
6
b
d
c z = 12
x = - y - 4 z = 12
3
3 x + y = - 4 z = 12
DG : 3
x + y = - 4 z = 12
a x = 12
a x = 12
d
d
+y=-4
b 3 x + y = - 4 b 3 12
d
d
c z = 12
c z = 12
a x = 12
a x = 12
d
d
b 6 + y = - 4 b y = - 10
d
d
c z = 12
c z = 12
A sua rea 4 u. a.
, - 10 , 12) .
(x , y , z) = (12
M
N
=2
47
32 3
2
=
14.5. VB
, , - 4
V 1 (0 , 0 , 8)
32 3
2
= -
VC
, , - 4
2
2
z
V
.VC
VB
, VC
) =
cos (VB
| * ||VC
||
||VB|
9 9
- + + 16
2 2
16
= =
25
9 9
9 9
+ + 16 + + 16
2 2
2 2
16
BVWC = cos- 1 ) (50,2)
25
180 - BVWC
VBWC = ) (64,9) ;
2
2A
B
2 = 62
32
N 1 0 , , 0
2
B
A
= 18
AB
= 3 2
u. c. ;
= - 3 2 (1 , 0 , 0) ;
BC
14.2. AM
2 + M
V 2 = AV2 32 + h2 = 52
h2 = 16 h = 4 u. c. ;
OV - M
V = 8 - 4 = 4
C
B
A
B 3
2
A abcissa de A = =
2
2
2
A
B
3
2
A ordenada de A - = -
2
2
32
3
2
Logo, A 1 , - , 4
2
2
32 3
2
B 1 , , 4 ;
2
2
32 32
C 1 - , , 4 ;
2
2
3
2
3
2
D 1 - , - , 4 ;
2
2
32 3
2
14.4. B 1
, , 4 ;
32 32
C 1 - , , 4 ;
2
2
V 1 (0 , 0 , 8)
= (3 , 3 , - 4 2 ) ;
VB
2
z-8
8-z
x y
x y
VB : = = = =
3 3
3 3
- 42
42
= (- 3 2 , 0 , 0) = - 3 2 (1 , 0 , 0)
BC
a
3 2
BC : db y = 2
d
cz = 4
48
Pg. 179
1.1. a x + y 25
d
d x 15
d
by 5
d
dx 0
dy 0
c
y
30
32 3
2
=
VB
, , - 4 ;
2
2
linear
25
20
15
10
5
(20, 5)
5 10 15 20 25
x = 15
y=5
x
x + y = 25
Geometria II
2x + y = 6
1.2. a 2x + y 6
d
d x + 2y 6
b
dx 0
d
cy 0
y = - 2x + 6
x + 2y = 6
1
y = - x + 3
2
x
0
3
y
6
0
x
0
3
y
3
0
3.1.
y
6
z = x + 3y
6
15
12
Mnimo: z = 4 em (1 , 1) ;
5
4
3.2.
3
(2, 2)
2
1
1
5 6
2x + y = 6
x
x + 2y = 6
z = 2x + 3y
15
21
13
18
Mnimo: z = 13 em (2 , 3) .
(0 , 0) , (3 , 0) , (2 , 2) , (0 , 3)
5x + y = 20
1.3. a 5x + y 20
d
d x + 3y 18
d
b x + y 12
d
dx 0
d
cy 0
y = - 5x + 20
x + 3y = 18
1
y = - x + 6
3
x + y = 12
x
0
4
y
20
0
1. Recta r : (3 , 2) , (2 , 0)
x
0
18
y
6
0
y - 0 = 2 (x - 2)
x y
0 12
12 0
y = - x + 12
y
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Pg. 192
2-0
m = = 2
3-2
r: y=2x-4
Recta s : (3 , 2) , (0 , 5)
-3
m = = - 1
3
s: y=-x+5
y
5
x
2
5x + y = 20
18
12
x + 3y = 18
x + y = 12
II
III
I
Pg. 187
2.1.
x
40
54
40
Mximo: z = 54 em (6 , 3) ;
2.2.
z = x + 3y
18
20
20
10
10
M11FNAGP - 4
IV
z = 5x + 8y
a y 2x - 4
I: b
cy - x + 5
a y 2x - 4
II: b
cy - x + 5
a y 2x - 4
III: b
cy - x + 5
a y 2x - 4
IV: b
cy - x + 5
2.1. a 3x + y 18
d
d x + 2y 16
b
dx 0
d
cy 0
3x + y = 18
y = - 3x + 18
x + 2y = 16
1
y = - x + 8
2
x
6
4
y
0
6
x
0
4
y
8
6
49
2.4. a x + y 50
d
dx - y 0
d
b x 25
d
dx 0
dy 0
c
8
6
x + 2y = 16
4
2
0
x
3x + y = 18
50 (0, 50)
y
(0 , 0) , (0 , 8) , (4 , 6) , (6 , 0)
2.2. a x + 2y 8
d
d 3x + y 12
b
dx 0
d
cy 0
x + 2y = 8
1
y = - x + 4
2
3x + y = 12
y = - 3x + 12
x
0
4
y
4
2
x
4
2
y
0
6
(25, 25)
25
(0, 0)
O
25
50
x = 25
a x + 2y = 8
a x = 3,2
b
b
3x
+
y
=
12
c
c y = 2,4
x + y = 50
Fabrico
(3,2; 2,4)
x + 2y = 8
3h
600
1h
300
90 h
80 h
d
d x + 2y 12
d
b 2x + y 10
d
dx 0
dy 0
c
L = 600x + 300y
a 3x + y 90
d
d x + 2y 80
b
dx 0
d
cy 0
(0 , 0) , (0 , 4) , (3,2 ; 2,4) , (4 , 0)
2.3. a x + y 8
Lucro
y
x
3x + y = 12
Acabamento
y=-x+8
x
0
8
y
8
0
1
y = - x + 6
2
x
0
12
y
6
0
y = - 2x + 10
x
5
0
y
0
10
y = - 3x + 90
x y
0 90
30 0
1
y = - x + 40
2
x y
0 40
80 0
y
90
3x + y = 90
y
10 (0, 10)
40
30
8
(2, 6)
(4, 4)
20 30
80
(12, 0)
0
50
4 5
8
12
2x + y = 10 x + y = 8
x
x + 2y = 12
Vrtices:
(0 , 0) , (0 , 40) , (20 , 30) , (30 , 0)
Geometria II
L = 600x + 300y
L = 0,5x + 0,7y
40
12 000
5000
3500
20
30
21 000
1000
4500
3650
30
18 000
4000
2000
@ Lucro mximo
5.
Pssego
Ma
Lucro
Doce
da av
0,5 kg
0,5 kg
x : n. de
embalagens
Geleia
real
0,3 kg
0,5 kg
y : n. de
embalagens
8 kg
10 kg
Pg. 193
4.
Milho
Trigo
Centeio
30%
65%
5%
0,5 /kg
20%
70%
10%
0,7 /kg
1200 kg
3800 kg
500 kg
13
38 000
y = - x +
14
7
1
y = - x + 5000
2
a 0,5x + 0,3y 8
d 0,5x + 0,5y 10
d
d x 12
b
d y 12
dx 0
d
cy 0
0,5x + 0,3y = 8
5
80
y = - x +
3
3
0,5x + 0,5y = 10
y = - x + 20
y
x
y
0 6000
4000 0
x
y
38 000
0
) 5430
7
76 000
0
13
x
0
10 000
0,5x + 0,3y = 8
20
15
(8, 12) y = 12
(10, 10)
10
y
5000
0
(12, 20 )
3
5
0
6000
(1000, 4500)
0,05x + 0,1y = 500
4000
y
20
0
80
3
10
15
10 000 x
0,65x + 0,7y = 3800
0,3x + 0,2y = 1200
L = 4x + 5y
12
60
12
92
10
10
90
12
48
12
20
3
) 34
20
x
0,5x + 0,5y = 10
x = 12
x
0
20
L = 4x + 5y
L = 0,5x + 0,7y
5000
16
y
80
3
0
51
6.
y
196
Lucro
A
6%
x : capital a investir em A
10%
y : capital a investir em B
130
(60, 100)
0,25x + 0,5y = 65
100
a x + y 45 000
d
x
d y
3
b
dx 0
d
cy 0
(122,5; 0)
60
80x + 120y = 0
L = 0,06x + 0,1y
y
45 000
y= x
3
x
122,5
8x + 5y = 980
L = 80x + 120y
130
15 600
60
100
16 800
122,5
100
9 800
11 250
33 750 45 000
x + y = 45 000
L = 0,06x + 0,1y
33 750
11 250
3150
45 000
2700
8.
Laranjas
Mas
1,5
120
80
7.
Pg. 194
2
y = - x + 40
3
y = - 2x + 80
Horas
Pele
Sapatos
0,25
x : n. de sapatos
a fabricar
Botas
0,5
y : n. de botas a
fabricar
980
65 m2
2x + y = 80
x
0
60
y
40
0
x
30
40
y
20
0
L = 1,5x + 2y
y
80
a 8x + 5y 980
d
d 0,25x + 0,5y 65
b
dx 0
d
cy 0
2x + y = 80
8x + 5y = 980
8
y = - x + 196
5
x
y
0 196
60 100
40
(30, 20)
0,25x + 0,5y = 65
1
y = - x + 130
2
L = 80x + 5y
52
x
y
0 130
60 100
2x + 3y = 120
0
40
60
Geometria II
80 * 6 = 480 ; 20 * 6 = 120
L = 1,5x + 2y
40
80
30
20
85
60
10.
9.
120
100
M2
320
180
200
P1
P2
420
500
2100
x : nmero de unidades de P1
A
M1
y : nmero de unidades de P2
a 2x + y 420
d
d x + 2y 500
d
b 5x + 6y 2100
d
dx 0
dy 0
c
x : nmero de unidades de 6 kg de M1
y : nmero de unidades de 6 kg de M2
2x + y = 420
a 3x + 4y 320
d 2x + y 180
d
b x + y 200
dx 0
d
cy 0
3x + 4y = 320
x
0
80
3
y = - x + 80
4
2x + y = 180
y = - 2x + 180
x + y = 200
y = - x + 200
y
80
20
x
y
0 180
90 0
x
y
0 200
200 0
R = 120x + 100y
y = - 2x + 420
x
0
210
y
420
0
x + 2y = 500
1
y = - x + 250
2
x
0
500
y
250
0
5x + 6y = 2100
5
y = - x + 350
6
x
0
420
y
350
0
y
420 (0, 420)
350
(60, 300)
250
5x + 6y = 2100
(300, 100)
x + 2y = 500
(500, 0)
y
0
180
80
2x + y = 180
(80, 20)
0
90
3x + 4y = 120
R = 120x + 100y
80
80
20
11 600
90
10 800
x + y = 200
x
C = 0,4x + 0,6y
420
252
60
300
204
300
100
180
500
200
8000
@
53
1 Funes racionais
Funes II
1 Funes racionais
1. f uma funo racional inteira porque Pg. 12
definida por um polinmio; g no uma funo
racional porque a varivel x figura no radicando.
n (x)
2. p (x) =
, sendo n (x) = p (x) e d (x) = 1 ,
d (x)
para todo x R .
Df = R \ {0}
x
x=0; y=0
x-3
x-3
5.4. f (x) =
= ,
2
(x - 3) (x + 2)
x2 - x - 6 = 0 x = 3 x = - 2
3.2. x2 - 4 = (x - 2) (x + 2) ;
3.3. 1 - x2 = (1 - x) (1 + x) ;
2x - 5
5
3
x = ; y =
2
2
x -x-6
3.1. 2x - 2 = 2 (x - 1) ;
2
3.4. x - 49 = x - 7
5
Df = R \
2
x
5.2. f (x) = 3
x
+ 7 ;
4
2
2
3.5. x2 - 4x + 3 = (x - 1) (x - 3) ;
3.6. 2x2 - 11x + 5 = 2 (x - 5) x - 1 = (x - 5) (2x - 1) ;
2
3.7. x3 - x2 = x2 (x - 1) ;
3.8. x3 - x = x (x2 - 1) = x (x - 1) (x + 1) .
Df = R \ {- 2 , 3}
x=-2; y=0
3x + 5
5.5. f (x) =
,
2
2
x2 + x - 12 = 0
x + x - 12
Df = R \ {- 4 , 3}
x=-4; x=3; y=3
x=-4 x=3
-x +3
5.6. f (x) =
,
2
2
x + 3x - 4
Df = R \ {- 4 , 1}
x=-4; x=1; y=-1
4.1. R \ {1} ;
4.2. R \ {- 2 , 2} ;
x-1
5.7. f (x) =
,
2
4.3. R \ {- 1 , 1} ;
x2 - 16 = 0
x - 16
Df = R \ {- 2 , 2}
x=-2; x=2; y=0
4.4. R \ {- 14 , 14} ;
4.5. R \ {1 , 3} ;
2
4.6. R \ 1 , 5 ;
x -1
5.8. f (x) =
,
2
2
4.7. R \ {0 , 1} ;
y=1
4.8. R \ {- 1 , 0 , 1} ;
x +4
(x2 - 4) (x2 + 4) = 0
x=2 x=-2
Df = R
a1
se x > 0
d2
c
se x 0
6. f (x) = db x 2
3x2 + 1
4.9. f (x) =
2
4x - 4x + 6
Df = {x R : 4x2 - 4x + 6 0 0} = R ;
x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
x=-4 x=1
2x
4.10. f (x) =
2
3x - 6x - 9
Df = {x R : 3x2 - 6x - 9 0 0} = R \ {- 1 , 3} ;
2
3x + 1
4.11. f (x) =
3
2
5
x - 4x - 5x
Df = {x R : x3 - 4x2 - 5x 0 0}
x - 4x - 5x = 0
x (x2 - 4x - 5) = 0
x=0 x=-1 x=5
3
= R \ {- 1 , 0 , 5} ;
2x
4.12. f (x) =
4
2
Assimptotas: x = 0 ; y = 0 ; y = 2 .
x+3
a
x+3 d x
7.1. f (x) = = b x + 3
|x|
d
c -x
x - 2x - 3
se x > 0
se x < 0
y
Df = {x R : x4 - 2x2 - 3 0 0}
x4 - 2x2 - 3 = 0
(x2)2 - 2x2 - 3 = 0
x 2 = - 1 x2 = 3
x = - 3 x = 3
= R \ {- 3 , 3
} .
x-4
x=4; y=0
54
Df = R \ {4}
Pg. 19
0
1
Assimptotas: x = 0 ; y = - 1 ; y = 1 ;
Funes II
x
a 2
se x > 1
dx-1
2x
7.2. f (x) = = b 2x
|x - 1| d se x < 1
c-x+1
y
2
3
3
2x + 6
8.2. f (x) =
2-x
Df = R \ {2}
Assimptotas: x = 1 ; y = - 2 ; y = 2 ;
x
a 2
|2x| d x - 1
7.3. f (x) = = b - 2x
x - 1 d
cx-1
f (x) = 0 2x + 6 = 0 x = - 3 :
Interseco com Ox : (- 3 , 0)
se x 0
Assimptota vertical: x = 2
se x < 0
Assimptota horizontal: y = - 2
-x = - 2
2x
y
y
2
0
2
2
Assimptotas: x = 1 ; y = - 2 ; y = 2 ;
1 - 2x
a
1 - 2|x| d x
7.4. f (x) = = b 1 + 2x
x
d
c x
4 - 2x
8.3. f (x) =
se x > 0
x+2
Df = R \ {- 2}
se x < 0
Assimptota vertical: x = - 2
Assimptota horizontal: y = - 2
- x = - 2
2x
y
0
x
2
2
2
Assimptotas: x = 0 ; y = - 2 ; y = 2 ;
2
2x - 6
8.1. f (x) =
x+2
Df = R \ {- 2}
Pg. 21
2x + 2
Df = R \ {- 1}
f (0) = 0
Assimptota vertical: x = - 2
2x
= 2
x
x
8.4. f (x) = 3
55
1 Funes racionais
Assimptota vertical: x = - 1
3
Assimptota horizontal: y =
2
Assimptota vertical: x = 1
3
Assimptota horizontal: y =
2
6x2
3
2
3
2
4x = 2
1
x2 + x - 12 = 0
x + x - 12
8.8. f (x) =
2
2
x=3 x=-4
x -x-2
Df = R \ {- 1 , 2}
x +1
8.5. f (x) =
2
2
x
Df = R \ {0}
x2 - x - 2 = 0
x=2 x=-1
f (x) = 0 x + 1 = 0 x O
Assimptota vertical: x = 0
Assimptota horizontal: y = 1
Assimptota vertical: x = 2 e x = - 1
y
Assimptota horizontal: y = 1
y
6
1
1
1-x
Df = R \ {- 1 , 1}
9. Seja r : y = x - 2 ; (0 , - 2) e
f (0) = 0
f (x) = 0 x = 0 : Interseco com os
eixos: (0 , 0)
Assimptota vertical: x = - 1 e x = 1
Assimptota horizontal: y = 0
2x - 5
10.1. f (x) =
x+3
Df = R \ {- 3} ;
x
0
Pg. 23
(2 , 0) so pontos de r .
Logo, y = x - 2 uma equao de t .
Ento, lim [f (x) - (x - 2)] = 0 .
x"+?
B.
6x
8.7. f (x) =
2
(2x - 2)
Df = R \ {1}
f (0) = 0
f (x) = 0 x = 0 : Interseco com os
eixos: (0 , 0)
56
0
5
3
5
2
Funes II
x -1
10.2. f (x) =
2
2
x -9
Df = R \ {- 3 , 3} ;
x
10.6. f (x) =
2
1
3
x +1
Df = R ;
3x2
10.3. f (x) =
(x - 1)2
Df = R \ {1} ;
1
x -1
1
11.1. f (x) =
= x -
x
2
Df = R \ {0} ;
0
3x
10.4. f (x) =
x2 + 4
Df = R ;
x - 5x + 4
2
11.2. g (x) =
= x - 2 -
2
x-3
x-3
x - 5x + 4 = 0 x = 1 x = 4
x2 - 5x + 4
|x - 3
- x2 + 3x + 4
x-2
- 2x + 4
2x - 6
-2
2
2
10.5. f (x) =
; x2 - x - 6 = 0
2
x -x-6
x=-2 x=3
Df = R \ {- 2 , 3} ;
Df = R \ {3} ;
1
Pontos de interseco com os eixos: 0 , - ;
3
Assimptotas: x = - 2 ; x = 3 ; y = 0 ;
57
1 Funes racionais
Assimptotas: x = 3 ; y = x - 2 ;
Pg. 25
13.
500 m2
y
1
500
13.1. xy = 500 y =
x
P (x) = 2x + 2y
500
P (x) = 2x + 2 *
x
2x2 + 1000
P (x) =
x
x - 4x + 3
1
11.3. f (x) =
= x - 2 -
2
x-2
13.2.
x-2
x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 x = 1 x = 3
x2 - 4x + 3
- x2 + 2x + 4
- 2x + 3
2x - 4
-1
|x - 2
x-2
Df = R \ {2} ;
600
14. C (P) =
Pg. 26
100 - P
14.1. C
Assimptotas: x = 2 ; y = x - 2 ;
y
x
100
p%
2
600
14.2. C (50) =
= 12
100 - 50
12 000
75t
12. N (t) =
;
t + 10
Pg. 24
Assimptota horizontal: y = 75 ;
N
75
600
14.3. C (P) = 900
= 900
100 - P
600 = 90 000 - 900P
900P = 89 400 P ) 99,3
P ) 99,3%
2,5x + 10 0000
15. C (x) =
x
Pg. 27
2,5 * 50 + 10 000
15.1. a) C (50) =
= 202,5 ;
50
58
Funes II
15.3.
Pg. 38
x-1
1-x
2
3
+ - 1 = 0
x-1 x-1
2+3-x+1
= 0
x-1
6-x =0 x-100 x=6;
2,5
x+1
x+1
x+1
2x - 2x - 3 (x + 1)
= 0
2 (x + 1)
2
2x2 - 5x - 3
= 0
2 (x + 1)
2x2 - 5x - 3 = 0 2 (x + 1) 0 0
16.
Vinho
A 100 L
B
xL
x + 100
Pg. 28
lcool
10 L
0,13x
0,13x + 10
x = - 2 x = 3 x 0 - 1
1
1
x = - x = 3 ;
2
0,13x + 10
16.1. C =
x-1
x + 100
x-1
4x
3
x
1
3
- - - = 0
x - 1 x - 1 4 4x
0,13x + 10
16.2. C = 0,115
= 0,115
x + 100
4x2 - 4x - 3x (x - 1) - 3 (x - 1)
= 0
4x (x - 1)
4x2 - 4x - 3x2 + 3x - 3x + 3 = 0
4x (x - 1) 0 0
x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 (x 0 0 x 0 1)
Pg. 29
x=3;
1
B : 1 h " da piscina
t+2
1
1
2t + 2
A e B : 1 h " + = da piscina
t t + 2 t (t + 2)
t (t + 2)
T (t) = tempo que leva a encher a piscina
2t + 2
com as duas torneiras abertas.
t (t + 2)
T (t) < 10 < 10
2t + 2
24x
3x
5
18.4.
- =
2
x - 16
x-4
x+4
24x
3x
5
- - = 0
(x - 4) (x + 4) x - 4 x + 4
(1)
(x + 4)
(x - 4)
24x - 3x (x + 4) - 5 (x - 4)
= 0
(x - 4) (x + 4)
24x - 3x2 - 12x - 5x + 20
= 0
(x - 4) (x + 4)
t>0
t2 + 2t < 20t + 20
t2 - 18t - 20 < 0
- 3x2 + 7x + 20 = 0 (x - 4) (x + 4) 0 0
t2 - 18t - 20 = 0
18 1
82 + 80
t =
2
18 2
101
t =
2
9 V101
9 + V101
5
x = - .
3
2x + 1
19.1. x - 1 >
t>0
(2 c. d.)
- 7 49
40
+ 2
x =
-6
(x 0 4 x 0 - 4)
5
x = - x = 4 (x 0 4 x 0 - 4)
3
t = 9 101
(x = 3 x = 1) (x 0 0 x 0 1)
(2 c. d.)
Pg. 40
4x - 12 > 6x + 3 2x < - 15
15
15
x < - x - ? , -
2
2
59
1 Funes racionais
x+1
19.2.
< 0 x ]- ? , - 1[ ]3 , + ?[
3-x
-?
-1
+?
x+1
3-x
x+1
3-x
x-3
x-3
x + 1 - 2x + 6
-x+7
> 0 > 0
x-3
x-3
x ]3 , 7[
-?
-x+7
x-3
-x+7
x-3
+?
1.1. x ;
Pg. 49
x-3
D = {x R : x - 3 0 0} ;
1
1.4.
;
2
x + 9x
D = {x R : x2 + 9x 0 0} = R \ {0 , - 9}
30 - x
x
(x + 1) (x - 8x + 7)
D = {x R : (x2 + 1) (x2 - 8x + 7) 0 0}
= R \ {1 , 7}
x - 8x + 7 = 0 x = 1 x = 7 ;
2
5x - 90 + 3x
8x - 90
< 0 < 0
5 (30 - x)
5 (30 - x)
45
x - ? , ]30 , + ?[
4
45
4
5-x
, 5
} ;
D = {x R : 5 - x2 0 0} = R \ {- 5
1.7.
;
2
2
1-x
1.5.
2 ;
x+1
x-3
D = {x R : 0 0 x + 1 0 0}
x+1
= R \ {- 1 , 3} ;
5x - 90 + 3x = 0 30- x 0 0
8x = 90 x 0 30 x = 11,25
11,25 cm ;
x2 + 9x = 0 x (x + 9) = 0 x = 0 x = - 9 ;
1
1.6.
;
x-3
4x2 + x + 1
(x - 3) (9x - 10x + 1)
1.8.
;
2
2
D = {x R : (x2 - 3) (9x2 - 10x + 1) 0 0}
1
= R \ - 3 , , 1 , 3
9
1
9x2 - 10x + 1 = 0 x = x = 1 ;
9
x+1
1.9. 1 -
;
|x|- 5 2x - 9
30
8x - 9
5 (30 - x)
45
8x - 90 = 0 x =
4
60
x+2
D = {x R : x + 2 0 0} = R \ {- 2} ;
30 x
30 - x
c2 = a2 + b2 50002 = 3402 + b2
b2 = 24 884 400
2-x
1.3.
;
30 - x
2a = 680 a = 340
x+1
D = {x R : x2 + 1 0 0} = R ;
x ]- ? , 0[ [3 , + ?[
20.
dA - dB = 680 m
x
2x + 3 - 3x
-x+3
0 0
x
x
1.2. x ;
2x + 3
2x + 3
19.4.
3 x - 3 0
-x+3
Pg. 44
2c = 10 000 c = 5000
-
x+1
x+1
19.3.
> 2 - 2 > 0
21. dA = (340t) m
D = {x R : |x|- 5 0 0 2x - 9 0 0}
9
= R \ - 5 , , 5
2
|x|- 5 = 0 |x|= 5 x = - 5 x = 5 .
Funes II
(x - 3)2 - (4 - x)2
3.9.
2
10x
1
2.1. A (x) =
2 = ; DA = R \ {0}
4x - 28x + 49
30x
3x
1
B (x) = ; DB = R \ {0}
3x
So equivalentes;
x - 25 (x - 5) (x
+ 5) x - 5
2.2. A (x) =
= = ;
2
2
x (x
+ 5)
x + 5x
DA = R \ {0 , - 5}
x-5
B (x) = ; DB = R \ {0}
x
7
D = R \ ;
2
(3x + 5)2 - 9 (3x + 5 - 3) (3x + 5 + 3)
3.10.
=
2
3
2x (9x - 4)
18x - 8x
No so equivalentes. DA 0 DB .
(3x + 2) (3x + 8)
3x + 8
= =
;
2x (3x - 2) (3x + 2) 2x (3x - 2)
5x2
1
3.1.
= ; D = R \ {0}
10x4 2x2
1
2 ; R \ {0} ;
2x
2 2
D = R \ 0 , - , ;
3 3
3 (x - 1)2
3 (x - 1)
3 (x - 1)2
3.2.
= =
2
6x - 6
(2x - 7) * 1
1
= ;
=
(2x - 7)2
2x - 7
6 (x - 1) (x + 1)
6 (x + 1)
4x2 - 4xy + y2
(2x - y)2
3.11.
=
2
2
4x - y
(2x - y) (2x + y)
x-1
= ;
2 (x + 1)
2x - y
= y 0 2x ;
2x + y
D = R \ {- 1 , 1} ;
x2 - 3ax + 2a2 x2 - ax - 2ax + 2a2
3.12.
=
2
2
2
2
2
x + ax - 2a
x - x3
x (1 - x2)
x
3.3.
= = ;
1 - x4 (1 - x2) (1 + x2) x2 + 1
x (x - a) - 2a (x - a)
=
(x - a) (x + a) + a (x - a)
D = R \ {- 1 , 1} ;
x - 2a
(x - a) (x - 2a)
=
= x 0 a .
(x - a) (x + a + a) x + 2a
x2 - 4x + 4 (x - 2)2 x - 2
3.4.
=
= ;
2
x - 2x
x (x - 2)
D = R \ {0 , 2} ;
3x + 2 4x + 1 3x + 1
4.1.
- =
x2 - 5x + 6 (x
- 2) (x - 3) x - 3
3.5.
= = ;
2
x -4
(x
- 2) (x + 2)
x+2
D = R \ {- 2 , 2} ;
32 - 8x
10
15
(6)
(3)
(2)
18x + 12 - 12x - 3 + 6x + 2
12x + 11
= = ,
30
30
D=R;
1 (x - 2)
4x - 8
4 (x - 2)
3.6.
=
4 =
2
2
4
2
x - a + ax - a
- 8 (x - 4)
- 2 (x - 2) (x + 2)
-1
= 2 ;
2 (x + 2)
D = R \ {- 2 , 2
} ;
4x + 3x - 10 7x - 10
4.2. 2 + 3 - 52 =
=
,
2
2
x
2x
(2x)
(x)
(2)
3 (x + 4)
3
=
= ;
(x + 4) (2 + x2) x2 + 2
D = R \ {- 4} ;
2x
D = R \ {0} ;
x
4x - 4 - 5x2 - 5x2 + 4x - 4
4.3. 4 - 5
= = ,
x-1
3 (x + 4)
3x + 12
3.7.
=
2 (x + 4) + x2 (x + 4)
2x + 8 + x3 + 4x2
2x
x (x - 1)
x (x - 1)
D = R \ {0 , 1} ;
x +1
4.4. x + 1 =
, D = R \ {0} ;
2
x-1
x - 1 - 2x2 - 2x2 + x - 1
4.5.
- 2x = = ,
x
2x2 (x - 4) - (x - 4)
2x3 - 8x2 - x + 4
3.8.
=
(x + 6) (x - 4)
x2 + 2x - 24
(x - 4) (2x2 - 1) 2x2 - 1
=
= ;
(x + 6) (x - 4)
x+6
D = R \ {- 6 , 4} ;
D = R \ {0} ;
2x + 4 - 3x + 6 - x + 10
4.6. 2 - 3 =
=
,
2
x-2
x+2
(x - 2) (x + 2)
x -4
D = R \ {- 2 , 2} ;
61
1 Funes racionais
5x - 5
(x + 1) * x
4.14. (x + 1) :
=
2
2
4
2x
3
4.7.
- +
x2 - 4 2 - x x + 2
Pg. 50
D = R \ {- 1 , 0 , 1} ;
(x - 2)
4 + 2x2 + 4x + 3x - 6 2x2 + 7x - 2
= =
,
(x - 2) (x + 2)
x2 - 4
x2 - 9 x2 + 6x + 9 (x - 3) (x + 3)
4x2
4.15.
= * 2
:
2
2x
3x - 1
1
3x - 1
1
4.8.
2 + 2 = 2 -
1-x
(x - 1)
(x - 1) (x + 1)
(x + 1)
(x - 1)
D = R \ {- 3 , 0} ;
2x - x - 10
D = R \ {- 1 , 1} ;
4
3x
1
= - 2 +
(2x - 3) (2x + 3) (2x + 3)
2x - 3
(2x - 3)
x - 2x
(2x + 3)2
D = R \ {- 2 , 0 , 2} ;
3 3
D = R \ - , ;
2 2
x2 - 1
5.2. 1 1 + x :
* (x + 1)
2 x-2
3
2
1
4.10.
+ 2 +
3
2
3 (x - 3)
x (x + 3)
1 1 + x2 - 2x
2
= *
* (x + 1)
2
x-2
x2 - 1
x + 3x
3
2
1
= + 2 + =
x (x - 3) (x + 3) 3 (x - 3)
x (x + 3)
3 (x - 3)2
(x - 1)2 (x + 1)
x-1
= = ,
(x - 2) (x - 1) (x + 1)
x-2
D = R \ {- 1 , 1 , 2} ;
9-x
1
5.3. 12 - 1 : (x + 3) =
*
2
x
5x2 - 3x
x (5x - 3)
=
=
3x (x - 3)2 (x + 3) 3x (x - 3)2 (x + 3)
9
x+3
9x
- (x - 3) (x + 3) 3 - x
=
,
=
9x2 (x + 3)
9x2
5x - 3
=
,
3 (x - 3)2 (x + 3)
D = R \ {- 3 , 0} ;
D = R \ {- 3 , 0 , 3} ;
(4 - x)
x
x
5.4. 4 - 1 *
*
=
2
2
x
2
4.11. 2 * x = x ,
x
6 3
x - 16
(x - 4) (x + 4)
x-4
= ,
x+4
D = R \ {0} ;
x2 - 16
x2
(x - 4) (x + 4) * x2 x - 4
4.12.
*
,
=
=
4
2
4
3
x + 4x
D = R \ {0 , - 4} ;
(x + 1) * 5
5
4.13.
= ,
2
x-1
D = R \ {- 1 , 1} ;
62
x-2
x2 - 4
=
,
x2
- 2x + 29x + 21
= 2 ,
(2x + 3) (2x - 3)
x -1
x + 2x
(x
+ 2)2 * 4 (x - 2) (x + 2) * (x
- 2)
=
x (x
- 2) * x (x
+ 2) * 4 (x
+ 2)
x2 + 4x + 4 4x2 - 16 4x + 8
5.1.
*
:
2
2
3 (x - 3)
5
D = R \ - 2 , , 1 .
2
3x
1
4.9. 24 -
+
4x - 9 4x2 + 12x + 9 2x - 3
(2x + 3)
x+2
1
2 (x - 1) x -
2
x + 2 2x - 1
= * = ,
x - 1 2x - 5
5
2 (x + 2) x -
2
3x2 + 3x - x - 1 - x + 1
3x2 + x
=
= 2 ,
2
(x - 1) (x + 1)
(x - 1) (x + 1)
x - 9x
(x + 3)
2x
2x2 - 3x + 1 x - 1
4.16.
:
2
(3x - 1) (x + 1) - (x - 1)
=
(x - 1)2 (x + 1)
4x
2x (x - 3)
= ,
x+3
D = R \ {- 2 , 2} ;
(x - 1)
5 (x - 1) (x + 1)
x
x2
= ,
5 (x - 1)
2x
3
4
=
+ +
x2 - 4 x - 2 x + 2
(x + 2)
x * x (x + 4)
D = R \ {- 4 , 0 , 4} ;
x + x - x x + x - x
5.5. x - x : x + x =
:
x+1
x - 1
x2
x-1 x-1
= *
= ,
x+1
x2
x+1
D = R \ {- 1 , 0 , 1} ;
x+1
x-1
Funes II
2-x
2x
x2
*
2
2+x
x
-4
2x
1 1
-
x 2 x2 - 4
5.6. :
=
1 1
x2
+
x 2
6x
x
x
8.4.
+ =
2
x -9
3-x x+3
6x
x
x
- - = 0
(x - 3) (x + 3) x - 3 x + 3
2x (2 - x) * x2
- x2
= = 2 ,
(2 + x) (x + 2) (x - 2)
2x
(x + 2)
6x - x2 - 3x
- x2 + 3x
= 0
(x + 3) (x - 3)
D = R \ {- 2 , 0 , 2} .
- 2x2 + 6x = 0 (x + 3) (x - 3) 0 0
- 2x (x - 3) = 0 (x 0 - 3 x 0 3)
6.1.
a
1
b
a
- -
:
a - b a + b a2 - b2
b-a
a (a + b) - (a - b) - b
- (a
- b)
= *
a
(a
- b) (a + b)
x=0
x+3
2
1
8.5.
+ = 2
x-2
2-x
Pg. 51
4-x
- [a (a + b) - a] - a (a + b - 1)
= =
a (a + b)
a (a + b)
x+3
2
1
- + = 0
x - 2 (x - 2) (x - 2) (x + 2)
- (a + b - 1)
= , a 0 b a 0 - b a 0 0 ;
a+b
x2 + 5x + 6 - 2x - 4 + 1
= 0
(x - 2) (x + 2)
x2 - 6xy + 9y2
x2 - 9y2
6.2.
*
2
5x
10x
-1
(x - 3y)
10x
=
*
5x2
(x - 3y) (x + 3y)
x2 + 3x + 3 = 0 (x - 2) (x + 2) 0 0
xO;
2 (x - 3y)
= , x 0 3y x 0 - 3y x 0 0 .
x (x + 3y)
3 (x - 2)
5
3
8.6.
- = 2
2
(x - 1)
(2x - 2)
3 (x - 2)
5
3
- + = 0
(x - 1)2
2 (x - 1) x (x - 1)
x (x - 1)
(2x)
5x - 3
7.1. k + P =
x + 1 x - 3 (x + 1) (x - 3)
kx - 3k + px + p = 5x - 3
ap = 3
ap = 5 - k
ak + p = 5
b
b
b
ck = 2
c- 4k = - 8
c- 3k + p = - 3
k=2 p=3;
kx + p x2 + 4
x2 + 3x - kx - p x2 + 4
7.2. x -
= =
x+3
x+3
x+3
x+3
ak = 3
a3 - k = 0
b
b
cp = - 4
c- p = 4
k=3 p=-4.
4+x
4+x
8.1.
= 2 - 2 = 0
5-x
5-x
4 + x - 10 + 2x
= 0
5-x
3x - 6 = 0 5 - x 0 0 x = 2 ;
8.2. 5 = 0 x O ;
x+3
5
8.3. 1 + 1 =
2
x
x+4
x + 4x
1
1
5
+ - = 0
x x + 4 x (x + 4)
x+4+x-5
= 0
x (x + 4)
1
2x - 1 = 0 x (x + 4) 0 0 x = ;
2
x-x
2 (x - 1)
6x (x - 2) - 5x (x - 1) + 6 (x - 1)
=0
2x (x - 1)2
x2 - x - 6
2 = 0
2x (x - 1)
x2 - x - 6 = 0 2x (x - 1)2 0 0
x=-2 x=3;
x+1
1
8.7. x -
=1-
2
x
x +x
x+1
x
1
- + - 1 = 0
x
x+1
x (x + 1)
x+1
x2 - x 2 - 2x - 1 + 1 - x 2 - x
= 0
x (x + 1)
- x2 - 3x
x (- x - 3)
= 0 = 0
x (x + 1)
x (x + 1)
x=-3;
x+2
x+3
x + 5x + 6 + x2 + 3x + x2 + 2x
= 0
x (x + 2) (x + 3)
2
3x2 + 10x + 6
= 0
x (x + 2) (x + 3)
3x2 + 10x + 6 = 0 x (x + 2) (x + 3) 0 0
- 10 100
72
-
x = x 0 0
6
- 10 2 7
x 0 - 2 x 0 - 3 x =
6
- 5 - 7
- 5 + 7
x = x = ;
3
3
63
1 Funes racionais
9.1. A = {x R : x2 - 3x = 4} = {- 1 , 4}
x2 - 3x = 4 x2 - 3x - 4 = 0
x=-1 x=4;
x-1
5
5
x < - x - ? , - ;
3
3
7
(2 - x) (5x + 7) > 0 x = 2 x = -
5
1
x2
x2 - x + 1
x2
x + = =
x-1 x-1
x-1
x-1
+
7
5
x2 - x + 1 = x2 x 0 1 x = 1 x 0 1
7
x - , 2 ;
5
xO;
9.3. C = {x R : (x + 3)3 - (x + 3) = 0} = {- 4 , - 3 , - 2}
8
3x2 + 8x = 0 x (3x + 8) = 0 x = 0 x = -
3
x + 3 = 0 (x + 3) = 1
2
x
2
x
2
2 + = 2 + - = 0
x-1 x+1
x-1 x+1
2 (x2 - 1) + x (x + 1) - 2(x - 1)
= 0
(x - 1) (x + 1)
-3
2x - 2 + x + x - 2x + 2
= 0
(x - 1) (x + 1)
2
x -9
2
x +x
2
3x2 - x = 0 (x - 1) (x + 1) = 0
x (3x - 1) = 0 x 0 1 x 0 - 1
1
x = 0 x = .
3
-1
x-1=0 x=1;
2
4-x =0 x=-2 x=2
2
x - 3x = 0 x (x - 3) = 0
x=0 x=3
x-1
4
(x - 1) (4 + 5x) = 0 x = 1 x = -
5
4
5
2
x ]- ? , - 3[ , + ? ;
3
1
-
3
+
1
x - ? , {1} [3 , + ?[
3
2
3
4-x
1
3
2
(2 - 3x) (x + 3) = 0 x = x = - 3
3
x2 - 3x
4
x - ? , - ]1 , + ?[ ;
5
64
8
x - , 0 ;
3
8
3
3x - 1
(x - 1)
(x - 3)2
Funes II
(x - 1)3
12.8.
2 0 x - 1 0 x 0 0 x 0 - 3
2
x (x + 3)
x1 x00 x0-3
x2 + 5
12.2.
< 0 2 - 3x < 0
x ]- ? , - 3[ ]- 3 , 0[ ]0 , 1] ;
2 - 3x
2
3x > 2 x > ;
3
(x + 1)5
(x + 1)5
12.9.
0
4 0
2
2
2
3x - x
x2 - 25
12.3.
0 x2 - 25 0
x2 + 25
x ]- ? , - 3[ [- 1 , 0[ ]0 , 3[
5
x-5 x5
2
x-1
12.4.
0 x , 1
3
2 - 3x
3
(x + 1)
x2
3-x
2
3
-1
-3
5
x ]- ? , - 5] [5 , + ?[ ;
x (3 - x )
x-1
2 - 3x
- (x - 3)4
(x - 3)4
12.10.
0
0
2
2
x -1
x -1
x=3 x -1<0
2
x = 3 x ]- 1 , 1[
x ]- 1 , 1[ {3}
12.5. x 0
(x - 3) (4 + x)
x ]- ? , - 4[ {0} ]3 , + ?[
-4
x-3
4+x
Df = R \ {0} ; x = 0 ; y = 0 ;
5x - 1
13.2. f (x) =
x
Df = R \ {0} ;
5 , 0 ; x = 0 ; y = 5 ;
1
x-1
13.3. f (x) =
x - 3
Df = R \ {3} ;
x2 - 1
12.6. 1 > x x - 1 < 0
<0
x
x
x
x = 3 ; y = 1 ;
x ]- ? , - 1[ ]0 , 1[
-1
2x - 1
13.4. f (x) =
x -1
3
0 , 3 ; (1 , 0) ;
x+1
Df = R \ {- 1} ; (0 , - 1) ;
Pg. 52
2 , 0 ;
1
x=-1; y=2;
x -1
13.5. f (x) =
2
2
x -4
Df = R \ {- 2 , 2} ;
0 , 4 ; (- 1 , 0) ;
1
(1 , 0) ; x = - 2 ; x = 2 ; y = 1 ;
2
x
13.6. f (x) =
2
- 2x - 1
0
x (3x + 1)
x +9
Df = R ; (0 , 0) ; y = 1 ;
1
1
x - ? , - - , 0
2
3
1
-
2
1
-
3
1-x
13.7. f (x) =
; x2 + x - 2 = 0
2
x +x-2
x=1 x=-2
- 2x - 1
x (3x + 1)
M11FNAGP - 5
Df = R \ {- 2 , 1} ;
0 , - 2 ;
1
x=-2; y=0;
65
1 Funes racionais
x -x
13.8. f (x) =
3
2
2
x2 - x = 0
x + 5x + 8x
(2x - 1)
x=0 x=1
Df = R \ {0} ;
x3 + 5x2 + 8x = 0
(1 , 0) ; y = 0 ;
x (x2 + 5x + 8) = 0
1
1
Df = R \ ; Assimptotas: x = ; y = 0
2
2
y
x=0
x
13.9. f (x) =
4
2
2
x4 - 3x2 - 4 = 0
(x - 3x - 4)
(x2)2 - 3x2 - 4 = 0
Df = R \ {- 2 , 2} ;
x2 = - 1 x2 = 4
(0 , 0) ; x = - 2 ;
x=-2 x=2
x=2; y=0.
14.1.
y
0
1
1
2
(0 , 5)
1
x+4
15. f (x) =
= 1 , Df = R \ {- 4}
x+4
Assimptotas: y = 1
(0 , 0)
x2 + 1
1
g (x) = = x + , Dg = R \ {0}
x
x
x +1
14.2. f (x) =
2
2
Assimptotas: x = 0 ; y = x
(x + 1)
Df = R \ {- 1} ; Assimptotas: x = - 1 ; y = 1
y
x
h (x) =
, Dh = R
x2 + 1
Assimptotas: y = 0
x
i (x) = , Di = R
2
x
Assimptotas: y =
2
2
j (x) = , Dj = R \ {0}
x
Assimptotas: x = 0 ; y = 0
2x2 - 2 2 (x2 - 1)
k (x) =
=
= - 2 , Dk = R \ {- 1 , 1}
1 - x2 - (x2 - 1)
x
Assimptotas: y = - 2
x2
l (x) = 2 , Df = R \ {5}
(x - 5)
(0 , 1)
5
14.3. f (x) =
2
x2 - x - 6 = 0
x -x-6
x=-2 x=3
Df = R \ {- 2 , 3} ;
Assimptotas: x = - 2 ; x = 3 ; y = 0
y
Assimptotas: x = 5 , y = 1
15.1. g , i ;
15.2. f , h , i , k ;
15.3. g , i .
x-3
x-3
-1
16.1.
2 = = ;
9-x
(3 - x) (3 + x )
x+3
D = R \ {- 3 , 3} ;
2
x-5
x-5
1
16.2.
= 2 = ;
2
x + 25 - 10x
(x - 5)
x-5
D = R \ {5} ;
0 , - 6
5
66
x
x+2
+ 1
2
2
x (x + 2)
16.3. = =
;
1
1
2
x
x
D = R \ {0} ;
Funes II
3x + x2 x (3 + x)
16.4.
= = x ;
x+3
1 - 2x
x2
17.6. 1 +
=
2
x+3
D = R \ {- 3} ;
x -4
1
2x - 1
x2
+ - = 0
3 3 (x - 2) (x - 2) (x + 2)
(x - 5)2
5-x
(5 - x)2
16.5.
= = ;
2
25 - x
6 - 3x
x2 - 4 + (2x - 1) (x + 2) - 3x2
= 0
3 (x - 2) (x + 2)
5+x
(5 - x) (5 + x)
D = R \ {- 5 , 5} ;
3x - 6
= 0
3 (x - 2) (x + 2)
x - 2 + 2x
3x - 2
16.6. 1 - 2 =
= ;
1-x x
x (1 - x)
x (1 - x)
3x - 6 = 0 x 0 2 x 0 - 2
D = R \ {0 , 1} ;
xO.
x2 - 3x - 4 (x + 1) (x - 4) x + 1
16.7.
= = ;
2
x - 4x
x (x - 4)
D = R \ {0 , 4} ;
x -x
16.8.
4
3
2
5
x +x +x
x2 (x3 - 1)
=
x2 (x2 + x + 1)
0
1
1
1 - 4x
1
> 0 x 0 ,
x
4
0 -1
1 1
1 |0
x2 (x - 1) (x2 + x + 1)
=
=x-1;
x2 (x2 + x + 1)
1 - 4x
1 - x2
18.2. 1 < x 1 - x < 0
<0
x
x ]- 1 , 0[ ]1 , + ?[
-1
D = R \ {- 1 , 0 , 1} .
1-x
x2 - 1
17.1. x - 1 = 0
=0 x=1 x=-1;
x
x
1
4
0
D = R \ {0} ;
1
2x + x
x + x
2
2
3x * x
3x2
16.9. =
= 2 = 2 ;
2
1
2 (x - 1) 2 (x - 1)
x -1
x -
x
x
Pg. 53
x2 - 4
17.2.
= 0 x2 - 4 = 0 x - 2 0 0
x-2
x=-2;
1
1
x + + - 2 = 0
x-3 x-3
x2 - 3x + 1 + 1 - 2x + 6
= 0
x-3
x2 - 5x + 8 = 0 x - 3 0 0 x O ;
x ]- ? , 0[ ]1000 , + ?[
1000x
x2 - 4
18.4. x 4 x - 4 0
0
x
1000
0
1000 - x
1000
1000 - x
< 0
1000x
x [- 2 , 0[ [2 , + ?[
-2
x -4
67
1 Funes racionais
x-5
18.5.
> 0 x ]- ? , - 5[ ]5 , + ?[
x+5
-5
x-5
x+5
x3 + 1
19.4.2. g (x) x + 1
-x-10
2
x +1-x -x
0
x2
3
1 - x2 0 x 0 0
x [- 1 , 0[ ]0 , 1] .
x-2
18.6.
0 x ]- 1 , 2]
x+1
20.1.
-1
2 cm
x-2
x+1
1,5
2 cm
x-1
x-1
18.7.
< 1 - 1 < 0
x+3
1,5
240 cm2
x+3
x-1-x-3
-4
< 0 < 0
x+3
x+3
(x - 3) * (y - 4) = 240
x+3>0 x>-3
240
240
y - 4 = y = 4 +
x-3
x-3
x ]- 3 , + ?[ ;
A=x*y
3x - 2
3x - 2
18.8.
3 - 3 0
x-4
x-4
3x - 2 - 3x + 12
10
0 0
x-4
x-4
x - 4 > 0 x > 4 x ]4 , + ?[ .
2x - x - 3
x +1
19. f (x) =
; g (x) =
2
2
2
240
A (x) = x * 4 +
x-3
240
A (x) = 4x +
x-3
4x2 - 12x + 240x
A (x) =
x-3
4x2 + 228x
A (x) =
x-3
x + 3x + 2
19.1. Df = {x R : x2 + 3x + 2 0 0} = R \ {- 2 , - 1}
Dg = {x R : x2 0 0} = R \ {0} ;
3
3
x = - 1 x = x Df x =
2
2
20.2. x > 3
x ) 16,4
240
y = 4 +
16,4 - 3
) 21,9
D = ]3 , + ?[ , x ) 16,4 cm ;
y ) 21,9 cm .
g (x) = 0 x + 1 = 0 x 0 0 x = - 1 ;
3
3
2 (x + 1) x -
2
2x - 3
19.3. f (x) = =
, x0-1
(x + 2) (x + 1)
x+2
x
1000
f (x) = ; Df = R+ ;
x
1
g (x) = x + 2
x
Assimptotas de f : x = - 2 ; y = 2
Assimptotas de g : x = 0 ; y = x
21.3. y = x + 10
2x - x - 3
19.4.1. f (x) =
=2
2
2
x + 3x - 2
2x - 3
- 2 = 0 x 0 - 1
x+2
2x - 3 -
2x - 4
= 0 x 0 - 1 x O ;
x +2
68
1000
21.1. xy = 1000 y =
, x R+
x>0
1000
= x + 10 x2 + 10x - 1000 = 0
x
x>0
x = 27,02
(2 c. d.)
x = 27,02 y = 37,02
x ) 27,02 cm ;
(2 c. d.)
y ) 37,02 cm .
Funes II
22.1.
Sumo
150 L
xL
150 + x
Tomate
0,4 * 150 = 60
0,6x
60 + 0,6x
Pg. 54
60 + 0,6x
600 + 6x
C (x) = =
150 + x
1500 + 10x
23.4. 5x = 5
x
y = 5 . medida que o nmero de unidades
produzidas aumenta, o seu custo mdio
tende a estabilizar em 5 .
5x + 1000
23.5. C (x) < 20
< 20
x
x>0
Dc = [0 , 850]
22.3.
24.1. Sejam A 1 (0 , 0) e
Pg. 55
B 1 (3 , 2)
3
x
6
= = = b
22.4. 6
10x
10
3
b = = 0,6
5
y = 0,6 . medida que se aumenta a quantidade de sumo com a concentrao de
60% , a concentrao do sumo resultante vai-se aproximando deste valor.
2-0
2
m = =
3-a 3-a
2x - 2a
2
y - 0 = * (x - a) y =
3-a
3-a
uma equao da recta AB .
a*b 1
- 2a
24.2. A =
= a *
2
Como (0 , b) pertence
recta AB tem-se:
600 + 6x
22.5.1. C (x) = 0,55
= 0,55
2 * 0 - 2a
- 2a
b = b =
3-a
3-a
1500 + 10x
x>0
3-a
- 2a2
=
6 - 2a
impossvel.
600 + 6x
22.6. C (x) > 0,5
> 0,5
1500 + 10x
x>0
10 - t
25. h (t) = 5 +
0,1t
10 - 8
25.1. h (8) = 5 +
= 7,5 @ salrio/hora
23.1.
0,1 * 8
8 * 7,5 = 60 ;
10 - t
25.2. s (t) = t * h (t) = t * 5 +
0,1t
(10 - t)
1
= 5t + t * =
t
0,1
5 * 55 + 100
23.2. C (55) =
) 23,18
55
23,18 ;
5x + 1000
23.3. C (x) = 20
= 20
s (t) = 100 - 5t ;
x>0
x ) 66,7
5t = 45 t = 9
x ) 67 ;
9h .
69
1 Funes racionais
26.
x-1
x-1
1
30. f (x) =
= = e x 0 1
2
se 0 t < 15
a 0,854t
d
N (t) = b 0,8t + 1000
d
c 5t + 4
x -1
se t 15
(x - 1) (x + 1)
x+1
26.1.
C
12,81
x + 3x + 1
31. y =
2
x2 + 3x + 1 |x - 1
- x2 + x + 4 x + 4
4x + 1
- 4x + 4
5
x-1
5
= x + 4 +
x-1
a=4, b=5, c=-1
(D) .
0
15
30
60
90
x2 + 4x + 3
32.
=0
Pg. 57
x+3
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 x + 3 0 0
(x = - 3 x = - 1) x 0 - 3 x = - 1
15 horas.
(C) .
0,8
26.4.
= 0,16
5
y = 0,16 ; significa que o medicamento no
totalmente eliminado. A sua concentrao no
corpo, decorrido um intervalo de tempo significativamente grande tende a estabilizar em
0,16 p. p. m.
26.5.
se 0 t < 7,5
se t 7,5
A funo decrescente em ]- ? , 0[ e em
]0 , + ?[ mas no decrescente em R \ {0} .
II verdadeira.
1
1
1
Se f (x) = , f (- x) = = - = - f (x) , A x R .
x
x
-x
III falsa.
O grfico da funo simtrico relativamente
origem do referencial.
IV verdadeira.
As rectas x = 0 e y = 0 so assimptotas.
28. (B) .
x -1
29. f (x) = - 12 + 1 =
2
2
x
x
I verdadeira. A recta y = 1 uma assimptota
horizontal do grfico de f .
II falsa.
lim
x"+?
(B) .
70
lim
x"-?
t
Em t horas a torneira A enche do tanque
5
t
e a torneira B enche do tanque.
4
t
t
Logo, ter que ser + = 1 .
4 5
(C) .
lim f (x) = - ? , a recta de equao
x " a
x = a uma assimptota vertical do grfico de f .
34. Se
(A) .
Pg. 58
36. (C) .
2-x>0
x<2.
(I) O domnio R \ {0} .
1
(J) 2x + 1 = 0 x = - ; (2x + 1) (x + 3) = 0
2
1
x = - x = - 3 .
2
f (x) = 1 .
2
(B) verdadeira; y = uma assimptota do
5
grfico de i ;
f (x) = 1 .
3
3
,
(C) verdadeira; Df = R \ -
III verdadeira.
IV falsa.
35. (D) .
Pg. 56
27. I falsa.
{ }
e Dh = R \ 3 ;
Funes II
1
Pg. 59
9
- 12
2 - 1
2
+ 32
3
-1
4
=
3
- 34
- 34
= 6 + 2 - 11 + (34)
80
1
= - 3 + 3- 3 = - 3 + = - ;
27
27
4.2. 16
39. O grfico de f (x + h) obtm-se do
1
1
4.1. 36 2 + 32 5 - 121 2 + 81
- 25
64
-
27
- 25
+ (25)
-4
4
+ 2- 2 -
3
- 43
-1
- 1
3
3 - 4
3
-1
81
3 1 81
- 1 = + - - 1 = - .
256
4 4 256
5.1. (t
+ 1)2 = \t + 1|, t R
\t + 1|, t R ;
5.2.
3x
= 3x
, x R0+ ;
3
1
x3
x
1 - 16 3
5.3. 1 = (x 3
4
1 3
1
= (x 6 ) = x 2 = x , x R0+ ;
4
4
(2x3) 3
2 3 * (x3) 3
4 - 1
x4
5.4.
=
= 23 3 * 4 = 2 , x R\{0} .
1
3 4
13 4
x
2 x
2 x
x
42. Por exemplo, x 1 f (x) = b
.
6.1. y = 3 ; D = {x R : x3 > 0} = R+ ;
6.2. y = 6x 3 = 6
x2 ; D = R ;
x-a
2
6.3. y = 3 x ; D = R .
7.2. 0 ;
Pg. 66
7.1. 18 ;
a 1
d
2
f (x) = b x - 1
d0
c
se x 0 - 1 x 0 1
se x = - 1 x = 1
1
3x3 + x2 + 3x + 2
44.2. f (x) = 3x + 1 +
=
;
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
1
x -x+1
44.3. f (x) = x +
=
;
2
2
7.3. 0,6 ;
7.4. - 12 .
1
8. Porque (- 4) 2 = -
4 e no existem, em R ,
razes quadradas de nmeros negativos.
x -1
x -1
12 = 1 , 22 = 4 , 32 = 9 , etc.
x2 - 1
44.4. f (x) =
;
x-1
6x
44.5. f (x) =
.
2
nita no peridica.
x +x-6
11.1.
1
1
= ;
3
27
3
1.1. 15,625
= 2,5 cm ;
Pg. 64
1.2. 52
cm .
11.2.
-1 =-1;
3
11.3. 2
- 64 = 2 * (- 4) = - 8 ;
3
11.4. - 3 0 = 0 .
4
12. 81
-
- 32 - 36
= 3 - (- 2) - 6 = - 1 .
71
a7 b6
a b
17.3.
=
3
2 3
13.2.
(x - 3)4 = \x - 3| ;
18
13.6. 1
64x
1
4x
1 4x 2x
=
= * = ;
a
2 a
2 a
a
13.7. 2
x10
6 = 2
4x
x2
x4
2 = 2 = x2 ;
2
2
a5 b3 = ab
a2 ;
1
1
3
2
1
3
1
x
x
x
x
= 4
2a = 4 2a = 2 a .
16a
13.8. 4
2 2
2 71
= 4 2
- + = 2
;
6
18
9
a
a
a
=
3x = 3x ;
27x
3
2
2
26 -
9
= 16
*2 +
13.4.
(1 - x)5 = 1 - x ;
13.5.
2
8
-
36
81
17.4. 32
+
13.3.
(- 5 -
x)3 = - 5 - x ;
a b
=
a b
1
1
2
1
3
1
5
14.1. 3 ;
1
15
= (73 * x5) 15 =
73 x5 ;
14.2. 8 ;
3
14.3. 3a
;
1
4
1
3
1
14.4. - 64
;
12
=
256 b3 .
14.5.
- 32 ;
7
14.6. 2
x3 ;
14.7. (x
- 1) ;
3
19.2. 5x
(x + 5) = 5x + 5 x ;
14.8. 2
(x - 1)3 .
15.1. 8
+ 64
4
3 - 3
= (2 )
- 23
- 16
- 45
2
3 - 3
+4
- 23
5
4 - 4
+ (4 )
- (2 )
+ (2 )
1
1
1 1 7
= 2- 4 + 4- 2 - 2- 5 + 2- 3 = + - + = ;
16 16 32 8 32
2
5
14
- 12
1
1
a3 * a3
6
2 + 5 - 1
1 + 5
15.2.
= a3 3 2 = a 6 = a 6 = a
a5 (a 0) ;
12
a
15.3.
= a4
- 3
a
1
5
1 + 14
= a4 = a
= a a ;
1
20.1. A = 2 20
*
2
a 2 (a 2 - a 3 )
a
- 12
15.4. = a
12
(a
2
2 - 21
- a3) = 1 - a3
1
- 31
- 43
16.2. x
- 31
(6 + 2x) = 6x
1
- 43
+ 2x 4 = x
2
+ 2x 3 ;
(1 + 2x) .
18
3
17.2.
= 6 ;
3
72
50 50
= 2 * = m2
6
3
= 1 - a 6 = 1 - a .
16.1. x
125
2500
= 2
36
36
P = 2 * 2 20
+2*
Pg. 67
125
36
5 5
= 4 * 2 5 + 2 *
6
5
29
= 8 5 + 5 = 5 m
3
3
50
A = m2 16,67 m2 ;
3
29
P = 5 m 21,62 m ;
3
Funes II
3 12
+ 27
20.2. A =
* 12
22.3.
2
6 3 + 3 3
=
* 2 3 = 6 * 3 + 3 * 3 = 27 m2
2
y
2Vx
4
3
P = 3 12
+ 12
+ 27
+ 3 3
Vx
2Vx 3
0
1
P = 14 3 m 24,22 m ;
3
32 2
20.3. h2 +
)2
= (32
32
h2 + = 32 h2 = 24 h = 24
4
a x
se x 0
c x2
se x < 0
23. f (x) = b
32
* 24
4 2 * 2 6
A = =
2
2
= 4 12
= 8 3 m2
4
P = 3 32
= 3 * 4 2 = 12 2 m
A = 8 3 m2 13,89 m2 ;
P = 12 2 m 16,97 m .
2 1 0
21. r =
4 x
A
4
21.1. r =
200
=
4
21.2. 12,2 =
A
50
cm 3,99 cm ;
Pg. 71
Df = {x R : 8 + x4 0} = R ; f (0) = 3 - 8
A
= 12,22
4
22.1.
Pg. 70
y
Vx
2
1
0
1
Funo f
Df = R ; Zeros: {- 1 , 1} ; f crescente
em ]- ? , 0] e decrescente em [0 , + ?[ ;
2
Vx
22.2.
Contradomnio: ]- ? , 3 - 8]
Vx
3 8
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
Vx + 1
73
+ x3
g (x) = 3 - 8
y
6
Dg = {x R : 8 + x 0} = [- 2 , + ?[
3
24
8 + x3 0 x3 - 8 x - 2
1,69 0,79 0
2 1
1
x
Funo i
Di = [- 2 , + ?[ ; Zeros: {0 , 1} ;
f crescente em [- 2 ; 0,75[ (2 c. d.) e
decrescente em ]0,75 , + ?[ (2 c. d.) ;
Mximo: 0,018 (3 c. d.) para x = 0,75 (2 c. d.) ;
Mnimo : - 24
para x = - 2 ;
Contradomnio: ]- ? ; 0,018] (3 c. d.) .
y
0,018
0
Funo h
Dh = [- 2 , + ?[ ;
0,75 1
24
Zeros: {1} ;
f decrescente em [- 2 ; - 1,69[ e em
]- 0,79 ; + ?[ (2 c. d.) ; f crescente
em ]- 1,69 ; - 0,79[ (2 c. d.);
para x = - 2 e
Mximos relativos: 6 - 24
0,36 para x = - 0,79 (2 c. d.) ;
25.1. 2x
- 1 - 1 = 0 2x
- 1 = 1 Pg. 75
2x - 1 = 1
x = 1;
2*1-1-1=0
v
1-1=0 0=0
74
25.2. 3x
+5 =-2 xO;
Funes II
25.3.
1 - 2x = 3 1 - 2x = 33
2x = - 26 x = - 13 ;
25.4. 12
- x - x = 0 12
-x =x
12 - x = x2 x2 + x - 12 = 0
3x
+ 4 = 2 3x + 4 = 4
x=0
(
0 + 4 = 2 (v))
Como x 1 3x
+ 4 crescente e
f
x=-4 x=3
+ 4 + 4 = 0 8 = 0 (falso)
x = - 4 : 12
x = 3 : 12
-3 -3=0
3 - 3 = 0 (verdadeiro)
Logo, x = 3 ;
4
Df = - , + ?
3
3x
+4 2 x0
[0 , + ?[ ;
1
25.5. 3 - x = 3x
+ 1 9 - 6x + x2 = 3x + 1
x2 - 9x + 8 = 0 x = 1 x = 8
x = 1 : 3 - 1 = 3
+1
2=2
1
(verdadeiro)
x = 8 : 3 - 8 = 24
+ 1 - 5 = 5 (falso)
15
x
- 2 = x 15 - 2x = x2
x2 + 2x - 15 = 0 x = - 5 x = 3
15
0
+ 1 = - 5
x=-5:
(falso)
- 6 = 3 3 = 3 (verdadeiro)
x = 3 : 15
1
2
(15 - 2x) - x = 0 x = 3
Logo, x = 1 ;
25.6.
3 - 2
x - x = 0 3
- 2 x
= x
3 - 2 x = x 3 - x = 2 x
21
15
Se f (x) = (15 - 2x) - x , Df = - ? ,
2
9 - 6x + x2 = 4x x2 - 10x + 9 = 0
x=1 x=9
3 - 2 1
- 1 = 0
x = 1 :
1 - 1 = 0 (verdadeiro)
- 9 = 0
3 - 2 9
x = 9 :
3 - 3 = 0 (falso)
Como f decrescente,
f (x) > 0 x ]- ? , 3[ .
Logo, x = 1 ;
25.7. 3x
+ 1 - x
- 1 = 0 3x
+ 1 = x
-1
3x + 1 = x - 1
2x = - 2 x = - 1
x = - 1 :
3 + 1 -
2 =0
- 1 no pertence ao domnio da condio.
{};
2
1
25.8. x = (x - 1) 2 x = x - 1
2
4
x2 - 4x + 4 = 0 x = 2
2
x = 2 : = 2
- 1 1 = 1 (verdadeiro);
2
1
1
25.9. (2x + 3) 2 = 1 + (x + 1) 2
2x + 3 = 1 + x + 1 + 2 x
+1
x + 1 = 2 x
+1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 4x + 4
27. F1 (- 6 , 0) ; F2 (6 , 0) ; P (x , y)
Pg. 76
PF1 + PF2 = 20
(x
+ 6)2
+ y2 = 20 - (x
- 6)2
+ y2
x2 + 12x + y2 + 36
- 6)2
+ y2 + x2 - 12x + y2 + 436
= - 40 (x
40 (x
- 6)2
+ y2 = 400 - 24x
1600x2 - 19
200x + 1600y2 + 57 600
200x + 160 000
= 576x2 - 19
1024x2 + 1600y2 = 102 400
1024x2
1600y2
+ = 1
102 400 102 400
x2
y2
+ = 1
100 64
x2 - 2x - 3 = 0
x=-1 x=3
2 + 3 = 1 +
1+1
x = - 1 : 1 = 1 (verdadeiro)
x = 3 : 6
+ 3 = 1 + 3
+1
3 = 1 + 2 (verdadeiro)
Logo, x = - 1 x = 3 .
2n
se 0 < x < 1 ;
2n
se x > 1 ;
2n
se x = 0 v x = 1 ;
75
2n1
2n1
2n1
2.1. x
+ 1 = 6 x + 1 = 36 x = 35
+1 =6
x = 35 : 35
5 + 1 + 2 5
3 + 5
=
4
2
3 + 5 3 + 5
=
2
2
(v)
3 + 5
2 ;
2.8. x
+ 2 - 2x
+2 =-1
x
+ 2 + 1 = 2x
+2
x + 2 + 1 + 2 x
+ 2 = 2x + 2
+ 2 = x - 1 4 (x + 2) = x2 - 2x + 1
2 x
x2 - 6x - 7 = 0 x = - 1 x = 7
(v)
{35} ;
1
2.2. 1 = (3x - 2) 2 1 = 3x - 2 3x = 3
x=1
1 + 2 -
2+2 =-1
x = - 1 : 1 = - 1 (f)
x = 7 : 7
+ 2 - 14
+2 =-1
3 - 4 = - 1 (v)
x = 1 : 1 = 3
- 2 (v) ;
{7} ;
31
2.3. (x - 1) = 2 x - 1 = 2 x = 9 ;
3
2.9. 2x
+ 1 > 5 2x
+1 -5>0;
2.4. 3 x
+ 1 = x + 1 9 (x + 1) = x2 + 2x + 1
x2 - 7x - 8 = 0 x = - 1 x = 8
x=-1:
x=8:
3
1+1 =-1+1
3 8
+1 =8+1
(v)
(v) ;
+1 -5
Seja f (x) = 2x
+1 =5
f (x) = 0 2x
2x + 1 = 25 2x = 24 x = 12
(24
+ 1 = 5 verdade)
41
2.5. - 1 = 2 (x + 3) x O ;
3
2.6.
x2 + x = x x2 + x = x3
x3 - x2 - x = 0 x (x2 - x - 1) = 0
1 - 5
1 + 5
x = 0 x = x = ;
2
2
Como
3 - 5
3 + 5
x = x =
2
2
3 - 5
3 - 5
x = : 2
2
3 - 5
- 1 =
2
1 - 5
=
2
3 - 5
=1
3 - 5
3 - 5
2
1 - 5
3 + 5
- 1 =
2
5 + 1
=
2
(> 0)
76
3 + 5
= 1
2
3 + 5
2
(> 0)
f (x) = 0 x = 12 ,
f (x) > 0 x ]12 , + ?[ ;
2
2.10. x+
+x
5 x+5
2
x+
+x
5 -x-50
Df = {x R : x2 + x + 5 0} = R
3 + 5
2
+x
5 -x-5
Seja f (x) = x+
1
Df = - , + ?
2
f crescente
2
f (x) = 0 x+
+x
5 =x+5
x2 + x + 5 = x 2 + 10x + 25 = 0
20
9x + 20 = 0 x = -
9
20
x = - :
9
20
20
20
+ 5 = - + 5
- 9
- 9
9
2
25 25
= (v)
9
9
Funes II
Pg. 84
8.1.
A
B
9
Dado que:
f decrescente
Df = R
B
20
f (x) = 0 x = -
9
20
f (x) 0 x - ? , - .
9
BP = x2 + 62
2
BP = x
+ 36
3.1. y = x;
- 3 deslocamento do grfico
Pg. 83
AP = (9 - x)2 + 32
AP = 81
+ x2
- 18x
+9
2
2
BP + AP = x
+ 36 + xx
- 18
+ 90
2
2
8.2. y1 = x
+ 36 + xx
- 18
+ 90
3.3. y = - 3 + x
- 1 ; deslocamento do grfico de
y = x de 1 unidade para a direita, seguido
do deslocamento de 3 unidades para baixo.
A
g
h = 1430 ;
17 140
r = = 8570
2
r
P
12 x
2
+
85702
g = 1430
BC = 25
+ x2
17 140
2
A = * 1430
+
85702
2
233 924 027 m2 .
6. A = r 2
30 = r12 r 1 =
30
50 = r22 r 2 =
r 1 3,09 cm
25
+ x2
tBC =
30
12 - x
tCP =
40
2
x
+ 25 12 - x
Logo, T (x) = +
40
30
(x
5)
+ 2 (12 - x)
9.2. y1 =
+
2
50
r 2 3,99 cm .
CP = 12 - x
30
40
2
5 +1
7.1. 2 =
5 - 1
(5 - 1) (5 + 1)
(5 + 1) 5 + 1
= 2 = .
2
5-1
x 5,67 km .
77
10.1. g2 = r2 + 142
Pg. 85
12. x2 + y2 = 102
12
2
g = r
+ 142
P 2r
= = r
2
2
P
2
+ 142 ;
A = g = r r
2
14
10
10.2. A = 282,7
y = 100
x
- 2
2
+ 142 = 282,7
p r r
282,7
r 2 (r 2 + 142) =
p
282,7
x2 + 142x -
p
=0
2
x = r2
M
x ) - 231,0470 x = 35,04705 x = r 2 e
2
M r >0
r 2 ) 35,04705
r>0
r ) 5,9 cm . M
xy
A =
2
1
A (x) = x 100
x
- 2
2
1
A (x) = 20 x 100
x
- 2 = 20
2
x 100
x
- 2 = 40
x2 (100 - x2) = 1600
100a - a2 - 1600 = 0
11. V = Ab * h
5
x
y 2
x2 + = 25
2
y 2
= 25 - x2
2
y = 2 25
- x2
a = x2
M
a2 - 100a + 1600 = 0
a = 20 a = 80
x2 = a
M
x = 80
x = 20
Verificao
20
.100
20
- = 40
20
* 80
= 40
(v)
80
.100
80
- = 40
xy
V = * 20
2
x * 2 25
- x2
V (x) = * 20
2
- x2 ;
V (x) = 20x 25
V (x) = 60
Se x = 20
(v)
y = 100
20
- = 80
) 8,9
Impossvel, pois y 6 .
, ento y = 20
.
Se x = 80
x = 80
m ) 8,94 m e y = 20
) 4,47 m .
- x = 60
20x 25
2
- x2 = 3
x 25
x2 (25 - x2) = 9
a = x2
25a - a2 - 9 = 0 M
980
13. T = 2p 2
980
2p
0
13.1. e = 20 cm ; T = 2p 2
= ) 0,9 s ;
13.2. T = 1,2
a2 - 25a + 9 = 0
x2 = a
x2 ) 0,365339 x2 ) 24,63466 M
x>0
M
x ) 0,6044 x ) 4,9633
Confirmao com a calculadora:
2p
e
= 1,2
980
e
1,2
=
980
2p
e
1,2
=
980
2p
*
2
980
*
980
1,2
1,2
e = 980
2p
1,2
= (v)
2
e ) 35,75 cm ;
13.3. T1 = 3T2
78
e
e
= 3 * 2 p
980
980
- x2 tem-se
Como y = 2 25
2p
a x ) 0,604 dm
b
c y ) 9,927 dm
e1
e2
= 9.
e1 = 9e2
980
980
ou
a x ) 4,963 dm
b
c y ) 1,209 dm
e1 > 0 ; e2 > 0
Funes II
2
y = (10
x)
+ 00
- 1
(D) .
17. (B) .
14.1. V = 3xy
Pg. 86
Pg. 87
18. (C) .
19. (A) .
12
1
3
1 + 32
= (3 - x2)2 ;
2
20.2. a
+ 4 = a + 2 s verdade se a = 0
(a + 2)2 = a2 + 4 + 4a ;
x + y = 12 y = 144
x
-
2
2 + 2 (x + 3)
20.3. 2 + 2 x
+ 3 = ;
x+3
x
+3
V (x) = 3x 144
x
- 2
20.4. 2
+ 2x = 2
(1 +
x) = 2 1
+x ;
3
2
20.5. 2x
+ x5 = x+
(2x
x3) = |x | 2x
+ x3 ;
20.6. (x
+ 1)2 = |x + 1| ;
Para x = 8,485 , y = 144
x
- 2 = x
- 12
20.7. x
As dimenses do sabonete so
3 cm * 8,49 * 8,49 cm (2 c. d.) ;
3
- 12
+ x2 = x
(1 + x2) ;
20.8.
(x + 7)2 = x
+ 7 s se x + 7 0 .
21.1. x2 + y2 = 100
x
- 2
y = 100
A = 4xy = 4x 100
x
- 2 ;
21.2.
d
h=3t
900
d 2 = 9002 + (3t)2
2
2
d (t) = 900
+
9t 2 = 3 t
+ 90
000
2
d (t) = 3 t
+ 90
000 ;
Neste caso
2
15.2. d (t) = 2000 3 t
+ 90
000 = 2000
9 (t 2 + 90 000) = 20002
2
2000
t 2 = - 90 000
9
L2 + L2 = (2r)2
2L2 = 4r 2
L = 2r
2
A = 2r 2
2000
- 90 000 + 90 000 = 2000
9
verdade
t ) 595,352 s t ) 9 min 55 s .
A
Se A1 = 2r 12 , A2 = 2r 22 e 1 = 2 , tem-se
A2
r>0
2 r 2
12 = 2 r 12 = 2r 22 r 1 = 2r 2
2 r 2
79
Pg. 90
x+3
Df = R \ {- 3} e Dg = R
x+3
x
2.2. f (x) =
; g (x) =
x
x+4
Df = R \ {0} ; Dg = R \ {- 4} ;
g (x) = 0 x = 0
Df Dg = R \ {- 4 , 0}
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0} R \ {- 4 , 0}
No so iguais. Df 0 Dg ;
x+3
x
(f + g) (x) = +
x
x+4
(x + 3) (x + 4) + x2
=
x (x + 4)
f (x) = (x
+ 3)2 = \x + 3|0 x + 3
No so iguais. Para x < - 3 , f (x) 0 g (x) ;
1.4. f (x) =
\x| ; g (x) = \x| ; Df = Dg = R
3
a
d -x
f (x) = b
3
d
c x
3
se x < 0
se x < 0
se x 0
f - g : R \ {- 4 , 0} 2" R
7x + 12
x1
;
x2 + 4x
2
Df = R ; Dg = R ; Df Df = R
Pg. 92
1
1
(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = 3x + x + = 4x +
2
2
f + g : R 2" R
1
x 1 4x + ;
2
(f - g) (x) = f (x) - g (x)
1
1
= 3x - x + = 2x -
2
2
f + g : R \ {0 , 3} 2" R
3x2 - 11x + 18
x1
;
x2 - 3x
1
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0} = R \ -
2
f
3x
3x
f (x)
g (x) = = +
1
2x + 1
g (x)
x +
2
2
2
6x
= 3x * =
2x + 1 2x + 1
2" R6x
x 1 ;
2x + 1
x-3
Df = R \ {0} ; Dg = R \ {3} ;
x
2x - 6 x + 1 3x2 - 11x + 18
(f + g) (x) = + =
x
x-3
x2 - 3x
R 2" R
3
x 1 3x2 + x ;
2
f
1
g : R \ -
2
2x - 6
x+1
2.3. f (x) =
; g (x) =
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0}
R \ {- 1 , 0 , 3}
f
g : R \ {- 4 , 0} 2" R
x2 + 7x + 12
x 1
;
x2
Df Dg = R \ {0 , 3}
x + 3 x + 4 x2 + 7x + 12
= * =
x
x
x2
g (x) = 0 x + 1 = 0 x = - 1
f - g : R 2" R
1
x 1 2x - ;
2
80
x+3
7x + 12
x
(f - g) (x) = - =
x
x2 + 4x
x+4
fg : R \ {- 4 , 0} 2" R
x+3
x 1 ;
x+4
f
x+3
x
g (x) = :
x
x+4
= g (x)
So iguais.
fg :
f + g : R \ {- 4 , 0} 2" R
2x2 + 7x + 12
x1
;
x2 + 4x
x+3
x+3
x
(fg) (x) = . =
x
x+4 x+4
se x 0
3
a-
x
d
= b
3
d
c x
2x2 + 7x + 12
=
x2 + 4x
2x - 6 x + 1 x2 - 13x + 18
(f - g) (x) = - =
x
x-3
x2 - 3x
f - g : R \ {0 , 3} 2" R
x2 - 13x + 18
x1
;
x2 - 3x
2(x - 3) x + 1 2x + 2
(fg) (x) = * =
x
x
x-3
fg : R \ {0 , 3} 2" R
2x + 2
x 1 ;
x
Funes II
f - g : R0 \ {1} 2" R
f
2x - 6 x + 1
g (x) = :
x
x-3
x
+1
x 1 x -
x-1
2 (x - 3) (x - 3) 2x - 12x + 18
= * =
x
x+1
x2 + x
fg :
f
g : R \ {- 1 , 0 , 3} 2" R
2x2 - 12x + 18
x1
.
x2 + x
R0 \ {1} 2" R
2
x
+x
x1
x-1
f
g :
R0 \ {1} 2" R
x1
Pg. 93
Df = R \ {0} ; Dg = {x R : x 0} = [0 , + ?[
Df Dg = R \ {0} [0 , + ?[ = ]0 , + ?[ = R+
Dg = ]- ? , 6]
g (x) = 0 x = 0
g (x) = 0 x = 6
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0} = R+
Df Dg = [- 1 , 6]
1
1
(f + g) (x) = + x ; (f - g) (x) = - x ;
x
x
x
(fg) (x) = ;
x
x
(x - 1) ;
x+1
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0} = [- 1 , 6[
-x
(fg) (x) = x
+ 1 6
x [- 1, 6]
1
x
= =
;
x2
x x
5x
x2 +
+6
f
x
+1
g (x) =
6
-x
f + g : R 2" R
1
x 1 + x ;
x
x [- 1, 6[
x+1
6-x
f + g : [- 1 , 6] 2" R
x 1 x
+ 1 + 6
-x
f - g : R+ 2" R
1
x 1 - x ;
x
f - g : [- 1 , 6] 2" R
x 1 x
+ 1 - 6
-x
f * g : R 2" R
x
x 1 ;
x
f
R+ 2" R
g :
x
x 1
;
x2
(fg) :
x 1 x2 +
5x
+6
g :
f
x
+1
x-1
[- 1 , 6] 2" R
[- 1 , 6[ 2" R
x+1
x 1 .
6-x
Pg. 94
4.
Dg = {x R : x + 1 0 x - 1 0 0}
= [- 1 , 1[ ]1 , + ?[
ax + 1
f (x) = \x + 1|= b
c- x - 1
ax - 4
g (x) = b
c- x
g (x) = 0 x + 1 = 0 x Dg
x=-1
se x 3
se x < 3
se x - 1
se x < - 1
; Df = R
Dg = R
Df Dg = [0 , 1[ ]1 , + ?[ = R0 \ {1}
-1
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0} = R0 \ {1}
x
+ 1 x 0 x
+x
(fg) (x) = x * =
x-1
x-1
2
f
x - 1 x 0
g (x) = x * =
x
-1
x
(x - 1)
x+1
f + g : R0 \ {1} 2" R
x
+1
x 1 x +
x-1
M11FNAGP - 6
f (x)
-x-1
x+1
x+1
g (x)
-x
-x
-1
x-4
Df Dg = R
g (x) = 0 (x - 4 = 0 x 3)
(- x = 0 x < 3)
x=4 x=0
Df Dg {x R : g (x) 0 0} = R \ {0 , 4}
81
4.1. Df + g = R
a - 2x + 1
d
(f + g) (x) = b 1
d
c 2x - 3
4.4. D = R \ {0 , 4}
f
g
se x - 1
se 1 < x < 3
se x 3
x+1
a
d x
d
d x+1
f
g (x) = b - x
d
dx+1
d
cx-4
se x - 1
se - 1 < x < 3 e x 0 0
se x 3 e x 0 4
5
y
3
1
1
1 0
1 0
4.2. Df - g = R
a- 1
d
(f - g) (x) = b 2x + 1
d
c5
se x - 1
se - 1 < x < 3
se x 3
a- x
cx
a- x - 1
g (x) = \x + 1|= b
cx + 1
se x < - 1
se x - 1
Df = Dg = R
-1
Pg. 95
se x 0
se x 0
f (x)
-x
-x
g (x)
-x-1
x+1
x+1
Df - g = R
se x - 1
se - 1 < x < 0
se x 0
a1
d
(f - g) (x) = b - 2x - 1
d
c- 1
4.3. Dfg = R
5.2. \x|- \x + 1|< 1
2
se x - 1
ax + x
d 2
(fg) (x) = b - x - x
se - 1 < x < 3
d 2
c x - 3x - 4 se x 3
2
a - 2x - 1 < 1
a 1 < 1 (f)
d
d
2
2
b
b
d- 1 < x < 0
dx - 1
c
c
a - 1 < 1 (v)
d
2
b
dx 0
c
ax > - 3
d
4
x0
b
d- 1 < x < 0
c
1
3
1 0
4
12
82
3
x - , 0 [0 , + ?[
4
3
x - , + ?
4
Funes II
a- x + 1
cx - 1
a- x - 3
\x + 3|= b
cx + 3
Pg. 96
se x < 1
se x 1
6. f (x) = \x - 1|= b
gof : R 2" R
fog : R 2" R
x 1 4x2 - 8x + 5
x 1 2x2
g (x) = 2 \x + 3|- 5
x-4
\x - 1|
-x+1
-x+1
x-1
\x + 3|
-x-3
x+3
x+3
- 2 \x + 3|
2x + 6
x + 12
- 2x - 6 - 8
- 2x - 6
-3
-x-2
a x + 12 > 0
a9 > 0
f (x) > g (x) b
b
cx < - 3
cx = - 3
a - 3x > 0
a- 3 > 0
a- x - 2 > 0
b
b
b
c- 3 < x < 1
cx = 1
cx > 1
a x > - 12
b
cx < - 3
g (x) = x
Df = R \ {4} ; Dg = R+0
- 3x
se x < - 3
se x - 3
ax < 0
x=-3 b
c- 3 < x < 1
ax < - 2
xO b
cx > 1
1
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x) =
x - 4
Dfog = {x R : x Dg g (x) Df}
= {x R : x 0 x 0 4}
= {x R : x 0 x 0 16} = R+0 \ {16}
1
x-4
1
(gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g =
x-4
1
= x R : x 0 4 0 = ]4 , + ?[
x-4
fog : R0+ \ {16} 2" R
1
x 1
x - 4
x ]- 12 , - 3] ]- 3 , 0[ O O
gof : ]4 , + ?[ 2" R
x ]- 12 , 0[ .
x 1
1
x-4
g (x) = x
+1
Df = R \ {0} ; Dg = [- 1 , + ?[
1
g (x) = 2x +
2
7.1. f (x) = x - 1 ;
Pg. 101
7
7
9
(fog) (- 2) = f (g (- 2)) = f - = - - 1 = -
2
2
2
1
11
(gof) (- 2) = g (f (- 2)) = g (- 3) = - 6 + = - ;
2
2
1
+1 =
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (x)
x
+1
Dfog = {x R : x Dg g (x) Df}
= {x R : x - 1 x
+ 1 0 0}
1
+ 1
x
1
(gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g =
x
1
g (x) =
x+1
1
1
- 1 + 1 0
x
x
1+x
0
x
x ]- ? , - 1] ]0 , + ?[
8.1. f (x) = x + 1 ;
2
g (x) = 2x - 2
Df = R ; Dg = R
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (2x - 2)
= (2x - 2)2 + 1 = 4x2 - 8x + 4 + 1 = 4x2 - 8x + 5
Dfog = {x R : x Dg g (x) Df} = R
+
1
1
= x R : x 0 0 - 1
x
= ]- ? , - 1] ]0 , + ?[
83
fog : ]- 1 , + ?[ 2" R
13.2.
1
x 1
x
+1
y1
gof : ]- ? , - 1] ]0 , + ?[ 2" R
x 1
1
+ 1
x
x1
x2
13.3.
y
h
ax + b - 2 = ax - 2a + b , A R
y1
b - 2 = - 2a + b b R a = 1
Pode ser qualquer funo do tipo:
g (x) = x + b , b R .
x1
Pg. 102
g (x) = 2x - 1 e f (x) = x
(p. e.) ;
x2
13.4. f (x) = x2 - 5x + 1
x+3
2
g (x) = x + 3 e f (x) = (p. e.) ;
x
2 3
10.4. h (x) = -
x+3
2
g (x) = - e f (x) = x3 (p. e.) .
x+3
1
1
11. V = p r2 * 3
Pg. 103
V (R) = 3 p R 2
13.5. f (x) = \x - 1|
y
2
= 3 p * (0,6 t
43
43
= 3 p * 0,36 t = 1,08 p t
43
V (t) = 1,08 p t .
x (t) = 10t , 0 t 8
0t8
0t8;
f no injectiva f (- 1) = f (3)
84
x
f injectiva
Funes II
Pg. 110
Df = R\{0}
2
6 y00
6
x = xy = 6 y =
y
x
Df -1 = R\{0}
f -1 : R\{0} 2" R
6
x 1
x
16.2. f (x) = 6x + 1
f injectiva
Df = R
x-1
x = 6y + 1 6y = x - 1 y =
6
Df -1 = R
13.8. f (x) = (x + 1)
f -1 : R 2" R
x-1
x 1
6
1
1 0
x-3
Df = R\{3}
y03
2
x = xy - 3x = 2
y-3
f injectiva
ax + 1
13.9. f (x) = b 1
c x
y
4
2 + 3x
xy = 2 + 3x y =
x
se x 1
Df -1 = R\{0}
se x < 1
f -1 : R 2" R
3x + 2
x 1
x
3
2
Pg. 111
17.1. g1 : [0 , 4] 2" R
1
x 1 y = g (x)
17.2. g2 : [- 3 , 2] 2" R
x 1 y = g (x)
1
f no injectiva f = f (2)
3
17.3. g3 : [2 , + ?[ 2" R
14. Se f estritamente crescente
x 1 y = g (x)
Pg. 107
em A ento
a > b f (a) > f (b) , A a , b A
17.4. g4 : [- 5 , 2] 2" R
x 1 y = g (x)
Sejam x1 , x2 A e x1 0 x2
Se x1 0 x2 tem-se x1 > x2 ou x2 > x1
x1 > x2 f (x1) > f (x2) f (x1) 0 f (x2)
x2 > x1 f (x2) > f (x1) f (x2) 0 f (x1)
Logo, x1 0 x2 f (x1) 0 f (x2) , A x1 , x2 A
ou seja, f injectiva.
se x 0
se x > 0
; Df = R
f injectiva e no montona.
Pg. 114
1.1. a)
x
f (x)
g (x)
(f + g) (x)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
2
4
2
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
0
1
2
3
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
85
f (x)
g (x)
(f g) (x)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
2
4
2
1
0
-1
-2
-1
0
0
1
2
3
4
3
3
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-4
-3
Dh = [- 2 , 0]
h- 1 : [- 2 , 0] 2" R
x 1 2x + 4
y
4
f+g
h (4) = 0
-1
4 3 2
h (0) = - 2 ;
y
4
1
1
x = y - 2 x + 2 = y y = 2x + 4
2
2
1.2.
h : [0 , 4] 2" R
1
x 1 x - 2
2
b)
h1
x
2
4 x
h
2
1.3.
y
4
1
x 1 - x
2
1
0
i + h : [0 , 4] 2" R
x 1 -2
3
fg
Pg. 115
2.1. Funo f : (0 , 2) ; (4 , 0)
2
1
m = = -
-4
2
1
1
y = - (x - 4) y = - x + 2
2
2
1.4. a) (fg) (- 3) = f (- 3) * g (- 3) = 1 * 1 = 1 ;
f (2) - 1
1
b) (2) =
= = - ;
g
f
g (2)
1
f (x) = - x + 2 ;
2
Funo g : (- 2 , 0) ;
(0 , 2)
y=x+2
g (x) = x + 2 ;
1.5. a) Df = [- 4 , 4] ;
b) Dg = [- 4 , 4] ;
c) Df + g = [- 4 , 4] ;
d) Df = ]- 4 , 4] ;
f (0) 2
d) f (0) =
= = 1 ;
e) Dg = [- 4 , - 2[ ]- 2 , 4[ .
1.7. (0 , - 2) ; (4 , 0)
2 1
1
1
m = = ; y = (x - 4) y = x - 2
4 2
2
2
86
g
g (0)
Funes II
d)
g (x) = x + 2
Dg = R
Df Dg = R ;
Df Dg {x R :
g (x) 0 0} = R\{- 2}
y
gof
a) (f + g) (x) = x + 4
2
f + g : R 2" R
x
x 1 + 4
2
2
g (x) = x + 1
Df = Dg = Df Dg = R ; g (x) = 0 x = - 1
fg : R 2" R
1
x 1 - x2 + x + 4
2
f + g : R 2" R
x 1 3x + 1
1
- x + 2
2
f
-x+4
c) (x) = =
g
x+2
2x + 4
f - g : R 2" R
x 1 x-1
f
: R\{- 2} 2" R
g
-x+4
x 1
2x + 4
fg : R 2" R
x 1 2x2 + 2x
gof : R 2" R
g (x) = x2 ;
Df = Dg = Df Dg = R ; g (x) = 0 x = 0
b)
f + g : R 2" R
x 1 x2 + 2x + 1
f+g
f - g : R 2" R
x 1 - x2 + 2x + 1
fg : R 2" R
x 1 2x3 + x2
y
4
f
: R\{- 1} 2" R
g
2x
x 1
x+1
3.2. f (x) = 2x + 1 ;
1
x 1 - x + 4
2
y
4
3.1. f (x) = 2x ;
2.4. a)
f
: R\{0} 2" R
g
2x + 1
x 1
x2
fxg
2 4 x
3.3. f (x) = x + 5 ;
g (x) = x2 - 4 ;
c)
Df = Dg = Df Dg = R ; g (x) = 0 x = - 2 x = 2
f + g : R 2" R
x 1 x2 + x + 1
f
g
f - g : R 2" R
x 1 - x2 + x + 9
2
1
2
fg : R 2" R
x 1 x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 20
f
: R\{- 2 , 2} 2" R
g
x+5
x 1
x2 - 4
87
4.1. f (x) = x ;
g (x) = 2x ;
g (x) = x - 4 ;
Df = Dg = Df Dg = R ;
Df = Dg = R ; Df Dg = R+0
g (x) = 0 x = 0
g (x) = 0 x = 4 x = 16
= {x R : x 0 x - 4 0}
x 4 x 16
= [16 , + ?[
fog : R 2" R
x 1 2x
= {x R : x 0 x + 1 0} = R+0
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (
x - 4) =
x - 4 + 1
gof : R 2" R
x 1 2x
x + 1) =
x + 1 - 4
(gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (
fg : R 2" R
x 1 2x2
f
: R\{0} 2" R
g
1
x 1
2
x + 1
g (x) =
x - 4
f
g (x) = 2x - 1 ;
Df = R\{0} ;
x 1
Dg = R ; Df Dg = R\{0}
1
g (x) = 0 x =
2
x 1
1
= {x R : x R 2x - 1 0 0} = R\
2
Dgof = {x R : x Df f (x) Dg}
f
: R0+\{16} 2" R
g
x + 1
x 1
x - 4
x + 1 - 4
fg : R0+ 2" R
x 1 x - 3 x - 4
4
= x R : x 0 0 R = R\{0}
x
4
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = f (2x - 1) =
2x - 1
4
8
(gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g = - 1
x
x
x - 4 + 1
4
8x - 4
(fg) (x) = (2x - 1) =
x
x
Df = R ; Dg = R\{- 1} ; Df Dg = R\{- 1}
=
g (x) =
x (2x - 1) 2x - x
g (x) 0 0 , A x Dg
1
fog : R\
2
4
x 1
2x - 1
88
1
= x R : x 0 - 1 R = R\{- 1}
x+1
2" R
1
1
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) = f = - 1
x+1
x+1
1-x-1
x
= =
x+1
x+1
1
(gof) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (\x - 1\) =
|x - 1| + 1
Funes II
|x - 1|
(fg) (x) =
x+1
6.1.
= \x - 1 \(x + 1)
g (x) = \x - 1\:
x-1
Pg. 117
f 1
x
x 1
x+1
gof : R 2" R
1
x 1
|x - 1| + 1
fg : R\{- 1} 2" R
|x - 1|
x 1
x+1
6.2.
f
: R\{- 1} 2" R
g
x 1 (x + 1) \x - 1\
f
Pg. 116
f 1
tm imagens diferentes;
0
6.3.
f 1
5.7. f injectiva
y
5
0
3
x
6.4.
f = f 1
5.9. f injectiva
y
y= x+1
2
1
1
7.1. f (x) = 2x
Df = R
f - 1o f : Df = R\{- 1} 2" R
x 1 x
x
x = 2y y =
2
Df - 1 = R = D'f
f - 1 : R 2" R ;
x
x 1
2
9. f (x) = x ;
7.2. f (x) = 2x - 3
g (x) = x2 + 3x
Pg. 118
9.1. Df = R0+ ; Dg = R ;
Df = R
x+3
x = 2y - 3 2y = x + 3 y =
2
Df - 1 = R = D'f
f - 1 : R 2" R
;
x+3
x 1
2
9.2.
y
f
2
D'f = R
1
1
Df = R\{1}
2
x = x - xy = 2
1-y
x-2
xy = x - 2 y =
x
Df - 1 = D'f = R\{0}
f - 1 : R\{0} 2" R
;
x-2
x 1
x
y01
4 3 2 1
D'f = R\{0}
0 1
2,25
2x - 1
7.4. f (x) =
y>0
x+1
9.3. x = y x2 = y
Df = R\{- 1}
2y - 1
x = xy + x = 2 - y - 1
y+1
xy - 2y = - 1 - x
+
0
Df - 1 = Df' = R
3
2
1
Df - 1 = D'f = R\{2}
f
: R\{2} 2" R
;
x+1
x 1
2-x
f 1
f - 1 : R0+ 2" R
x 1 x2
x+1
y (x - 2) = - 1 - x y =
2-x
-1
D'f = R\{2}
x
8.1. f (x) = 2
x+1
Df = R\{- 1}
2y
x = xy + x = 2y
y+1
g:
- ? , - 2 2" R
3
x 1 y = g (x)
xy - 2y = - x y (x - 2) = - x
x
y =
2-x
ax + 1
c- x - 1
se x - 1
se x < - 1
Df - 1 = R\{2}
f - 1 : R\{2} 2" R
x
x 1
2-x
90
a 2x - 3 se x 3
d
2
g (x) = \- 2x + 3|= \2x - 3|= b
d - 2x + 3 se x < 3
c
2
Funes II
-1
x
f (x)
-x-1
g (x)
- 2x + 3
f (x) - g (x)
x-4
-5
3
2
5
x+1
2
- 2x + 3 0
ax - 4
d
d
10.1. (f - g) (x) = b 3x - 2
d
d- x + 4
c
x+1
-x+4
se - 2 x 0
se x > 0
-2
se x < - 1
3
se - 1 x <
2
3
se x
2
ax - 1
se x 1
c- x + 1
se x < 1
11.2. g (x) = \1 - x| = \x - 1| = b
f (x)
x+1
-x+1
-x+1
-x+1
x-1
f (x) + g (x)
-x+1
2x - 1
se x < - 2
a2
d
d- x + 1
(f + g) (x) = b
d1
d
c 2x - 1
a 3x - 2 > 1
ax - 4 > 1
d
d
b
b
3
d - 1 x <
dx < - 1
2
c
c
a- x + 4 > 1
ax > 5
d
d
b
b
3
d x
dx < - 1
2
c
c
g (x)
ax > 1
d
b
3
d - 1 x <
2
c
se x < - 2
2x - 3
5
2
3x - 2
ax + 1
d
f (x) = b 0
d
cx
se - 2 x 0
se 0 < x < 1
se x 1
12.1. d 2 = 4 + y2
Pg. 119
d (y) =
4+y ;
2
ax < 3
d
b
3
d x
2
c
y = 100t
y (t) = 100t ;
3
3
x O 1 , , 3 x ]1 , 3[ ;
2
2
10.3.
2
1
3
5
9
x = y + 32 5x = 9y + 160 9y = 5x - 160
5
5x - 160
x =
9
5x - 160
-1
f (x) = ;
9
f - 1 converte graus Fahrenheit em graus Celsius;
13.2.
y
212
100
(- 2 , - 1) ; (- 3 , - 2)
-1+2
m = = 1
-2+3
32
y + 1 = 1 (x + 2) y = x + 1 ; f (x) = x + 1
Para - 2 x 0 , f (x) = 0
32
100
212 x
91
5x - 160
13.3. f (x) = f - 1 (x) 9 x + 32 =
5
1
17. f (x) = x
+ 1 ; g (x) =
x
x+1
1
g (f (x)) = g (x
+ 1 ) = =
x+1
x
+1
(C) .
- 40 F = - 40 C .
18. (D) .
19. (B) .
10 - 12,5 - 2,5
m = = = 1,25
6-8
-2
1
20. f (x) =
; g (x) = x
2
x -1
1
1
92 - 1
80
f
f (9)
1
g (9) = = = =
3
g (9)
240
9
(C) .
21. (D) .
r - 2,5
1
2,5
s = s = r -
1,25
2,5
1,25
s = 0,8r - 2
22. (A) .
23. 1 - x2 > 0
Pg. 121
+
-1<x<1
(B) .
x
(fog)- 1 (x) = + 2 ;
3
15.3. y = 3x x = y ; y = x - 2 x = y + 2
3
x
f - 1 (x) = e g- 1 (x) = x + 2 ;
3
3
(1)
x2
2y
3
x
2
x
(g- 1of - 1) (x) = g- 1 (f - 1 (x)) = g- 1 =
2
3 x
(g- 1of - 1) (x) = = (fog)- 1 (x) ;
2
Por hiptese:
(2)
(1)
x2
(2)
Pg. 120
92
Funes II
(1)
x2
(2)
1
(fog) (x) = f (g (x)) =
(g (x))2 - 4
1
1
2
2
=
=
1
1 + 4 - 4 =x +1
+4 -4
2
x +1
x2 + 1
g (x) =
1
+4
x +1
2
(por exemplo).
x+1
28. f (x) = 2x - 1 ; g (x) =
2
Df = R ;
Dg = R
(1)
x2
(2)
x2
4 Taxa mdia de variao e taxa de variao de uma funo. Clculo da derivada de algumas funes
1. f (x) = 3x2
Pg. 127
f (3) - f (0) = 27 - 0 = 27
tmv[0 ,
3]
27
= = 9 .
3
2. f (x) = 3x2 - 2x
f (0,5) - f (0) - 0,25 - 0
2.1. tmv[0 ; 0,5] =
= = - 0,5 ;
0,5 - 0
2.2. tmv[1 ;
2]
f (2) - f (1) 8 - 1
= = = 7 .
2-1
1
(1)
(1)
3.1. tmv[200 ;
600]
Logo,
Ax1 ,
x2
Df , x1 0 x2 f (x1) 0 f (x2)
3.2. tmv[1800 ;
1
+4 ;
x +1
2
Dg = R
4.1. y = x
1
f (x) =
; Df = R\{- 2 , 2}
x2 - 4
Dfog = {x R : x Dg g (x) Df}
y' = 1 ;
4.3. y = - 3x
y' = - 3 ;
=R
4.5. y = x2
y' = 2x ;
R (600) - R (200)
=
600 - 200
27 000 - 11 000
= = 40 ;
400
2200]
0,5
R (2200) - R (1800)
=
2200 - 1800
11 000 - 27 000
= = - 40 .
400
4.2. y = 2x
Pg. 131
y' = 2 ;
4.4. y = - 7x
3
7
y' = - ;
3
4.6. y = 5x2
y' = 10x ;
93
4 Taxa mdia de variao e taxa de variao de uma funo. Clculo da derivada de algumas funes
4.7. y = - 6x2
4.8. y = - 1x2
3
7.2. f (x) = - 1
= - 13x- 2
2
4.10. y = - 5x3
4
1
y' = - x ;
2
y' = - 12x ;
4.9.
y = x3
y' = 3x2 ;
x
26
f ' (x) = 26x- 3 =
;
x3
x
2
f ' (x) = 2 + 2x- 3 = 2 + 3 ;
x
y' = - 15x2 ;
4.11. y = - 3x3
4.12. y = - 4x3
7
9
y' = - x2 ;
7
y' = - 4x2 ;
4.13. y = x4
2
f ' (x) = - 2x- 2 + 2 = - 2 + 2 ;
x
4.14. y = - 2x4
y' = 4x ;
1
y' = - 8x ;
4
4.15. y = - x
4
y' = - x3 ;
1 - 1
f ' (x) = 4x 2
- 21
= 4x
4.16. y = - 5x4
7.6. f (x) = - 3 = - 3x
y' = - 20x3 ;
4.17. y = x
25
y' = 10x9 ;
y' = 75x24 ;
99
1
3 1 3
x
f ' (x) = x 2 = ;
2
2
x
4.20. y =
99
y' = 3x98 ;
100
y' = x99 .
5.1. y = 2 + 2x
5
5 3
5x x
f ' (x) = 3x2 + x 2 = 3x2 + ;
2
2
5.2. y = x2 + x
y' = 2 ;
y' = 2x + 1 ;
5.3. y = x2 + 2x + 1
5.4. y = - 2x2 + 3x - 1
y' = 2x + 2 ;
y' = - 4x + 3 ;
y' = - 5x + 6x ;
3
7.7. f (x) = x 2 x = x 2
100
3x
4.19. y =
- 21
x
3 - 3
3
f ' (x) = x 2 = ;
2
2x x
4.18. y = 3x
10
4
= ;
x
- 21
3 - 3
6
3
f ' (x) = - 6x- 2 - x 2 = - 2 - .
2
x
2x x
Pg. 135
8.1. P (- 1 , 6) ; t (- 1) = 1 + 5 = 6
3
2
y' = - x2 + 2x ;
3
2
y' = - x2 - x .
m = t' (- 1) = - 2 - 5 = - 7
y - 6 = - 7 (x + 1) y = - 7x - 1
y = - 7x - 1 ;
8.2. P (3 , - 6) ; t (3) = - 6
m = t' (3) = 6 - 5 = 1
f
y + 6 = 1 (x - 3) y = x - 9
y=x-9;
1
3 2
m = t' (2,5) = 5 - 5 = 0
y = - 6,25 .
p' (1) = 0 .
94
Pg. 133
Pg. 137
11.1. f (x) = x2 - 5x + 4 ; Df = R
Pg. 140
f ' (x) = 2x - 5 ;
5
f ' (x) = 0 x =
2
Funes II
5
2
-?
f ' (x)
f (x)
+?
f (x)
f estritamente decrescente em
e estritamente crescente em
5
, + ? ;
2
f ' (x)
f (x)
f ' (x) = 0 3x (x - 2) = 0 x = 0 x = 2
0
-?
+
0
f estritamente decrescente em ]- ? , 0] e
estritamente crescente em [0 , + ?[
5
- ? ,
2
f ' (x)
+?
a=1
f estritamente crescente em ]- ? , 0] e
em [2 , + ?[ e estritamente decrescente em
[0 , 2] ;
f ' (x) = 0 x = 0 x = 1
x
12x2
(x - 1)
3
f ' (x) = - 7x2 ;
f (x)
2.3. f (x) = 13 - 2x - x2
f (x)
f ' (x) = - 2 - 2x ;
f estritamente decrescente em ]- ? , 1]
e estritamente crescente em [1 , + ?[ .
ax + 1
12. f (x) = b
c- x + 1
12.1.
se x > 0
se x 0
2
4
3
1
f ' (x) = x + ;
4
2.6. f (x) = 3x (x2 - 2) = 3x3 - 6x
3.
1
1 0
y
5
y = 2x + 5
4
3
y = 4 x2
se x > 0
2 1 0
se x < 0
13. f (x) = x 3 =
x2 ; Df = R
2 2 - 1 2 - 1
2
, A x R\{0}
f ' (x) = x 3 = x 3 =
3
3
3
3 x
f ' (x) 0 , A x R\{0}
Ponto de tangncia (- 1 , 3)
y' = - 2x ; m = 2
Equao da tangente:
y - 3 = 2(x + 1) y = 2x + 5
y = 2x + 5 .
95
4 Taxa mdia de variao e taxa de variao de uma funo. Clculo da derivada de algumas funes
f ' (1) = - 2 - 10 = - 12 ;
Pg. 149
2
3
12x2 - 10x - 12 = 0 x = - x =
3
2
So paralelas recta y = 3x + 2 as tangentes nos
2
3
pontos de abcissas - e .
3
2
1
3 - 1
3
y' (u) = 3u2 - u 2 = 3u2 -
2
2
u
3
3 189
y' (4) = 3 * 16 - = 48 - = .
4
4
2 4
5. y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1
y' = 3x2 - 6x + 2
a = - 1 a2 = 4
x2 = a
x2 = - 1 x2 = 4 M
y' (0) = 2 .
x=-2 x=2.
6. y = x (3x - 1) (x + 3)
1
y = 0 x = 0 x = x = - 3
3
y = 3x3 + 8x2 - 3x
10.1. C e F ;
10.2. B e E ;
10.3. A e D .
y' (0) = - 3
1
1 2
1
10
y' = 9 * + 16 - 3 =
3
3
3
3
Pg. 150
11. f , b , e , d , a , c .
y' (- 3) = 9 * (- 3) + 16 (- 3) - 3 = 81 - 48 - 3 = 30 .
2
f ' (x) = 2x - 7
A
f ' (x) = - 1 2x - 7 = - 1 x = 3
f (3) = 9 - 21 + 6 = - 6
Ponto de tangncia (3 , - 6)
m=-1
y + 6 = - 1(x - 3) y = - x - 3
6
13.1.
y
f
5
0
13.2.
y
f
y = x 3
3
y=5x
0
96
Funes II
13.3.
Pg. 151
10
S' (x)
S (x)
x = y = 10
x
13.4.
Min.
15. 4y + 6x = 300
300 - 6x
y =
4
150 - 3x
=
2
15.1. A = 3x.y
13.5.
150 - 3x
A (x) = 3x * , 0 < x < 50
2
450x - 9x2
A (x) =
2
A (x) = 225x - 4,5x2 ;
y
f
13.6.
50
25
A' (x)
A (x)
Mx.
A (25) = 2812,5 m2
150 - 75
x = 25 y = = 37,5
2
x = 25 m ; y = 37,5 m ;
rea mxima: 2812,5 m2 .
x
f
16.
Pg. 152
14. x + y = 20 y = 20 - x
12 2x
14.1. P = xy
P (x) = x (20 - x)
P (x) = 20x - x2
(0 x 20)
P' (x) = 20 - 2x
V = (12 - 2x)2 * x
P' (x) = 0 20 - 2x = 0 x = 10
10
P ' (x)
P (x)
Mx.
x = y = 10
14.2. S = x2 + y2
S (x) = x + (20 - x)
2
20
-
V ' (x)
V (x)
Mx.
M11FNAGP - 7
97
4 Taxa mdia de variao e taxa de variao de uma funo. Clculo da derivada de algumas funes
17. A (1 , 3)
B (0 , 1)
3-1
m = = 2 ;
1-0
B (0 , y1)
b=1
f ' (x0) = 0
y = 2x + 1
Por exemplo:
(B) .
t = 0 t = 16
m = y1
(A) .
B
19.
h'
Pg. 153
y0
m=0
y1
0
x0
h' (a)
< 0 ; h' (e) * h (f) = 0 ; h' (d) * h' (f) < 0
h' (c)
aa
se x k
c mx + b
se x > k (m < 0)
se x < k
a0
Logo, f ' (x) = b
cm
20.1. D (0) = 1
o que se ajusta a g ,
a- x
d
f (x) = b x
d
c- x + 2
D' (x)
D (x)
Mx.
Pg. 154
23.3.
se - 1 x < 0
se 0 < x < 1
se 1 < x 2
-1
f (x)
f ' (x)
Por exemplo:
c
=
m
a
se 1 < x 2
se 0 x 1
Ento,
se - 1 x < 0
a- 1
d
donde se tem f ' (x) = b 1
d
c- 1
Pg. 155
se x > k (m < 0)
1
1
f ' (x) = x ' = (x- 1)' = (- x- 2) = - 2
x
O grfico de g pode ser o grfico de f ' .
98
Funes II
24.1.
500
P
250
75
5
15 t
10
P
225
24.3.
t
10
12
15
P' (t) 0
75
-72
-225
P (t) 0
250
500
432
Mx.
de P'
Mx.
de P
99
Sucesses
1 Sucesses. Sucesses montonas.
Sucesses limitadas
1.1. an = 2n
Pg. 14
a1 = 2 ; a2 = 4 ; a3 = 8 ; a4 = 16 ; a5 = 32 ;
1.2. bn = 30
b1 = b2 = b3 = b4 = b5 = 30 ;
en = 4 + (- 1)n
e1 = 3 ; e2 = 5 ; e3 = 3 ; e4 = 5 ; e5 = 3 ;
fn = 5
f1 = f2 = f3 = f4 = f5 = 5 .
3.2. a
n
6
5
4
1.3. cn = 1 - 2n
c1 = - 1 ; c2 = - 3 ; c3 = - 5 ; c4 = - 7 ; c5 = - 9 ;
1.4. cn = (- 1) * 1
n
1
1
1
1
c1 = 1 ; c2 = - ; c3 = ; c4 = - ; c5 = .
2
3
4
5
n+1
n2 - 1
2. un =
n
1
0
2 3
bn
1 -1
2.1. a) u1 =
=0
2
1
52 - 1 24
b) u5 = =
5
5
(n + 1)2 - 1 n2 + 2n + 1 - 1
c) un + 1 = =
n+1
n+1
n2 + 2n
= ;
n+1
n2 - 1
2.2. un = 9,9
= 9,9 n2 - 1 = 9,9n
9
7
5
3
1
0
9,9
9,92 +
4
n2 - 9,9n - 1 = 0 n =
2
nN
1
n = - n = 10 n = 10
10
u10 = 9,9 ;
n2 - 1
2.3. un = 6
= 6 n2 - 1 = 6n
n
cn
3
2
1
n - 6n - 1 = 0
2
6
36 + 4
n =
2
dn
1
6 2
10
n =
2
n = 3 10
6 no termo da sucesso. A equao un = 6
n = 3 10
impossvel em N .
3.1. an = 6
Pg. 15
n
3
6
a1 = 6 ; a2 = 3 ; a3 = 2 ; a4 = ; a5 = ;
2
5
bn = 2n - 1
b1 = 1 ; b2 = 3 ; b3 = 5 ; b4 = 7 ; b5 = 9 ;
9
cn = n
3
1
1
1
c1 = 3 ; c2 = 1 ; c3 = ; c4 = ; c5 = ;
3
9
27
1
dn = (- 1)n
n
1
1
1
1
d1 = - 1 ; d2 = ; d3 = - ; d4 = ; d5 = - ;
2
3
4
5
100
1
en
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2
Sucesses
fn
7.1. an = 6 - 1
Pg. 19
1
1 -n+n+1
an + 1 - an = 6 - - 6 + =
n+1
n
n (n + 1)
1
= > 0 , A n N
n (n + 1)
5
4
3
2
1
7.2. bn = 6 + (- 1)n
3 4
b1 = 5 ; b2 = 7 ; b3 = 5 ; b2 > b1 e b3 < b2
(bn) no montona;
Pg. 16
4.
a 4 se n mpar
.
4 , - 3 , 4 , - 3 ; an = b
c - 3 se n par
n+3
7.3. cn =
n+1
n+4 n+3
cn + 1 - cn = -
n+2 n+1
n2 + n + 4n + 4 - n2 - 2n - 3n - 6
=
(n + 2) (n + 1)
-2
= < 0 , A n N
(n + 2) (n + 1)
5.2. bn = 3n + 2 .
6.1. 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 21 , 34 , 55 ;
8. un = (- 3)n ;
6.2.
u1 = - 3 ; u2 = 9 ; u3 = - 27 ; u2 > u1 e u3 < u2 .
an
13
9. vn = (6 - n)2
v5 = 1 ; v6 = 0 ; v7 = 1 ; v6 < v5 e v7 > v6 .
8
5
3
2
1
0
10.1. an = 1 + 1
Pg. 23
1
0 < 1 , A n N
n
1
1 < 1 + 2 , A n N
n
7 n
1 < an 2 , A n N ;
an + 1
6.3. bn =
an
a
1
a
2
b1 = 2 = = 1 ; b2 = 3 = = 2 ;
a1 1
a2 1
a
3
a
5
a
8
b3 = 4 = ; b4 = 5 = ; b5 = 6 = ;
a3 2
a4 3
a5 5
a
13
a
21
a
34
b6 = 7 = ; b7 = 8 = ; b8 = 9 = ;
a6
8
a7 13
a8 21
a
55
b9 = 10 = .
a9
34
10.2. bn = 5
Toda a sucesso constante limitada;
n
1
- 1 cn , A n N ;
2
10.4.
a 1 se n mpar
d
dn = b n
d - 1 se n par
c
1
- 1 dn , A n N .
2
+1
6.4. bn = na
n
an - 1 + an
=
a
n
substitui-se n por n - 1
em an + 2 = an + an + 1
a - 1 an
1
= n
+ =
an + 1
an
an
an
-1
1
= 1 + .
bn - 1
an
bn - 1 =
an - 1
11. an = n
n+3
2.2. an = (- 1)n * 2n
n
< 1 , A n N .
n+3
a1 = (- 1)1 * 21 = - 2
a2 = (- 1)2 * 22 = 4
Ento,
1
an < 1 , A n N .
4
an = 16 (- 1)n * 2n = 16
2 - 3n
1.1. an =
16 > 0
M n par
2n = 24
n=4
Pg. 28
2
2-3
1
a1 = = - ;
2
2
an = - 32 (- 1)n * 2n = - 32
-2 =-2
n=5
n
2-3*2
a2 = = - 2 ;
2
2-3*3
7
a3 = = - ;
2
2
32 < 0
M n mpar
an
-2
16
- 32
(- 1)n * 2n
an
10
2n
an
11
2n + 1
an
12
16
20
4n
2-3*4
a4 = = - 5 ;
2
3.1.
2-3*5
13
a5 = = - .
2
2
1.2. bn = (- 1) * n
1+n
n
3.2.
1
1
b1 = (- 1) * = - ;
1+1
2
1
2
2
b2 = (- 1)2 * = ;
1+2 3
3.3.
3
3
b3 = (- 1) * = - ;
4
1+3
3
4
4
b4 = (- 1)4 * = ;
1+4 5
Pg. 29
3.4.
5
5
b5 = (- 1)5 * = - .
1+5
6
2 + (- 1)n + 1 * n
1.3. cn =
n
3.5.
2 + (- 1)2 * 1
c1 = = 3 ;
1
2 + (- 1) * 2
c2 = = 0 ;
2
an
12
16
20
4n
an
11
2n + 1
an
12
24
36
48
60
12n
3.6.
2 + (- 1) * 3 5
c3 = = ;
3
3
4
2 + (- 1)5 * 4
1
c4 = = - ;
4
2
3.7.
2 + (- 1)6 * 5 7
c5 = = .
5
5
3.8.
2.1. an = 10 - 2n
a2 = 10 - 4 = 6
an
18
32
50
2n * n = 2n2
an
15
24
35
n (n + 2)
an = - 16 10 - 2n = - 16
- 2n = - 26 n = 13
4.1. 8 * 1 = 8 ; 8 * 2 = 16 ;
an = - 20 10 - 2n = - 20
8 * 3 = 24 ; 8 * 4 = 32
an = 8n ;
- 2n = - 30 n = 15
102
an
13
15
- 16 - 20
10 - 2n
4.2.
a 2 se n mpar
an = b
c - 2 se n par
an = (- 1)n + 1 * 2 ;
Pg. 30
Sucesses
4.3.
a u1 = 1
d
b
1
d un + 1 = un , A n N ;
c
2
a - 2 se n mpar
an = b
c 2 se n par
an = (- 1)n * 2 ;
4.4. 1 2 3
4
2 4 6
8
4 6 8 10
an = 2n + 2 ;
4.5. 1 2 3 4
5
10
12
5
10
11
2 4 6 8
3 5 7 9
an = 2n + 1 ;
4.6. 1 2 3
4
3 6 9 12
2 5 8 11
an = 3n - 1 ;
2
1
a u1 = -
d
2
b
d un + 1 = 1 un , A n N .
2
c
6 n
12 2n
14 2n + 2
6 n
12 2n
13 2n + 1
7.1.
cn
9
5 n
15 3n
14 3n - 1
7
5
3
4.7. 2 = 2 ; 2 = 4 ; 2 = 8 ; 2 = 16 ; 2 = 32 .
1
an = 2n .
1
0
3 4
5.1. a u1 = 4
b
c un + 1 = 2un
u1 = 4 ; u2 = 2u1 = 8 ; u3 = 2u2 = 16 ;
u4 = 2u3 = 32 ; u5 = 2u4 = 64 ;
cn + 1 = 2 (n + 1) - 1 = 2n + 1 ;
ct + 7 = 2 (t + 7) - 1 = 2t + 13 ;
n < 50,5 n 50 ;
5.2. a u1 = 10
d
b
2
d un + 1 = un
c
3
50 termos;
2
20
2
40
u1 = 10 ; u2 = u1 = ; u3 = u2 = ;
3
3
3
9
2
80
2
160
u4 = u3 = ; u5 = u4 = ;
3
27
3
81
5.3. a u1 = 1
d
b
1
d un + 1 = un +
c
2
= 1 + 2 = 2 ;
1
u3 = u2 +
2
3 1 7
= + = ;
2 4 4
1
u4 = u3 +
2
1
u5 = u4 +
2
nN
n 500,5 n 1501 ;
Apenas os primeiros 500 termos so inferiores
a 1000 .
O nmero de termos maior ou igual a 1000
infinito;
1
u1 = 1 ; u2 = u1 +
2
15
7.5. cn + 1 - cn = 2 (n + 1) - 1 - (2n - 1)
= 2n + 2 - 1 - 2n + 1 = 2 > 0 , A n N ;
(cn) montona crescente;
15
31
1
= + = ;
8
16 16
5.4. a u1 = 1
d
b u2 = 2
d
c un + 2 = un + un + 1
u3 = u1 + u2 = 1 + 2 = 3 ;
u4 = u2 + u3 = 2 + 3 = 5 ;
u5 = u3 + u4 = 3 + 5 = 8 .
2 2
4 2
1 1
1
1
u4 = = * u3 ; u5 = = * u4 ;
8 2
16 2
n+1
8. un =
Pg. 31
8.1. u1 = 1 ;
un
3
u2 = ;
2
u3 = 2 ;
5
u4 = ;
2
u5 = 3 ;
2
1
n
103
n+1
8.2. un = 8,5
= 8,5
1
0 < 1
n
1
- 1 - < 0
n
1
- 2 - 1 - < - 1 , qualquer que seja n
n
mpar.
2
n + 1 = 17 n = 16 ;
u16 = 8,5 ;
n+1
8.3. un = 6,1
= 6,1 n + 1 = 12,2
2
n = 11,2 N ;
n+1
8.5. un 1
1 n+12
2
n 1 , condio universal em N .
3
Logo, - 2 un , A n N ;
2
3
(un) limitada porque - 2 un , A n N .
2
13. a t1 = 2
b
c tn + 1 = 3tn , A n N
t1 = 2
t2 = 2 * 3
t3 = 2 * 3 * 3 = 2 * 32
t4 = 2 * 32 * 3 = 2 * 33
B
tn = 2 * 3n - 1 .
Pg. 33
9. (D) .
14.1.
n
3
4
u1 = - 2 ; u2 = ; u3 = - ;
2
3
104
Pg. 32
n+1
12. un = (- 1)n
Se n mpar,
n+1
1
un = - = - 1 - .
n
n
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
a4 = a3 = ; a5 = a4 = ;
2
8
2
16
metade da rea do
quadrado precedente, tal
como a figura sugere.
logo un u1 , A n N .
= 2
1
1 1
1
a1 = 1 ; a2 = ; a3 = * =
2
2 2
2
1
1
1
a4 = 2 * = 3
2 2
2
B
1
an = n
.
2 -1
15.3. ln =
an =
=
2 = 2
2
1
n-1
2
ln = 1
2
n-1
2
n-
n-1
Sucesses
N. da figura
50
25
12,5
2 (n + 1) + 6 2n + 6
18.2. an + 1 - an =
-
n+1+2
2 - 6n - 6n - 18
2n2 + 2n + 8n + 8 - 2n
=
(n + 3) (n + 1)
16.2. a a1 = 200
d
b
1
d an + 1 = an , A n N
c
2
- 2n - 10
= < 0 , A n N ;
(n + 3) (n + 1)
16.3. Tm-se:
an >0 a
1
1
+1
an + 1 = an n
=
2
an
2
an >0
a +1
n
< 1 an + 1 < an an + 1 - an < 0
an
Como an + 1 - an < 0 , A n N , (an)
decrescente
(an) decrescente an a1 , A n N
an 200 , A n N ,
an > 0 , A n N (an uma rea).
2n + 6
18.3. an > 2
> 2 2n + 6 > 2n + 1
n+1
0n + 6 > 1 universal em N ;
n+1
17. f (n) =
n+6
19. vn =
20 + 1 21
17.1. f (20) =
= ;
20
20
n+1
17.2. f (n) = 1,01
= 1,01
n
n + 1 = 1,01 n
1+6 7
19.1. v1 =
= ;
3n
n+1
17.3. f (n) < 1,001
< 1,001
n+1
1
17.4. f (n) =
= 1 +
n+1+6 n+6
19.2. vn + 1 - vn =
-
3n
n+6
n+7
= -
3n
3(n + 1)
n2 + 7n - n2 - 7n - 6
=
3n (n + 1)
-6
= < 0 , A n N
3n (n + 1)
(vn) montona decrescente;
1
0 < 1
n
1
1 < 1 + 2
n
1 < f (n) 2 , A n N .
n+6
1 2
n
6
19.3. vn =
= + = + , A n N
Pg. 34
n+1
3+6
v3 = = 1 ;
9
7 4
14
v1 + v2 + v3 = + + 1 = ;
3 3
3
3 (n + 1)
n
n + 1 < 1,001 n
0,001 n > 1
1
n > n > 1000 .
0,001
A partir do termo de ordem 1001 (inclusive);
2n + 6
18. an =
2+6 4
v2 = = ;
6
3
0,01 n = 1
1
n = n = 100 .
0,01
f (100) = 1,01 ;
n+1
2n + 8 2n + 6
= -
n+3
n+1
2n + 6
18.1. an = 7,3
= 7,3
n+1
2n + 6 = 7,3 n + 7,3
5,3 n = - 1,3
1,3
n = - N ;
5,3
1,3
No. A equao an = 7,3 n = -
5,3
impossvel em N ;
3n
3n 3n 3 n
1
0 < 1
n
2
0 < 2
n
1 1 2 1
< + + 2
3 3 n 3
1
7
< vn , A n N (vn) limitada;
3
3
se n < 10
se n 10
8
w8 = 8 ; w9 = 9 ; w10 = ;
15
w9 > w8 e w10 < w9 (wn) no
montona.
105
20. an = (- 1)n + 1 * 3 + 1
20.1.
Vrtice: V 1 (3 , 4)
a 4 se n mpar
an = b
c - 2 se n par
y
4
an
4
3
2
1
0
1 2
3 4
1 2
4 5
6 x
21.
a
bn = b
cn - 2
n
21.1.
se n 3
se n > 3
bn
(un) no limitada;
u1 = u5 = 0 .
3
2
23.1.
1
0
6 n
k = 0,5
Se n > 3 , bn + 1 - bn = (n + 1 - 2) - (n - 2) = 1 > 0 ;
21.3. b2 = 2 , b3 = 3 , b4 = 2
b3 > b2 b4 < b3 (bn) no montona;
k = 0,75
se n k
se n > k
k = 0,9
23.2.
22.1. p (x) = - x2 + 6x - 5
Pg. 35
p (x) = 0 - x + 6x - 5 = 0
2
- 6
36 - 2
0
x =
-2
x=1x=5;
106
k = 1,3
k = 1,4
Sucesses
23.3.
5. u500 = u1 + (500 - 1) * r
Pg. 41
1
1
= - + 499 * = 249 .
2
2
u500 = 249 .
k = 1,7
6.1. u1 = 3 ; r = 10
un = u1 + (n - 1) * r = 3 + (n - 1) * 10
= 3 + 10n - 10 = 10n - 7 ;
un = 10n - 7 ;
6.2. u2 = 10 ; u4 = 20
k = 1,75
u4 = u2 + (4 - 2) * r 20 = 10 + 2r r = 5
k = 1,8
un = u2 + (n - 2) * r = 10 + (n - 2) * 5
= 10 + 5n - 10 = 5n
24.1.
un = 5n ;
6.3. u3 = - 10 e r = 5
un = u3 + (n - 3) * 5 = - 10 + 5n - 15 = 5n - 25
un = 5n - 25 ;
k = 0,1
k = 0,01
6.4. u6 + u8 = 28 e r = 3
u6 + u8 = 28
u8 = u6 + 2r
u6 + u6 + 2r = 28 M
2u6 + 2 * 3 = 28 u6 = 11
un = u6 + (n - 6) * r = 11 + (n - 6) * 3
= 11 + 3n - 18 = 3n - 7
k = 0,001
k=0
un = 3n - 7 ;
2 Progresses aritmticas e
progresses geomtricas
1.1. - 2 , 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 ;
Pg. 39
1.2. - 2 , - 5 , - 8 , - 11 , - 14 ;
1.3. - 2 , - 3 , - 1 , - 1 , 0 ;
2
1.4. - 2 , - 2 , - 2 , - 2 , - 2 .
7.1. un = - 2n + 1
2. an = 1 - 3n
2
1
1
an + 1 - an = - 3 (n + 1) - - 3n
2
2
1
1
=
-3-
=-3.
- 3n
+ 3n
2
2
2
bn = n - 1
Pg. 42
7.2. un = 3n + 1
2
r = 3 > 0 (un) estritamente crescente.
bn + 1 - bn = (n + 1)2 - 1 - (n2 - 1)
= n2 + 2n + 1 - 1 - n2 + 1 = 2n + 1 .
1
an + 1 - an = , A n N ( constante);
2
bn + 1 - bn = 2n + 1 , A n N (no constante).
3. un + 1 = un + 3 un + 1 = un = 3 , A n N (
constante).
4. u5 + r = u6 ; u5 + 2r = u7 ; u5 + 3r = u8 ;
14 + 3r = 23 3r = 9 r = 3 .
8.1. 6 , 18 , 30 , 42 , n = 20 ;
Pg. 46
r = 18 - 6 = 12
u20 = u1 + 19r = 6 + 19 * 12 = 234
u1 + u20
6 + 234
S20 =
* 20 = * 20 = 2400 ;
2
2
8.2. - 6 , - 2 , 2 , 6 , ; n = 10
r = - 2 - (- 6) = 4
u10 = u1 + 9r = - 6 + 9 * 4 = 30
u1 + u10
- 6 + 30
S10 =
* 10 = * 10 = 120 ;
2
2
107
14. an = n
a1 + an
1+n
n (n + 1)
Sn =
* n = * n = .
2
2
2
15.1. - 3 , - 6 , - 12 , - 24 , - 48 ;
Pg. 48
- 5 , 10 , - 20 , 40 , - 80 ;
-1
15.3. r = - 1 ; a4 = - 1 , a3 =
=1;
-1
1
-1
a2 = = - 1 ; a1 = = 1
-1
-1
10
1 + 10
9.1. n =
* 10 = 55 ;
n=1
2
100
3 + 300
9.2. 3n =
* 100 = 15 150 ;
1, -1, 1, -1, 1;
n=1
50
30
1 + 50
1 + 30
9.3. n - n =
* 50 - * 30
n=1
n=1
2
2
= 1275 - 465 = 810 ;
10
(2 - 1) + (2 * 10 - 1)
9.4. (2n - 1) = * 10 = 100 ;
n=1
100 + 1
1 +
100
2
n+1
9.5.
= * 100 = 2575 ;
n=1
2
8
+ (- 48)
4
8
2n
9.6. = * 101 = - 2323 .
n=0
2
4
15.4. a2 * r = a3 ; a2 * r * r = a4 a4 = a2 * r2 ;
6 = 3 * r2 r2 = 2 r = 2
3
32
a
Se r = 2 , a1 = 2 = =
2
2
r
2
3
Se r = - 2 , a1 = -
2
2
32
3
, 3 , 32 , 6 , 62 ou - ,
2
2
3 , - 32 , 6 , - 62 .
100
10. - 20 + (- 19) + + 50
- 20 + 50
= * 71 = 1065
2
un = n - 21
u1 = 1 - 21 = - 20
un = 50
n - 21 = 50
n = 71
u71 = 50
16.1. an = 51 - n
a + 1 51 - (n + 1)
= 1
= 51 - n - 1 - 1 + n = 5- 1
n
an
5 -n
1
= , A n N
5
1
(an) uma progresso geomtrica de razo ;
5
n+3
2
16.2. an = 1
n+1+3
11. P. a. (un) ; r = 3 ; u1 = 20
u20 = u1 + 19r = 20 + 19 * 3 = 77
u1 + u20 20 + 77
S20 =
* * 20 = 970 .
2
2
S20 = 970 km .
1
2
a
1
=
=
a
2
12
n+1
n+4-n-3
n+3
1
= , A n N
2
1
(an) uma progresso geomtrica de razo ;
2
16.3. an = (- 1)2n + 1
12. P. a. (an) ; a1 = 16 800 ; r = 1700
16 800 + 16 800 + 4 * 1700
a1 + a5
S5 =
* 5 = * 5
2
2
= 101 000
S5 = 101 000 .
108
a + 1 (- 1)2(n + 1) + 1
+ 3 - 2n
-1
=
= (- 1)2n
n
(- 1)2n + 1
an
=1, AnN
(an) uma progresso geomtrica de razo 1
(sucesso constante);
Sucesses
3-n
3
16.4. an = 2 * 1
20.2. an = a3 * r n - 3 . Se r = 1 :
1 3 - (n + 1)
2 *
an + 1
1
3
=
=
an
3
1 3-n
2 *
3
-1
1
=
3
-n
3
-1-3
+n
-1
16.5. an =
n
a +1
=
n
an
-1
n
5 +1
5n
1
= 5n - n - 1 = , A n N
n+1
-1 =
5
5
5n
1
(an) uma progresso geomtrica de razo ;
5
n-2
2
21. an = 1
10
1 - rn
1
S10 = a1 =
1-r
2
1 - 1
2
1
1 -
2
-1
1
1 -
1024
= 2 *
1
2
1
= 4 1 -
1024
Pg. 54
n+1-2
21
a
1
r = = =
a
2
1
2
n+1
n-2
1023
= .
256
16
1 20
1
220 - 1
1 -
1 - 20
2
2
2
20
1
S20 = = =
1
2
2
4 1 -
2
17. a1 = 5 e a2 = - 10
Pg. 51
a
- 10
r = 2 = = - 2
a1
5
a60 = a1 * r60 - 1 = 5 * (- 2)59 = - 5 * 259 .
18. u7 + u6 = - 488 ; r = 3
u7 + u6 = - 488
u6 * r + u6 = - 488
u6 * 3 + u6 = - 488 4 u6 = - 488
u6 = - 122
u10 = u6 * r10 - 6 = - 122 * 34 = - 9882 .
19.1. a2 = 6 ; a3 = 18
a
18
r = 3 = = 3 ;
a2
6
an = a2 * r n - 2 = 6 * 3n - 2 = 2 * 3 * 3n - 2 = 2 * 3n - 1 ;
1536
n-1
1 1
an =
3 2
n-1
1
1 1
an =
1536
3 2
n-1
1
=
512
n-1
1
=
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
1536
n-1=9
19.2. a2 = 8 e a4 = 128
a4 = a2 * r 4 - 2 128 = 8 * r 2 r 2 = 16
r =4
Se r = 4 , an = a2 * r n - 2 = 8 * 4n - 2
= 23 * 22n - 4 = 22n - 1
Se r = - 4 , an = a2 * r n - 2 = 8 * (- 4)n - 2
= 23 * (- 1)n - 2 * 4n - 2
= (- 1)n * 23 * 22n - 4
= (- 1)n * 22n - 1
an = 2
an = a5 * r n - 5 = (- 16) * (- 2)n - 5
= - (- 2)4 * (- 2)n - 5 = - (- 2)n - 1
n-1
an = - (- 2)
(por exemplo).
n+1
= * 0,4 , no constante.
n
(an) no progresso geomtrica.
2n - 1
20.3. a5 = - 16 e r = - 2
=3, AnN
2
1 n-3
= 3 * 22 * 2- n + 3 = 3 * 25 - n
an = 12 *
2
an = 3 * 25 - n (por exemplo);
ou an = (- 1) * 2
n
2n - 1
n = 10
10
1
1 - 1
1 - 10
2
2
1
1
S10 = =
1
1
3
3
1 -
2
2
2 210 - 1 341
= 1
=
3 20
512
2 210 - 1 341
S10 = 1
= .
3 20
512
109
1.1. u1 = 3 ; r = 4
Pg. 60
u7 = u1 + (7 - 1) * r = 3 + 6 * 4 = 27
u15 = u1 + 14 r = 3 + 14 * 4 = 59
4360 109
24. u2 =
= ;
u1 4200 105
Pg. 55
u
4488 561
3 = =
u2 4360 545
(un) no uma progresso geomtrica porque
u +1
no constante.
n
un
u1 + u10
3 + (3 + 9 * 4)
S10 =
* 10 =
* 10 = 210 ;
2
2
1.2. u5 = 6 e r = - 2
u1 = u5 + (1 - 5) * r = 6 + (- 4) * (- 2) = 14
u10 = u1 + 9 r = 14 + 9 * (- 2) = - 4
14 + (14 + 4 * (- 2))
u1 + u5
S5 =
*5=
* 5 = 50
2
2
1.3. u4 = 16 ; u9 = 34
u9 = u4 + (9 - 4) r 34 = 16 + 5r
18
18 = 5r r =
5
18 26
u1 = u4 + (1 - 4) r = 16 - 3 * = ;
5
5
1.4. r = 3 ; u5 = 17 ; Sn = 549
u1 = u5 + (1 - 5) r = 17 - 4 * 3 = 5
u1 + un
Sn = 549
* n = 549
2
un = u1 + (n - 1) r
un = 5 + (n - 1) * 3
un = 3n + 2
5 + (3n + 2)
* n = 549
2
(3n + 7) * n = 1098
3n2 + 7n - 1098 = 0
verifica-se que a populao duplicar decorridos cerca
de 36 anos.
110
- 7 49
3
+ 1
176
n =
6
61
n = 18 n =
3
Como n N , tem-se n = 18 ;
a u1 + 4r = 21
b
c u1 + 10r = 51
a u1 = 21 - 4r
a u1 = 21 - 4r
b
b
c 21 - 4r + 10r = 51
c 6r = 30
a u1 = 1
b
.
cr = 5
Sucesses
4. a u1 = 2
b
c un + 1 = un - 7
4.1. u1 = 2 ; u2 = u1 - 7 = 2 - 7 = - 5 ;
u3 = u2 - 7 = - 5 - 7 = - 12 ;
u4 = u3 - 7 = - 12 - 7 = - 19 ;
n = 11 ;
a11 = 77
a1 + a11
7 + 77
S11 =
* 11 = * 11 = 462 ;
2
2
4.2. un + 1 - un = - 7 , A n N ;
uma progresso aritmtica de razo - 7 ;
4.3. un + 1 - un = - 7 < 0 , A n N ;
(un) montona decrescente;
an = a1 + (n - 1) * (- 3,5)
4.4. un = u1 + (n - 1) * r
un = 2 + (n - 1) * (- 7) = 2 - 7n + 7
= - 7n + 9 ;
un = - 7n + 9 ;
3,5n = 35
n = 10
a10 = - 17,5
a1 + a10
14 + (- 17,5)
S10 =
* 10 = * 10 = - 17,5 ;
2
2
u1 + up
4.5. Sp = - 93
* p = - 93
2
2 + (- 7p + 9)
* p = - 93
2
(11 - 7p) * p = - 186
an = a1 + (n - 1) * (- 105)
63 436 = 64 591 - 105n + 105
105n = 1260
n = 12 ;
5. 6 ; x ; 8,64 " p. g.
a12 = 63 436
a1 + a12
64 591 + 63 436
S12 =
* 12 = * 12
2
2
= 768 162
8,64 x x 0 0
= 6 * 8,64 = x2
x
6
x = 51,84
x ) 7,2 .
a +1
n
= r , A n N , com r R
an
e r constante.
3.1. un = 5 - 7n
un + 1 - un = 5 - 7 (n + 1) - (5 - 7n) = - 7 , A n N
uma p. a. de razo - 7 ;
7. r = 0,3 ; u2 = 0,9 ; p. g.
7.1. un = u2 * r n - 2
3.2. un = n2 + 1
un + 1 - un = (n + 1)2 + 1 - (n2 + 1)
=
n2 + 2n + 1 + 1 - n2 - 1 = 2n + 1 , A n N
No uma p. a. ;
3.3. un = 4
n
4
4 4n - 4n - 4
un + 1 - un = - =
n+1 n
n (n + 1)
-4
= , A n N
n (n + 1)
1-r
1 - (0,3)
7.3. S10 = u1
= 3 *
10
10
1-r
10
10
No uma p. a. ;
1-2
3.4. un = 2 n - 1
3
2
2
un + 1 - un = (n + 1) - 1 - n - 1
3
3
2
= , A n N
3
2
uma p. a. de razo .
3
9. u3 = 90 ; u6 = 2430
-1
Pg. 61
9.1. u6 = u3 * r 6 - 3
2430 = 90 * r 3 r 3 = 27 r = 3
90
u1 = u3 * r 1 - 3 = 90 * 3- 2 =
= 10 ;
32
111
1-r
1-3
9.2. S10 = u1
= 10 * = 295 240 .
10. P. g. : u2 = 24 ; u6 = 384
10.1. u6 = u2 * r 6 - 2
10
10
1-r
1-3
384 = 24 * r 4 r 4 = 16
12.4. a u1 = 2
a v1 = 3
b un + 1 = un - 3 , A n N , b vn + 1 = 8 vn
c
c
5
r = 16
4
r =2
24
Se r = 2 , u1 = = 12
2
24
Se r = - 2 , u1 = = - 12
-2
r = 2 e u1 = 12 ou r = - 2 e u1 = - 12 ;
10.2. Se u1 = 12 e r = 2
2
3
4
5
11. ; , , , ,
16
2
32
11.1. a10 =
2
10
5
vn
(vn) uma progresso geomtrica
8
de razo ;
5
an = a2 * r n - 2 an = 3 * r n - 2
Se u1 = - 12 e r = - 2
1 - (- 2)10
S10 = - 12 * = 4092 .
1+2
vn + 1 8
(B) falsa;
= , A n N
12.5. a2 = 3 ; p. g.
1 - 210
S10 = 12 * = 12 276 ;
1-2
(A) verdadeira; un - 1 - un = - 3 , A n N ;
Verdadeira;
1
1
1
- 1 , - , - , , -
2
4
2
crescente e un < 0 , A n N .
10
= ;
1024
10
1 -
2
1 - r 10
11.2. S10 = a1 = = *
) 248,92 .
1-r
2
1 -
2
12.1. un = 1 - 1
razo r
x=y-r; z=y+r
a (y - r) + y + (y + r) = 3
b
c (y - r).y.(y + r) = - 3
ay = 1
b
c (1 - r) (1 + r) = - 3
1
un + 1 = 1 -
n+1
1
1
un + 1 - un = 1 - - 1 -
n+1
n
1
1
1
= - = .
n n + 1 n (n + 1)
ay = 1
ay = 1
ay = 1
b
b 2
b
2
c1 - r = - 3
cr = 4
cr = 2
Se r = 2 , x = 1 + 2 = - 1 ; y = 1 ; z = 1 + 2 = 3
Se r = - 2 , x = 1 + 2 = 3 ; y = 1 ; z = 1 - 2 = - 1
3, 1, e -1.
12.2. un = 2
n+1
Pg. 62
3n + 1
dn = d1 + (n - 1) * r
5n + 1
12.3. a v1 = 2
b
c vn + 1 = 2 vn + 3 , A n N
v2 = 2v1 + 3
112
500n = 45 000
n = 90
dn = 5000 + 500n ; 90 meses.
Sucesses
) 28,72 l .
3
v10 = v1.r 10 - 1 = 382,5 *
4
n-4
-3
-1
1
A3 = 624 *
2
1
A8 = 624 *
2
1
1 -
3
54 - 1
54
4
5
1
1 -
5
3 34 - 1
*
2
34
5
5 12 54 (34 - 1)
= *
= * *
4
3
3 10 34 (54 - 1)
5 5 -1
*
4
54
34 - 1
6250
3
19. P. g. : r = 1 ; S6 = 6
= 624 * 8 = 4992 cm
3
1-r
63
19.1. S6 = 6
u1 =
6
1-r
= 39 cm2 .
8
1
17.1. an + 1 - an = an , A n N
2
1
an + 1 = an + an , A n N
2
3
an + 1 = an , A n N an > 0 , A n N
2
M
a +1 3
n
= , A n N
an
2
3
r = ;
2
1 - 1
2
63
u1
1 = 8
1 -
2
63
64
63
63
63
u1 * = u1 =
1
8
3
2
8
2
u1 * 63 = 63 * 4 u1 = 4 ;
n-1
2
19.2. un = u1 * r n - 1 un = 4 * 1
un = 22 * 21 - n un = 23 - n
1
u20 = 23 - 20 = 2- 17 = ;
131 072
10
27
a3 * a3 * r =
8
3 27
2
(a3) * =
2
8
3
n-3
an = a3 * r
= *
2
3 n-2
an =
;
2
1 10
1 -
2
1-r
19.3. S = u20
= 2- 17 *
1
1-r
1 -
2
7
17.2. a3 * a4 = 2
9
(a3)2 =
4
3 n-3
=
2
a3 > 0
3
a3 =
2
3 n-2
2
17.3.
1 - 3n
2 * = 2186
1-3
3n - 1 = 2186
Recorrendo calculadora verifica-se que:
36 < an < 59 n = 11 n = 12
1
= 2- 17 * 2 * 1 - 10
= 2- 16 (1 - 2- 10) .
2
Sn = 2186
1 - rn
a1 = 2186
1-r
M11FNAGP - 8
2
3
5
= *
3
1
1 -
5
1
*
3
= .
*
5 - 1 3159
n-4
1
A1 = 624 *
2
34 - 1
34
1
1 -
3
5
= 2 *
3
1
An = 624 *
2
1 1
1
1
1
@ p. g. de razo
+ + +
3 9 27 81
3
=
1
1
1
1
1
+ + + @ p. g. de razo
5 25 125 625
5
1
*
5
1
An = A4 *
2
18.
3n = 37
Pg. 63
2187 3
729 3
243 3
81 3 2187 = 37
27 33
1
n=7.
113
3 Limites de sucesses
21.
u1
u2
u3
twuwv
20 * 50 = 1000 .
9
u4
u5
u6
u7
u8
twuwv
10 min
2.a hiptese
P. a. (an) , sendo a1 = 8 e r = 5
10 min
a1 + a20
S20 =
* 20 = (a1 + a1 + 19r) * 10
2
= (8 + 8 + 19 * 5) * 10 = 1110 .
PG: u1 = 1 ; r = 3
1 - r8
1 -38
S8 = u1 = 1 * = 3280
1-r
1-3
3280 pessoas.
3.a hiptese
0,2
P. g. (an) , sendo a1 = = 0,002 e r = 2
100
1 - r 20
1 - 220
S20 = a1 = 0,002 *
1-r
1-2
3 Limites de sucesses
1.
1
lim + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3 .
n
Pg. 68
n
2. lim 1 - 3 = 0 - 3 = - 3 .
ay = 5
ay = 5
b
b
2
r
=
9
cr = 3
c
3. lim 1 + 5 = 0 + 5 = 5 .
Se r = 3 ; x = 5 - 3 = 2 ; y = 5 ; z = 5 + 3 = 8
n+1
1
4. lim
= lim 1 + = 1 + 0 = 1 .
n
n
Se r = - 3 ; x = 5 + 3 = 8 ; y = 5 ; z = 5 - 3 = 2
2 , 5 , 8 ou 8 , 5 , 2 .
Pg. 72
5.1.
23. x , xr , xr 2 so termos consecutivos de uma
progresso geomtrica de razo r ;
4x , 5xr , 4xr2 esto em progresso aritmtica;
2
a x + xr + xr = 70
b 2
c 4xr - 5xr = 5xr - 4x
5.2.
2
a x + xr + xr = 70
b 2
c 4xr - 10xr + 4x = 0
2
x 0 0 a x + xr + xr = 70
b 2
c 2r - 5r + 2 = 0
a x + xr + xr = 70
b
1
c r = 2 r = 2
2
2r 2 - 5r + 2 = 0
5 26
5 - 1
r =
4
53
r =
4
5.3.
a x + 2x + 4x = 70
a x + 2x + 4x = 70
b
b
1
r
=
2
c
c r = 2
114
a x = 10
a x = 40
b
b
1
cr = 2
c r = 2
6. un = - n + 1
Se r = 2 ; x = 10 ; xr = 20 ; xr 2 = 40 ;
6.1. - un = - n - 1 ;
1
Se r = ; x = 40 ; xr = 20 ; xr 2 = 10 ;
2
10 , 20 , 40 .
n > 101 n > 1012 n > 10 201 .
Sucesses
n > (L + 1)2 .
Sendo p o menor inteiro menor ou igual a
(L + 1)2 , podemos afirmar que
+
A L R , E p N : n > p - un > L ,
ou seja, - un " + ? .
- un " + ? un " - ? .
13.1. an = n + 1 " + ? ;
Pg. 76
13.2. bn = n2 + 2 " + ? ;
13.3. cn = - n + 1 " - ? ;
13.4. dn = 1 " 0 ;
n+1
1
13.5. en =
"0;
2
n +2
-n+1
a 1
dn+3
1
14.2. (- 1)n * = b 1
n + 3 d
c-n-3
8. un = (- 1)n
Pg. 73
3n + 2
se n par
se n mpar
8.1. - 1 , 1 , - 1 , 1 , - 1 , 1 ;
1
1
Como " 0 e " 0 ,
n+3
-n-3
8.2. an = - 1 e bn = 1 .
1
(- 1)n " 0 .
n+3
Pg. 74
9. Por exemplo:
Pg. 75
12. an = 8n + (- 1)n * 8n
12.1. a1 = 0 ; a2 = 32 ; a3 = 0 ;
a4 = 64 ; a5 = 0 ; a6 = 96 .
32 = 16 * 2
n=2
64 = 16 * 4
Pg. 78
2n
1 - (n + 1) 1 - n
15.1. an + 1 - an =
-
2 (n + 1)
2n
1-n
-n
= -
2n
2n + 2
2 - 2n
+ 2n
2 - 2 + 2n
- 2n
=
2n (2n + 2)
-2
= < 0 , A n N
2n (2n + 2)
an + 1 - an < 0 , A n N (an) montona decrescente;
1-n
1
1
15.2. an =
= - + , A n N
12.2. n = 1
1-n
15. an =
2n
2 2n
1
0 < 1
n
1
1
0 <
2n 2
1
1
1
- < - + 0 , A n N
2
2 2n
1
- < an 0 , A n N (an) limitada;
2
un = (2n) * 16 = 32n
un = 32n , vn = 0
vergente.
a 0 se n mpar ; 0 " 0 e 1 " 1
1 + (- 1)
16. un = = b
n
c 1 se n par
115
3 Limites de sucesses
2) a
d lim
d
b
d
d lim
c
n+1
1
1
19.2. lim
= lim 1 + = lim 1 + lim
1
De 1) e 2) , pelo TSE, lim un = .
4
n
n 1 = lim 1 - 1 = 1 - 0 = 1
2 2n 2 4
2n
2
n+1
=1+0=1;
23.1. lim (1 - n) = - ? ;
n2 + n + 1
1
1
19.3. lim
= lim 1 + + 2
2
1
1
= lim 1 + lim + lim 2 = 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 .
n
n
Pg. 81
n
n
- 2n
= 27 .
2
=
3
a 5
d
se n mpar
cn
se n par
Pg. 83
- 1 sin n 1 , A n N
0 1 + sin n 2 , A n N
2n + 3
1
3
1
1
23.10. lim
= lim + = + 0 = ;
4n
2
4n
2n + 1
1
23.11. lim
= lim 2 + 2 = 2 + 0 = 2 ;
2
n
n n
1 + sin n 2
1) 0 , A n N
n
n
2) a lim 0 = 0
d
b
2
d lim = 0
n
c
2+3
a
d n
23.16. an = b 2
2n
+n
d
c n2
n + cos (2n)
22.2. un =
2n
- 1 cos (2n) 1 , A n N
n - 1 n + cos (2n) n + 1 , A n N
n 1 n + cos (2n) n + 1
, A n N
2n
2n
2n
n-1
0 , A n N
M 2n
n1 2
n + cos (2n) 2
n+1 2
1)
, A n N
2n
2n
2n
5
1
" 0 e " 0 an " 0 ;
n
7n
n + 1
2n
an = (- 1)n e bn = (- 1)n * 2
1 + sin n
22.1. un =
6 + (- 1)
7n
23.8. an =
= b
7n
d1
n
116
3
n-1 3
1 1 3
1
1
23.7. lim
= lim - + = - + 0 = - ;
1
- 1 +
3
an + bn 3
20.5. lim =
-1
an
1
3
- 3n + 2
1
23.4. lim
= * (- ?) = - ? ;
2
1-n 2
1
23.6. lim
= lim - 1 = (0 - 1)2 = 1 ;
-1
20.4. lim an =
=-3;
n
23.3. lim (- n + 1) = - ? ;
b
23.2. lim (n - 3) = + ? ;
1-n
1
23.5. lim
= lim - 1 = 0 - 1 = - 1 ;
Pg. 86
se n par
se n mpar
3
lim 2 + = 2 + 0 = 2
n
2n2 + n
1
lim
= lim 2 + = 2 + 0 = 2
n
n2
lim an = 2 ;
a 3 + 1
n
23.17. a = d
b
n
d 2 - 1
c
n
se n par
se n mpar
Sucesses
3
3
lim + 1 = + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
?
n
1
1
lim 2 - = 2 - = 2 - 0 = 2
?
n
3
1
+ 1 " 1 e 2 - " 2
n
n
1
2n + 1
26.2. lim vn = lim
2
wn
n2 + 2 + n
n
Pg. 87
1-n
-n
-1
24.2. lim
= lim = 0 ;
= lim
2
2
n +3
4n + 2
2
+ + 1
1
n
2
1
1+0 +1
= lim =
= .
2
2
4
+
0
n 4 +
n
4n + 2
n2 + 1
n2
1
24.1. lim
= lim 2 = ;
3n2 - 2
3n
3
2
1 + + n
n
n2 + 2 + n
= lim = lim
Pg. 90
= lim (- 2n3) = - ? ;
- n + 3n
-n
24.3. lim
=-1;
= lim
2
2
n + 3n + 5n
n
24.4. lim
= lim 3 = lim (- n2) = - ? ;
3
n +1
1-n
-n
n+1 n+3
n+1
n+3
24.5. lim
- = lim - lim
n
2n
n
2n
n
1 1
n
= lim - lim = 1 - = ;
n
2 2
2n
n3 + 5
1
n3
24.6. lim 1 +
= lim + lim 2 = 0 + lim n
2
n
n
=0+?.
Pg. 88
n2
lim 2 =
4n
(n2 + 2) - n2
2
= lim = lim = 0 ;
n2 + 2 + n
n2 + 2 + n
n +3
n +3
= lim
4n + 1
4n + 1
2
25.1. lim
2
2
(n
+ 2 - n) (n
+ 2 + n)
= lim
2
n +2 +n
1
1
= ;
4
2
3
1
n + 2 + n
n n
3n + 1 + n
25.2. lim = lim
n
n
26. un =
2n + 3 " + ? ;
Pg. 89
n +n +n
(n + n) - n2
n
= lim = lim
n2 + n + n
1
n 1 + + n
n
n
1
1
= lim = = ;
2
1+0 +1
1
n
1 + n + 1
2
27.5. lim (n -
n2 + 1 )
= lim
3
1
n
+ 2 + 1
n n
= lim =
0+0 +1=1.
n
(
n2 + n - n) (
n2 + n + n)
2
(n -
n2 + 1 ) (n +
n2 + 1 )
2
n +
n +1
n - (n + 1)
-1
= lim = lim = 0 ;
n +
n2 + 1
n +
n2 + 1
2
1
vn = " 0 ;
2n + 1
= lim
2
wn = " 0 ;
n2 + 2 + n
(n
+ n) - (n
2 + 1)
= lim
1
1
n 1 + + n 1 + 2
n
n
n + n +
n +1
1
26.1. lim (un * vn) = lim
2n + 3 *
2n + 1
2
3
n + 2
n n
2n
+3
= lim = lim
1
2n + 1
n 2 +
n
0+0
= = 0 ;
2+0
n 1 - 1
n
= lim
1
1
n
1 + + 1 + 2
n
n
1-0
1
= = .
2
1 + 0 +
1+0
117
3 Limites de sucesses
2
28.1. lim 2n
= lim
+1
n
Pg. 91
4 *4
= lim
4 * 4
6
28.2. lim 6n
= lim
= lim
+1
n
4 *4
1
= + ? * = + ? ;
4
2n
n
5
= lim
1
5n * 5
n +
5
5n
2
5
0
= lim = = 0 ;
n
0+5
3n
0 , A n N
6n + 1
3n
3n
, porque 6n + 1 6n , A n N
6n + 1 6n
3 -1
3n * 3
7
+ n
3n
3 = 3+0 =3;
= lim
1
1-0
1 - n
3
2 +3
28.5. lim
n
n
2 n 3
2n
3
+ n
n + n
4
4
4
4
0+0
= lim = lim = = 0 ;
8
8
1
+0
1 + n
1 + n
4
4
n
6 - 6 = 0 - 0 = 0 ;
2
3 = 1 - 0 = 1 ;
2 = 1 - (+ ?) = - ? .
2n + 3
29.1. un = n
n
n
, A n N ,
2n + 3 2n
porque 2n + 3 2n , A n N
8n + 1
2n
2n
0 , A n N
8n + 1
2n
2n
, porque 8n + 1 8n , A n N
8n + 1 8n
2n
2n
0 , A n N
8n + 1 8n
4
2n
1) 0
8n + 1
2n
2) a lim 0 = 0
d
b
1 2n
d lim = lim
c
4
2n
, AnN
2 n
27
81
Pg. 93
n
1
0 , A n N
2n + 3 2
2 , A n N
n
1) 0
2n + 3
1
9
1
S = = ;
1
6
1 -
3
n
n
0
2n + 3 2n
2) a lim 0 = 0
d
b
1 n
d lim = 0
c
2
118
1
r = ; \r|< 1
3
n
0 , A n N
2n + 3
2) a lim 0 = 0
d
b
1 n
d lim = 0
c
2
4 +8
2 , A n N
3n
1) 0
6n + 1
n
29.3. un = 2
n+1
3
+7
28.4. lim
n
2 -3
28.6. lim
= lim
n
3n
3n
0 , A n N
6n + 1 6n
n
2n
28.3. lim 2
= lim
n+1
1+5
1 + 5n * 5
1
n + 5
5
6n + 1
n
29.2. un = 3
4
8
S = = ;
1
3
1 - -
2
30.3. 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , ; a1 = 2 ; r = 2 > 1
Sn divergente
1 - 2n
lim Sn = lim 2 * = + ? .
1-2
Sucesses
n2 + 1
32.10. lim
n2 + 5
a1 = 0,451
r = 0,001
-1
1
* lim 1 +
n
n + 3
n+3
1
= lim 1 +
n+3
= lim
2
-
-3
n 3
2
1 -
5n
3
1 +
5n
3n
= (e- 1) = e- 3 ;
3
2n + 1
2
1
* lim 1 +
n+3
3n
(n + 3) - 3
n + 3
e 5
=
3
e5
=e*1=e;
3
5
lim 1 +
n
Pg. 97
1
= lim 1 +
n
2
5
lim 1 -
n
n-1
r = 0,01
5n - 2
32.11. lim
5n + 3
a1 = 0,012
2
12
7
= + = .
10 990 33
n2
n
lim 1 + 12
n
e1
=
= = e- 4 ;
5 n2 e5
lim 1 + 2
n
1
1 + 2
n
= lim
5
1 + 2
n
n2
2n * 2
1
= lim 1 + n
2
=e .
1
= lim 1 + n
2
2n 2
=e*1=e;
n
2
8n
8
= lim 1 +
8n
8n
- 3n
2n
1
= lim 1 +
n
1
3
1 n
32.6. lim 1 + = lim 1 +
n
3n
1
2
n
=e
e
= = e
e
lim 1 + 2
n
1
lim 1 -
n
33.1. n = 2
1
= e 3 = e ;
= 11 031,75 ;
n
0,033
= 10 000 lim 1 + = 10 000 (e
n
0,033
33.2. lim 10 000 1 +
2*3
0,033
M = 10 000 1 +
2
3n
n 3
-1
2
-3
0,033 3
Pg. 103
1+u
d un + 1 = n , A n N
c
2
n
4
= e 3 =
e4 ;
Pg. 100
a u1 = 2
4
3
= lim 1 +
n
nt
34. db
1
1 -
n
n-1 n
32.9. lim = lim
2
n+2
1 +
n
= e- 3 ;
1
e
= = ;
e
e
n
1
= e 2 = e ;
n -3
C = 10 000 ; i = 0,033 ; t = 3
n 1
2
1
= lim 1 +
n
33. M = C 1 + i
= e8 ;
\1+2
1 - (p + 1)
= 1 + 2p
1+u
1 1
up + 1 = p = + up
por hiptese
2
2 2
M
1 1
1-p
= + (1 + 2 )
2 2
119
3 Limites de sucesses
1 1 1
= + + * 21 - p
2 2 2
2n
= e2 .
Pg. 108
(B) A sucesso n 1 b
(C) A sucesso un = (n - 2)
no crescente
(u2 < u1 u3 > u2) e tende para + ? ;
(N) Se un > 0 , A n N
e (un) conver-
n
mos negativos e un " - 2 , logo, tende
para - 5 + 3 (m = - 5) .
(- 1)n
(Q) A sucesso un =
no montona, limin
tada e convergente.
1
(an) uma progresso geomtrica de razo ;
4
a1 = 1
1 n-1
Logo, an = a1 * r n - 1 an =
4
an = 41 - n ;
1
porque \|< 1 .
4
3.1. r1 = 1 ;
un = 1 + 21 - n , A n N
120
1
=
4
\ A(p) = A(p + 1)
-1
* 4 = 4 * 4
1
lim a = lim 4 * = 4 * 0 = 0 ,
4
= 1 + 2 - 1 * 21 - p = 1 + 2 - p
n-1
4
2.2. an = 1
1
1
1 1
c1 = * 2 r1 = * * =
4
2
2
Pg. 109
r2 = 1 * r1
2
M
1
1
1
1
c2 = * 2 r2 = * * =
1
r3 = * r2
4
2
2 4
2
M
1
1
1
1
c3 = * 2 r3 = * * =
1
r4 = * r3
4
2
4 8
2
M
1
1
1
1
c4 = * 2 r4 = * * =
1
r5 = * r4
4
2
8 16
2
M
1
1
1
1
c5 = * 2 r5 = * * = ;
4
2
16 32
1
1
cn = *
cn = c1 * r
2
2
1 n
lim cn = lim = 0
2
n-1
2
1
cn =
2
10
1 - 1
2
1 - r10 1
1023
3.3. S10 = c1 = . = 1 - 1 =
.
1
1 -r 2
1024 1024
1 -
2
4.1. An = 1 2 rn = rn
2
n-1
1
An = * r
2
rn uma p. g. de razo
1
M sendo r1 = r
2
A1 = * r ;
1 r
A2 = * r * = ;
2
2
1 r
A3 = * r * =
4
4
1 r
A4 = * r * = ;
8
8
1
r
A5 = * r * = ;
16 16
1 p
1 -
2
31
2r
= r
1
8
2
= 8 r
1
4 r 1 -
2
31
Sucesses
7. S = 8 e r = - 1
r>0
1 p 31
1
1 - = r *
2
8
4 r
4
a1
S = 8 = 8
1
1 - -
4
a1
= 8 a1 = 10
5
4
1 p
31
1 p 1
= 1 - =
2
32
2
32
1 p
1
=
2
2
p=5.
= - 64 = - 32 .
1
a4 = a1 * r 4 - 1 = 10 * -
4
se n par
se n mpar
A distncia percorrida
d1
s1
4
3
Sd + Ss =
+
= +
1 - 0,75 1 - 0,75 0,25 0,25
n3
n3
lim
= lim 2 = lim n = + ?
n
n2 + 1
= 16 + 12 = 28 .
n
lim -
=-?
n2 + 1
n+1
5.3. lim (n + (- 1) * 3)
= lim n = + ? ;
| ((- 1)n * 3 = 3)
n + (- 1)
n
5.5. lim
= lim = 1 ;
n
| ((- 1)n = 1)
2n + 1
n+1+2
n+2
10.1. un + 1 - un =
-
2(n + 1) + 1
3
Pg. 110
2n2 + n + 6n + 3 - 2n
2 - 3n - 4n - 6
=
(2n + 3) (2n + 1)
-3
= < 0 , A n N
(2n + 3) (2n + 1)
-n
7
=+?;
2n + 1
n+3
n+2
= -
2n + 3 2n + 1
7- n
7
6.3. lim
= lim
-n
(vn) limitada (0 vn 2 , A n N) ;
n+2
10. un =
-n
-n
5.8. lim
= lim = lim (- n) = - ? .
7
= lim
2
logo, 0 vn 2 , A n N
(vn) no montona (v2 > v1 e v3 < v2) ;
n+1
n-1
1
n
5.7. lim
= lim 2 = lim = 0 ;
n2
n
n
2+1
n+1
1
n
5.6. lim
= lim = - ;
- 3n
3
- 3n
2- n
2
6.2. lim
= lim
-n
se n par
2+1
6
6
v4 = ; v5 = 0 ; v6 = ;
5
7
n+1
d
cn+1
a 6 se n par
c 0 se n mpar
5.4. an = 3 + (- 1)n * 3 = b
se n mpar
9.1. v1 = 0 ; v2 = 6 = 2 ; v3 = 0 ;
1+n
a0
3 + (- 1)n * 3 d
9. vn =
= b 6
n
5.2. an = (- 1)n.
2
10
3
a n
d n2 + 1
= b
3
d - n
c n2 + 1
-n
2
\ 2 > 1
7
2 n
= lim = 0 ;
7
\
7
< 1
2
1 3
n+3 3
n 3
1
6.4. lim
= lim = = ;
3n + 1
3n
3
3 * 5n + 6 * 5 n - 1 - 1
4
+?
4
27
1
n+2
n
10.2. lim un = lim
= lim = ;
2n + 1
2n
n+2
1
1
10.3. un - 1 10- 3
-
2n + 1 2 1000
2
2n + 4 - 2n - 1
1
<
4n + 2
1000
3
1 4n + 2 > 0
3000 4n + 2
4n + 2 1000
4n 2998 n 749,5
nN
n 750 .
121
3 Limites de sucesses
n-1 2
n-1
= l * 4
1
Ento An = (ln)2 = l *
2
11.1. un = - 1 ;
n
1
11.2. vn = ;
n
1
An uma progresso geomtrica de razo ,
4
2
sendo A1 = l .
A1
l2
4
S=
= = l2 .
1
3
3
1 -
4
4
n
1
12.2. vn = 5 + ;
n
(- 1)n
12.3. wn = 5 +
.
n
Pg. 112
13.1. c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = cn = 3
Pg. 111
16.3. an = 2n e bn = n ;
16.4. an = n + 3 e bn = n ;
cn = 3 ; lim cn = 3 ;
an * bn " + ? ;
16.6. an = n2 e bn = n ;
16.7. an = n e bn = n2 ;
Ento, un " c .
16.8. an = 5n e bn = n .
14. a u1 = 3
d
b
7
d un + 1 = un , A n N
c
4
1
;
14.1. u2 = 7 * 3 = 2
4
4
n+1
4
A rea aumentava indefinidamente tendendo
para + ? .
1
=
k=1 n + 1 + k
1
1
1
1
an + 1 - an = + + + + +
n+2 n+3
2n 2n + 1
19
r=
19
cm2
7
1
*
*
3
4
1
1
1
1
+ - + + +
2n + 2
n+1 n+2
2n
1
1
1
= + -
2n + 1 2n + 2 n + 1
1
1
1
= + -
2n + 1 2 (n + 1) n + 1
2(n + 1)
7
A rea do 2. crculo 3 *
4
2n
1
1
1
1
1
an + 1 = + + + + +
n+2 n+3
2n 2n + 1 2n + 2
7 147 1029
u4 = * = ;
4
16
64
7
r 2 = 3 *
4
2n - 1
1
=
k=1 n + k
7 21 147
u3 = * = ;
4
4
16
n+2
2n + 1
2 (2n + 1)
2n + 2 + 2n + 1 - 4n - 2
=
2 (n + 1) (2n + 1)
19
1
= > 0 , A n N
2 (n + 1) (2n + 1)
r ) 198,997 cm
2r ) 397,99 cm ) 3,98 m .
n-1
1
ln = l *
2
122
Sucesses
an < 1 , A n N
an a1 , A n N
800
a
+1
d
n
800
18.1. + (- 1)n = b
n
800
d
-1
c n
se n par
se n mpar
800
800
- 1 " - 1 e + 1 " 1
n
n
A sucesso divergente oscilante;
(- 1)
18.2. lim 800 +
= 800 + 0 = 800
n
an - 1 , A n N
convergente;
a 800 - n
18.3. 800 + (- 1) * n = b
c 800 + n
se n par
se n mpar
5
5
- - 5 - - 5 < - 5
4
n+3
25
- cn < - 5 , A n N
4
5
- 5 < - 5 - 4
n+3
- 5 < cn - 4 , A n N
divergente oscilante;
propriamente divergente;
3 + (- 1) * n
(- 1) n
(- 1)
18.6. lim
= lim
= lim = 0
2
2
n
Pg. 113
1+n
n
1
19.1. lim an = lim
2 = lim 2 = -
2
1 - 3n
- 3n
n2
n2
1
lim bn = lim 3 = lim 3 = lim = 0
1+n
n
n
-5
a
-5
dn+3
cn = b
d 5 - 5
cn+3
Se n par
5
0 < 1
n+3
25
Logo, - cn - 4 , A n N ;
4
n
convergente.
Se n mpar
5
5
0 <
n+3 4
se n mpar
se n par
-5
5
- 5 " - 5 ; - 5 " - 5
n+3
n+3
lim cn = - 5 ;
1 + n2
19.2. an =
1 - 3n2
1 + (n + 1)2
1 + n2
an + 1 - an = 2 - 2
1 - 3(n + 1)
1 - 3n
8n + 4
=
>0, AnN
(3n2 - 1) (3n2 + 6n + 2)
a 2n + 3
20. tn = n + (- 1)n + 1 (n + 3) = b
c- 3
se n mpar
se n par
2n + 3 " + ? ; - 3 " - 3
se n mpar
se n par
2n + 3
2n
2
-3
lim
= lim
= lim = 0 ; lim
=0.
n2
n2
n
n2
Logo, (sn.tn) " 0 .
123
3 Limites de sucesses
1 + n - 3n2
8-n
- 3n2
-n
1
2
21.1. lim
= lim
=3;
2
2
22.1.1. P1 = * 2 R1 = R ;
1
R
P2 = * 2 R2 = ;
2
2
1
R
P3 = * 2 R3 = ;
2
4
n4 14 + 1
n
1+n
21.2. lim + 3 = lim + 3
8
1
n
+1
n4 1 + 8
n
4
0+1
= +3=4;
1
+0
n-1
2 = 2 R * 2 = 0 ;
1
R2
2
2
2
(n
+ 1 - n) (n
+ 1 + n)
2
1
4
(n
+ 1 - n
+ 2 ) (n
+ 1 + n
+ 2)
3
2
3
n
+ 1 + n
+2
n3 + 1 - n2 - 2
= lim
1
1
1
2
n3 3 + 6 + n3 4 + 6
n
n
n
n
n-1
1
an = a1
4
R2
3
2
21.5. lim (n
+ 1 - n
+ 2)
R2
1
= *
2
4
n-1
= lim =
n3
13 + 16 + 14 + 26
n
n
n
n
1-0-0
= = + ? ;
0
+ 0 + 0
+0
1
n 1 + + 3
2
n
+n+3
n
21.6. lim = lim
n+1
n+1
+ 1 + 3
1
n
n
1
+0 +0
= lim = = 1 ;
1
1+0
n 1 +
n
n
n
n
n
4 + 3 * 3
4
4+0*3
= lim
= = 4 .
3 n
1+0
1 +
4
124
1 n
= 2 R2 ;
4
;
1
an = 2 R2
4
4 = 0 .
1
1
1
n3 1 - - 3
n n
n+1
= 32 ;
1
R
a3 = *
2
4
n2 + 1 - n2
= lim = 0 ;
2
n
+1+n
n + (- 1)n
n - (- 1)
R2
8
2
1
2
22.2.1. a1 = ; a2 = * = ;
n
+1+n
= lim
n-1
2
21.4. lim (n
+ 1 - n)
n+1
1
= R
2
0
+0
= =0;
1+0
= lim
n-1
1
Pn = P1
2
1
Pn = R *
2
1
2
Pg. 114
c.q.d.
1
1
Logo, rn = *
2
2
1
=
2
= 2
1
pn = 2
2
1
(Pn) uma progresso geomtrica de razo ,
2
sendo P1 = . Logo,
P1
S=
= =2;
1
1
1 -
2
2
Sucesses
2
(sn) uma progresso geomtrica de razo .
2
2
Como < 1 ,
2
1
=
4 4
\ |
2 = * 4
1
an = * (rn)2 =
n-1
n 2
1
(an) uma progresso geomtrica de razo ,
4
4
4
a1
4
S = = = = * =
1
3
1-r
4 3 3
1 -
4
4
A rea do crculo c = * 12 = .
2
A rea pedida - = .
3
3
s1
2
= =
en =
2 - 2
2
2 - 2
1 -
2
2
2 (2 + 2)
(2 - 2) (2 + 2)
2 (2 + 2)
4-2
= (2 + 2) .
25. A(p + 1) 3p + 1 = 2p + 3 .
5
5 (5 + 1) (2 * 5 + 1) 5 * 6 * 11
= =
= 55 ;
6
6
26.1.
a
a=1
26.2.
a
a=5
10
10
a
a=1
a
a=1
10 * 11 * 21 4 * 5 * 9
= - = 355 .
6
6
Ento,
2
ln + 1
= , ou seja (ln) uma
2
ln
2
progresso geomtrica de razo .
2
27. No. O facto de se saber que a condio se verifica para alguns valores de n no permite concluir que universal.
ln
Pg. 115
no nmero anterior.
ln
Qn
ln + 1
Qn + 1
2
ln = l1 *
2
n-1
2
= 2 *
2
n-1
Tese: 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2p + 2 (p + 1)
= (p + 1) (p + 2)
2
an = (ln)2 = 2 *
2
=4*
2 n-1
2
2
n-1 2
n-1
1
= 4 *
2
= (p + 1) (p + 2)
\ A(p) A(p + 1)
2 + 4 + 6 + + 2p + 2 (p + 1)
twwwuwwwv
por hiptese
M
= p (p + 1)+ 2 (p + 1)
4
1
2
1
24.2. S =
= =8.
1
1 -
2
8 u.a. ;
Hiptese: 2 + 4 + 6 + + 2p = p (p + 1)
1 (1 + 1) + 2 (2 + 1) + 3 (3 + 1) + + n (n + 1)
n (n + 1) (n + 2)
=
3
i) A(1) verdadeira, dado que
1 (1 + 1) (1 + 2)
1 (1 + 1) = 2 = 2 .
3
125
3 Limites de sucesses
Hiptese:
64p + 1 - 1 = 64p * 64 - 1
1 (1 + 1) + 2 (2 + 1) + 3 (3 + 1) + +
p (p + 1) (p + 2)
+ p (p + 1) =
3
= 64p * (63 + 1) - 1
= 63 * 64p + tuv
64p - 1
= 9 * 7 * 64p + 9k1
Tese:
+ p (p + 1) + (p + 1) (p + 2)
(p + 1) (p + 2) (p + 3)
=
3
p (p + 1) (p + 2) + 3 (p + 1) (p + 2)
=
3
(p + 1) (p + 2) (p + 3)
=
3
\ A(p) A(p + 1) .
Por i) e ii) podemos concluir, pelo princpio de induo matemtica, que A(n)
universal em N .
126
por hiptese
M A p N , A k1 Z
= 9k
1 (1 + 1) + 2 (2 + 1) + 3 (3 + 1) + +
1 (1 + 1) + 2 (2 + 1) + + p (p + 1) + (p + 1) (p + 2)
twwwwwwwuwwwwwwwv
por hiptese
M
p (p + 1) (p + 1)
= + (p + 1) (p + 2)
3
A(p) A(p + 1)
De i) e ii) , pelo princpio de induo matemtica, 64n - 1 mltiplo de 9 , A n N .
30.
an = an2 + bn + c
a a1 = 3
d
b a2 = 3
d
c a4 = 15
aa + b + c = 3
d
b 4a + 2b + c = 3
d
c 16a + 4b + c = 15
ac = 3 - a - b
d
b 4a + 2b + 3 - a - b = 3
d
c 16a + 4b + 3 - a - b = 15
ac = 3 - a - b
d
b 3a + b = 0
d
c 15a + 3b = 12
ac = 3 - a - b
a c = 3 - 2 + 16
d
d
b b = - 3a
bb = - 6
d
d
c 15a - 9a = 12
ca = 2
aa = 2
d
bb = - 6
d
cc = 7
an = 2n2 - 6n + 7 .
127
128