Home assignment #4.

Solution The available work of a process (states 1 to 2) can be shown as (see lecture notes) Wavailable, 1-2= To (S2 S1) (H2 H1) = To (S2 S1 ) (E2 E1) Po (V2 V1) (E2 E1) = To (S2 S1 ) Po (V2 V1) - Wavailable, 1-2 where the symbols have their usual meanings. Starting from the First Law of Thermodynamics, show that the lost work (Wlost) of any system is given by the product of the ambient temperature and the total entropy generation in the system, i.e. T0(Stotal). From 1st Law, for any system, the energy change in a system is given by where E12 = Qactualsurr - Wactualsurr. (2)

(1)

Qactualsurr= -T0(Ssurr), (minus because of sign convention, i.e., heat rejected by system) and Wactualsurr= Wshaftstate 1 to state 2+ Po(V2-V1) Thus, substituting back into 1st Law E12 = - T0(Ssurr) - Wshaftstate 1 to state 2 - Po(V2-V1) (3)

And from earlier equation (1), we have (from notes) (E2 E1) = E12 =To (S2 S1) - Po (V2 V1 ) - Wavailable, 1-2 Equating (1) and (3), To (S2 S1 ) Po (V2 V1) - Wavailable, 1-2 = E12 = - T0(Ssurr) - Wshaft 1 to 2 -Po(V2-V1) By definition, the lost work is given by (Wavailable,12 - Wshaft- 1to 2)= (Wlost, 1 to 2), that is. Wlost, 12= To (S2 S1 ) + T0( Ssurr) = T0 {(Ssys) +(Ssurr)} Thus, the lost work of a system is the product of ambient temperature To) and the total entropy generation (sum of system plus the surroundings). (1)