1990

#1

The Production of Transparent Soap ABSTRACT

Karen Abella, Joyce Astudillo, Luanne Damiao, Iderlina Mateo, Leni Yap

The research aims to find an alternative procedure and ratio for the production of cheaper transparent soap. The components are beef tallow (2 parts by volume), coconut oil (2 parts), 10.43 M sodium hydroxide (1 part), and ethyl alcohol. The first five treatments (Treatments A to E) have various amounts of ethyl alcohol. The last treatment (pork lard soap) substitutes pork lard for beef tallow as the animal fat. The percentage yields of the samples were determined wherein the percentage yields of the samples increased as the amount of ethyl alcohol increased with the exception of Treatment E. The Capillarity Test was used to determine if the samples were true soaps. The test results showed that the samples were true soaps since they reduced the survace tension of distilled water by almost one-half. The most transparent soap produced was Treatment E which had the ration of 2 (beef tallow) : 2 (coconut oil) : 1 (10.43 M sodium hydroxide) : 5 (ethyl alcohol). The same treatment was more than the pork lard soap. The samples did not reach the controls transparency. Thus, the group was not able to find an alternative procedure and ratio which produces cheaper transparent soap. #2 Calcium oxide extracted from talaba (Crassotrea iredalei) shells as an additive in temporary dental fillings Bernardo Acua, Arturo E Castro, Angelito B Sarmiento, Eric S Soriano ABSTRACT This study dealt, mainly with the production of calcium oxide (Cao) from talaba (crossostrea Iredalei) shells and utilizing it as an additive in temporary dental fillings. To ensure the purity of the CaO samples used, the optimum time and temperature calcinations was also determined. It was found through gravimetric analysis that the actual CaO content of talaba shells was 74.432%. The optimum tinal and temperature of calcinations was determined to be 1130C for sixty minutes. When tested as additives in temporary dental fillings the 70:30 (ZnO: Cao) proved to be the best, ranking #1 in all three tests of desirable dental filings characteristics; Through cost analysis, the 70:30 ratio demonstrated a 24% cost reduction.

#3

The Acceptability of Atis (Annona Squamosa) Seeds as a Substitute for Coffee

Ana Victoria Z. Abulencia, Jennifer P. Aguila, Ma. Antoniette R. Campos, Amabelle B. Cruz, Jasmin M. Gervancio

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to test the acceptability of atis (Annona squamosa) seeds as an alternative for coffee. The seeds were oven dried, seedcoats were removed, roasted, pounded and brewed, wherein the decoction process was satisfied, thus, the acrid principle was removed. In comparing the beverage product with two other commercial instant coffee brands, Friedmanns test was used; and it was accepted only for the taste category. Generally, it was accepted as a xanthine beverage, but not necessarily coffee. The caffeine content was determined to be 1.6% for every 5 grams of the coffee to 125 mL of water. It is less than the caffeine content of commercial instant coffee brands which contain 5% per every cup, but more than that of the decaffeinated coffee which has 0.22%. Before the sensory evaluation, an oral test was conducted in a mouse, theres no control and replicates and was observed only for 59 days, but no visible detrimental effects on the mouses health was observed. Further research and studies, like nutritive content determination and test for toxicity could be done to improve the research and the appearance of the beverage. #4

The Determination of Anti-Bacterial Activities of Two Species of Ginger (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

Rey Ada, Mary Lila Ann Colon, Regina Esperanza Cuerdo, Armando Genobe, Ada Navarro

ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine if two species of ginger (Zingiber and Curcuma Longga) had any anti-bacterial activities on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacteria was inoculated onto the nutrient agar in five petri dishes. Pieces of filter paper, about the size of 25-cent coin, were dipped into the ginger extracts, four pieces each; two pieces with the same extract were placed on the inoculated agar. The fifth petri dish was the control; the filter discs were dipped into 70 per cent isopropyl alcohol. After having incubated the batch for 24 hours, observations showed that bacteria had grown on all samples, but there was no physical indication of any anti-bacterial activities of the two species of ginger.

#5

Screening for Superconductors ABSTRACT

Carlito Adriano, Crisante Aquino, Emerson De Vera, Jay Arellano Perez

This research aims to produce superconductors using Bi-Sr-Ca-Mg-CuO complex. The complex mixture was prepared by solid reaction of Bi2O3 , SrCO3 , CaCo3 , MgCO3 , and CuO. The molar ratios tried for both batches A and B were the same: 1:1:1:2 of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O , 1:1:1:1:2 of Bi-Sr-Ca-MgCu-O and 1:1:1:2 of Bi-Sr-Mg-Cu-O . Each sample was ground for 45 minutes and the baked at 800C for 6 hours. Next they were molded into coin-shaped disks and rebaked for another 6 hours at 800C. To find initially whether the samples were superconductors, the Meissner-Ochsenfield effect test was carried out. This is done by cooling the samples to the temperature of liquid nitrogen and placing a magnet over the sample. A superconductor being diamagnetic will repel and raise the magnet. If it doesnt, then it is not a superconductor. But if it showed a positive result, then a resistivity and magnetic susceptibility test will be performed. The Meissner effect test results show that all the samples were nonsuperconducting. Error may have been due to handling, moisture, purity or the fact that the furnace can only attain 800C. It is also possible that the BiSr-Ca-Mg-Cu-O complex mixture will not react in the precise way and form the definite crystal formation suitable for superconductivity. #6

Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Eggs and Larvae of Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Oriental Fruit Fly)
Michael G. Alabastro, Monette V. Mijares, John M. Valdezco, Pablo L. Yambot

ABSTRACT
The aims of this research are to determine the minimum dose of gamma radiation required to disinfest mangoes of oriental fruit flies, and also to determine the stage at which the fruit fly is least resistant to this form of disinfestation. Twenty four mangoes were infested with 100 eggs of Dacus dorsalis Hendel otherwise known as the oriental fruit fly. Half of the mangoes were irradiated when the eggs inoculated into the mangoes were still at the egg stage, while the other half was irradiated when eggs had matured into larvae. Both groups were exposed to doses of 50, 100, and 150 grays of radiation. It was found out that 50 gray is the minimum dose required to disinfest the mangoes, and that the egg stage was the least resistant to the treatment. #7

The Backyard Plastic Biogas Digester

Ferdinand Alacar, Carlo Cruz, Hipolito Custodio, Kristina De Jesus, Gibert Magpantay

ABSTRACT
The biogas digester is the unit of a biogas plant in which biomaterials are decomposed to produce biogas. It is responsible for maintaining the conditions necessary for the methanogenic bacteria to break down the waste materials to its essential components. A digester made out of a polyethylene (thermoplastic) trash bag was found unsuitable because the plastic bag was porous to water. Tests on the plastic showed that in a period of 78 hours, up to 32.7% of 6 L of water was lost through the sides, although very little leaked out when the water content of the bags reached 4 L. A rigid plastic container, however, was not porous, and a digester made out of such material successfully produced biogas. In this study, using rice grass as substrate, two 10-L rigid plastic digesters performed consistently with each other, producing 18 to 19 mL of biogas per hour each. Through extrapolation, a single digester filled with hog manure could produce 0.69 cft of biogas per day; 22 digesters would produce enough biogas for a family of 6 to cook for 1 hour everyday. #8

Screening for the Antimutagenic Potential of Citrus nobilus Leur. (Dalanghita)

Frederick Alfredo, Ma. Cristina Carlos, Christine Calynn Cheng, Ramon Randy Ladaga

ABSTRACT
This research aims to find out if Citrus nobilus Leur., (dalanghita), exhibits antimutagenic potential against the well known mutagen, Mitomycin C. The micronucleus test (Schmid, 1975) with some modifications based on the suggestions of Salmone et. al (1980) was used. Results showed that the heated rind of ethanol extract of dalanghita at a dosage level of 2.5 mg/g mouse is capable of reducing the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) / 1000 PCE induced by the mutagenic agent from 12 to about 6 a 66.67% reduction. However, at a higher dosage of 5.0mg/g mouse, it was toxic, killing all the mice. #9

The Pesticidal Effects of Nicotine Extract on Mus musculus ABSTRACT

Arturo Alvarez, Naomi Bugnosen, Lovella Inting, Eva Rodriguez, Bryan Tenorio

This study which aims to determine the effects of nicotine from tobacco leaves on Mus musculus was conducted from August 21, 1989 to December 15, 1989. Solutions were prepared from dried tobacco leaves, Nicotiana tabacum using salted ricewash as solvent. Four mice were obtained and grouped into two; two for the control and two for experimental. Both groups were under the same diet and are subjected to similar conditions. However, the experimental group is treated with 20.34% of nicotine per liter of solution. This is done by spraying the mice with the solution at least 5 times every feeding time. The breathing rates and weights of the two groups were compared. T-tests were done to see if there is any difference between the experimental and the controlled mice. The results showed that there is were significant differences between the weights and the breathing rates of the control and the experimental group at 5% level of significance.

#10

The Potential of Chitin as a Phosphate Remover in IonExchange Chromatography

Genaro Jehremiah Wilfred C. Asis, Aries Roberto M. Dalag, Ma. Amora C. Manabat, Carlo Manuel O. Molina, Joyce Kathleen F. Rasco

ABSTRACT
Chitin, a cellulose like biopolymer found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, was tested as a phosphate remover using the principle of ionexchange chromatography. The aim of the study is to find out if chitin could remove phosphates from soap water. Forty grams of crab shells was collected, cleaned, dried, and ground and treated with 200 mL 1 M NaOH and then 200 mL 1 M HCl to extract the biopolymer. Two grams each of chitin was packed in two pipettes of different dimensions and another pipette was packed with 0.47 g of chitin. Another column was plugged only with glass wool serving as control. Fifty milliliters of soap water was passed through the column once, for a total of 12 trials. Each sample was then treated with molybdate solution, followed with the addition of iso-butanol, ethanol and stannous chloride reagent. Subsequent spectrophotometric, standard curve and statistical analysis tests showed that the chitin treated sample contain significantly less phosphate than the untreated samples.

#11

The Acceptability of Terminalia catappa Leaves Extract as Mouthwash

Jules Baluyut, Ferdinand Bernabe, Bendict Guerrero, Walter Moraga, Richard Sunga

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the acceptability of Terminalia catappa Leaves extract as a mouthwash. The first phase of the research study involves the production of mouthwash and its various concentrations. The preparation of nutrient agar solution in which mouth microorganisms. The preparation of nutrient agar solution in which mouth microorganisms were placed was also done. The second phase consists of the test that determines the effectivity of the mouthwash. Filter papers, which serve as replicates, were placed in the different dishes. The zone of inhibition will indicate the mouthwashs effectivity. Based on the Anova test, the results showed that the treatment containing 75% extract-25% Listerine was the most effective among the various concentrations in preventing microorganism growth. Based on the results gathered, the researchers concluded that there was a significant difference between the treatments used so the production of this mouthwash is recommendable and it is further accentuated by the cheap acquisition of its raw materials. #12

Fungal Growth Response To Varietal Differences of Sweet Potato Sucrose Gulaman Medium
Abigail Gay Y. Barba, Ma. Cristina R. Batac, Jessica Joy J. Jaldon, Rene P. Mendoza, Ma. Ymber Villamayor

ABSTRACT
Sweet Potato Sucrose Gulaman (SPSG) had been found to be an excellent alternative culture medium for commonly used Potato Dextrose Agar. This research aims to find to which variety of sweet potato will some specific fungi grow more suitably. Seven varieties of sweet potato were tested; namely VISCA Sweet Potato (VSP)-1, VSP-2, VSP-3, VSP-4, VSP-5, Kabiti and Kinabakab. For each of the eight treatments, there were five replicates for each of the three test fungi, Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryodiplodia theobromae. The results and statistical analysis of the growth measured in terms of colony diameter showed that the best mediums for Curvularia lunata was the treatment in which VSP-2 and VSP-3 were the varieties used. While for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, VSP-5 was the most suitable variety for its

growth. Lastly, analysis of data showed that VSP-4, was the best variety for the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae. The statistical analysis used was Single Factor Analysis of Variance. The data obtained on the second day of incubation showed that there was a significant difference for all the three test fungis growth on the different varieties of Sweet Potato in SPSG. #13

Chemical Analysis of the Tannins in Imperata cylindrica

Eric Francis B. Barcenas, Manuel R. Cordero, Jordan Rel C. Orillaza, Joebel A. Sanson, Rosalie Rowena G. Liboro

ABSTRACT
This research aims to get something from a seemingly useless but abundant weed. It is about the chemical analysis of the tannins in Imperata cylindrical, commonly known as cogon. The first step of this research is the collection of cogon samples. The collected samples are grouped into four; fresh leaves, air-dried leaves, fresh roots, air-dried roots. The samples are all subjected to tannin extraction through Soxhlet apparatus. FeCl3 and gelatin-salt reagent tests are used to check the presence of tannins. After tannins were found to be present in each group samples, the quantification of the tannins follows. Titrational analyses are used to compute of the percentage of tannins present in each group sample. A significant difference can be seen between the amount of tannins present in fresh samples (5.4%) and air-dried samples (2.8%). The tannin content must be 6% or more for profitable production. Results show that tannins in cogon is not sufficient for commercial use. But the fact that cogon a very abundant and cheap, and considering the low cost of tannin extraction, cogon can still be a potential source of tannins. #14

The Potential of Oil extracted from Jathropa curcas as an Insecticide

Radamanthus Batnag, Jr., Purito Rosero, Jr., Stefani Sao and Ernesto Sayo Jr.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the research was to discover the potential of Jathropa curcas as an insecticide. Oil from J. curcas contains toxalbumin cursin, a highlit toxic protein. This oil was extracted through the Soxhlet method which gave an oil yield of 10%. Curcas oil to kerosene formulations were prepared in different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 (v/v), in test tubes using a medicine dropper. The formulations were tested on cockroaches, mosquitoes and mice.

The results showed that the curcas oil to kerosene mixture does kill cockroaches and mosquitoes, with the 1:1 formulation being the as effective as the commercial insecticide, Raid. The 1:1 formulation was tested on mice and the mice did not die, showing that it is not harmful to mammals. Although it was effective, it was impractical to produce because of the low oil yielded, long time of production, inavailability of the fruits, and high cost production. #15

Formulation of Wood Stain Systems from Coffea arabica Bean Shell Extract
Charina Gracia Bawagan, Agustin Gilbert Flores, Carole King, Epifanio Edmer Martinez and Celeste Aida Regino

ABSTRACT
acceptability as wood stain in the furniture industry. The performance of the formulated wood stain was evaluated by applying them on yemane (Gmelina arborea) wood samples, and subjecting the samples to various tests to quantify their resistance to hot and cold water, and to some common household liquids. Drying time, consumption pattern and brushability were, likewise, evaluated. In terms of performance and properties, a number of the formulated wood stains except in some aspects such as consumption pattern and drying time. An analysis was included to determine the cost of the formulated wood stain in comparison with commercial stain. #16

Coffea arabica bean shell extract was studied to determine its

The Remodblock an Alternative to the Conventional Concrete Hollowblock

Ma. Agnes Beloy, Meliza de la Paz, Marie Sol Hidalgo, Rhona Manguerra and Romualdo Vicencio III

ABSTRACT
Due to the high cost of building materials and the rising demand for housing and infrastructure, this research was aimed at testing the feasibility of a cheaper building block, the Remod-block, a double tongue-and-groove interlocking block (patterned after the Modblock made by Cabral, et al, 1986) whose principal components are ordinary Portland cement, Rice hull ash cement, and sand at a 3:2:30 ratio. Samples of Remodblock and Modblock were fabricated and Conventional concrete hollow blocks were brought. The block were subjected to 3 tests: the IMPACT RESISTANCE TEST, the WATER ABSORPTION TEST, and AXIAL COMPRESSION TEST. Statistical tests showed that the Modblock was first, the Conventional Concrete Hollow Block (CCHB)

second, and the Remodblock last in terms of strength, durability, and resistance to impact. There were no significant differences among the water absorption values of the three kinds of blocks. #17

Further Investigation of the Insecticidal Potentials of Cliricidia sepium (Cacauati)

Marveen C. Bernabe, Jowell Lord Mark A. Rodriguez and Jonathan C. Sim

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to test further the insecticidal effectivity of the cacauati (Gliricidia sepium). This research would like to determine the effect of the plants leaf extract on insects, such as cockroaches and mosquitoes, and animals such as mice. Since the plant was proven before to have insecticidal potentials, it is expected to be toxic on the test insects. The extract, however, is expected to have no effect on the test animals, since this potential insecticide should be harmless to animals and hopefully to man. There were three methods of application of the leaf extract; one for every test species. The residual method was done on six cockroaches while extract-spraying method was done to eight mosquitoes. The method of extract-feeding was employed to the four test mice. The test species were subjects to about 2-3 hours of observation. The results showed positive values of mortality in each sub-experiment. Statistics, however, have confirmed that the cacauati leaf extract has a significant effect on cockroaches and mosquitoes, but it has no significant effect on mice. #18

Design and Testing of a Multi-purpose Stove

Alfredo Blas III, Ma. Peafrancia I. Celzo, Vincent Ralion, Marylene Santos and Allan Tangonan

ABSTRACT
Quantitative Test for determining the thermal efficiency and the power output of the multi-purpose stove designed with a centrally located tubular heat source were conducted. The test results showed that as a water heater it has a higher thermal efficiency (29.94%) compared to a conventional charcoal stove (19.34%). Furthermore, it has a higher power output (928.16 W) compared to the conventional (416.24 W). Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the designed stove and conventional charcoal stove in terms of thermal efficiency and power output. As a cooking stove, the same results as that of the conventional charcoal stove was obtained with temperatures reaching above 250 C. Cost analysis showed that

boiling 10 liters of water, having an initial temperature to P1.94 in the conventional charcoal stove., thus a 35-57% savings. #19

Chitin from Shrimp Shells and its Potential in Waste-Water Purification

Ma. Roela Boncalon, Aileen Joy Deoma, Nadine Adellia Ledesma, Edwin Moragas and Rodolfo Penalosa

ABSTRACT
This study aims to test the potential of chitin, a polysac-charide found in the exoskeleton of some arachnids, as waste-water purifier. Chitin was extracted from powdered shrimp shells by treatment with 10% HCL and 4% NaOH. Water samples were obtained from the PSHS creek and treated with varying amounts of chitin (0g, 1.0g, 2.0g, 3.0g) using adsorption chromatography. After treatment with chitin, the water samples underwent the ph determination, turbidity test, and microbial assay. Results showed that the basic creek water was neutralized and fewer microorganisms grew in water samples treated with larger amounts of chitin.

#20

The Feasibility of the LPC Extracted from Saccharum spontaneum in the Production of Animal Feeds
Jonathan Bugayong, Garnett de Velez, Don John Macabuag, Israel Magalit and Frederick Ronque

ABSTRACT
This research aims to study the feasibility of extracting the protein concentrate from talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) leaves to be used in the production of animal feeds. This Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC) was prepared on a laboratory scale and was extracted through the use of the heat coagulation method. The percentage of the protein in the Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC)was determined using the Kjeldahl process, and the protein sample was found to be 22.2%. The LPC was found to have sulphurcontaining amino acids and was positive for the presence of alpha-amino acids.

#21

The Production of a Low-cost Adhesive from Lignin Extract

Laarni Bulan, Marcues Cubil, Erlinda Mutuc, Michael Santos and Katherine Yambao Ms Sofia Docto-research Adviser

ABSTRACT
This research project aimed to produce a low-cost adhesive out of lignin extracted from coir dust (coconut husk fibers) using the Soxhlet extraction method with a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and benzene as solvent. The extraction process produced a brown, semi-viscous liquid, proven to contain lignin. The extract yield in terms of milliliters was 0.0167 ml/g of coir dust. Polyvinyl alcohol, a glue additive, was incorporated in three different concentrations (0.05, 0.10, & 0.15 g of polyvinyl alcohol per milliliter of extract). With pioneer wood glue as the control set-up, tests for shear strength and drying time showed that the produced adhesive exhibited binding properties and its use as a commercial glue is feasible. #22

Insecticidal Anona squamosa Seeds ABSTRACT

Christopher Bustamante, Nicole Gopez, Arlan Logan, and Vincent Lontoc

The study was aimed to determine the insecticidal properties of atis (Anona squamosa) seed on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) by subjecting them to a film of various concentrations of the petroleum ether extract using the residual method of application, and then determining the mortality rate per concentration and the LC50 after an observation period of 48 hours per trial. The data was taken subjected to the Anova test to determine if there was a significant difference between the conditions in the control and the experimental set-ups. Results showing that there was a significant difference. The t-test was used in order to find out which concentration had a significant effect on the mortality rate of the fruit flies. Results showing that all concentrations in the experimental set-ups were significant. The LC50 was then obtained from the data and shops that the LC50 was 15000 ppm. All tests used thus suggests that there must be an active principles present in the seeds of Anova squamosa, that acts as an insecticide. #23

The Potential of Saba (Musa sapientum) Peeling Extract as Culture Medium for Microorganism
Alfredo F. Cabajes, Lorraine V. Celestino, Aileen B. Pascual, Jennifer T. Velasco and Yvette A. Villena

ABSTRACT
The potential of Saba (Musa sapientum var. compressa) peeling extract as culture medium for microorganisms was measured in terms of colony count for bacteria and zones of growth for fungi. Three varying types of media were used namely: centrifuged saba peeling extract food medium, filtered saba peeling extract food medium and commercial nutrient agar. The food media were tested on three species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis) and three species of fungi (Mucor sp. Penicillium sp. and Saccharomyces cereviscae). Statistical tests show that there is no significant difference between microbial growth in the experimental media and the control medium except for E. cloacae and S. cereviscae. This implies that saba peeling extract is a potential culture medium for microorganisms with simple nutritional requirements. #24

Determination of the Stability of Citrus mitis (Calamansi) Juice Extract for the Production of Cococheese
Dindo Caguiat, William Suayan, Rene Tablante and Marcus Torres

ABSTRACT
This research aims to study the suitability of Citrus mitis juice in the production of cococheese. Three 500 ml. Samples containing 60% coconut milk and 40% skimmed milk were prepared. Various amounts of calamansi juice (20 ml, 40 ml, and 60 ml) were added to each of the solutions. Each solution was tested for coagulation. The coagulum was pressed to form the cheese. The mass of the coagulated solids (curds) was measured. The solution with 20 ml calamansi juice produced 104 g of cheese for a percentage yield of 20.3%, 40 ml sample yielded 130.8 g or 25.5%, 60 ml yielded 141 g or 28.3%. Results of the sensory evaluation of the cococheese samples were subjected to the Friedmanns Test and the Chi-square Test to evaluate the acceptability of the cheese. The statistical analysis of the sensory evaluation results showed that in terms of appearance, odor, taste, and texture, the experimental cheese was comparable to that of commercially sold kesong puti. However, in terms of general acceptability and commercial feasibility, the experimental cheese was not up to commercial standards. #25

Feasibility of the production of a biological battery through the fermentation of sugar by yeast
Harold Casanova, Roger Guillermo, Jovanni Lavadia, Agapito Pasinos

ABSTRACT
This research aims to develop an alternative battery deriving currents from the process of fermentation of sugar by dry yeasts using copper and zinc electrodes. In the research, different concentrations (0.25,0.5,0.75, and 1.25) of sugar solutions were tested for voltage and current output. These concentrations were both tested using brown and white sugar. In the use of white sugar, increasing concentrations decreased the current. When brown sugar was tested, current increased up to five times, increasing with increasing concentrations. Maximum voltage never exceeded 0.9 volts. These results are only for singular cells. The brown sugar proved to be more practical. One battery, consisting of two cells, could power a quartz digital alarm clock and single penlight bulb, separately. #26

Deoiling coconut flour by enzymatic treatment

Jennifer Lucero Castaneda, Maria Lourdes Yazmine Yuson De Leon, Carlo Emmanuel Yusi Santos, Maria Remedios Rosario Singson, Johann Vincent Paul de Ungria Tagle

ABSTRACT
High oil content makes coconut residue flour prone to deterioration. The objective of this research is to determine the efficacy of an enzyme, gammanase, in lowering the fat content of coconut residue (sapal) flour. The study also aimed to ascertain the percentage of coconut residue flour that obtained from gammanase treatment and to evaluate the shelf life of sugar cookie products made from gammanase treated coconut flour using sensory evaluation test. Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant difference between the oil content of the gammanase treated and untreated flour. The 61.18% of the original flour that was recovered after gammanase treatment was found to have 25.06% reduction in oil content. Sugar cookies were made using enzyme-treated coconut flour mixed with wheat flour in a 1:6 ratio. It was found that there was no significant difference in the general acceptability among sugar cookies having 100% wheat flour, gammanse treated and untreated coconut residue flour one day after baking. There was also no significant difference in general acceptability among the treatments even after two weeks of storage. #27

Effects of glucosidal extracts from sampaguita (Jasminium sambac) roots on white mice (Mus musculus)

Jaime Catibog Jr., Dionisio Dimagiba, Albert Farolan, Jeffrey Sadorra, Ross Valerio

ABSTRACT
The effect of the glucosidic extracts from sampaguita (Jasminium sambac) on white mice were determined through treatment of the mice samples with five independent preparations; treatments were forcibly fed to the mice, each with a 0.15% cc/9 g body weight dosage. Treatements given wre composed of oven-dried roots in water, 2 extracts (solvents: CHCl :MeOH:HoAc and MeOH:H2 O) obtained from the fresh roots via the Betollo extraction, and the remaining water broth after boiling of some of the fresh root samples. Another group served as the control. TLC showed that the first extract, A, contains flavonoids and coumarins which caused the fluorescence under ultraviolet light after known reagents were sprayed. In the second extract, fluorescence under ultraviolet light showed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids and saponins in the solution. The third extract tested positively only for flavonoids. No signifianct effects were observed in the white mice. None died out of the two replicates per treatment. Internal organs and tissues were not damaged significantly, as observed after dissection. #28

A comparative study of Paper from the stems and leaves of the water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)
Michelle Diaz, Aileen Mendoza, Lorelie Ng, donna Perez, Donabel Yap

ABSTRACT
The study was conducted in order to determine which part, the stem or the leaf, of the water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) produces better paper. Fibers were extracted with the use of the soda process and paper was made. Paper from the stems had a weight density of 86.94 g/m2, a burst index of 4.01 N/kg, a tear index of 1.98 Nm2/kg, a tensile index of 51.13 kNm/kg, a folding endurance of 374, and an average thickness of 8.14 mls. Paper obtained from the leaves had a weight density of 68.54 g/m2, a burst index of 3.97 N/kg, a tear index of 2.52 Nm2/kg, a tensile index of 54.05 kNm/kg, a folding endurance of 227 and an average thickness of 8.76 mls. Analysis of the data showed that there is no significant difference between thickness, burst index, tear index, and folding endurance of the paper from stems and paper from leaves. There was s significant difference, however, between their tensile strengths. #29

The feasibility of Langka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed flour and Mango (Mangifera indica) seed flour as extenders for adhesives
Andrew Dy, Arnaldo Lim, Darwin Palima, Oliver Pasco

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine if the waste products langka and mango seeds can be extenders for adhesives, and thereby substitute wheat flour. It also aims to determine which of the three extenders and level of extension will produce the best bonds when used in plywood. The amount of water added to the glue was determined by the result of the water-taking capacity of the seed lour. The viscosity of the glue was also determined. The bond test included shear strength, % wood failure and a modification of the delamination test. The means of the shear strength (in kg/cm2) and % wood failure for the 25%, 50% and 75% extensions for langka are 17.06 and 35.83, 16.37 & 51.67, and 61.21 & 34.67 respectively; 14.37 & 18.5, 14.55 & 22.5 and 12.94 & 46.17 respectively for the raw mango seed; and 14.53 & 29.67 and 10.42 & 19.17 were the results for the 25% &50% extension for the cooked mango (75% extension did not spread due to its high viscosity). The values for the mentioned % extension for the control boards are 15.60 & 57.83, 13.59 & 40.5, and 13.37 & 20.17 respectively. Statistical analysis conducted on the results of the dry shear test and delamination test results showed that there is no significant difference between the means of those plywood bonded with adhesive having the same level of extension, except for the delamination test on the 75% extension, where the raw mango showed superiority over wheat and langka in terms of shear strengths. All the treatments (including control) did not conform with the specifications by BPS, so, we recommend a further investigation on this topic. #30

The quantitative determination of serum uric acid through the quantitative precipitation of mercuric urate
Editha Espedilla, Mary Mae Falconete, Hermily Herrero, Christian Olympia, Eleanor San Pascual

ABSTRACT
We are to determine the amount of serum uric acid by the quantitative precipitation of mercuric urate. The amounts of serum uric acid are determined to be 0.057 mg/ml, 0.050 mg/ml, 0.034 mg/ml, respectively for three different samples of serum. Determine of serum uric acid levels is particularly helpful in the diagnosis of gout. Levels are also affected whenever there is an increase in the metabolism of nulceoprotein. That is the level is beyond the normal range 0.033 to 0.084 mg/ml for male and 0.027 to 0.072 mg/ml for females. Knowing the normal range as basis, we can conclude that the gout levels of the people from whom the sera were collected are normal. #31

The potential of Mayana (Coleus blumei) leaf extract as an acid base indicator
Ariel James Estigoy, Jean Gubia, Harold Ian Hollero, Rolando Mesde, Roderick Roy

ABSTRACT
The research aims to determine whether Mayana leaf extracts exhibit properties which would enable us to use it as an alternative acid base indicator. The study was divided into three phases. Preliminary tests were made in the first phase to find a suitable solvent. It was found out that ethanol serves as the best carrier. The second phase involves the preparation of solutions of varying pH, then testing the color change of the plant extract in each. It was found out that the ethanoic extract exhibits changes in color over the whole range of pH levels. The concentrated solution is deep maroon in color. It changed from scarlet at pH 1 to pale yellow at pH 3. It assumes a deeper tinge of yellow as the solution gets more basic. The third phase involves the fixation of the extract on filter paper. The filter paper exhibited visible color changes, comparable to those observed for the ethanoic extract, when subjected to freshly prepared solutions. However, the color faded because the extract went into solution. #32

Chemical analysis of the (Canarium luzonicum) Pili nut hush

Christine Garingan, Marlene Javier, Michelle Narvaez, Raymund Nobleza, Owen Pornillos

ABSTRACT
This research was undertaken to determine the composition of the pili nut husk (Canarium luzonicum) using standard methods of chemical analysis, and its nutritive and commercial value. The chemical analysis dealt with the moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents. Results show that the pili nut husk is at least 15.57% water, 49.79% ash, 7.95% fat, 1.31% protein, and 3.74% crude fiber. The other 21.64% is carbohydrates. Therefore, the nutritive value of the pili nut husk is comparable to most of the other nuts and small fruits we eat. Pigment coloring and sticky consistency was also observed. Therefore, the husk may be a source of raw material for the production of ink and glue. The pili nut husk is already being eaten as a sweet, therefore no toxicity has been performed. #33

The high-quality construction material from nonconventional sources

Ibarra Gutierrez, Lino Loares, Edison Macatangay, Redante Mendoza, Bennette Vivar

ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to develop a high quality construction board, primarily for use as panelings, which would exhibit the qualities of fire resistance, odor absorbance, soundproofing, and durability. This board was constructed out of non-conventional materials such as corrugated cardboard, sand, and activated charcoal. The boards were constructed by applying a coat of charcoal followed by a coat of sand over both of the boards surfaces. They were then tested for the four aforementioned qualities: fire resistance, odor absorbance, soundproofing, and durability. In addition, replicates of regular carton cardboard and commercial corkboard were subjected to the same tests, thus providing a basis for the comparison of the experimental board to more commonly used materials. The fire resistance test was done by using a bunsen burner whose flame was set at a constant intensity. The replicates were then set at a constant height over the flame until the flame burned through. Time to penetrate and approximate area of fire damage were recorded and compared. Both the odor absorbance and soundproofing tests were conducted by having a number pf respondents rate the effectiveness of a box, constructed out of the replicate to be tested, in reducing the volume of radio static, for soundproofing, and in retaining the smell of an air freshener, for odor absorbance. Lastly, the durability test was done by using weights to determine the tearing strengths of the replicates. Results of all tests were compared and tested for significant difference. It was found that the experimental board significantly outperformed the commercial corkboard and the control corrugated board in the soundproofing, odor absorbance, and durability tests. In the flame penetration test, the experimental board had a significantly smaller damage area than commercial board, although it was not was significantly smaller than that of the control corrugated board. In the time for flame penetration, the experimental board was significantly better than the commercial board. Taking all results into consideration, it would safe to conclude that the experimental board is a viable substitute for corkboard as a ceiling material and in panelings. However, further research is encouraged to improve the quality of the experimental product.

#34

The feasibility of the Latex Extract of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui as a substitute for fuel oil

Jeanette Hinto, Jhonnel Kabigting, Rubetina Macabulos, Rosa-Vina Prudente, Rex Aurelius Robielos

ABSTRACT
The feasibility of the latex extract of Tabernaemontana pandacaquis a substitute for fuel oil had been assessed. The boiling point of the extract was found to be at 104 C through fractional distillation. The chromatogram analysis using an Iatroscan, on the other hand, revealed a very neglibigle amount or percentage of saturate hydrocarbons (approximately 2-3%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (approximately 6%), but a very large percentage of polar constituents (approximately 90%). Other tests such API gravity and flame test (for determination of flash point) were performed to analyze some chemical properties of the extract. The API gravity at 60 C was found to be at 8.332. The flash point cannot be determined since the extract contains a compound that is somewhat similar to water and retardates the flame being passed. The extract therefore cannot be used as fuel but the investigation encourages future researchers to further analyze if for other purposes. #35

Determination of the anti-microbial property of Tubangbakod (Jatropha curcas) oil

Robina S. Hizon, Lily Joy B. Jayaon, Irene C. Limpe, Anna Cristeta O. Ragragio, Rovelyn U. Tapec

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the anti-microbial property of the oil extracted from Tubang-Bakod (Jatropha curcas) seed. This research project is divided into two parts: the extraction of oil using the Soxhlet apparatus. The oil was extracted using ethyl alcohol as solvent until the raw material was exhausted of its oil content. Then, the oil was separated from the ethyl alcohol through a hot water bath. In the second phase of the experiment, sterilized filter paper discs, which were dipped in the oil, were place in sterilized petri dishes filled with seeded nutrients agar. It is with this part of the experiment where we measured the zones of inhibition (area where growth of bacteria was inhibited) in different microorganisms such us I. coli, B. subtilis, A. faecalis, and S. aureaus. We found out that Jatropha curcas oil has an anti-microbial property. One of the discs in the petri dish containing A. faecalis showed the greatest zone of inhibition. From our statiscal analysis (Single Factor ANOVA), we found out that there is a significant difference between the treatments in the growth of S. aureus. #36

The effect of two grass root extracts on the germination of mungbeans

Alex N. Ibrado, Rommel L. Abesames, Jessie R. Cordova, Harold A. Modesto

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine whether or not the root extracts of Saccharum spontaneum (talahib) and Imperata cylindrica (cogon) are detrimental to the germination of Phaseolus radiatus (mungbeans). Cogon and talahib plants were collected. The roots were then separated from the rest of the plant. These were cleaned under running water, chopped, then macerated using a blender. The solvent used was distilled water. The concentration of the root extract was 30%. Sixty (60) mongo beans of commercial grade were also obtained. The mongo beans were surface sterilized using 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Three seedboxes were then set up, one for the control group, one for the talahib root extract treatment group, and one for the cogon group. The control group was to receive distilled water. Twenty seeds were planted in each box. Each seed was given three drops of their respective treatment every day for five (5) days. The number of seeds per day was noted down. Another replicate was made. Statistical analysis using the chi-square method indicated that the talahib root extract had no significant effect on the germination of the mongo beans. However, the cogon root extract was shown to have significant detrimental effect on the said beans. #37

Phytochemical screening and microbiological assay of the musa textiles (abaca) trunk crude extract
Maria Glenda M. Ladiao, Lourberto S. Lerio, Adianez Ghania T. Lim, Marvy M. Mangudayao, Dayenne Therese C. Sipaco

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine (a) the phytochemicals present in the crude extract of the trunk of Musa textilis (Abaca) and (b) the microorganisms in which the extract shows growth inhibitory effects. The phytochemicals screened for were alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, flavonoids, tannins, and anthraquinones. The screening showed the presence of tannins, using the Gelatin Test and Ferric Chloride Test; and 2-deoxysugars using the Keller-Kiliani Test for cardenolides and bufadienolides. The microorganisms used in the Microbiological Assay were E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and A. faecalis. Using the Paper Disc Diffusion Method,

the results showed that the abaca trunk extract does not have any inhibitory effect on the growth of the test bacteria. From these results, it is concluded that the trunk extract of Musa textilis constains tannins and 2-deoxysugars, and these identified chemicals do not have anti-microbial properties against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and a. faecalis. #38

The reducing sugar content of the fermented acid hydrolyzates of Eleusine Indica L. (wire grass)
Marie Celeste Liceralde, Lea Lina, Jeane Haidee Mah, Heide Anee Sampang, Dexter Osorio

ABSTRACT
The objective of the study is to determine the total reducing sugar content of the acid hydrolyzates of Eleusine indica L (wire grass) before and after fermentation. This study also aims to determine optimum saccharification conditions with various concentrations of hydrochloric acid. There were 4 treatments with 3 replicates each using 13 grams of grass samples: 3% 13 ml HC1 (A). 3% 23 ml HC1 (B). 5% 13 ml HC1 (C). 5% 23 ml HC1 (D) and autoclaved at 15 psi for 45 minutes. They were filtered and tested for reducing sugar content using the Arsenmolybdate method of Somoqyi-Nelson. Treatment A.B.C. and D. had reducing sugar contents of 312. 336. 362.5 and 333 uq/ml respectively. There was no significant difference between the 4 treatments using the single-factor Anova test. The samples were then fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reducing sugar content was then monitored for 8 days. After 8 days of fermentation. reducing sugar contents were 58.9 uq/ml for treatment A. 59.7 uq/ml for treatment B. 57.8 uq/ml for treatment C. and 65.3 uq/ml for treatment D. Again, there was no significant difference between the sugar contents of the samples using the single-factor Anova Test. #39

The acceptability of Pineapple (Ananas sativus) and Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo cantalupensis) as substitute for Grape (Vitis vinifera) in wine production
Zedric J. Matubis, Alexis T. Tucay, Emerson N. Camaya, Julius A. Victa, Erwin Rommel L. Dumlao

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research is to produce fruit wines whose main content are Philippine indigenous fruits like the pineapple and the cantaloupe (melon). Also, one of the targets of this research is to see if our

home-made wines taste and texture can compare with those of other foreign commercial brands. The process of wine-making is by no means complicated. However, great care and absolute accuracy should be observed during the process. The first step in wine making is pre-fermentation. The pre-fermentation process involves the sterilization of glasswares, thermometers and wine bottles. After sterilization, the fruits are crushed. Then the juice extract, brown sugar, yeast and water are mixed together until a homogenous mixture is formed. The second phase is the fermentation process. Here the yeast catalyzes the reaction C6H1206 (glucose) C5H50H (alcohol) + C02 (carbon dioxide) On this activity we use glass tubes connecting flasks with water to the samples inside the beaker. Water will prevent air from entering the wine containers. At the same time it also serves as a time indicator since carbon dioxide will form bubbles in the water. After about 2 days, we can see if fermentation ceases as indicated by the end of bubble formation. Post-fermentation is the third and final stage. This involves decanting the mixture. Decanting it will separate the leftover solid particles. This makes the wines texture smoother and its appearance more attractive. The samples are also heated in order for fermentation to stop. Heating of the samples also helps start the aging process of the wine. Our wines are then aged for about 6 weeks. After aging, we compared our wines with the conventional grape wine. The comparative analysis showed that the experimental wines are not comparable to the commercial wine in terms of color, percentage of alcohol, and proof but their specific gravity and pH were similar. Wine samples were then put through a taste test wherein the samples were compared with commercially sold grape wine. The results of this test showed that there was a significant difference between the commercial wine and experimental wines. Even though the necessary proof was achieved, the experimental wines did not acquire the proper taste, which was vital for the success of the research. #40

BLEACHED GEOTHERMAL SCALINGS A potential adsorbent for TLC

Kristine Elizabeth Nograles, Melissa Pangan, Marianne Blythe Tecarro, Alma Rex, Francisco Reyes, Jr.

ABSTRACT
Geothermal scalings contain sufficient amounts of amorphous silica to make it a good partial substitute for silica gel used in thin-layer chromathography. This has been proven by feasibility study done in l989, which showed that a 60% scaling-40% silica slurry was the most effective. However, the same study showed that geothermal scaling-silical gel slurry

was of a brownish tint, making hard to discern the pigments that have traveled on the adsorbent layer. The purpose of this research is to study the possibility of using NaOC1, present in most commercial bleaches, to whiten the geothermal scalings so that the slurry produced would make the separated pigments more visible. Several treatments were prepared, each with a different bleach to water ratio. These were 5:0 (bleach to water), 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, and 1:4. We have found that only the scalings subjected to the 1:4 treatment showed comparable results with both silica gel adsorbent and the unbleached adsorbent. #41

Chemical analysis of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (caballero)

Michael John Serrano, Jose Jesus Primicias, Clodualdo Descallar, Allan Bonitez, Manel Villar

ABSTRACT
The seed of the plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima was analyzed to determine its potential as human food or animal feed. By using standard chemical methods of analysis, the nutritive content showed the following results: 66.3% moisture, 3. % protein, 1.02 % ash, and 3.16 % fat. By comparing these values with the nutritive content of other legumes, we can say that the seed is a potential animal feed additive. #42

Riboflavin yeast extract as an effective water antipollutant

Duanne Go Serate, Maximiano Regalado Escano, Dan Martelino, Carlo Marbella, Joselito Tungcab

ABSTRACT
This research project aims to determine if riboflavin from lebadura yeast can be used as en effective water anti-pollutant. The experiment was carried out by extracting riboflavin from lebadura yeast using hydrocholoric acid. The water samples were taken from the PSHS creek and treated with the riboflavin extract. It was found out that riboflavin extract had a significant effect on the amount of pollution of the water samples. The pH values and dissolved oxygen content of the water samples were recorded for a period of five days. The results showed that there was a decrease in the amount pollution of the water samples. This was indicated when the pH values of the water samples which were initially acidic, became neutral, providing evidence that it is less polluted. The dissolve oxygen content of the samples increased during the five day period. This indicated that there was a decrease in the amount of pollution. The more riboflavin yeast extract added to the polluted water

sample, the faster the neutralization of pollution and the higher the concentration of dissolve oxygen.