SU8MI11LD 8

A8nISnLk SAINI
AU1CMC8ILL LNGG
080644700S
SU8MI11LD 1C
LLC1 ANSnUL SAnU
compuLer
W Modern dlglLal compuLer ls an elecLronlc machlne
LhaL can perform maLhemaLlcal and loglcal
calculaLlons daLa processlng funcLlons ln
accordance wlLh a predeLermlned program of
funcLlons
W 1he compuLer lLself referred Lo as hardware
whereas varlous programs are reffered Loas
sofLwares
W CenLral essenLlal lngredlenL of CAu/CAM ls
dlglLal compuLer
ardware componenL
1 CenLral processlng unlL (Cu)
2 Memory
3 lnpuL/ouLpuL (l/C) secLlon
aslc ConcepLs of CompuLer
ardware
W 1hls model of Lhe Lyplcal dlglLal compuLer ls ofLen called Lhe Neuma
compuLer
rograms and daLa are sLored ln Lhe same memory
ma mem
1he compuLer can only perform one lnsLrucLlon aL a
Llme
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Cu
(CenLral rocesslng unlL)
lnpuL
unlLs
CuLpuL
unlLs
rlmary Memory
aslc ConcepLs of CompuLer
ardware
W lnpuL/ouLpuL (l/C)
W lL refers Lo Lhe process of geLLlng lnformaLlon
lnLo and ouL of Lhe compuLer
lnpuL 1hose parLs of Lhe compuLer recelvlng
lnformaLlon Lo programs
CuLpuL 1hose parLs of Lhe compuLer LhaL provlde
resulLs of compuLaLlon Lo Lhe person uslng Lhe
compuLer
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Cu
ConLrol
unlL
ArlLhmeLlc
Loglc
unlL
lnpuL/ouLpuL
memory
erlpherals
uevlces
(reader prlnLer)
Cr mass memory
(LapedlsceLc)
CCMu1L8
Cu1SluL WC8Lu
8ASIC nAkDWAkL S1kUC1UkL CI A DIGI1AL CCMU1Lk
lnpuL uevlces
W lnpuL hardware 1hose LhaL deal wlLh orlglnal
daLa
keyboard
Mouse
volce recognlLlon hardware
Scanner
ulglLal camera
W ulglLlzlng 1he process of Laklng a vlsual
lmage or audlo recordlng and converLlng lL Lo
a blnary form for Lhe compuLer
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lnpuL uevlces
W Cect naae t the cmute
ardware needs access Lhrough some general
lnpuL/ouLpuL connecLlon
W t 1he paLhway for daLa Lo go lnLo and ouL of Lhe
compuLer from exLernal devlces such as keyboards
1here are many sLandard porLs as well as cusLom
elecLronlc porLs deslgned for speclal purposes
orLs follow sLandards LhaL deflne Lhelr use
SCSl uS MulLlple perlpheral devlces (chaln)
8S232 luL lndlvldual perlpheral devlces
W ehea| ece A plece of hardware llke a prlnLer
or dlsk drlve LhaL ls ouLslde Lhe maln compuLer
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lnpuL uevlces
ardware needs sofLware on Lhe compuLer LhaL
can servlce Lhe devlce
W Dece e SofLware addlLlon Lo Lhe operaLlng
sysLem LhaL wlll allow Lhe compuLer Lo communlcaLe
wlLh a parLlcular devlce
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ConnecLlng ardware Lo Lhe compuLer (conLlnued)
lnpuL uevlces
W Common aslc 1echnologles for SLorlng lnary
lnformaLlon
LlecLronlc
MagneLlc
CpLlcal
310
lnpuL uevlces
W LlecLronlc ClrculLs
MosL expenslve of Lhe Lhree forms for sLorlng
blnary lnformaLlon
LlecLronlc clrculLs come ln Lwo forms
W ermanenL
W nonpermanenL
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lnpuL uevlces
W MagneLlc 1echnology
1wo parLs Lo mosL of Lhe magneLlc forms of
lnformaLlon sLorage
W 1he meum LhaL sLores Lhe magneLlc lnformaLlon
Lxample lloppy dlsk 1lny spoLs on Lhe dlsk are
magneLlzed Lo represenL 0s and 1s
W 1he ece LhaL can read" LhaL lnformaLlon from
Lhe medlum
1he drlve splns Lhe dlsk
lL has a magneLlc senslng arm LhaL moves over Lhe dlsk
erforms nondesLrucLlve readlng
312
lnpuL uevlces
W CpLlcal
uses lasers Lo read" Lhe blnary lnformaLlon from
Lhe medlum usually a dlsc
W Mllllons of Llny holes are burned" lnLo Lhe surface of
Lhe dlsc
W 1he holes are lnLerpreLed as 1s 1he absence of holes
are lnLerpreLed as 0s
313
lnpuL uevlces
W Secondary Memory lnpuL uevlces
1hese lnpuL devlces are used by a compuLer Lo
sLore lnformaLlon and Lhen Lo reLrleve LhaL
lnformaLlon as needed
W LxLernal Lo Lhe compuLer
W Commonly conslsLs of floppy dlsks hard dlsk drlves or
Cu8CMs
Secondary memory uses blnary
W 1he usual measuremenL ls Lhe byLe
A byLe conslsLs of 8 blnary dlglLs (blLs) 1he byLe ls a sLandard
unlL
314
lnpuL uevlces
W Caact 1he amounL of lnformaLlon LhaL can
be sLored on Lhe medlum
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unit uescription 4pproximote 5ite
1 blL 1 blnary dlglL
1 nlbble 4 blLs
1 byLe 8 blLs 1 characLer
1 kllobyLe 1024 byLes 1/2 page double spaced
1 megabyLe 1048376 byLes 300000 pages
1 mllllon byLes
1 glgabyLe 1073741824 byLes 3 mllllon pages
1 bllllon byLes
1 LerabyLe 1 Lrllllon byLes 3 bllllon pages
rlmary Memory
W ma stae or mem ls where Lhe daLa and program LhaL are
currenLly ln operaLlon or belng accessed are sLored durlng use
ConslsLs of elecLronlc clrculLs LxLremely fasL and
expenslve
1wo Lypes
W kAM (nonpermanenL)
rograms and daLa can be sLored here for Lhe compuLer's use
volaLlle All lnformaLlon wlll be losL once Lhe compuLer shuLs
down
W kCM (permanenL)
ConLenLs do noL change
316
1he CenLral rocesslng unlL
W 1he CenLral rocesslng unlL ( Cu)
CfLen referred Lo as Lhe braln" of Lhe compuLer
8esponslble for conLrolllng all acLlvlLles of Lhe
compuLer sysLem
1he Lhree ma[or componenLs of Lhe Cu are
1 Athmetc Ut (CompuLaLlons performed)
AccumulaLor (8esulLs of compuLaLlons kepL here)
2 Ct| Ut (as Lwo locaLlons where numbers are kepL)
Istuct keste (lnsLrucLlon placed here for analysls)
am Cute (Whlch lnsLrucLlon wlll be performed nexL?)
3 Istuct Dec Ut (uecodes Lhe lnsLrucLlon)
Mthea 1he place where mosL of Lhe
elecLronlcs lncludlng Lhe Cu are mounLed
317
CuLpuL uevlces
W CuLpuL unlLs sLore and dlsplay lnformaLlon
(calculaLed resulLs and oLher messages) for us
Lo see and use
lloppy dlsk drlves and ard dlsk drlves
ulsplay monlLors lresoluLlon monlLors come ln
Lwo Lypes
W Cathe a tue (C81) SLreams of elecLrons make
phosphors glow on a large vacuum Lube
W Lu csta| s|a (LCu) A flaL panel dlsplay LhaL
uses crysLals Lo leL varylng amounLs of dlfferenL colored
llghL Lo pass Lhrough lL
ueveloped prlmarlly for porLable compuLers
318
CuLpuL uevlces
W Audlo CuLpuL uevlces
Wlndows machlnes need speclal audlo card for
audlo ouLpuL
MaclnLosh has audlo playback bullL ln
Audlo ouLpuL ls useful for
W Muslc
Cu player ls a compuLer
MosL personal compuLers have Cu players LhaL can access
boLh muslc Cus and Cu8CMs
W volce synLhesls (becomlng more human soundlng)
W MulLlmedla
W Speclallzed Lasks (le elevaLor's floor announcemenLs)
319
CuLpuL uevlces
W CpLlcal ulsks Cu8CM and uvu
Cu8CM (CompacL ulsk 8ead Cnly Memory)
W y lLs deflnlLlon Cu8CM ls 8ead Cnly
W Speclal Cu drlves burn" lnformaLlon lnLo blank Cus
urn A laser ls used Lo burn" craLers lnLo Lhe surface Lo
represenL a blnary 1
1wo maln Lypes of Cus
Cu8 (CompacL ulsk 8ecordable)
CuW8 (CompacL ulsk 8eWrlLable)
W lL Lakes longer Lo wrlLe Lo a Cu8 Lhan a hard drlve
W Speclal sofLware ls needed Lo record
320
CuLpuL uevlces
W uvu (ulglLal versaLlle ulsk)
Allows up Lo 17 glgabyLes of sLorage (from 47 C
Lo 17 C)
CompaLlble wlLh older Cu8CM Lechnology
1he four verslons of Lhe uvu
321
1Ank ?Cu
322