Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
k jf cif;
wtmif;a'o&Sd ysuo
f Ok ;f r_qo
D @kd O;D wnfaeaom zH@G +zdK;a&;pDru
H ed ;f rsm;
wtmif;ausmif;om;ESiv
hf il ,frsm;tpnf;t&H;k TSYO rS xkwaf 0onf?
Ed0k ifbmv 2011 ckEpS f
1
wtmif;ausmif;om;ESiv
hf il ,frsm;tpnf;t&H;k
wtmif;ausmif;om;ESiv
hf il ,frsm;tpnf;t&H;k TSYO onf tjrwftpGe;f twGurf &nf&,
G o
f nfh
tzJ@G tpnf;jzpf+y;D +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ w&m;r#wa&;ESihf wef;wla&;tajccHenf;vrf;wd@k jzifh wtmif; (yavmif)
trsK;d om;w&yfv;kH ESihf vli,frsm; . vlrb
_ 0tajctae zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufap&ef zJ@G pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
wtmif;vlrsKd;wdk@. ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlaer_tqifhtwef;ESifh acwfrDzHG@+zdK;a&; tp&Sdaom
vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk tajccHaqmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf wae&mwGif 1998 Y tpnf;t&H;k udk
zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifco
hJ nf? tpnf;t&H;k . a&&SnOf ;D wnfcsurf mS +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ w&m;r#wa&;ESihf wef;wla&;
azmfaqmif&ef/ 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if w
H nfaqmuf&efEiS hf wtmif;ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ESihf wtmif;vlxk
tm;vH;k . b0wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmap&ef wd@k jzpfonf?
tpnf;t&H;k .&nfreS ;f csurf mS vl@tcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; umuG,Ef ikd &f efEiS hf avsmch sEikd &f eftwGuf
Edik if w
H um todik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf r[mrdwrf sm;udpk nf;&H;k v_y&f mS ;oGm;&ef/ wtmif;a'o&Sd obm0 ywf0ef;
usiEf iS o
hf ,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xde;f odr;f umuG,af pmifah &SmufomG ;&efEiS hf pGr;f &nfjriw
hf ifa&;
pDrcH suo
f ifwef;rsm;rSwqifh wtmif;ausmif;om;ESiv
hf il ,frsm;. t&nftcsi;f jriw
hf if aqmif&u
G f
ay;&efw@kd jzpfonf? tpnf;t&H;k onf owif;jyef=um;a&; ESihf vl@tcGit
hf a&;rSww
f rf;jyKpkjcif;/ obm0
ywf0ef;usiq
f ikd &f mtcGit
hf a&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ulnaD pmifah &; tp&So
d nfh vkyif ef;aqmifwm
toD;oD;wdk@udkvnf; azmfaqmifaev#uf&Sdygonf? ,cktpD&ifcHpmonf tpnf;t&Hk;. owif;
jyef=um;a&;ESihf vl@tcGit
hf a&;rSww
f rf;jyKpka&;Xme rSyEkH ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif;jzpfonf?
OD;wnfcsuf
(u) +idr;f csr;f Iom,mzG@H +zdK;wd;k wufonfh wtmif;a'oay:xGe;f a&;?
(c) OD;aqmifrt
_ cef;uwGif wtmif;rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;ydrk akd y:xGe;f vma&;?
(i) usm;/ rwef;wla&;
(*) wef;wlnDr#aom trsKd;om;udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh ESifh ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH
wnfaqmufa&;
(p) tm%m&Sipf eH pfzsuo
f rd ;f a&;?
rmwdum
trSmpm ....................................................................................................... 5
wtmif;(yavmif)vlrsK;d wd@k . aemufco
H rdik ;f ......................................................... 9
ajryHk ........................................................................................................... 10
tpD&ifcpH mtusO;f csKyf ..................................................................................... 11
wdu
k w
f eG ;f t}uHjyKcsurf sm; ................................................................................ 14
tpD&ifcpH maumufcjH yKpkco
hJ nfeh nf;vrf; .............................................................. 16
v,f,majrodr;f qnf;jcif; aemufco
H rdik ;f ............................................................ 18
tusiyhf suv
f mbfpm;jcif; ..................................................................... 41
twif;t"rR ajymif;a&$@apcdik ;f jcif;ESiEhf iS x
f w
k jf cif; ........................................ 44
vl@tcGit
hf a&;xdyg;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; ......................................................... 45
twif;t"rRvyk t
f m;ay;cdik ;f apjcif; ......................................................... 48
v,f,majrodr;f qnf;jcif;a=umifh vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;wd@k tay: qd;k usK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm; .. 50
ed*;kH ........................................................................................................... 58
rSjD irf;ud;k um;pm&if;rsm; ................................................................................... 62
aemufqufwGJ .............................................................................................. 68
a0g[m& zGiq
hf ckd surf sm;
AASYC
ALRC
tm&Sw&m;Oya't&if;tjrpfXme
ASEAN
HLP
ICESCR
ILO
urBm@tvkyo
f rm;tzG@J csKyf
MYPO
NGO
OSI
PSLF
yavmifjynfe,fvw
G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D
PWO
yavmiftrsK;d orD;tpnf;t&k;H
PYO
ytd0k ;f vli,ftpnf;t&k;H
SPDC
TSYO
wtmif;ausmif;om;ESiv
hf il ,frsm;tpnf;t&k;H
UN
ukvor*~/
UDHR
trSmpm
TtpD&ifcpH monf Edik if t
H oD;oD;&Sd toGio
f mefrsK;d pHak om vkyif ef;ukr%
` rD sm;u wtmif; wdik ;f &if;
om; vlrsK;d rsm;. tajccHtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk csK;d azmufaea=umif; usK;d a=umif; qDav#mpf mG axmufjyxm;yg
onf? wtmif;rdbjynforl sm; &Sio
f ef&yfwnfrcDS t
kd m;xm;&aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyif ef;+cH
ajrrsm;udk odr;f ,ljcif;ESihf wtmif;vlrsK;d wd@k . obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk acgi;f yHjk zwftjrwf xkw,
f jl cif;
tp&So
d nft
h csut
f vufrsm;udk ,cktpD&ifcpH mwGif yHak zmf jyKpkxm;ygonf? jrefrmtpd;k &onf jynfwiG ;f
Oya'ESifhEdkifiHwumOya'wdk@ESifhuif;vGwfum w&m;0ifr[kwfonfh vkyfief;rsm; &Sifoef&yfwnf&ef
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk qufvufcGifhjyKxm;ygonf? &yf&Gmvlxkwdk@udk aqG;aEG;wdkifyif today;r_r&Sdjcif;/
vHkavmufonfhepfema=u;ay;jcif; (odk@ ) jyefvnfae&mcsay;jcif; r&SdygyJESifh }uD;rm;onfhajymif;a&G@
odr;f ,lrr_ sm; jzpfymG ;aeonfrmS a'ocHvx
l w
k @kd . b0jyefvnfxal xmif&efEiS hf pkaygi;f vkyu
f ikd f v_y&f mS ;r_
rsm;udk Oya't& umuG,u
f pk m;r_r&Sb
d J rsm;pGmxdcu
kd ef pfemapygonf?
a'ocHywf0ef;usiv
f x
l t
k ay:tusK;d oufa&mufru
_ kd vH;k 0z,f=uOfxm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;zH@G +zdK;r_ ta&mif
jy+yD; Edik if w
H iG ;f vma&muf&if;ES;D vkyu
f ikd o
f nfh Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrKyfErDS r_ sm;. +cHajrrsm;odr;f ydu
k v
f ,
k jl cif;udk
cHae&onfh &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS wtmif;vlxw
k @kd . tajctaerSm txl;nGejf y&rnfh Oyrmwckjzpfygonf?
xkv
d yk &f yf rsm;. tusK;d quftjzpf wtmif;vlxw
k @kd rmS v,f,m+cHajrESihf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;
wd@k ukd qH;k &SL;H vdu
k &f onft
h jyif ppftyk pf .
k wtmif;vlxt
k ay: qef@usicf jGJ cm;onfh twif;t"rRvyk t
f m;
ay;cdik ;f apr_uykd g cHpm;=u&onf? twif;t"rRa&G@ajymif; cH&aom a'ocHvx
l rk sm;tay: vkyt
f m;ay;
cdik ;f apr_rsm;jzpfay:ap&ef xdyk *k v
~ u
d vkyif ef;rsm;u aphaqmfaqmif&u
G af y;ouJo
h @kd jzpf&ygonf? ,ckuo
hJ @kd
aom tajctaeatmufwiG f uav;/ vl}uD;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: r#wr_uif;rJph mG xdcu
kd af pygonf?
TtpD&ifcpH monf wtmif;vlxw
k @kd . qd;k usK;d cHpm;r_rsm;udk oufaojyKazmfneG ;f xm;ygonf?
hf a&;rsm;udk vufvw
G pf y,fa=umif;usK;d rJh csK;d azmufjcif;onf jrefrm
TuJo
h @kd wtmif;vlrsK;d pkw@kd .tcGit
EdkifiHwGif tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vpfvsL&SLxm;onfhoauFwjzpfaeonfudk
ud,
k pf m;jyKazmfjyvdu
k jf cif; yifjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESi,
hf Ofaus;r_ qdik &f m Edik if w
H um oabmwlnrD _
pmcsKyf (1966) tygt0if tjynfjynf qdik &f mtvkyo
f rm;tzJ@G csKyf. Oya'trSwf 29 yk'rf 2-1 (1930)
tp&So
d nfOh ya'wd@k ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; csK;d azmufvu
kd jf cif; jzpfonf? xdt
k wlxOkd ya'rsm;rS qifyh mG ;
jzpfvmonfh ukvor*~tzJ@G 0ifrsm;vdu
k ef m&ef uwdjyKxm;onfh ukvor*~a=unmcsuyf g zH@G +zKd ; wd;k wuf
r_qikd &f mtcGit
hf a&; (1986 wGiv
f ufcu
H sio
hf ;kH cJo
h nf)ESihf vkyif ef;cGif ESiv
hf @l tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m ukvor*~
a&S@aqmifcsrw
S x
f m;onfh rlpnf;rsO;f rsm; (2011) udv
k nf; vdu
k ef m&efysuu
f u
G f jcif;jzpfayonf?
H um qdik &f m tpd;k &tm%m
ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;tpnf;t&H;k (tmqD,)H uJo
h @kd a'owGi;f ESiEhf ikd if w
ydik rf sm;u xdOk ya'rJv
h yk af qmifcsurf sm;udk tqH;k owfap&eftwGuf udik w
f ,
G v
f yk af qmif&ef t+rJwap
em;yif;/ rsuu
f ,
G jf yK xm;v#u&f ydS gonf? ukvor*~ at*sipf rD sm;/ Edik if w
H umESiahf 'owGi;f tzJ@G tpnf;
rsm;/ Edik if w
H umaiGa=u;&HyakH iG tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf ESpOf ;D ESpb
f ufo@kd r[kwf vltrsm;jzifh pkz@GJ xm;onfh
aiGa=u;tvSL&Sifrsm; tp&Sdolwdk@xHrS&&SEd dkifonfh oifhav#mfonfhulnDajz&Sif;r_rsm;udk wtmif;vlxk
5
trSmpm
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f v,f,majrodr;f qnf;rSKonf ykpH rH sK;d pkjH zifh jzpfwnfaevsuf &So
d nf? v,f,majr tcGi@f
ta&;udk xda&mufpmG tmrcHxm;ay;aom zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'r&Sad o;yg? txl;ojzifh jrefrmppftpd;k &
vufxufjzpfaom Ekid if aH wmfjidrf 0yfyjd ym;a&;aumifp-D e0wESihf Ekid if aH wmf at;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh
zG@H +zKd;a&;aumifp-D etz tkycf sKyfrKS umvwGif tajccHv@l tcGit
hf a&;jzpfaom t"rREiS x
f w
k rf KS ESihf v,f,m
ajrodr;f qnf;rSKwd@k ukd us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ csK;d azmufusL;vGecf =hJ uonf? xdck sK;d azmufccH &hJ aom tcGit
hf a&;
wdk@onf tdk;tdrfajr,mpPnf;tcGifhta&;Oya'tcef;uatmufwGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpf
onf? jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f td;k tdraf jr,mpPn;f tcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufrKS qd;k &Gm;pGm qufvuf&adS ea=umif;udk
Twtmif;ausmif;om;ESihf vli,frsm;tpnf;t&k;H . jcHajrrsm; t"rRord ;f ydu
k jf cif;tpD&ifcpH mu
oufaojyaeygonf?
ppftpk;d &onf awmifov
l ,form;rsm;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkw@kd xrH S yrm%}uD;rm; rsm;jym;aom
v,f,majr td;k tdrf tyg0if ypPn;f OpPmwd@k ukd odr;f qnf;&eftwGuf jynfwiG ;f Oya'jzpfap tjynfjynf
qdik &f m Oya' jzpfap tav;rxm;a=umif; twdwjf zpfpOfrsm;t& awG@&&dS ygonf? twdtustm;jzifh
qd&k v#if wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;onf td;k tdr,
f majr ypPn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG t
hf cGit
hf a&;wd@k ukd tumtuG,f
uif;rJph mG csK;d azmufcaH e=u&ygonf?
f ikd cf iG hf owfrw
S af y;xm;yg
orkid ;f tpOfqufwiG f v,f,majrydik q
f idk rf KS udk "avhx;Hk wrf; Oya't& ydik q
onf? Oyrm- bd;k bGm;ydik af jronf Xmaewkid ;f &if;om;ESihf Ekid if o
H m;wd@k uom rsK;d &k;d pOfquft&qufpyf
ykid q
f ikd cf iG @f &=dS uonf? vGyv
f yfa&; &cJ@pOf 1948-pI jrefrmppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS v,f,majr odr;f qnf;
rSKrsm;udk jyXmef;csuf trsK;d rsK;d jzihaf &;qGJ jyXmef;cJ=h ujyD;-qdv
k ckd surf mS rl Ekid if aH wmfonf ajrrsm;udk tvk;H pkH
ydik q
f ikd o
f nf-[kIyifjzpfonf?
wjydKifwnf;rSmyif Edik if aH wmfrjS yXmef;onfh tjcm;jynfwiG ;f Oya'rsm;.toGit
f jyifrmS tm%mykid rf sm;
twGuf vdt
k yfovdk qJ,
G al qmif&u
G Ef idk =f uygonf? Oyrm- tpd;k &onf rlvydik &f iS rf sm;xHrS v,f,majr
rsm;odr;f qnf;onft
h csed w
f iG f wnfqJ Oya'wckjzpfonfh v,f,majrydik q
f ikd rf t
_ ufOya' (1894) wGiyf g
&Sdonfh rsSwvkHavmufaomavsmfa=u;/ a=umif;usKd;nDnGwf cdkifvkHaom &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;r_rsm;ESifh
v,f,majrrsm;udo
k rd ;f ,l&mwGif trsm;jynfov
l x
l k tusK;d twGuo
f m odr;f qnf;jcif; jzpf&rnf[al om
Oya't&tumuG,&f ,lyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk t+rJwaprsuu
f ,
G jf yKxm;=uonf?
f ikd cf iG w
hf @kd ukd Ekid if aH wmf. pOf;pm;qifjcifrj_ zifh vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
xd@k tjyif v,f,majr/ td;k tdr/f ypPn;f OpPmydik q
tm%mrsm; tyfEx
HS m;onfh jynfwiG ;f Oya'rsm;pGm&Syd gonf? om"utm;jzifh 1953-v,f,majr Ekid if yH ikd f
jyKvkyjf cif; Oya'onf v,form;rsm;udk pdu
k yf sK;d xm;onfh v,fajrrsm; v$aJ jymif;cGihf aygiEf cHS iG hf a&mif;csciG hf
ajymif;vJciG w
hf @kd ukd ydwyf ifxm;onf?
l pd;k &onf
xk@d twl 1963-v,f,majrEkid if yH ikd jf yKvkyjf cif;Oya'onfvnf; v,f,majrudpYP tkycf sKyfot
aemufq;Hk qk;H jzwf ydik cf iG &hf o
dS jl zpfa=umif;vnf; jyXmef;xm;onf? vmbfpm;cspm;onfh tm%mydik rf sm;
7
onf txufyg Oya'udk tv$J ok;H pm;r_jyK jyD; trde@f t& nGe=f um;csut
f & a=unmcsut
f & -[lI
w&m;rsw
S rSK uif;rJph mG jzifh jynfov
l x
l .
k v,f,m pdu
k yf sK;d ajr ESihf vlaerSKb0wk@d ukd t"rRord ;f qnf;
h nf?
jcif;rsm;jyKvkyaf ecJo
,ae@umvwGif 2008-zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'udk taumiftxnfazmfonfh 2010 a&G;aumufy[
GJ k
qdak om a&G;aumufyJG &vm'fjzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onfh Oya'jyKv$waf wmfopfrsm;yifv#if &Si;f vif;r_r&Sad om
2008-zG@J pnf;ykH yk'rf 37 (u) udk axmufcaH eonf? yk'rf 37 (u)onf ,cifu&Scd ahJ om Oya'rsm;udk
jyefvnfxw
k af zmfyyhH ;kd aomtm;jzifh Edik if aH wmfonf Edik if aH wmf&dS ajrtm;vH;k / ajray:ajratmuf/ a&ay:
a&atmufEiS hf avxktwGi;f &Sd o,HZmw ypPn;f tm;vH;k . yif&if;ydik &f iS jf zpfonf [lI jyXmef; xm;yg
onf? Tpmudk a&;aeonft
h csed w
f iG f jrefrmtpd;k &rS v,f,majrOya'rl=urf;opfukd v$waf wmfo@kd
wifoiG ;f jy;D jyjD zpfonft
h avsmuf r=umrDumvtwGi;f twnfjyKawmhjzpfonf? Oya'opfr=l urf;.
kd yf sK;d ajrrsm;udk tcsed rf a&G;odr;f qnf;cGi&hf o
dS nf [k jyXmef;
yk'rf 2 wGif Ekid if aH wmfonf v,f,majrESiphf u
xm;ygonf?
f yf
tem*gwu
f mvY jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f td;k tdr,
f majrypPn;f ESiyhf gwo
f ufI w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;ESihf vGyv
aom w&m;pD&ifa&; taqmuftOD; rjzpfraewnfaqmuf&rnfjzpfjyD;/ v,f,majrOya'onfvnf;
jzpfaeonfh ydyuQausmv
f m$ ;Ekid af tmif td;k tdrEf iS Ohf pPmydik q
f ikd cf iG Ehf iS chf sed x
f ;kd jyD; jyefvnfo;Hk oyf&ygrnf?
v,f,majrydik q
f ikd cf iG t
hf yg0if vkaH vmufaom td;k tdrEf iS hf ypPn;f OpPmydik q
f ikd cf iG rhf sm;onf tjynfjynf
qdik &f m a=unmcsurf sm; qk;H jzwfcsurf sm; oabmwlncD surf sm;ESihf tjynftjynfqikd &f m tajccHr&l if;
tcGit
hf a&;wd@k atmufwiG jf yXmef;wnfaqmufxm;onfh tcGit
hf a&;rsm;jzpfonf?
TSYO-onf wk@d owfrw
S x
f m;aoma'o. v,f,majrudpt
P m;vk;H udk aumif;rGepf mG rSww
f rf;wif
OD;ode;f OD;
OuUX- jrefrmEkid if aH &S@aersm;aumifpD
jjrefrma&S@aersm;aumifpD
10
pdu
k yf sK;d &efv,f,majr rsm;r&Sad wmhacs? v,f,majrrsm; rw&m;odr;f ,lc&H +y;D ESix
f w
k cf &H ojzifh rdom;pk
aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmrSm vufzuf+cHajrrsm;odrf;,lcH&,HkwifruyJ aetdrf+cHajrrsm;yg =urf;wrf;
l rd ;f ydu
k cf cH &hJ ojzifh pD;yGm;a&; usyw
f nf;um pm;&rJh aomuf&rJ/h cdu
k ;kd &mrJh
&ufpufpmG &kww
f &uf vk,o
tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpf=u&+yD; wae@vkyf wae@pm;b0rsKd;jzifh awmrsm;wGifom cdkatmif;rSDcdkae=uonfh
rdom;pkrsm;yif&adS eonfukd tajctaeqd;k &Gm;pGm awG@&&dS ygonf?
xdktajctaersm;a=umifh vufzuf+cHajrodrf;,lcH&olrsm;rSm om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;wuf
ynmoif=um;&ef qufvuf axmufyEhH ikd jf cif;rjyKEdik =f uawmhojzifh ausmif;rSEw
k x
f u
G af pcJ&h ygonf?
xdkom;orD;rsm;ynmoif,ljcif; &yfqdkif;cH&+yD;aemuf rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf vkdtyf
aom0ifaiGrsm;&&S&d ef tvkyv
f yk u
f n
l =D u&ygonf? v,f,m+cHajrrsm; rw&m;odr;f ,lc&H ol tcsK@d ol
wd@k rmS au;rSrD sm;pGmwif&adS eojzifh rdrw
d @kd ae&yfaus;&GmrSpeG @f cmG um w&kw/f xdik ;f Edik if EH iS hf tjcm;a'o
rsm;od@k a&G@ajymif;tvkyo
f rm;tjzpf rdom;pktwGu0f ifaiG&mS =u&ygonf? wtmif;a'owGif xdu
k o
hJ @kd
a&G@ajymif;tvkyv
f yk o
f rl sm; rsm;jym;vm+yD; vli,ftrsm;pkrmS a&G@ajymif;tvkyo
f rm; todik ;f t0dik ;f
opfrsm;t=um; vlukeful;cH&jcif;/ qif;&Jedrfhusaomvkyfief;cGifrsm;twGif; tvkyfvkyf&jcif;wdk@jzifh
tvky&f &S&d eftcGit
hf vrf;opf rsm; &SmazG&if; jy\emtopfrsm;ESi&hf ifqikd af e=u&ygonf?
vufzuf+cHajr,mrsm; twif;t"rRord ;f ,ljcif;a=umifh wdu
k &f u
kd t
f usK;d oufa&mufcpH m;ae=u&aom
a'ocHwtmif; vlxw
k @kd . vl@tcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk rD;armif;xd;k wifjyEdik &f ef ,cktpD&ifcpH m
wGi}f udK;yrf;tm;xkwx
f m;ygonf? 2010 a&G;aumufyrGJ 'S rD u
kd &ufwpf toGiaf jymif;tpd;k &tm%m&
&Sdvmaomfvnf; ,if;wdk@.ay:vpDrsm; ajymif;vJ jcif;r&Sdao;acs? tpdk;&taejzifh v,f,majr
Oya'rsm;ESihf ay:vpDrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvkyrf csi;f vufzufawmifoEl iS hf a'ocHjynforl sm;
rSm v,f,majrtodr;f ydu
k cf H 'kuo
Q nfrsm;tjzpfqufvufcsK;d azmufcaH e=u &rnfjzpfonf? tm%m
vuf0,f&o
dS l woD;yk*v
~ twGuo
f mtusK;d jzpfxeG ;f ap+yD; jrefrmjynfov
l x
l k wd@k twGuf rnfonfh
tusKd;aus;Zl;r#r&&Sdacs? jrefrmjynfolvlxkwdk@. vlr_b0zlvHka&;twGuf wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif
oifyh gonf?
13
wdu
k w
f eG ;f t}uHjyKcsurf sm;
jrefrmtpd;k & taejzifh 1) wtmif;a'owGif v,f,m+caH jrodr;f ,ljcif;ESihf tjcm;vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufusL;vGeaf ejcif;
rsm; ud&k yfwef@&ef?
2) odrf;,loGm;onfh+cHajrrsm;twGuf vufzufawmifolESifhv,form;rsm;tm; oifhwifh
r#wonfh epfem a=u;rsm; ay;qyf&efEiS hf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;rsm; jyefvnfxal xmifay;&ef?
3) ukvor*~tzJ@G 0ifEikd if w
H cktaejzifh tjynfjynfqikd &f mvl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;yg wm0ef
0wW&m;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem&efESifh jrefrmhajr,mOya'udk &Sif;vif;+yD; Oya'wGif;ydyuQ r&Sdap
&eftwGuf jyefvnfoHk;oyf jyifqif&ef?
4) vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f tay:wdu
k &f u
kd f qd;k usK;d oufa&mufaprnfh zH@G +zdK;a&;pDru
H ed ;f rsm;udk taumif
txnf azmfaqmif&u
G &f mwGif a'ocHjynfov
l x
l rk sm;ESihf aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifjcif;/ yGiv
hf if; jrifomr_usio
hf ;kH
jcif;ESihf a'ocHvx
l .
k xifjrif,q
l csurf sm;udk vufcpH Of;pm;jcif;rsm; jyKvky&f efv,f,m+cHajrrsm;odr;f ,l&mwGif yg0ifonfh ukr%
` rD sm; taejzifh (YUPD, Asia World Company Ltd, Huaneng Lancan River Hydropower Company Ltd,
Colenco Power Engineering Ltd (CPE) of Switzerland, CNPC, China Railways Engineering
kd [
f ed ;f Co. Ltd, jzLpif Co. Ltd, Excellence Engineering Co. Ltd, csr;f oma&$ajr
Corporation, ref;jrifrh &
ukr%
` ED iS hf e*g;ysH ukr%
` )D
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f v_y&f mS ;aeaom tpd;k &ESirhf oufqikd o
f nft
h oif;tzJ@G rsm; taejzifh 1) tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifonfhtoif;tzJG@rsm;taejzifh &efukefESifhjrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;wGif
omrubJ wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;wGif oGm;a&muf+yD; }udK;yrf;v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G &f ef?
2) NGOs rsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;. todtjrifrsm;udk zGifhay;+yD; EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif
vl@tzJG@tpnf;opf jzpfEdkif&eftwGuf ulnDaqmif&Gufay;&ef?
ukvor*~/ Oa&myor*~ ESihf Edik if w
H umrdom;pkw@kd taejzifh 1) Edik if w
H umzdtm;ay;r_jzifh jrefrmtpd;k &tm; tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;
udk av;pm;vdu
k ef m &eftwGuf aqmif&u
G af y;&ef?
2) Edik if w
H umrdom;pkrsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynfov
l x
l w
k @kd cpH m;ae&onfh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonfh
vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk ukvor*~rt
S a&;,laqmif&u
G af y;&efEiS hf vl@tcGit
hf a&; pHpk rf;a&;
aumfr&Sif zJ@G pnf;udik w
f ,
G af &; awmif;qdrk t
_ wGuf v,f,m+cHajrodr;f ydu
k jf cif;/ ypPn;f OpPmodr;f ,ljcif;ESihf
pyfvsOf;+yD; ulnDpnf;&Hk;ay;&ef?
k &f u
kd u
f n
l yD yhH ;kd r_rsm;
3) jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm; vlom;csi;f pmemonfh wdu
rdkydkwdk;jrifh&ef tygt0if +cHajrodrf;,lcH&olrsm;}uKHawG@ae&onfhjy\emrsm;udkausmfv$m;Edkif&efESifh
xdjk y\emrsm;udk udik w
f ,
G f ajz&Si;f Edik o
f nfh pGr;f &nfrsm; jriw
hf if ulnaD xmufy&hH ef ?
wtmif;(yavmif) vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; taejzifh 1) odrf;qnf;cH&onfh+cHajrrsm;ESifhypPnf;OpPmrsm; jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf Oya'a&;&m ulnD
axmufyrhH _ rsm;&,lum twlwuGy;l aygi;f aqmif&u
G =f u&ef?
2) rdrw
d @kd vrl t
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f wGif vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;&yfwef@Eikd &f eftwGuf wdwq
f w
d +f idrf
oufjcif;rjyKbJ/ zGi[
hf xkwaf zmfajymqd+k yD; rdrt
d cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk rdrw
d @kd u,
kd w
f ikd u
f muG,=f u&ef?
15
16
TSYO rS ,cktpD&ifcpH mtwGuf okawoeudk 2009 ckEpS f at+yDvrS pwifjyKvkycf +hJ yD; 2011 ckEpS f
{+yDvwGif tqH;k owf+yD;ajrmufco
hJ nf? erfq
h ef/ refwek /f erfch rf;/ rlq,f/ vm;&SL;d / ausmufr/J oDayg/
odE/MD uGwcf ikd Ef iS hf erRwl tp &So
d nfh +rdK@e,f q,fcw
k @kd wiG f t"duOD;wnfaumufccH yhJ gonf? azmfjyyg
a'orsm;wGif rdrdwdk@. uGif;qif;owif; aumuf,lolajcmufOD;rS v,f,majrodrf;qnf;cH&onfh
awmifolv,form;ESifh a'ocHjynfolig;q,fhwOD;udk vlawG@ar;jref;cJhygonf? uGif;qif;owif;
aumuf , l r sm;rS m jyif q if x m;aomowif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;jzif h ud k , f w d k i f u k d , f u s vl a wG @
ar;jref;cJhygonf? vufzufawmifolrsm;udk t"duypfrSwfxm;owif;aumufcHcJh+yD; v,form;
rsm;udv
k nf; awG@qakH r;jref;cJyh gonf? twd'u
k aQ &mufot
l m;vH;k rSm v,f,m+cHajrrsm;udk rScD pkd m;aomuf
ae=u&olrsm;jzpfygonf?
18
19
v,fajrodrf;qnf;cH
olrsm;
odrf;qnf;cH&aomajr
yrm%(cef@rSef;ajc)
odrf;qnf;csdef
a&$vDa&umwmeifha&$vD
a&tm;v#yfppf trSwf (1/ 2/ 3)
a&v$rf;rdk;r_a=umifhysufqD;onfh
ajryrm%
37 882 {u
refwkHppfwyfpcef;
130-wyf&if;
100 {u
uGwfcdkif&Sd wyfpcef;wnfaqmuf&ef
trSwf (352)
tajrmufwyf&if;
100 {u
erf;crf;jrKd@e,f refwyfaus;&Gm
wyf&if; trSwf(144)
50 {u
uGwfcdkifjrKd@e,f tifrdef;aus;&Gmtkyfpk
AsL[mrSL;ESifh r,u
OD;nGef@a0
yl;aygif;odrf;qnf;
2004-ckwGif
&GmOuUXESifh
erf@zufum &Jccef;rSL;
OD;aqmif aomif; ESifh
2005-OD;tdkufpdkif;
wdk@rSodrf;qnf;
odef;eDtajcpdkuf
puc (16)
1000 {u
vm;&SdK;ppfwkdif;rSL;
trdef@jzifh odrf;qnf;
100 {u
wyfpcef;ESifh&efykHaiGtwGuf
odef;eDjrKd@e,f rkdif;vD&GmwGifodrf;qnf;
vm;&SdK;jrKd@udka&ay;a0&eftwGuf
eef@pmif&GmwGifa&umwm
wnfaqmufa&;
20
13 {u
100 {u
1999
wGifpwifodrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
,ae@txdqufvufcHpm;
&ae
1999
wGifpwifodrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
,ae@txdqufvuf
cHpm;ae&onf
ouU&mZf 2000ESifh 2007
t=um;wGif odrf;qnf;cH&
ouU&mZf 2003 ESifh 2004
umvwGif odrf;qnf;cH&
2004-2004
wGifodrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
2008-2009 wGifvnf;
usefaeaom ajrrsm;udk
odrf;,l&ef
jcdrf;ajcmufxm;onf?
=o*kwfv 2010 wGif
odrf;qnf;cH&onf/
2010-azazmf0g&Dv wGif
vma&mufodrf;qnf;onf
&xm;vrf;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf
odDaygjrKd@e,f qGwfvrf;&Gm
yefapmuf&Gmrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHrD;&xm;
ydk@aqmifa&;
0ef=uD;Xme
100 {u
ausmufrJjrKd@e,f-aemifwdef
aus;&GmtkyfpkESifhawmifpvpfausmif;&Gm
tkyfpk
erf@qrfjrKd@e,f vG,fuefaus;&Gm
vufzufpdkufysKd;&ef
ausmufrJjrdK@tm%m
ykdifrsm;ESifh&JwyfzJG@
0ifrsm;
vm;&SdK;ppfwdkif;rSL;
trdef@jzifh
e*g;ysHukrR%DrS
odrf;qnf;onf
erfhqeftm%mykdifrsm;
oabmwlnDrSKjzifh
ref;jrifhrdk&f[def;
jzLZifcsrf;oma&$ajr
ukrR%Dvdrdwuf
1300 {u
erf@qefESifhrefwkHa'owGif
vrf;rwdk;csJ@wnfaqmuf&ef
2008-2009 wGifpwif
odrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
,ae@txd
qufvufcHpm;&ae
azazmf0g&Dv 2010 wGif;
odrf;qnf;cJhonf
500 {u
azazmf0g&Dv 2010wGif;
odrf;qnf;cJhonf
1000 {u
2005- wGifpwif
odrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
,ae@txd
qufvufodrf;qnf;ae
2008 vrf;wavsmuf
"gwftm;vdkif;
wnfaqmuf&efESifh
okdavSmif&kHrsm;
wnfaqmuf&ef
ajr,mrsm;odrf;qnf;
2005- wGifpwif
odrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
,ae@txd
qufvufcHpm;&ae
arv2007odrf;qnf;cJ@jyD; a'ocH
awmifolrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jc
if; avsmfay;jcif;r&Sdyg
2010-wGifjzpfyGm;jyD;
t"rRvkyftm;ay;
jcif;rsm;vnf;
yg0if&SdcJhonf?
EXCELLENCE
ENGINEERINGCo.,LTD
YMEC (China),
Asia World
rod
a&$vDa&tm;"gwfvdkif;wnfaqmufa&;
ESif@ vkdif;wavsmuf pdrf;vrf;a&;
erf;crf;jrdK@e,f r,u
tzGJ@
45 {u
tm%mydkifrsm;ESifh yl;wGJjyD;
rkdif;wlazmf&ef
refwkHjrKd@e,f
tm%mydkiftzGJ@
vrf;wdk;csJ@wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
Adkvf=uD;oeff;xGef;
wyfrif;om;&Gm/ refuef&Gmom;rsm; wGif
jcHrsm;odrf;qnf;
150 {u
rod
21
erRwljrKd@e,f em;qdkif;&GmwGif
tm%mydkifrsm;odrf;qnf;
erRwljrdK@e,f
tm%mykdifrsm;
400 {u
jynfol@ppftzGJ@&efykHaiGtwGuf
arG;jrLa&;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef
rlq,fjrdK@e,f
erf@tG,f&m OuUXESifh
a'oacgif;aqmif
OD;nDpdef?
refwkHXmaejynfol@ppf
rlq,fjrdK@e,f
erf@tG,f&m OuUX
rlq,fjrdK@tm%m
ydkifrsm;rS odr;fqnf;
6 {u
rlq,fjrdK@tm%m
ydkifrsm;rS odr;fqnf;
70 {u
jynfol@ppftzGJ@&efykHaiGtwGuf
arG;jrLa&;ESifhpdkufysKd;a&;rsm;jyKvkyf&ef
ig;*%ef;ukrR%Drsm; wnfaqmuf&ef
ae=umyifrsm;pkdufysKd;&ef
22
18 {u
68 {u
2009-wGifpwif
odrf;qnf; jyD; 2010ZlvdkiftxdqufvufjzpfyG
m;ae
2011-ZlvdkifvwGif
pwifodrf;qnf;cH&onf
2011-ZGefvwGif
pwifodrf;qnf;cH&onf
2006wGifpwifodrf;qnf;cH&jyD;
,ae@txdqufvwfcHpm;
&ae
2010wGifpwifodrf;qnf;
cH&jyD; ,ae@txd
qufvwfcHpm;&ae
v,f,majr/ tdr&f majr taqmufttHrk sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f onfh Oya' uef@owfcsurf sm;
Edik if w
H umqdik &f m Oya' uef@owfcsurf sm;
v,f,majr/ tdrf&majrtaqmufttHk tcGifhta&;qdkif&m Oya'onf v,f,majr/ tdrf&majr
f majraqmufvyk yf ikd q
f ikd cf iG hf tcGit
hf a&;udk
taqmufttHk tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk &nfne$ ;f onf?1 tdr,
tjynfjynfqikd &f mvl@tcGit
hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif todtrSwjf yKxm;+yD;/ twif;t"rR ESix
f w
k f
jcif;onf tvGefqdk;&Gm;aom vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_ jzpfonf[k EdkifiHwum todkif;t0ef;u
vufcx
H m;=uonf?
EdkifiHwumOya'yg v,f,majr/ tdrf&majr taqmufttHk tcGifhta&;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m
vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlnrD p_ mcsKyf CRC ESihf trsK;d orD;
oabmwlnrD p_ mcsKyf ICESCR / uav;tcGit
rsm;tm; enf;vrf;aygi;f pHjk zifch jGJ cm;zdEydS rf _ yaysmufa&;qdik &f m oabmwlnrD p_ mcsKyf CEDAW wd@k wiG f
k ufrw
S af &;xd;k yg0ifxm;+yD;/
vnf; yg&o
dS nf? jrefrmEdik if o
H nf CRC ESihf CEDAW pmcsKyfEpS cf pk vH;k udv
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;rSm w&m;0ifOya' pmwrf;ESifh EdkifiHwum "avh
xH;k wrf;Oya'tjzpf us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ vufc=H u+yD;jzpfonf?2
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;wGif tdr,
f majraqmufvyk yf ikd q
f ikd cf iG hf tcGit
hf a&;rSm
vHak vmuf jynf0h aom aexdik rf b
_ 0&&Sad &; tcGit
hf a&;twGuf r&Srd jzpfyg0if&rnft
h ydik ;f jzpfonf[k
azmfjyxm;onf? a=unm pmwrf; yg yk'rf 17 wGi-f
vlwdkif;onf rdrdwOD;wnf;jzpfaomfvnf;aumif; tjcm;olrsm;ESifhqufpyf yl;aygif;I
aomfvnf;aumif; tdr,
f majrydik q
f ikd cf iG &hf adS p&rnf? ESihf rnforl # olwyg;.ypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk
Oya'rJrh w&m;odr;f ,ljcif; r&Sad p&?3
Ta=unmpmwrf; onf EdkifiHwumvltcGifhta&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm xGufay:
vmap&ef wGef;tm; jzpfapcJh+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum
oabmwlnrD p_ mcsKyf ICESCR OD;pGmxGuaf y: vmonf? ICESCR pmcsKyfonf vHak vmuf
jynf0h aom aexdik rf b
_ 0&&Sad &; tcGit
hf a&; tygt0if vl@tcGit
hf a&; tajccHvt
kd yfcsurf sm;udk t"du
pkpnf;xm;+yD; ICESCR.azmfjycsut
f rSwf 4 wGif atmufyg twdik ;f azmfjyxm;onf?
oufqdkifcGifhoufwrf;umv Oya't&vHk+cHKcGifh - vlwdkif;onf twif;t"rRESifxkwfjcif;/ xdyg;
aES m if h , S u f j cif ; ES i f h tjcm;aom +cd r f ; acsmuf r _ r sm;ud k ck c H u muG , f & ef t mrcH a y;Ed k i f o nf h
Leckie, S. &Simperingham, E., Housing, Land and Property Rights in Burma: The
Current Legal Framework, Displacement Solutions & the HLP Institute, 2009
2
Leckie&Simperingham, Housing, Land and Property Rights in Burma,2009, p10-11
3
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, take from internet source - www.uhdr.org
1
24
oufqikd cf iG o
hf ufwrf;umv Oya't&vH+k cKH cGihf 'D*&D &&Scd pH m;Edik o
f nf? Edik if t
H pd;k &wd@k onf vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf
tpktzJ@G w@kd tm; xdu
k muG,rf r_ sm;uif;rJah eygu twdik ;f twm wcktxd tumtuG,af y;&ef wm0ef,l
&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xdt
k wdik ;f twmudv
k nf; ,if;tkypf rk sm;ESihf aqG;aEG;nEd id_ ;f &rnf?
H um
twif;t"rREiS x
f w
k jf cif;onf tvGeq
f ;kd &Gm;aom vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufr_ jzpfonf[k Edik if w
todik ;f t0ef;u vufcaH =unmxm;+yD;jzpfonf? Oya't&rSw,
f El ikd af om twif;t"rREiS x
f w
k rf r_ sm;
twGuf wdusonfh Oya'tqifh twef;owfrw
S cf surf sm;tay: ,if;wd@k auseyfr&_ adS p&rnf? twif;
f m OD;pGmjzpfysuo
f ifyh gonf? 'kw,
d taejzifh
t"rR ESix
f w
k jf cif;rsm;rSm xl;jcm;aom tajctae rsm;wGio
Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;rS tiftm;toH;k jyKr_ukd a&SmifvEJ$ ikd o
f r#/ enf;yg;Edik o
f r# tjrifjzifah qmif&u
G &f eftwGuf
twif;t"rREiS x
f w
k jf cif;rjyKrD xdcu
kd cf &H rnfh vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf jzpfEikd f onfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm; tm;vH;k
tay: aqG;aEG;nEd id_ ;f jcif;rsm;jyKvky&f rnf?
G +f yD;jzpfonf[k
aemufq;kH wGif twif;t"rREiS x
f w
k jf cif; twGuf tusK;d oift
h a=umif;oifh aqmif&u
,lq+yD;rSomv#if EdkifiHwumvl@tcGifhta&;Oya'uef@owfcsufrsm;twdkif; vkyfaqmif=u&rnf?
tusKd;oifhta=umif;oifh aqmif&Gufjcif; [kqdk&mwGif xdcdkufepfemr_twGuf aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;jcif;/
xdcdkufepfemoltm;vHk;udk tvHktavmuf today;jcif;/ twif;t"rRESifxkwfjcif; aqmif&Gufol
tm;vH;k udk odompGmcJjG cm;odjrifEikd jf cif;/ odr;f vdu
k o
f nft
h rd /f ajrwd@k ukd rnfonf&h nf&,
G cf sut
f wGuf
toH;k jyK=urnfukd owif;tcsut
f vufay;jcif;/ xdcu
kd ef pfemolrsm;twGuf a=umif;usK;d oifo
h nfh tcsed f
twdik ;f twmay;jcif;/ w&m;&H;k rsm;rSwqifah v#maf =u;&&S&d ef}udK;yrf;&mwGif jzpfEikd o
f r# Oya'tultnD
ay;jcif;wd@k yg0ifonf?
tajccHtm;jzifh txufazmfjycsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDaomfjim;vnf; twif;t"rR ESifxkwfr_rsm;onf
vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;udk td;k rJt
h rd rf hJ (od@k r[kw)f twd'u
k aQ &muf tm;enf;oGm;onftxd tjcm;olrsm;. vltcGihf
ta&;csK;d azmufr_ rjzpf oifah y? ICESCR t& twif;t"rREiS x
f w
k rf a_ =umifh xdcu
kd ef pfemolrsm;udk
oifah v#mo
f nfah e&mwGif tajccsae xdik &f ef&mS azGay;jcif;/ aetdraf qmufvyk af y;jcif; (od@k ) pdu
k yf sK;d ajr
azmfaqmifay;jcif; tp&So
d nfh t&if;tES;D rsm;&,lEikd &f ef tpd;k &rsm;rSaqmif&u
G af y;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ cJjG cm;
edrchf sonfah qmif&u
G cf surf sm;jzifh t"rREiS x
f w
k rf v
_ ;kH 0rjyK&yg?4
ICESCR pmcsKyfukd vufrw
S rf xd;k onfEh ikd if t
H enf;i,fwiG f jrefrmEdik if v
H nf;yg0ifonf? jrefrmEdik if H
taejzifh xdpk mcsKyfukd vufrw
S rf xd;k cJah omfvnf; ICESCR tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;udk Edik if w
H umwGif
5
us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ vufcaH pmifx
h ed ;f vm=uonf? jrefrmEdik if o
H nf ICESCR pmcsKyfyg rnfonfh jyXmef;
Leckie&Simperingham, Housing, Land and Property Rights in Burma: The Current Legal
Framework, 2009
5
25
COHRE, A Guide to Housing, Land and Property Rights in Burma, 2009, Geneva, p12
26
-yk'rf 37 (*)
1
Leckie & Simperingham, 2009, p23 through Burmas Lower Parliament and is currently
awaiting approval from the Upper House
28
Close to the time of print TSYO learned of Burmese Government plans to pass a New Land
Law into legislation.We are not entirely certain of the exact content of this law however
based on media reports it is said to contain ramifications for compensation received by the
victims of land confiscation, which will ultimately be decided by the Government. Secondly
it has been inferred that compensation for land taken will only be given to land owners who
possess Land Grant Documents. Thirdly the new land law is said to stipulate that the
confiscation of land will be deemed wholly appropriate if it is needed for the purpose of
development projects. This law has already been passed through Burmas Lower Parliament
2
29
v,f,majrodr;f qnf;jcif;
qd;k &Gm;r_tajctae
vufzufjcHukd zsuq
f ;D aeaom zG@H +zKd;a&;pDru
H ed ;f
30
31
32
udv
k efut
kd if*sief ,
D m&if;pGr;f tm; qGpD u
f rk `%D CPE ESiahf qG;aEG; nEd id_ ;f aqmif&u
G &f ef pDr+H yD;jzpfonf?
(tao;pdyfudk ppfzdeyfatmufua&umwm tpD&ifcHpmwGifavhvmEdkifonf?)
wtmif;a'otay: wdu
k &f u
kd q
f ;kd usK;d oufa&mufapaom 'kw,
d zH@G +zKd ;a&;pDru
H ed ;f rSm a&$oabm0 "gwaf iG@
ESihf a&eH ydu
k v
f ikd ;f aqmufvyk af &; pDrcH suw
f @kd jzpfonf? a&$ oabm0"gwaf iG@EiS hf a&eHyu
kd v
f ikd ;f aqmufvyk f
a&; pDrcH suo
f nf jrefrm jynftaemufbufurf;ajc b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfrS w&kwEf ikd if H ,le,fc&dik f
od@k ta&muf ydu
k v
f ikd ;f rsm; Edik if w
H eHwvsm; jzwfoef;azmufvyk +f yD; yd@k aqmifay;&rnfh pDrcH sujf zpfonf?
}uD;rm;onfyh u
kd v
f ikd ;f ESpcf o
k nf &cdik jf ynfe,f/ rauG;wdik ;f / rE aW v;wdik ;f ESihf &Sr;f jynfe,f&dS awmifwef;rsm;/
vGijf yifrsm;/ opfawmrsm;/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk aexdik o
f nfh aus;&Gmrsm;ESi+hf rdK@rsm;
3
tp&So
d nfw@kd ukd jzwfoef;azmufvyk rf nfjzpfonf ?
CNPC rS xdkydkufvdkif;jzifh wifydk@rnfh oabm0 "gwfaiG@ESifha&eHrsm;onf w&kwfEkdifiH&Sd puf&HkESifh
33
tygt0if ydu
k v
f ikd ;f vrf;a=umif; wav#muf&dS a'ocHjynforl sm;tay: }u;D rm;onfh qd;k usK;d rsm;usa&muf
aev#uf&Sdonf? a&$ydkufvdkif;pDrHcsuftwGuf erRwlESifh refwHk+rdK@e,f&Sd wtmif;jynfolrsm;rSm
,if;wd@k .aetdrrf sm; twif;ajymif;a&$@jcif;/ +cHajrrsm;odr;f ydu
k jf cif; tp&So
d nf wd@k uckd aH e=u&+yDjzpfonf?
xdkjyif ydkufvdkif;azmufvkyfjcif;a=umifh ppfwyfrsm;wdk;csJ@vmojzifh a'ocH jynfolrsm;tay:
qdk;usKd;rsm;pGmoufa&mufaev#uf&Sd+yD;/ pDrHcsufESifhpyfvsOf;onfh ta=umif;t&m owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk rnfolrSodcGifhr&SdcJhacs? ,if;wdk@.+cHajrESifhydkifqdkifr_twGuf av#mfa=u;aiG wpHkw&m
&&SEd ikd rf nfuykd if rod&EdS ikd af o;ay?
wtmif;a'owGif pwifjyKvkyv
f monfh wwd,pDru
H ed ;f rSm w&kwEf ikd if H awmifyikd ;f tpGe&f dS a&$v+D rdK@
rD;&xm;vrf; ESiq
hf ufo,
G &f ef jrefrme,fpyf &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f rlq,f+rdK@r&S cdik jf ynfe,ftaemufyikd ;f
yifv,f qdyfurf;+rdK@ jzpfonfhausmufjzL+rdK@xd oG,foef;azmufvkyfrnfh w&kwf-jrefrm o,f,l
yd@k aqmifa&; rD;&xm;vrf;pDru
H ed ;f jzpfonf? xdpk rD cH sut
f wGuf ESpzf uftjyeftvSef oabmwlncD suf
pmcsKyfukd w&kwf rD;&xm;tif*sief ,
D m&if;aumfyakd &;&Si;f ESihf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H rD;&xm;o,f,l
yd@k aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme wd@k u 27 &uf {+yDv 2011 ckEpS w
f iG f vufrw
S af &; xd;k cJ=h uonf? pDrcH suf
yxrtqifh tjzpf wtmif;a'o&Sd 126 uDvrkd w
D m&Snv
f sm;onfh rlq,f-vm;&_;d oG,w
f ef;ay; rnfh
rD;&xm;vrf;udk wHwm;}uD;i,f 41 pif;/ Orifv%
kd *f l 36 *lEiS hf rD;&xm;blwm 7 ckyg0ifjznfph u
G f
azmufvyk rf nf jzpfonf? o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;vrf;a=umif;rSm w&kwEf iS jhf refrm pD;yGm;a&;ul;oef; a&mif;
0,fru
_ rkd sm;pGmtusK;d jyKrnf jzpf+yD;/ w&kwEf ikd if t
H wGuaf omhcsuu
f sonfh jrefrmqdyu
f rf;udk 0ifa&muf
toHk;jyKcGifhvnf;&&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf? 3 ESpf twGif; pDrHudef;+yD;ajrmuf&ef cef@rSef;xm;=uonf4?
34
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011-04/28/content_12412367.htm
35
vl@tcGit
hf a&;xdyg;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ESihf tusiyhf suv
f mbfpm;r_
vl@tcGit
hf a&;xdyg;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ESihf tusiyhf suv
f mbfpm;r_
jrefrmjynf&SdvlOD;a& 75 &mcdkifE_ef;rSm pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk t"duvkyfudkif=uonf?1 jrefrmjynf&Sd
tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; tkypf rk sm;uJo
h @kd yif wtmif;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;onfvnf; +cHajrpdu
k yf sK;d jcif;jzifh
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyK=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh ajr,mOya'qdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;onf ,if;wdk@.
vlrt
_ odik ;f t0ef;b0ESihf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;wd@k twGuf tcsut
f jcmusvyS gayonf? wtmif;vlrsK;d
wd@k onf ,if;wd@k aexdik af oma&ajrudk txl;cifrifw,
G w
f mwwf=uonf?
d hJ &Sr;f / yavmif
awG@qakH r;jref;pOf &Gmom;wOD;ajymjyonfrmS vm;&SL;d eJ@oaD yg+rdK@e,f t=um;rSm&Sw
eJ@tjcm; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d awG&@J vuf&dS oD;ESpH u
kd yf sK;d jzpfxeG ;f wJ+h cHajrawGukd ppfwyfu rw&m; odr;f ydu
k f
cJhw,f? a'ocH jynfolvlxkawG,Hk=unfouf0ifwJh bmoma&;udk vnf;zsufqD;cJh=uw,f2?
"avhx;kH wrf;Oya'rsm;udk vufawG@usio
hf ;kH jcif;ESihf v,f,m+caH jrrsm; ydik q
f ikd o
f nfph mcsKyfr&Sjd cif;wd@k a=umifh
ajr,mtcGit
hf a&;tay: t"dym` ,fEpS cf x
G u
G af eaom jynfwiG ;f Oya'ESihf w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;uif;rJah om
jrefrmjynfwiG f tm%mydik rf sm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;ukr%
` rD sm;vkyaf qmifaeolrsm;rSm tcGit
hf a&;rsm; xifovdk
us,jf yef@pmG csK;d azmufEikd &f ef jzpfapygonf? txl;ojzifw
h ikd ;f &if;om;a'orsm;wGif ydrk sm;onf? tm%mydik f
rsm;u +cH,majrrsm;ydik q
f ikd o
f nfh pm&Gupf mwrf;r&So
d nfut
kd oH;k jyKI v,f,majrodr;f ,l+yD; tm%m
tv$JoHk;pm;r_jyKvkyfaomtcgwGif wdkif;&if;om; a'orsm;wGif&Sdonfh &dk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;Oya't&
vufawG@aexdik u
f sio
hf ;kH um bd;k bGm;pOfqufuwnf;u xdak jr,m ay:wGif pdu
k yf sK;d aexdik cf =hJ ua=umif;udk
3
xd&k mG om;rsm;u vlawG@ar;jref;olrsm;ud&k iS ;f jycJyh gonf?
Interview #29
37
Interview #16
38
xdcu
kd cf pH m;&rnfo
h rl sm;ESihf jzpfEikd af jc&So
d nft
h jcm;tpm;xd;k enf;vrf;rsm;avhvmpl;prf;+yD; aqG;aEG;ndE id_ ;f
jcif;/ tiftm;oH;k zdtm;ay;r_rsK;d udk a&Smif=uOf&ef(od@k ) twwfEikd q
f ;kH avsmo
h ;kH &ef ponfw@kd ukd aphpyf
aocsmpGm OD;pm;ay;&ef
ESix
f w
k af &$@ajymif;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&u
G &f mwGif Edik if w
H umvl@tcGit
hf a&;Oya'ESihf ta=umif;jycsuf
cdik v
f rkH /_ tcsK;d usr_ a,bk,s tajccHpOf;pm;csurf sm;ESit
hf nD av;pm;vdu
k ef mr_&adS p&ef6
39
Interview #8
40
From research collected from TSYOs Information and Human Rights Documentation Department
41
Interview #43
Interview #43
From TSYOs Information and Human Rights Documentation Department fieldworker news,
Tuesday, 05, April 2011
42
ppfwyfw;kd cshJ csxm;rSK oufaotjzpf wtmif;a'owGi;f cv& 144 ppfa&;avhusirhf j_ yKvkyaf epOf
4
Interview #32
Interview #32
43
From TSYOs Information and Human Rights Documentation Department Fieldworker news
released on www.palaungland.org
1
44
usy(f qefwtdwu
f kd 4 OD;&Sad omrdom;pktwGuf wvcef@pm;aomufEikd o
f nf) qD wyd\m 3600/
qm;-600/ =uufoeG jf zL -2200 ESihf =uufoeG ef D - 2000 usycf ef@ toD;oD;aps;E_e;f &Syd gonf? 1
epfema=u;rsm;rSm +cHajrrsm;. trSefwu,faygufaps;udk y"merxm;bJ rw&m;ojzifh oabmwl
apcJ=h uonf? ta&S@ajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf odr;f ,lco
hJ nfh +cHajr 500 {urSm ,refEpS af yguaf ps;ESihf
wGucf suv
f #iyf if cef@reS ;f ajc tenf;qH;k usyaf iG oef;aygi;f waxmifEh pS &f m ausmcf ef@wefz;kd &So
d nf[k
2
erfq
h efa'o&Sd &Gmom;wOD;u rSwcf suaf y; cJyh gonf? &Gmom;rsm;rSm ay;tyfonfah v#maf =u;aiGrmS
+cHajr.trSew
f u,fayguaf ps;xuf edru
hf sae+yD; w&m;r#wr_ r&So
d nfukd od=uaomfvnf;/ tm%mydik f
rsm;xH jyefvnfawmif;qdv
k #if zrf;qD;jcif;cH&rnfjzpfojzifh xkwaf zmfajymqdk &ef a=umuf&@H$ aecJ=h uygonf?
csK;d azmufrr_ sm;rSm &yfwef@roGm;acs? 2008 zJ@G pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya' yk'rf 3593 ESihf 2007 ckEpS w
f iG f
tdkift,ftdk ESifh oabmwlnD csufrsm;
twnfjyKcJhaomfvnf;/ a'ocH &Gmrsm;rSm
v,f , m+cH a jr tod r f ; cH & onf h tjyif
epfema=u;rsm;rSm +cHajrrsm;. trSef
vrf;azmufvyk f jcif; (od@k ) tjcm; zH@G +zdK;a&;
wu,fayguaf ps;udk y"merxm;bJ
pDru
H ed ;f rsm;wGif tca=u;aiGr&&Sb
d J twif;
rw&m;ojzifh oabmwlapcJh=u
t"rRvyk af y;cdik ;f apjcif;cH=u&onf? xd@k jyif
onf? ta&S@ajrmufwikd ;f ppfXmecsKyf
odrf;,l cHcJh&aom+cHajrrsm;udk jyefvnf
tiSm;&,l+yD;pdu
k yf sK;d ae&onf[k tpD&ifcpH m
odrf;,lcJhonfh +cHajr 500 {urSm
twGuf uGi;f qif; avhvmolrsm; u +cHajr
,refESpf aygufaps;ESifh wGufcsuf
odr;f ydu
k cf &H olrsm;ESihf vlawG@ ar;jref;pOfawG@
v#iyf if cef@reS ;f ajc tenf;qH;k usyaf iG
&Scd &hJ onf? ppfwyford ;f ,l cJo
h nfh v,f,m
oef;aygi;f waxmifEh pS &f m ausmcf ef@
ajrrsm;udk &Gmom;rsm;xH jyefvnftiSm;
cscahJ =umif; vlawG@ar;jref;r_ ta&twGuf
wefz;kd &So
d nf[k erfq
h efa'o&Sd &Gm
rsm;pGm}uHKcJh&onf? iSm;crSm wESpfv#if
om; wOD;u rSwcf suaf y;cJyh gonf?
usyaf iG 5000 rS 25000 0ef;usif cef@jzpf+yD;
tcsK@d a'orsm;wGif &Gmom;rsm;tm; pdu
k yf sK;d
xm;onfh qefpyg;oD;ESHrsm;jzifh tiSm;c
ay;&ef cGijhf yKonfuv
kd nf; awG@c&hJ ygonf?
&Gmom;rsm;taejzifh ,if;wd@k .v,f,m+cHajrudrk nfuo
hJ @kd jyefvnf&,lEikd af tmifjyKvky&f rnfukd rod&EdS ikd f
ojzifh ppfwyf usL;vGecf ahJ om csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk wcgw&H vltrsm;od&adS p&efrjyKvky0f =hH uacs? 2010
=o*kwfv wGif odEMDtajcpdkuf trSwf 16 ppfa'ouGyfuJa&;rSL;u odEMD+rdK@uae rdkifvD&Gm
txd&w
dS +hJ cHajr{u 100 ausmo
f rd ;f ,lcw
hJ ,f? tJ'pD pfwyfu pdu
k yf sK;d ajrawGuo
kd rd ;f vdu
k ,
f w
kH ifruyJ
Taang (Palaung) Working Group, Monopoly Tea Farms, 2011, p.7
Interview #32
3
The union prohibits forced labour except hard labour for crime duly convicted and duties assigned
by the Union in accordance with the law and the interests of the public
1
2
46
47
48
odr;f ydu
k x
f m;onfh ajray:Y vrf;azmuf&mwGif t"rRvyk t
f m;ay;&jcif;rsm;vnf;&Sad e
TSYO jyKvkycf o
hJ nfh vlawG@ar;jref;r_rsm;udk oH;k oyf=unf&h mwGif wtmif;a'o&S+d cHajrrsm;udk
50
tcsut
f vuf rsm;aumufcpH Of odr;f ,lcaH om&Gmom;rsm;. v,f,m ajrodr;f ,ljcif; aemufqufwGJ
qd;k usK;d rsm;udk pHpk rf;avhvmcJyh gonf? tm;vH;k vl@tcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;jzpfae+y;D uGi;f qif; avhvmol
wOD; rSwcf suaf y;onfrmS -
Taken from an interview with TSYO Fieldworker about their observations in the field
51
aqmif&u
G rf nfh tvm;tvmajcvSr;f rsm; rawG@&&dS ao;ay? jrefrmvli,frsm; zH@G +zdK;wd;k wufa&;twGuf
tm;ay;aqmif&u
G rf r_ jyKjcif;onf jy\emrsm;ydrk }kd u;D rm;vmap&ef tm;jznfah eouJo
h @kd jzpf+y;D / vli,frsm;
ausmif;apmpD;pGm xGu&f ojzifh tem*wfwiG f t&nftcsi;f rsm;uif;rJu
h m tjcm;tvkyrf sm;&Smvky&f ef
twGuf t&nftaoG;rjynh0f yJ tcuftcJrsm;ESihf &ifqikd =f u&rnf?
Taken from an interview with TSYO Fieldworker about their observations in the field
52
S.H.A.N
53
Interview #51
54
Interview #26
55
EarthRights International, Situation Briefer No. 1, The Burma-China Pipelines, March 2011
Taken from an interview with TSYO Fieldworker about their observations in the field
56
ppfom;awGtrd x
f u
J 0kd ifvmw,f? usaemf&@J qefq/D yJ/ xrif;td;k awGukd rawmif;yJ olw@kd ,lomG ;=u
w,f? usaemfw@kd u olw@kd ppfwyfe@J aoewfawGuakd =umufae&awmh bmrSjyefajymvd@k r&bl;9
xdak 'owGif tajccsaomppfom;rsm;onf a'ocHrsm;pdu
k yf sK;d }uD;jyif;vmonfh oD;ESrH sm;udk a&mif;pm;
&efEiS hf ,if;wd@k . rdom;pkuakd u|;arG;&eftwGuf jzpfay:vmEdik o
f nfjh y\emrsm;udk *&krpdu
k yf J qGwcf ;l
cJ=h uonf?
k /kH yefaq;eJ@tjcm;aus;&GmawGu &mom;
etz ppfom;awG[m wkepf ifav;/ wkepf if}uD;/ refaemif/ cdv
awG&@J [if;oD;[if;&Guaf wG/ opfo;D awGe@J tdraf rG;owW0gawG udk vma&muf+crd ;f acsmuf+y;D 'g;jywdu
k o
f vdk
vm,l=uw,f? olw@kd usaemfw@kd &@J [if;oD;[if;&Guaf wGuckd iG jhf yKcsurf ,lbJ vmcl;oGm;w,f/ cl;wm
awmifaumif;aumif;rcl;bJ tyifvu
kd t
f jrpfuaeEkwo
f mG ;w,f/ pdu
k yf sK;d a&;+cHawGukd zsuq
f ;D csio
f vdk
zsuq
f ;D +yD; &Gmom;awGqu
D =uufawGvnf; pm;zd@k ,o
l mG ;cJw
h ,f? [k&mG om;wOD;uajymjyygonf?10
ppfom;rsm;rS &Gmom;rsm;tay: vk,ufzsuq
f ;D =uonfh ta=umif;t&if;w&yfrmS olw@kd u,
kd w
f ikd f tpd;k &
xHrS zlvaH omvpmr&&S=d uojzifh omreft&yfom;rsm;}udK;pm;&SmazGxm;onfh tpm;taomufrsm;udk
vk,uf=ujcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifhatmufajctqifh &Jabmfrsm;rSm udk,fydkif0ifaiGjzifh &yfwnf&
aoma=umifh tajctae ydkqdk;apyg onf? xdkta=umif;jycsufrSm rSefuef jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf;
&Gmom;rsm;. tcGit
hf a&;udk csK;d azmuf&efrmS xdt
k csuf udyk if vufnKd ; xd;k nGejf y&ef &Sad wmhonf?
v,f,m+cHajrodr;f ,ljcif; aemufquf wJq
G ;kd usK;d rsm;rSm wtmif;jynfol vlxw
k @kd . ae@pOfb0tay:wGif
yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh oufa&mufaeaom a=umifh wtmif;vlrsKd;wdk@. vl@tcGifhta&;udk wdkuf&dkuf
csKd;azmufae=uaom tm%mydkifrsm;. vkyf&yfrsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_ rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
tusK;d oufa&mufr_ rsm;udk ta&;w,l aqmif&u
G &f ef vdt
k yfaeygonf?
pdu
k yf sK;d ajrodr;f cH&jcif;a=umifh b0&Sio
f ef&yfwnfa&;twGuf yifyef;pGmoD;ESaH &mif;ae&yHk
9
10
57
ed*;kH
v,f,majrodr;f ,ljcif;onf jynfov
l x
l w
k @kd . b0udt
k rSew
f u,f xdcu
kd af p+yD;/ wtmif; jynfol
vlxkESifh jrefrmEdkifiH &Sdtjcm;jynfolrsm;twGufvnf; trSefwu,f jy\emw&yf jzpfaeygonf?
d @kd ajymqdrk nfqykd gu ,ckusL;vGerf r_ sm; tay: wm0ef,o
l ifh
trSew
f u,fjy\em [laomt&mudk rdrw
aomol/ ,ckvwfwavmowdjyKrdcsuft& tpdk;& wGifwnf&Sdaeaom v,f,majr odrf;,lonfh
,Ofaus;r_EiS hf 'kucQ &H olrsm;tay: oufa&mufonfh xdcu
kd ef pfemr_rsm;udk wm0efcaH jz&Si;f jcif; uif;rJrh r_ sm;
tm; &yfwef@ajymif;vJ&ef wm0ef,o
l ifah omol tp&So
d nfh trSew
f u,f tm%m vufuikd x
f m;aom
yk*K~ v
d rf sm;. vuf&t
dS ajctaetcsut
f vufrsm;udv
k nf; &ifqikd w
f ifjy=u&rnf jzpfonf?
TtpD&ifcpH monf v,f,m+cHajrrsm;odr;f ,ljcif;. wdu
k &f u
kd &f vm'ftjzpf ay:ayguv
f monfh vl@tcGihf
ta&; csK;d azmufrsm;ESihf trSew
f u,ford ;f ydu
k cf &H olrsm;rS xkpd rD u
H ed ;f rsm;. tusK;d &vm'frsm;&&Scd pH m;&ef
vufvSrf;a0; aeonfudk rD;arSmif;xdk;wifjy&ef &nf&G,fygonf? yHkrSeftajctaersm;wGif wtmif;
vlrsK;d rsm;rSm 0ifaiG&&S&d eftwGuf tvky}f udK;pm; vky=f uygonf? wtmif;vlrsK;d wd@k . toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;onf tcsdefumv=um&SnfpGm tvkyfvkyf=u&+yD; toifhwifhom bmaiG
tusKd;tjrwfjyefvnf&&SdEdkifonfh um,vkyftm; vufudkifjyK&efvdktyfonfh +cHpdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;
yifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh touf&iS o
f ef&yfwnf&ef tvH;k pHrk cDS t
kd m;xm;ae&onfh ,if;wd@k . v,f,m+caH jr
rsm;udk tm%mydik rf sm; vma&muford ;f ydu
k o
f nft
h csed w
f iG f ,if;wd@k .b0wckv;kH rSm }uD;rm; pGm xdcu
kd f
epfem=u&ygonf?
wtmif;vlrsK;d wd@k . +caH jrrsm;udk ,laqmiford ;f ydu
k jf cif;onf ,if;wd@k &Sio
f ef&eftouf&LS ae&aomavudk
,laqmif odrf;ydkufvdkufouJhodk@jzpfonf? ,if;wdk@ rnfuJhodk@touf&Sifoef &yfwnf=urnfenf;?
pdkufysKd;&ef +cHajrr&Sdjcif;onf b0&Sifoef&yfwnf&ef vrf;r&Sdawmh[k t"d,foufa&mufapygonf?
,if;wdk@onf tjcm;vkyfief;t&nfcsif;rsm; wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;&eftwGuf jrefrmtpdk;&xHrS ulnD
axmufyHhr_tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk wcgrSr&&Sd=uay? vltrsm;pkrSm ,if;wdk@. bdk;bGm;pOfqufpdkufysKd;cJh
aom+cHajrudk wd;k wufajymif;vJvmap&ef rnfuo
hJ @kd qufvufxed ;f odr;f vkyu
f ikd =f u &rnfukd todynm
avhvmcGihf r&&S=d uyg?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;r&Sdv#if ,if;wdk@touf&Sifoefzdk@ tpm;taomufrsm;0,f&ef0ifaiG
rnfuJhodk@&SmazG =urnfenf;? om;orD;rsm;udk ausmif;wuf&ef rnfuJhodk@axmufyHh =urnfenf;?
tu,fI wtmif;vlrsK;d wd@k . vufzuf+cHajrrsm;udk ,laqmiford ;f ydu
k v
f u
kd yf gu wtmif;vlrsK;d wd@k onf
,if;wdk@. vlrsKd;a&;0daoovuQ%m/ "avhxHk;wrf;ESifh &dk;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;yg qHk;&SHL;vdkuf&onf?
Tazmfjycsurf sm;rSm rdrw
d @kd rw
S w
f rf;jyKxm;onfh v,f,m+cHajrodr;f qnf;cH&jcif;a=umifh xdcu
kd ef pfemol
rsm;tay: usa&mufonfh qd;k usK;d tcsK@d yifjzpfonf?
rdrdwdk@taejzifh rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh v,f,m+cHajrodrf;rsm;odrf;,lcH=u&onfudk tjzpftysuf
aygif;rsm;pGm wifjycJh+yD;jzpfonf? vufzuf+cHajrrsm;ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhodrf;ydkufr_rsm; ay:ayguf
ae&onfrmS wtmif;a'otwGi;f jrefrmppfwyf tiftm;ydrk w
kd ;kd cs@J vmjcif;jzpfonf? T tajctae
rsm;rSm vlxw
k @kd .+cHajrrsm;odr;f ,ljcif;/ odr;f ,lco
hJ nfh ajrrsm;udk rxDrjhJ rifjyK+yD; &Gmom; rsm;tm;jyefvnf
58
tiSm;csjcif; tp&So
d nfh vltcGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm; tv#t
H y,f ay:ayguaf p&ef OD;wnfaeygonf?
tm%mtirf;r&rufarmaomolrsm;. trltusifhrSm jynfolrsm;xHrS &Suf a=umuf&$H&Smr_r&SdbJ
=urf;wrf;cufxefpmG 0ifaiG&mS wwf=uygonf? wtmif;a'owGif ppfwyfwyfz@GJ tiftm;rsm;jym; pGm
wnf&Sdaejcif;a=umifh aemufqufwJG&vm'ftjzpf rk'drf;usifhjcif;/ nif;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh t"rRvkyf
tm;ay;cdik ;f ap jcif; tp&So
d nfv
h t
l cGit
hf a&;csK;d azmufr_ rSww
f rf;rsm; rSmvnf; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmygonf?
wtmif;a'owGif ppfwyftiftm;wd;k cs@J onft
h "duta=umif;t&if;rSm a&$obm0"gwaf iG@yu
kd v
f ikd ;f
pDru
H ed ;f ESihf a&GvD a&umwm trSwf 1/ 2ESihf 3 aqmufvyk jf cif; tp&So
d nfh yrm%}uD;rm;aom obm0
t&if;tjrpfxkwf,loHk;pJGrnfh pDrHudef;rsm;vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf? jynfolvlxkrsm;rSm rnfonfh
epfema=u;wpHkw&mr#r&&SdbJ v,f,m+cHajrrsm;udk xdkpDrHudef;rsm;twGuf rw&m;odrf;,lcH&jcif;/
a&$@ajymif;ESix
f w
k cf H &Edik af =umif; (od@k ) xdpk rD u
H ed ;f ESiphf yfvsO;f +yD; wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;r_r&Sjd cif;wd@k uckd pH m;cJ&h +yD;/
usL;vGerf r_ sm;twGuf rnfow
l OD;wa,mufr# wm0efcaH qmif&u
G jf cif;r&Sad cs?
xd@k jyif tpd;k &taejzifh obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkw,
f o
l ;kH pJo
G nfph rD u
H ed ;f rsm;a=umifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
tay: usa&mufrnfh qd;k usK;d rsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;xm;jcif; r&Sad y? tpd;k &rSm ,if;wd@k prD cH surf sm;.
ta=umif;udpEP iS hf ywfoufI v#K@d 0u
S x
f m;=u+y;D / a0zefar;cGe;f xkwo
f rl sm;rSm zrf;qD;jcif;/ tusO;f csjcif;ESihf
tjcm;qd;k &Gm;onfh t&mrsm;ESihf xdyw
f u
kd &f ifqikd =f u&onf? obm0t&if;tjrpfxw
k ,
f o
l ;kH pJjG cif;ESihf
a&umwmpDrHudef;wdk@rSm jrefrmtpdk;&. bmtcGeftwGuf aiGusyfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm zefwD;ay;
v#u&f adS omfvnf;/ omrefEikd if o
H m;rsm;rSm xd0k ifaiGrsm;udk jrifawG@o&d cdS iG rhf &&S=d ubJ pDru
H ed ;f tusK;d
oufa&mufru
_ v
kd nf; rcHpm;=u&ay? wtmif;vlxw
k @kd rmS 2011 ckEpS x
f d v#ypf pfr;D oH;k pJcG iG hf r&&Sd ao;yg?
rdrw
d @kd taejzifh txufwiG af zmfjycJo
h nfh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrr_ sm;twGuf wm0ef,al qmif&u
G &f efEiS hf
tusiyhf sucf spm; +yD; w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;tm;enf;r_rsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppf&ef tpd;k &tm; wdu
k w
f eG ;f
vdu
k yf gonf? tpd;k &tm; avmb tvd&k ruf ESihf rpif=u,fonfw
h yfrufrr_ sm;twGuf rdr.
d jynfov
l x
l k
tcGit
hf a&;udk csK;d azmufaejcif;tm; &yfwef@&ef/ vlom;qef&efEiS hf xdpk rD u
H ed ;f rsm;rS& &Sv
d maom0ifaiG
rsm;udk jrefrmjynfov
l x
l .
k b0zH@G +zdK;a&;twGuf toH;k jyK&ef rdrw
d @kd qEN&ydS gonf? jrefrmjynfov
l x
l u
k kd
v#yfppfrD;ay;jcif;/ tdrfwdkif&ma&mufa&jzef@a0ay;jcif;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&; cH,l&&Sdapjcif;/
vlr_todkif;t0dkif;twGif; zHG@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/ qif;&JrJGawr_ESifh q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmrS
nHzh si;f onfh tkycf sKyfrr_ S zdEydS &f ufpufrr_ sm;udk avsmch sEikd &f efw@kd twGuf tcsK@d aomvlrt
_ aqmufttHrk sm;
cHpm;&&Sd Edik af p&ef aqmif&u
G af y;jcif;wd@k jyKvky&f efvt
kd yfygonf?
aemufq;kH taejzifh TtpD&ifcpH m&vm'fwcktaejzifh a'ocHjynfov
l x
l w
k @kd rmS todtjrif rsm;yGiv
hf if;
vm+yD;/ v,f,m+cHajrodrf;ydkufcH&jcif;onf rSm;,Gif;onfhvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_wckjzpfonfudk
od & S d e m;vnf a p&ef rd r d w d k @ ar#mf r S e f ; ygonf ? a'ocH j ynf o l r sm; rd r d w d k @ .tcG i f h t a&;tay:
rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnf+yD;/ rdrw
d @kd v,f ,m+cHajrrsm;udk w&m;0ifjyefvnf&&S&d ef/ oifah v#mo
f nfh epfem
a=u;aiGrsm;&&S&d efEiS hf usL;vGecf o
hJ nfu
h pd &P yfrsm;twGuf wm0ef,l aqmif&u
G af &;wd@k twGuf tpd;k &
tm;zdtm;ay;aqmif&u
G jf cif;wd@k u0kd ikd ;f 0ef;jyKvky&f ef rdrw
d @kd taejzifjh rifawG@ vdyk gonf? wtmif;jynf
olvx
l w
k &yfv;kH rdrw
d @kd . &ydik cf iG /hf v,f,m+cHajr/ td;k tdrEf iS hf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;rsm;udk
umuG,af pmifah &SmufEikd &f eftwGuf rdrw
d @kd u,
kd w
f ikd f twlwuG &yfwnfaqmif&u
G =f u&efvt
kd yfygonf?
59
wdu
k w
f eG ;f t}uHjyKcsurf sm;
jrefrmtpd;k & taejzifh 1) wtmif;a'owGif v,f,m+caH jrodr;f ,ljcif;ESihf tjcm;vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufusL;vGeaf ejcif;
rsm; ud&k yfwef@&ef?
2) odrf;,loGm;onfh+cHajrrsm;twGuf vufzufawmifolESifhv,form;rsm;tm; oifhwifh
r#wonfh epfem a=u;rsm; ay;qyf&efEiS hf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyif ef;rsm; jyefvnfxal xmifay;&ef?
3) ukvor*~tzJ@G 0ifEikd if w
H cktaejzifh tjynfjynfqikd &f mvl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;yg wm0ef
0wW&m;rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem&efESifh jrefrmhajr,mOya'udk &Sif;vif;+yD; Oya'wGif;ydyuQ r&Sdap
&eftwGuf jyefvnfoHk;oyf jyifqif&ef?
4) vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f tay:wdu
k &f u
kd f qd;k usK;d oufa&mufaprnfh zH@G +zdK;a&;pDru
H ed ;f rsm;udk taumif
txnf azmfaqmif&u
G &f mwGif a'ocHjynfov
l x
l rk sm;ESihf aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifjcif;/ yGiv
hf if; jrifomr_usio
hf ;kH
jcif;ESihf a'ocHvx
l .
k xifjrif,q
l csurf sm;udk vufcpH Of;pm;jcif;rsm; jyKvky&f efv,f,m+cHajrrsm;odr;f ,l&mwGif yg0ifonfh ukr%
` rD sm; taejzifh (YUPD, Asia World Company Ltd, Huaneng Lancan River Hydropower Company Ltd,
Colenco Power Engineering Ltd (CPE) of Switzerland, CNPC, China Railways Engineering
kd [
f ed ;f Co. Ltd, jzLpif Co. Ltd, Excellence Engineering Co. Ltd, csr;f oma&$ajr
Corporation, ref;jrifrh &
ukr%
` ED iS hf e*g;ysH ukr%
` )D
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f v_y&f mS ;aeaom tpd;k &ESirhf oufqikd o
f nft
h oif;tzJ@G rsm; taejzifh 1) tpdk;&ESifhroufqdkifonfhtoif;tzJG@rsm;taejzifh &efukefESifhjrefrmEdkifiH tv,fydkif;wGif
omrubJ wdik ;f &if;om;a'orsm;wGif oGm;a&muf+yD; }udK;yrf;v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G &f ef?
2) NGOs rsm;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;. todtjrifrsm;udk zGifhay;+yD; EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif
vl@tzJG@tpnf;opf jzpfEdkif&eftwGuf ulnDaqmif&Gufay;&ef?
ukvor*~/ Oa&myor*~ ESihf Edik if w
H umrdom;pkw@kd taejzifh 1) Edik if w
H umzdtm;ay;r_jzifh jrefrmtpd;k &tm; tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit
hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;
udk av;pm;vdu
k ef m &eftwGuf aqmif&u
G af y;&ef?
2) Edik if w
H umrdom;pkrsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynfov
l x
l w
k @kd cpH m;ae&onfh &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfonfh
vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk ukvor*~rt
S a&;,laqmif&u
G af y;&efEiS hf vl@tcGit
hf a&; pHpk rf;a&;
aumfr&Sif zJ@G pnf;udik w
f ,
G af &; awmif;qdrk t
_ wGuf v,f,m+cHajrodr;f ydu
k jf cif;/ ypPn;f OpPmodr;f ,ljcif;ESihf
pyfvsOf;+yD; ulnDpnf;&Hk;ay;&ef?
k &f u
kd u
f n
l yD yhH ;kd r_rsm;
3) jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm; vlom;csi;f pmemonfh wdu
rdkydkwdk;jrifh&ef tygt0if +cHajrodrf;,lcH&olrsm;}uKHawG@ae&onfhjy\emrsm;udkausmfv$m;Edkif&efESifh
xdjk y\emrsm;udk udik w
f ,
G f ajz&Si;f Edik o
f nfh pGr;f &nfrsm; jriw
hf if ulnaD xmufy&hH ef ?
wtmif;(yavmif) vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; taejzifh 1) odrf;qnf;cH&onfh+cHajrrsm;ESifhypPnf;OpPmrsm; jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf Oya'a&;&m ulnD
axmufyrhH _ rsm;&,lum twlwuGy;l aygi;f aqmif&u
G =f u&ef?
2) rdrw
d @kd vrl t
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f wGif vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;&yfwef@Eikd &f eftwGuf wdwq
f w
d +f idrf
oufjcif;rjyKbJ/ zGi[
hf xkwaf zmfajymqd+k yD; rdrt
d cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk rdrw
d @kd u,
kd w
f ikd u
f muG,=f u&ef?
61
eHygwf
vdif
1 usm;
62
tvkyftudkif
v,ff,m
wnfae&m
erffhcrff;jjrddK@e,ff/ rddkif;0DD;&Gm
usL;vGefolrsm;
trnffrodd
2r
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
3 usm;
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
4 usm;
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
5 usm;
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
6 usm;
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
7 usm;
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
8 usm;
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
9 usm;
v,f,m
refefwkHjrddK@ee,f
,f
OD;atmif=unf/
refwkHjrdK@e,ftajcpdkuf
OD;atmif=unf/
rewk
,tajcpk
tajcpdkuf
refwkHjrdrK@K@e,f
OD;atmif=unf/ refwkHjrdK h
e,ftajcpdkuf
OD;atmif=unf/ refwkHjrdK h
e,ftajcpdkuf
OD;atmif=unf/ refwkHjrdK h
e,ftajcpdkuf
OD;atmif=unf/ refwkHjrdK h
e,ftajcpdkuf
OD;atmif=unf/ refwkHjrdK h
e,ftajcpdkuf
OD;atmif=unf/ refefwkHjrddK@ee,f
,f
tajcpdkuf
10 usm;
11 usm;
v,f,m
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
refwkHjrdK@e,f
wyf&if;trSwf ( 130 )
wyf&if;trSwf ( 130 )
12 usm;
13 usm;
14 usm;
15 usm;
16 usm;
17 r
18 usm;
19 r
v,f,m
v,ff,m
v,f,m
v,f,m
v,f,m
v,f,m
v,f,m
v,,m
v,f,m
refwkHjrdK@e,f
reffwkHjrddK@e,ff
refwkHjrdK@e,f
refwkHjrdK@e,f
refwkHjrdK@e,f
refwkHjrdK@e,f
refwHjrdrK@K ee,f
rewk
,
rlq,fjrdK@e,f/ erfh[G,faus;&Gm
refwkHjrdK@e,ftm%mydkif
wyff⇔trSwf ( 130 )
refwkHjrdK@e,ftm%mydkif
refwkHjrdK@e,ftm%mydkif
refwkHjrdK@e,ftm%mydkif
refwkHjrdK@e,ftm%mydkif
refwHjrdrK@K ee,f
rewk
,tm%myk
tm%mydif
a'ocHtm%mydkif
20 usm;
v,f,m
21 r
v,f,m
22 usm; ESifhr
v,f,m/ aps;onf
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,f/ rmefatmif&Gm
trnfrod
23 usm;
aus;&GmaumfrwD
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,f/
armfawmifaus;&Gm
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,ftm%mydkifESi
fhopfawmXme
odrf;qnf;cJh
onfhajr{u
40
odrf;qnf;cH&
onfhae@&uf
2008
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwGufv,f,mrsm; odrf;qnf;jcif;
arv/ 2007
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwGufv,f,mrsm;odrf;qnf;jcif;
arv/ 2007
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwGufv,f,mrsm; odrf;qnf;jcif;
arv/ 2007
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwGufv,f,mrsm;odrf;qnf;jcif;
arv/ 2007
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwGufv,f,mrsm; odrf;qnf;jcif;
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwGufv,f,mrsm; odrf;qnf;jcif;
arv/ 2007
&Jpcef;wnfaqmuf&eftwG
wuf
ufa'ocHjynf
nfolrsm;xHrSv,f
v,f,mrs
m sm;odrf;qnf;jcif;
aarv/
v/ 2007
8
7
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
oWKp;rue;twG
oKpD
;rHudef;twuf
uajr{u
ajr{u ( 15 ) or;qn;jci;
odrf;qnf;jcif;
erfh[G,f&Gmol/ &Gm;om;rsm;ydkifqdkifonfhv,f,majr {u( 200 )cef h odrf;ydkufjcif;
7
8
7
8
8
9
10
30
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
arv/ 2007
2009-2010
2009-2010
2009-2010
v,f,modrf;qnf;jcif;udpP (tjzpftysuftusOf;csLyf )
a&$vDa&umwm(1)vd
( ) dk%facggif;azmuff&efftwGuf ukef=urff;ypPnf;rsm;oddkavSmiff&eff
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,fESifhuGwfcdkifjrdK@e,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm;
wdk;csJ@aqmufvkyf&eftwGufajrtdrfodrf;qnf;jcif;
a&$vDa&umwmtem;wGif =uufql(castor)yif
rsm;pdkuf&ef
atmufwdkbmv- 2010
3 tdrf
35
2005
63
64
24 usm;
aus;&GmaumfrwD
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,fopfawmXme
tm%mydkif
trnffrodd
trnfrod
trnfrod
trnfrod
tpdk;&cGifhjyKrdef h&uk%D
25 usm;
26 usm;
27 usm;
28 usm;
29 usm;
30 usm;
31 usm;
vuffzuffjcHH
vufzufjcH
vufzufjcH
vufzufjcH
aqmufvkyf a&;
tvkkyform;
jynfolppf
vufzufjcH/ &Gmol=uD;
erfhqefjrdK@e,f/ [dkrdef;aus;&Gm
erfhqefjrdK@e,f/ refrdkif&Gm
trnfrod
trnfrod
32 usm;
v,f,m
erfhqefjrdK@e,f/ refvG,f&Gm
vm&SdL;jrdK@&Sd A[dktm%m
ydkifrsm;u&JwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh e*g;ysH
ukr%DDudkv,f,m
odrf;qnf;&eftrdef@ay;cJh onf//
33 usm;
ppffom;
oddef;eDD/ rddkif;vDDaus;&Gm
oddef;eDDjrddK@tajcpd
j dkuf/ p-u-c
trSwf ( 16 )
34 usm;
vufzuf awmifol
qdkuHcJ&Gm erfhqefjrdK@e,f
a'ocHtm%mydkif
35 usm;
v,f,m
vm;&SdK; erfqmef&Gm
vm&SdK;jrdK@e,f&Sd A[dk
tpdk;&uv,f,mrsm;udk
odrf;qnf;&eftrdefhay;cJh
336 r
v,f,m
refewkHjrdKe
K@e,f/ tGG,favm&G&Gm
nrod
trnf
37 usm;
v,f,m
vm;&SdK; erfqmef&Gm
3 ussm;
38
v,f,m
e qmefe&G&Gm
vm&S&SdK; erf
j K@K@e,f&S&Sd A[dktpdk;& u
vm&S&SdL;jrd
v,f,mrsm;udkodrf;qnf;&eftrd
efhay;cJh
atmufwdkbmv- 2010
ajrtd
j drf{u(3)
( ) {u
4
3
2
100
2010
2010
2010
2010
2008-2009
erfhqefjrdK@e,fESifhrefwkHjrdKhe,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm;wdk;csJ@&ef
erfhqefjrdK@e,fESifhrefwkHjrdK@e,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm; wdk;csJ@&ef
rSwfcsuf- Twdk;csJ@rSKpDrHudef;udk 2010-2011 txdaqmufvkyf jcif;jzpfonf//
4if;udkywfowfI owif;tcsuftvuft&-vufzufjcH (1000 ) cef@odrf;
qnf;jcif;cH&onf//
2
4
2010-2011
2010-2011
500
Zefem0g&D/2011
100
erffhqeffjrddK@e,ffESifhreffwkHjrddK@e,fft=um;
=
um;vrff;rsm; wddk;csJ@&eff
erfhqefjrdK@e,fESifhrefwkHjrdK@e,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm; wdk;csJ@&ef
erfhqefjrdK@e,fESifhrefwkHjrdK@e,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm; wdk;csJ@&ef
erfhqefjrdK@e,fESifhrefwkHjrdK@e,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm; wdk;csJ@&ef
&xm;vrf;aqmufvkyf&eftwGufv,fajr{u (100) odrf;qnf;jcif;
jyefvnfiSm;ay;xm;onf//
erfhqefjrdK@e,fESifhrefwkHjrdK@e,ft=um; um;vrf;rsm;
wkk;cs@J chJonf
n//// 4i;twG
4if;twGufv,ajr
v,fajr 3{uor;yk
3{uodrf;ydkufchcJjyDy;;
wd
ajrydkif&Sifudk a&$ hajymif;jcif;cHcJh&onf//
vm&SLd;jrdK@wGifa&odkavSmif&eftwGufv,f,majrrsm;udkodrf;qnf;jyD;
a&umwmaqmufvkyfjcif;
2010
2010
a&$&$vDa&&umaqmufvkyf&mwGGiftqifajjyacssmarGG h
atmifqif;&JEGrf;yg;aom&Gmol&Gmom;rsm; tdk;tdrf rsm;pGef@vGwfjcif;cH&
220077
vm&SLd;jrdK@wGifa&odkavSmif&eftwGufv,f,majrrsm;udk odrf;qnf;jyD;
a&umwmaqmufvkyfjcif;
2010
vm&S&SLd;jjrdK@K@wGifa&&odkavSSmif&e
&eftwGGufv,f,majrrs
j sm;udkodrf;qnf
n;jjyD;
a&umwmaqmufvkyfjcif;
22010
65
66
39 usm;
v,f,m
vm&SdL;/ erfqmef&Gm
40 usm;
v,f,m
vm&SdL;/ erfqmef&Gm
vm&SdL;jrdK@e,f&Sd
A[dktpdk;&uv,f,mrsm;udkodrf;
qnf;&eftrdefhay;cJh
41 usm;
v,f,m
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,f/ refrdkif&Gm
erfhcrf;jrdK@e,f/ &Jpcef;
42 usm;
v,f,m
43 usm;
bkef;=uD;
uGwfcdkifjrdKhe,f/ erfhzufum&Gm
erfhzwfumOuUXESifh&Jwyf
44 usm;
v,f,m
erRwl/ emqdkif;&Gm
a'ocHtm%mydkif
45 usm;
ukefonf
refwkH
wyf&if; ( 130 )
46 usm;
vufzufjcH
erfhqef
erfhqefjrdK@rSAdkvf=uD;oef;xGef;
47 r
vufzufjcH
erfhqef
aqmufvkyfa&;tzGJhu
erfhqefjrdK@xJwGifvrf;rsm;
wdk;csJ@aqmufvkyfcJhonf//
48 usm;
vufzufjcH
erfhqef/ refidkif&Gm
vm&SdL;jrdK@e,f&Sdt%mydkif
oabmwlncscsuft&oabmwnD
t&-
49 usm;
v,f,m
----
50 usm;
v,f,m
v,,m
erfcrfr;jrK@
erh
;jrdK ee,f
,// ref
repy&G
pyf&m
a'octm%myk
a'ocH
tm%mydifEESiifh
aiGurBmausmfuk %D
51 usm;
&Gmom;
ausmufrJjrdK@tm%mydkifrsm;
ESSifh&JwyfzG@J 0ifrsm;
vm&SLd;jrdK@wGifa&odk;avSmif&eftwGufv,f,majrrsm;udkodrf;qnf;jyD;
a&umwmaqmufvkyfjcif;
2010
2010
84
2010
1300
2010
tm%mydkifrsm;ubkef;=uD;ausmif;ajrudkodrf;ydkufjyD;
w&kwfvkyfief;&SifqDudka&mif;cJhonf//
a'ocHtm%mydkifawGuemqdkif;&Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm;
yddkifqdkifonffhv,ffajjruddkodrf;yddkufjyDD; rmvDDyg w&kwfrsm;qDDudka&miff;ay;vddkufonff//
v,f,m ( 73 ){ucefhodrf;ydkufjyD; refwkHjrdKhwGifppfwyfpcef;csjyD;
rdk;rdwfESifherRwljrdKht=um;wGifvrf;azmufvkyfjcif;
13
2005
400
2010
73
2002-2007
awmifr&GmESifhikif;tdrfeD;em;csif;&Gmrsm;udkvrf;aqmufvkyfa&;twGuftwif;trRvkyf
tm;ay; oGm;vkyfcH&onf// xdk@tjyifAdkvf=uD;oef;xGef;rS4if;
,mrsm;udkqufvufIodrf;ydkufonf//
2010
tdrf&SifESpfOD;uavsmfa=u;r&bJrdrdtdrfudktwif; t"Ra&$@ajymif;cH&jyD;
tdrftopfaqmufvkyftwGuf aiG ( 120000 )ay;cJhvdkuf&onf//
azazmf0g&Dv/ 2010
vm&SdL;ppfwdkif;rSL;rSw&kyfvkyfief;&SifudkowWKwl;azmf a&;twGuf
cGcifihjyKcsufay;vk
ay;vdufonh
onftwG
wuf
ux
xkdae&muk
e&mudvuf
uzujcajr
zufjcHajr ( 3 ){u
zswfpD;jcif;cH&onf//
{jyDv/ 2010
a'ocHtm%mydkifESifhaiGurBmausmfuk %DwdkhuowWKwl;azmfzkdhtwGuf
refpyf&GmudkvmjyD; &Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm;ydkifqdkifonfhopfawm ( 95 ) {uaygif;
zsufpD;vdkufonf//
95
2008
a'octm%myk
a'ocH
tm%mydifESEiifhaiGiurmaus
urBmausmfuk
uy%D
y%wk
wdhuowW
owKw;azmf
Kwl;azmzkzdhtwG
wuf
urepy&G
refpyf&mud
mukv
mjyD; &Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm;ydkifqdkifonfhopfawm ( 95 ){uaygif; zsufpD;vdkufonf//
4if;&Gmudkerfhcrf;jrdK@e,fteD;wGif&SdjyD; tm%mydkif rSv,f,majrudkodrf;ydkufjyD;
refwkHESifherfhqefjrdK h=um;wGifvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;topfazmufcJhonf//
2008
vufzufjcH {uaygif;
(40)
2010
67
References
Arakan All Student and Youth Congress (AASYC), Mon Youth Progressive
Organization (MYPO), Pa-O Youth Organization (PYO), Holding Our
Ground, March, 2009
COHRE Center on Housing Rights and Evictions, A Brief Guide to
International Housing, Land and Property Rights, 2011, Geneva, Switzerland
COHRE Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, ThePinheiro Principles,
Geneva, Switzerland
COHRE Center on Housing Rights and Evictions, A Guide to Housing,
Land and Property Rights in Burma, 2009, Geneva, Switzerland
EarthRights International, Situation Briefer No. 1, The Burma-China
Pipelines, March , 2011
Kachin Development Networking Group, Tyrants, Tycoons and Tigers, 2010
Leckie, S. &Simperingham, E., Housing Land and Property Rights in Burma:
The Current Legal Framework, Displacement Solutions &The HLP Institute,
2009, Geneva, Switzerland
Human Rights Foundation of Monland (HURFOM), No Land to Farm, 2003
Palaung Youth Network Group (PYNG), Under the Boot, 2007
Palaung Womens Organization (PWO), Stolen Lives Human Trafficking
from Palaung Areas of Burma to China, 2011
Sargent, Inga, Autobiography of a Shan State Queen, 2010
Taang Student and Youth Organization (TSYO), Lightless Lives, 2010
Burma Lawyer Council (BLC), Lawkapala Legal Journal on Burma No.32
Burmese section
Taang (Palaung) Working Group (PWO, TSYO, PSLF), Monopoly Tea
Farms, June 2011
68
Internet Resources:
www.palaungland.org
www.bbc.co.uk/burmese/interactivity/2011/06/110615_land.shtml
www.forru.org/PDF_Files/frfwcpdf/part2/
p22%20Wint%20a%20brief%20review.pdf
www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6900e/x6900e0l.htm
www.burmese.dvb.no/news.php?id=13818
www.ohchr.org
www.ibiblio.org/obl
www.alrc.net
www.ilo.org
www.arakanrivers.net
www.palaungwomen.com
www.adb.org/document/pwg-fg-rptcc-annex5-mya.pdf
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011-04/28/
content_12412367.htm
69
aus;Zl;wifvm$
Tv,f,majrodr;f qnf;jcif;tpD&ifcpH mtwGuf okawoejyKjcif;rS tpD&ifcx
H w
k af 0onftxd
&HyakH iG ulnaD xmufyhH ay;aom Open Society Institute (OSI) udk TSYO taejzifh
yxrOD;pGm aus;Zl; Oyoum&wif&adS =umif; azmfjyvdyk gonf? x@t
kd wl Daniel C. Clark
Memorial Fund (DCMF) . rdrw
d @kd oak owevkyif ef;rsm; taumiftxnf azmfEikd &f ef
twGuf &HyakH iGun
l aD y;onf aus;Zl;udv
k nf; rSww
f rf;wiftyfygonf?
S f
'kw,
d taejzifh tpD&ifcpH mtcsut
f vufrsm; oH;k oyfaygi;f pyfjcif;/ pDppfay;jcif;rsm;udk pdw&f n
vuf&SnfulnD aqmif&Gufay;aom Volunteer Service Overseas (VSO) rS
apwemh 0 ef x rf ; Kevina Maddick ES i f h Margarida Da Silva wd k @ ud k v nf ;
v_u
d v
f u
_d v
f v
JS aJS us;Zl;txl;wif&dS ygonf? xd@k tjyif tpD&ifcpH m jzpfajrmufap&ef rdrw
d @kd .
okawoejyKolrsm;ESihf tbufbufrS yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af y;=uaom TSYO/ PWOESihf PSLF
tzJ@G 0ifrsm;udv
k nf; aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajym=um; vdyk gonf?
ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;. twif;t"rRodrf;qnf;jcif;cHcJh=u&aom
wtmif;a'ocH+cHajrydik &f iS f jynfov
l x
l rk sm;rSm TtpD&ifcpH mxkwaf 0Edik &f eftwGuf ,if;wd@k
odr;f qnf; cH&onfjh zpfpOfrsm;udk tcuftcJ tusyt
f wnf;trsK;d rsK;d t=um;rS rdrw
d @kd tm;r#a0
ay;onft
h wGuf aemufq;kH taejzifh aus;Zl;xl;wif&adS =umif; rSww
f rf;jyKtyfygonf?
wtmif;ausmif;om;ESiv
hf il ,frsm;tpnf;t&H;k
70