431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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(Rust) J/#3O, (Atmosphere) E-4TE4J/I6 1

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(Microstructure) ;E:.6]/ 5 /E $>?
- ."!9!:;:/??.A//A$ (Austenitic stainless steels, face-centered cubic
structure)
- ."!9!:;:/.W?A$ (Ferritic stainless steels, body-centered cubic
structure)
- ."!9!:;:/5.'/DA$ (Martensitic stainless steels, body-centered
tetragonal or cubic structure)
- ."!9!:;:/EI.3!9D5 (Duplex stainless steels) D%)4( $4:4'()6L?OE:,
$4:4??.A/;/'5 T!L.W?5;'5
Stainless Steels
3 456788

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4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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- /?K/(F,-4\/G."!9!:;:/;6BC/LO/'4$:?/.3>)?J":(
?/0 # $/E.!9 AAL?/?,IC # ,J/ T!L.( , ."!9 !:  ;:  /  / E /(F C  Precipitation
hardening stainless steel
@(?,C44C,J/6LH!-&HL $4:4'4K0!#$ (Microstructure)
E,3KHKC/B'4.$(?4."!9!:;:/ E,J: USchaeffler diagramV E-4
TE4J/I6 2

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7 0
TB/#I/(FTE4\%4 $4:4'();E:K'GJ":.,9/A-?,C4E.9K?0H"#I 1050
?4.D!.D(, K/\%4?0H"#I":?4 (;CJCTB/#IE0! T!L.6]/TB/#I'():4%F/.3>)?J:6LH
6H Delta ferrite J/./>F??,.>)??4."!9!:;:/)
Delta ferrite (-ferrite) $>? $4:4.W?5;'5'().EKT94A-?4/FG !"L
(Solidification of liquid metal) D%)4AC4K Alpha ferrite (-ferrite) '().EK.6!(),/T6!4
$4:4?4??.A/;/'5 ">?5.'/;DA5 E,6A@A0B (Alloying elements) '()6fJ/
."!9!:;:/ TOC4??.6]/ 2 /E $>?
- !0C'()C4.J":.E $4:4??.A/;/A5 (Austenite stabilizer)
- !0C'()C4.J":.E $4:4.W?5;A5 (Ferrite stabilizer)
J/ Schaeffler diagram KLTE4B!?4@A0BAC?.6!(),/T6!4 $4:4 E,!0C
@A0'()C4..E $4:4??.A/;/'5KLTE4J/I6?46H@A0/.!I! (%Ni
equivalent) C/!0C@A0'()C4..E $4:4.W?5;A5KLTE4J/I6?46H@A0
$.(,I! (%Cr equivalent) E-4
%Ni equivalent = %Ni + %Co +30(%C) + 25(%N) + 0.5(%Mn) + 0.3(%Cu)
Stainless Steels
3 456788

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2
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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%Cr equivalent = %Cr + 2(%Si) + 1.5(%Mo) + 5(%V) + 5.5(%Al)

+ 1.75(%Nb) +1.5(%Ti) + 0.75(%W)
(2)
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1. Unified Numbering System (UNS) D%)4?? E,$'E?O-E0T"C4?.
(American Society for Testing Materials, ASTM) T!L$,/,/A5?.
(Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE)
2. \O-/."!9 T!L."!9!:?. (American Iron and Steel Institute, AISI)
3. >)?'4$:
UNS number KLJ:A-.!'-F4"E 6 "!- D%)4,AC?KG C/ AISI KLG"/E E,J:
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- ."!9!:;:/.W?5A$ T!L5.'/DA$ KLG"/EE:,-8!-&H5 AISI 400 .C/
."!9!:;:/.E 430 T!L 446 K-E.6]/."!9!:;:/.W?5A$ C/."!9!:;:/.E
410 420 T!L 440C K-E.6]/."!9!:;:/5.'/DA$

 
 

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-
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% &
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composition) ,-4\TOC4;E:.6]/ 3 !0C $>?
1. ."!9!:;:/??.A//A$'()(@A0/.!.6]/@A0B"!- (Nickel stainless
steels) E,6AKL?,ICJ/?/0 300 (300 series) (C/B'4.$( T!LO-A'4!E-4TE4
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."!9!:;:/J":($\J/6L,0A5J:4/'4;E:"!"!,%F/ E,
Stainless Steels
3 456788

3
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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""% (AISI 300 series)
UNS
Composition (%)
Number Name
Other
Cr
Ni
C Mn Si
P
S
0.04 0.03
S30100 301
16-18
6-8 0.15 2.0 1.0
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30200 302
17-19 8-10 0.15 2.0 1.0
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30215 302B
17-19 8-10 0.15 2.0 2-3
5
0
S30300 303
17-19 8-10 0.15 2.0 1.0 0.20 0.15 Mo 0.60
0.06
S30323 303Se 17-19 8-10 0.15 2.0 1.0 0.20
Se 0.15
0
0.04 0.03
S30400 304
18-20 8-10 0.08 2.0 1.0
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30403 304L
18-20 8-12 0.03 2.0 1.0
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30430 302Cu 17-19 8-10 0.08 2.0 1.0
Cu 3-4
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30451 304N 18-20 8-10.5 0.08 2.0 1.0
N 0.1-0.16
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30453 304LN 18-20 8-12 0.03 2.0 1.0
N 0.1-0.16
5
0
10.50.04 0.03
S30500 305
17-19
0.12 2.0 1.0
13
5
0
0.04 0.03
S30800 308
19-21 10-12 0.08 2.0 1.0
5
0
S30900 309
22-24 12-15 0.20 2.0 1.0 0.04 0.03
Stainless Steels
3 456788

4
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
S30908 309S

22-24

12-15

S31000 310

24-26

19-22

S31008 310S

24-26

19-22

S31400 314

23-26

19-22

S31600 316

16-18

10-14

S31620 316F

16-18

10-14

S31603 316L

16-18

10-14

S31651 316N

16-18

10-14

S31653 316LN

16-18

10-14

S31700 317

18-20

11-15

S31703 317L

18-20

11-15

18-20

13.517.5

S32100 321

17-19

9-12

N08330 330

17-20

34-37

S34700 347

17-19

9-13

S31726

317LM
N

Stainless Steels
3 456788

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
5
0
0.04 0.03
0.08 2.0 1.0
5
0
0.04 0.03
0.25 2.0 1.5
5
0
0.04 0.03
0.08 2.0 1.5
5
0
1.5- 0.04 0.03
0.25 2.0
3.0
5
0
0.04 0.03
0.08 2.0 1.0
Mo 2-3
5
0
0.08 2.0 1.0 0.20 0.10 M0 1.75-2.5
0.04 0.03
0.03 2.0 1.0
Mo 2-3
5
0
0.04 0.03 Mo 2-3, N
0.08 2.0 1.0
5
0 0.1
0.04 0.03 Mo 2-3, N
0.03 2.0 1.0
5
0 0.1
0.04 0.03
0.08 2.0 1.0
M0 3-4
5
0
0.04 0.03
0.03 2.0 1.0
M0 3-4
5
0
Mo 4-5, Cu
0.04 0.03
0.03 2.0 0.75
0.75, N 0.15
0
0.2
0.04 0.03
0.08 2.0 1.0
Ti 5 C
5
0
0.75- 0.04 0.03
0.08 2.0
1.5
5
0
0.08 2.0 1.0 0.04 0.03 Nb + Ta10
5
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
S34800 348

17-19

9-13

0.08 2.0

1.0

S38400 384

15-17

17-19

0.08 2.0

1.0

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
5
0 C
0.04 0.03
Ta0.1, Co 0.2
5
0
0.04 0.03
5
0

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""% (AISI 300 series)
Name
Tensile
Yield strength
Elongation
Hardness
strength
(0.2% offset)
(%)
Rockwell B
(MPa)
(MPa)
301
758
276
60
85
302
612
276
50
85
302B
655
276
55
85
303
620
241
50
76
303Se
620
241
50
76
304
579
290
55
80
304L
558
269
55
79
302Cu
503
214
70
70
304N
620
331
50
85
304LN
594
300
60
85
305
586
262
50
80
308
793
552
40
80
309
620
310
45
85
309S
620
310
45
85
310
655
310
45
85
310S
655
310
45
85
314
690
345
40
85
316
579
290
50
79
316F
586
262
60
85
316L
517
220
50
79
Stainless Steels
3 456788

6
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
316N
620
316LN
573
317
620
317L
593
317LMN
662
321
620
330
552
347
655
348
655
384
517

331
279
276
262
373
241
262
276
276
241

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48
85
52
80
45
85
55
85
49
88
45
80
40
80
45
85
45
85
55
70

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Stainless Steels
3 456788

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4"$ 2551

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.A@A0'()($\J/.E$5;OE5;E:E(C $.(, .C/ ;'.'./(, (Ti) ;/ ?.O(,
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%F/I6 (Formability) T!LA:/'/AC?-EC?/;E:E( C/.E 301 \.3)$T94T4
;E:#,"!-4;E:-OT4L'G'4! (Work hardening) E-4/-F/K%4/,J:J/4/'()A:?4$
T94T4'()I4 .E 302 (C/B.">?/-/-O 304 TAC(6H$5O?/CE-4/-F/K%4J":$C
$T94T4C.>)?BC/(E.,9/ C/ 302B (@A0D!?/CK%4($A:/'/AC?
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.E 303 T!L 303Se KLB@A0GL\-/ (S) T!LD(.!./(, (Se) A!GE-O .6]/.E
'()($\J/!%4 (Free-machining) ;E:E(
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."!9!:;:/KL;E:-O$:?/DFG Y (Thermal cycles) D%)4$:?/E-4!CKLLA0:/J":.E
AAL?/?4$5;OE5J/O.HL'O:?/ (Heat-affected zone, HAZ) T!LJ/O.HJ!:
./>F?.>)? (Welds) 'GJ":O-A'4! T!L$A:/'/-EC?/ ( E,.|3L$A:/
-EC?/ H O.H?O./) !E!4 C/.E 304N (.A@A0;/ A.K/.3>)?.3)$
T94T4 (Strength)

Stainless Steels
3 456788

8
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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.E 305 T!L 384 ( @A0 /.! I4 'G J": (?-A.3) $T9 4 T4./>) ?4K
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./:/%F/I6E:,LO/%F/I6.,9/ (Cold working)
.E 309 310 314 T!L 330 (6H@A0/.! T!L $.(,I4%F/'GJ":(O-A
A:/'/.E??D .E-/'()?0H "#I I 4 T!L\$4$C$T94 T4AC?$> O (Creep
strength) ;:;E:HLJ:4/'()?0H"#II4 .E 309S T!L 310S (!E6H@A0$5O?/
'-F 4 /(F . 3>) ? !E$.() ,4AC ? . E $5 ; OE5 T !:  AAL?/J/O . HJ!: . />F ? .>) ? .E 330
3-x/%F/.3>)?J:4/'()./:/O-AA:/'/AC?I8.(,@A0$5O?/ (Carburization) T!L
TA:./>)?4K$:?/ (Thermal shock) ?,C4'-/'('-/JE
."!9!:;:/??.A//A$!0C H .C/ 304H 316H 321H 347H T!L 348H KL(
6H$5O?/C 0.04 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/- /,/G;6J:4/J/#3#,"!-4?O
?C?/ (Solution-annealed condition) '-F4/(F.3>)?J":(O-A$4$T94T4 (Strength) T!L'/AC?
$$>O (Creep) ;E:HLJ:4/'()?0H"#II4
."!9!:;:/.E 316 3-x/K.E 304 E,.A@A0 !OE(/-.3>)?J":(
$A:/'/AC?-EC?/;E:E(,)4%F/ T!L\/G;6J:4/J/#3)4TE!:?'()(-E
C?/'()0/T4%F/ A-?,C4J:4/ .C/ 4/'().(),-O/FG'L.! T!L?0A".$( /?K/(F
,-4(6-O604 ">?.6!(),/T6!4C/B'4.$(."!9!:;:/??.A//A$.E/(F.3>)?J:
4/'()"!"!,,)4%F/ .C/
- 316L KL(6H@A0$5O?/A)GC6A
- 316N .A@A0;/ A.K/.3>)?.3)$T94T4 (Higher-strength)
- 316F (@A0GL\-/C6A.3>)?.3)$\J/!%4 ; (Machinability)
- 304LN T!L 316LN 3-x/%F/.3>)?6L,0A5J:4/J/?0A"/.$!(,5 E,.|3L
F/C/ Boiling water nuclear reactor piping .6]/'()'OE(C./>)?4K."!9!:;:/.E'()
(-8!-&H5 L AC?':,KL.6]/.E'()(6H$5O?/A)GD%)4J/.EG"-OJ:4/E://.$!(,5
A:?4$O$06H$5O?/J":A)GJ/LE-O 0.02 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/- (0.02% Max) .3>)?
6M?4-/.E Sensitization 'GJ":($C$T94T4;C.3(,43? E-4/-F/K%4.A@A0;/ A.K/J/
LE-O 0.10-0.16 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/- .3>)?.3)$T94T4/-)/.?4
.E 317 KL(6H@A0 $.(,C'()6fJ/.E 316 K%4'GJ":($
A:/'/AC?-EC?/TOOJ/D? (Crevice corrosion) T!L-EC?/TOOI.9 (Pitting
corrosion) ;E:E(C .E 317L (6H@A0$5O?//:?,.3>)?!E.E Sensitization C/
Stainless Steels
3 456788

9
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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#L'()(-EC?/TOOJ/D? T!L-EC?/TOOI.9'()0/T4 Y
.E 321 347 T!L 348 $>? ."!9!:;:/??.A//A$'()\I'GJ":(.\(,#3
(Stabilized grades) E,.A@A0;'.'./(, (Ti) ;/ ?.O(,-OT'/'!- (Nb+Ta) T!L
;/ ?.O(, (Nb) A!GE-O J:-O4/.>)? ">?J:4/'()?0H"#II4
- $% 

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7 0 (0 (Delta ferrite)
KC/B'4.$(?4."!9!:;:/??.A//A$A'()6fJ/A4'() 1 .>)?
/G;6$G /H6H@A0/.! T!L $.(,I!E-4I 6 2 3OC $4:43>F/v/KL.6] /
$4:4??.A/;/'5 T!L(6H $4:4.E!A.W?5;'5/:?, D%)4 $4:4.E!A.W?5
;'5/(FKL.E;E:J/."!9'()(6H@A0 $.(, T!L@A0'()C4.J":.E $4:4.W?5;'5I4
">?."!9'()(@A0/.! T!L@A0'()C4.J":.E $4:4??.A/;/'5A)G
$4:4.E!A.W?5;'5;C.6]/'()6\/./>)?4K
(1) 'GJ":%F/I6;E:,J/L"C4LO/%F/I6:?/
(2) 6f?4 $4:4.E!A.W?5;'5KL'GJ":$A:/'/AC?-EC?/TOO
I. 9  !E!4 T!L\: 6!C ?,J": $4: 4E- 4 !C ?,IC H ?0 H "#I  I 4 .6] /.!// Y KL. E
.6!(),/T6!4 $4:4 (Transformation) ;6.6]/6L?O?4 !"L'().(,C USigma phaseV
D%)4(O-A'()T94 T!L.6L'GJ":$."/(, (Ductility) $TC4 (Toughness) A!?EK/
O-AA:/'/AC?-EC?/!E!4
?,C4;9A $4:4E-4!C3?(6L ,/5?,ICO:4 !C$>? C,!E.E|(
:?/ (Hot tearing) J/L"C4T94A-?4/FG !"L"!?."!J/H(4/"!C? ">?T94A-
?4OC ? "!?."!J/4/.>) ?  H( A: ? 4O- A A:  /'/AC ? % "? (Wear
resistance) J/."!9!:;:/EI.3!9D59A:?4J":(.W'()T94 .C/ .E!A.W?5;'5 .6]/A:/
-
]](
]6+ (Sensitization)
J:4/."!9!:;:/??.A//A$'()?0H"#II4 (Elevated-temperature service) .6]/
L,L.!//KLLA0:/J":.EAAL?/?4$5;OE5 AAL?/?4$5;OE5\
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/.E 316 E-4I6 4
Stainless Steels
3 456788

10
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551

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UNS
Composition (%)
Number Name
Cr
C
Mn
Si
P
S
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0.04 0.03
S42900 429
14-16 0.12 1.0 1.0
0
0
0.04 0.03
S43000 430
16-18 0.12 1.0 1.0
0
0
0.06 0.15
S43020 430F
16-18 0.12 1.25 1.0
Mo 0.60
0
0
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3 456788

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4"$ 2551

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430FS
S43023
16-18 0.12 1.25
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1.0

0.06
0
0.04
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0.04
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0.04
0
0.04
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0.04
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S43400 434

16-18

0.12

1.0

1.0

S43600 436

16-18

0.12

1.0

1.0

S43035 439

17.750.07 0.60
18.75

0.6

S44200 442

18-23

0.20

1.0

1.0

S44300 443

18-23

0.20

1.0

1.0

S44400 444

17.519.5

0.02
5

1.0

1.0

0.04
0

S44600 446

23-27

0.20

1.5

1.0

0.04
0

S44626 26-1S

25-27

0.06 0.75 0.75

0.04
0

S44627 E-Brite

25-27

0.01

0.4

0.4

0.02
0

S44635 Monit

24.526

0.02
5

1.0

0.75

0.04
0

SeaCure

25-27

0.02
5

1.0

1.0

0.04
0

28-30

0.03

1.0

1.0

0.04
0

S44660

S44735 29-4C
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S44800 29-4-2
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S40500 405
S40900 409

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10.512.0
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Name
Tensile
Yield strength
Elongation
strength
(0.2% offset)
(%)
(MPa)
(MPa)
429
486
293
30
430
517
310
30
430F
551
379
25
430FSe
551
379
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434
531
365
23
436
531
365
23
439
482
280
30
442
551
310
25
443
551
345
25
444
483
276
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446
551
345
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482
345
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485
345
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Monit
717
640
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620
517
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29-4C
620
500
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515
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76
82
86
86
83
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80
90
86
83
86
85
83
100
95
90
92

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#,"!-4.>)? (As-welded condition) A-?,C4J:4/;E:TC Steam nozzles Annealingboxes Vessel lining T!L Quenching racks
/?K.E 405 T!: Utility ferritic stainless steel '()/,J:J/LOO\C,.'D
.(,?4.$>)?4,/A5 (Exhaust systems) J/6L.'"-v?. $>? .E 409 C/.E 3CR12
/,J:.6]/F/C/J/LO/B!A/FGA! B!A\C/ T!LLOO'4\;W

 
 ,
5]0 (Duplex stainless steels)
1.
 
 ,
5]0(&) &%* PREN < 40
PREN =
Pitting resistance equivalent number
=
%Cr +
3.3(%Mo)
+
16(%N)
(%wt)
PREN $>? $C'()OC4O?\%4$\J/A:/'/AC?-EC?/TOOI.9 ">?
"!0 ."!9!:;:/'()($A:/'/AC?-EC?//E/(F;E:E(,C?($C PREN '()I4A;6
E:,
" (&) 5
*A
(
% &
 
 ,
5]0
UNS
Composition (%)
Number Name
Other
Cr
Ni
C Mn Si
P
S
CD24.5- 4.750.04 0.04 Mo 1.75-2.25, Cu
J93370
0.04 1.0 1.0
4MCu
26.5
6
0
0 2.75-3.25
0.04 0.03
S32900 329
23-28 2.5-5 0.20 1.0 0.75
Mo 1-2
0
0
3.50.03 0.01 N 0.15-0.35, Mo
S32950 7Mo Plus 26-29
0.03 2.0 0.60
5.2
5
0 1-2.5
S32304 SAF
21.5- 3-5.5 0.03 2.5 1.0 0.04 0.04 N 0.05-0.2, Mo
Stainless Steels
3 456788

23
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
2304
24.5

 !"
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
0
0 0.05-0.6
4.250.03 0.03
S31500 3RE60
18-19
0.03 2.0 2.0
Mo 2.5-3
5.25
0
0
5.50.04 0.03 N 0.14-0.2, Mo
S31200 44LN
24-26
0.03 2.0 1.0
6.5
5
0 1.2-2
0.03 0.03
S31100 IN-744
25-27 6-7 0.05 1.0 0.60
Ti 0.25
0
0
5.5NAS 64 24-26
0.03 1.0 0.90 - N 0.1, Mo 3-4
7.2
4.50.03 0.02 N 0.08-0.2, Mo
S31803 2205
21-23
0.03 2.0 1.0
6.5
0
0 2.5-3.5
Uranus
20.5- 5.50.03 0.01 N 0.2, Mo 2-3, Cu
S32404
0.04 2.0 1.0
50
22.5 8.5
0
0 1-2
N 0.24-0.32, Mo
0.03 0.02
2.5-3.5, W 1.5S39274 DP-3W
24-26 6-8 0.03 1.0 0.8
0
0
2.5, Cu 0.2-0.8
4.50.04 0.03 N 0.1-0.25, Mo 2S32550 Ferr. 255 24-27
0.04 1.5 1.0
6.5
0
0 4, Cu 1.5-2.5
SAF
0.03 0.02 N 0.24-0.32, Mo
S32750
24-26 6-8 0.03 1.2 0.8
2507
5
0 3-4
N 0.2-0.3, M0 3Zeron
0.03 0.01
S32760
24-26 6-8 0.03 1.0 1.0
4, Cu 0.5-1, W
100
0
0
0.5-1
."!9!:;:/EI.3!9D5(J:4/?,C4:44 ./>)?4K."!9!:;://E/(F (
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-/'-);6 (AISI 304 T!L AISI316) .3L( $4:4'4K0!#$'()6L?O;6E:, $4:4.W?5
;'5D%)4.6]/T"!C4'()'GJ":;E:$T94T4I4 T!L $4:4??.A/;/'5D%)4'GJ":;E:$."/(,
T!L$TC4 /,/G;6J:4/.6]/F/C/'4'()?,ICJ/)4TE!:?'()0/T4AC?-E
Stainless Steels
3 456788

24
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

 !"
#$%&'() 2/2551
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
C?/ .C/ J/?0A".$( 6X A.!(, /FG'L.! T!L?>)/ Y C/B'4.$( T!LO-A'4!
?4."!9!:;:/EI.3!9D5TE4E-4A4'() 5 T!L 6
" (&) 6
.+"(
 
 ,
5]0
Name
Tensile
Yield strength
Elongation
Hardness
strength
(0.2% offset)
(%)
Rockwell B or C
(MPa)
(MPa)
CD-4MCu
745
558
25
C26
329
724
551
25
B98
7Mo Plus
779
579
36
SAF 2304
600
400
25
B97
3RE60
717
482
48
B92
44LN
800
450
25
IN-744
689
517
35
B95
NAS 64
820
620
22
C24
2205
760
520
27
Uranus 50
600
386
25
C8
DP-3W
862
568
42
C25
Ferr. 255
869
676
30
B100
SAF 2507
800
550
25
C28
Zeron 100
750
550
25
C28
TB/#IE0!?4."!9!:;:/EI.3!9D5TE4E-4I6 12 D%)4KL."9/;E:C'()C/B@A0
$.(, 25 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/-?4T94.WT'().E$>? $4:4.W?5;'5 .>)?6!C?,J":.,9/
A-!4 $4: 4??.A/;/'5K L.)  . E%F /'() O . H?O./?4 $4: 4.W?5 ; '5 T!L
6H?4 $4:4??.A/;/'5'().E/(FKL%F/?,IC-O?-A.,9/A- !C$>? '()?-A.,9/
A-:( ?.E $4:4??.A/;/'5;E: J/'46fO-A/,J":$:?/TCF/4/J/C4
?0H"#I 1050-1150 C "!-4K/-F/'GJ":.,9/A-?,C4E.9.3>)?J":;E: $4:4'()6L?OE:,
50%Austenite + 50%Ferrite

Stainless Steels
3 456788

25
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551

 !"
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(

 12 34 
,#
 
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5]0

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;E: E,3KHI6 14 6L?O

Stainless Steels
3 456788

26
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(

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&' . 
A '"*
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"(0
3c
7 0 (0
.6]/'()'OE(C@A0 $.(,.6]/@A0J/!0C'()C4.J":.E $4:4.W?5;'5 (Ferrite
stabilizing) E-4/-F/.>)?.E$5;OE5 M23C6 '()O.H?,AC?L"C4./?4 $4:4??.A/;/'5
T!L.W?5;'5E-4I6 14 $5;OE59KL(T/ /:.AO A T!L,,A-;6J/''4?4 $4:4.W?5
;'5;E:K%4'GJ":$.::/?46H@A0 $.(,J/ $4:4.W?5;'5!E!4.6]/O.H'()
:4 J/HL'() $4:4??.A/;/'5KL(!E!4?4@A0 $.(,CTAC.6]/O.H'()
T$O T!L6  H@A0 $.( , '() ! E!4J/'-F 4 ?47 4 ;C ; E: ! E!4K/'G  J": .  E Intergranular
corrosion ;E:
2.
 
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..(,."!9!:;:/EI.3!9D5'()($C PREN 40 /(FC USuperduplex stainless
steelsV K- E.6] /."!9!: ;: / '()( 6 H@A0 $.(, !OE(/- T!L;/ A.K/I4 '()0 E
T/C/?/C,C?($A:/'/AC?-EC?/TOOI.9 T!LTOOJ/D?I40E.C/-/ A-?,C4
?4."!9!:;:/DI.6?5EI.3!9D5E-4'()6fJ/A4'() 5 ;E:TC DP-3W Zeron 100 SAF
2507 T!L Ferralium SD40 (S39253) D%)4C/J"8CT!:/,J:4/6L.#' Offshore

 
  0
(]"% (Martensitic stainless steels)
."!9!:;:/5.'/DA$KL(6H@A0 $.(,?,ICL"C4 11.5-18 .6?5.D9/A5
E,/FG"/- D%)4KLA:?4($O$06H@A0 $.(, T!L@A0$5O?/J":."L.3>)?J":;E:
$4: 4??.A/;/'5 '()( .\( ,#3 H ?0 H "#I I 4 B!?4@A0 $5 O?/'() ( AC??O.A?4
$4:4??.A/;/'5TE4E-4I6 15
Stainless Steels
27
3 456788
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(

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5.'/DA$KL\I'GJ":T94%F/ E,.6!(),/T6!4 $4:4;6.6]/5.'/;DA5E:,LO/
'4$:?/ T!LKG.6]/A:?4/G;6?O.'.6?5C?//G;6J:4/
" (&) 7
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(
% &
 
  0
(]"%
UNS
Composition (%)
Number Name
Cr
C
Mn
Si
P
S
Other
11.5S40300 403
0.15 1.0
0.5 0.040 0.030
13
11.5S41000 410
0.15 1.0
1.0 0.040 0.030
13.5
11.5S41008 410S
0.08 1.0
1.0 0.040 0.030
13.5
11.5S41400 414
0.15 1.0
1.0 0.040 0.030 Ni 1.25-2.50
13.5
S41600 416
12-14 0.15 1.25 1.0 0.060 0.15 Mo 0.60
S41623 416Se
12-14 0.15 1.25 1.0 0.060 0.060 Se 0.15
Stainless Steels
3 456788

28
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
S42000 420
12-14 0.15
S42020 420F
12-14 0.38
S42200

422

11-13

S43100

431

15-17

S44002

440A

16-18

S44003

440B

16-18

S44004

440C

16-18

S44020

440F

16-18

S44023

440FSe

16-18

0.200.25
0.20
0.600.75
0.750.95
0.951.20
0.951.20
0.951.20

1.0

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
1.0 0.040 0.030
1.0 0.060 0.15 Mo 0.60
Ni 0.40-1.0, Mo 0.750.75 0.025 0.025 1.25, W 0.75-1.25, V
0.15-0.30
1.0 0.040 0.030 Ni 1.25-2.50

1.0

1.0

0.040 0.030 Mo 0.75

1.0

1.0

0.040 0.030 Mo 0.75

1.0

1.0

0.040 0.030 Mo 0.75

1.25

1.0

0.040

1.25

1.0

0.040 0.030 Se 0.15, Mo 0.60

1.0
1.25
1.0

" (&) 8
.+"(
 
  0
(]"%
Name
Condition
Tensile Yield strength
strength (0.2% offset)
(MPa)a
(MPa)
403, 410,
Ab
517
276
416,
1000
Hc+T at 205c 1310
416Se
965
316c 1241
793
538c 1000
414

Ab
Hc+T at 205c
316c
538c

Stainless Steels
3 456788

827
1379
1310
1000

655
1034
1000
827

0.10Mo 0.40-0.60
0.35

Elongation
(%)

Hardness
Rockwell B or C

30
15
15
20

B82
C41
C39
C31

17
15
15
20

C22
C43
C41
C34

29
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
420, 420F
422

Ab
Hd+T at 316c
Ab
Hc+T at 427c
538c
649c
Ab

431

Hd+T at 205c
316c
538c
Ab

440A
440B
440C,
440F
a

1 MPa
Ab
=

Hd+T at 316c
Ab
Hd+T at 316c
Ab

 !"
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
655
1586

345
1345

25
8

B92
C50

793
1627
1476
1000

586
1282
1145
862

22
10
13
14

B98
C42
C32

862
1413
1345
1034

655
1069
1034
896

20
15
15
18

C24
C43
C41
C34

724
1793

414
1655

20
5

B95
C51

738
1930

428
1862

18
3

B96
C55

758
1965

448
1896

13
2

B97
C57

Hd+T at 316c
=
145.03 psi
annealed

Hc
=
hardened by heating to 982c and cooling
Hd
=
hardened by heating to 1038c and cooling, T
=
tempered
at indicated temperature
C/B'4.$( T!LO-A'4!?4."!9!:;:/5.'/DA$TE4E-4A4'() 7
T!L 8
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E,.|3L$T94T4 (Strength) $TC4 (Toughness) T4!: (Fatigue) $A:/'/
AC?.(,E( (Abrasion resistance) $\J/0OT94;E:A!?E'-)'-F4F/4/ T!L
Stainless Steels
3 456788

30
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

 !"
#$%&'() 2/2551
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
O-AA:/'/AC?-EC?/ (Corrosion resistance) E-4/-F/C/J"8CT!:K%4/,J:.6]/
F/C/ Turbines Valve T!L Cutlery .6]/A:/ $C$T94T4'();E/-F/KLO/'4
$:?/ T!L?O.'.6?5E-4TE4J/A4'() 8
-  c(.k .
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properties) $A:/'/AC?T4LT' (Impact resistance) T!L$A:/'/AC?-E
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- Martensitic $> ? 'G J": $4:  43>F /v/.6] / $4: 45 . '/;DA5 T !: ( ? /0 # $
AAL?/?,IC#,J/
Stainless Steels
3 456788

31
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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(
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Name
Stainless W
17-4 PH
15-5 PH
Croloy 16-6 PH
Custom 450
Custom 455
Stainless Steels
3 456788

Cr
16.7
5
16.5
0
15.0
0
15.7
5
14.9
0
11.7

Ni

6.75 0.07
4.25 0.04
4.60 0.04
7.50 0.03

Composition (%)
Mn Si Cu Mo
Martensitic
0.50 0.50

Ti

Al

0.80 0.20

0.40 0.50 3.60

0.25 040 3.50

0.80 0.45

6.50 0.03 0.30

0.25 1.50 0.80

8.50 0.03 0.20 0.20 2.25

0.60 0.40
-

1.20

Others
Nb + Ta
0.25
Nb + Ta
0.35
Nb + Ta
0.75
Nb + Ta

32
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551
5
PH 13-8 Mo
13.0 8.00 0.04
0.05 0.05
0
Almar 362
14.5 6.50 0.03 0.30
0.20
0
IN-736
10.0 10.0 0.02
0.10 0.10
0
0
Semi-austenitic
17-7 PH
17.0 7.00 0.07
0.70 0.40
0
PH 15-7 Mo
15.0 7.00 0.07
0.70 0.40
0
AM-350
16.5 4.25 0.10
0.75 0.35
0
AM-355
15.5 4.25 0.13
0.85 0.35
0
PH 14-8 Mo
15.5 8.75 0.05
0.10 0.10
0
Austenitic
17-10P
17.0 10.5 0.12
0.75 0.50
0
0
HNM
18.5 9.50 0.30
3.50 0.50
0
A-286
15.0 25.0 0.06
1.20 0.50
0
0

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
0.30
- 2.25 - 1.00
-

0.80

2.00 0.20 0.30

1.15

2.25

1.15

2.75

2.75

2.50

1.35

1.20 2.00 0.25

N 0.10
N 0.12
-

P 0.28
P 0.25
V 0.30

.3>)?J":.E$.:JK.(),-O;E:D%)4 $4:4?4."!9!:;://E'()?/0#$
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KLA:?4?-,TB/#IE0!?4 !"LBLOO Fe-18%Cr-4%Ni '()(.6!(),/T6!46H
@A0$5O?/?@O, E-4TE4J/I6 17
Stainless Steels
3 456788

33
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

 !"
#$%&'() 2/2551
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
!GE-OTKLA:?4J":$:?/TCF/4/K/T/CJKC( $4:4.6]/??.A/;/'5'-F4"E
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" (&) 10
""c
Name

.+ " ( 
    
 6 ,
5) %A 3  $,'# 4 %(&)
Condition

Stainless W
17-4 PH
15-5 PH
CROLOY
16-6 PH

Ab
PHc
A
PH
A
PH
A

Tensile
strength
(MPa)a
827
1344
1034
1379
862
1379
924

Yield strength
(0.2% offset)
(MPa)
517
1241
758
1227
586
1275
758

PH
1303
1275
CUSTOM 450
A
972
814
PH
1344
1282
CUSTOM 455
A
1000
739
PH
1724
1689
PH13-8Mo
A
896
586
PH
1551
1379
ALMAR 362
A
827
724
PH
1296
1276
IN-736
A
958
738
PH
1310
1282
a
1 MPa
=
145.03 psi
Ab
=
Solution annealed
PHc =
precipitation hardened, maximum values
Stainless Steels
3 456788

Elongation
(%)

Hardness
Rockwell C

7
7
10
12
10
14
16

30
46
33
44
27
44
28

16
13
14
14
10
12
13
13
15
16
14

40
28
43
31
49
28
48
25
41
28
38

34
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

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#$%&'() 2/2551
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H( Austenitic precipitation-hardening steels ./>)?4K(6H@A0/.!.6]/
6  H'G J": $4:  4??.A/;/'5 ( . \( , #3E- 4 /-F / H '() ?0 H "#I  ": ?49 ,-4 $4- &
$4:4??.A/;/'5;:;E: C/'GJ":.E?/0#$/E.!9AAL?/ E,J":$:?/DFG
(Reheat) TCF/4/J/C4'().EAAL?/?4?/0#$."!C/-F/ E,3KHTB/#I?4 !"L
B/-F/ Y 6L?O3KH
" (&) 11
.+"( Semi-austenitic and austenitic precipitation-hardening
stainless steels
Hardness
Name
Condition
Tensile Yield strength Elongation
strength (0.2% offset)
(%)
Rockwell B or
a
(MPa)
C
(MPa)
Semi-austenitic
896
276
35
B 85
17-7 PH
Ab
1620
1517
6
C 48
SZCc+PHd 510c
1379
1275
9
C 43
Te 760c,
PH566c
Ab

PH 15-7 Mo

AM-350

SZCc+PHd 510c
Te 760c,
PH566c
Ab

AM-355

SZCc+PHd 455c
Te 732c,
PH455c
Ab

PH 14-8 Mof

SZCc+PHd 455c
Te 732c,
PH455c
Ab
SZCc+PHd 510c

Stainless Steels
3 456788

896
1655
1448

379
1551
1379

35
6
7

B 88
C 48
C 44

1103
1379
1344

379
1172
1068

40
15
10.5

B 95
C 43
C 41

1206
1517
1344

448
1310
1068

30
13
10

B 95
C 45
C 41

862
1586
1448

379
1482
1379

25
6
6

B 88
C 48
C 45

35
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(

SZC+PH566c
Austenitic
17-10 P

HNM

PH 705c
A

A-286

PH 732c
A

1 MPa
Ab
=

PH 718c
=
145.03 psi
Solution annealed

613
986

255
676

70
20

B 82
C 32

800
1158

386
855

57
19

B 92
C 38

620
1006

241
689

45
25

B 81
C 34

SZCc =
Subzero cooled to -73c
PHd =
precipitation hardened, maximum values
Te
=
Tempered at indicated temperature
Vacuum induction meltedf
" (&) 12 A!& .6#.5gfs
1 +.
 
 6,(&)#4%,

""c
Martensitic
Semi-austenitic
Austenitic
1. Solution anneal in
1. Solution anneal in
1. Solution anneal in
austenite region.
austenite region.
austenite region.
2. Rapidly cool to room
2. Rapidly cool to room
2. Rapidly cool to room
temperature to produce a temperature to produce
temperature to produce a
metastable austenite.
martensitic structure.
martensitic structure.
3. Age at temperatures in 3a. Cool to about -73c to 3. Age at temperatures in
transform metastable
the range 480-620c to
the range 700-800c to
produce precipitation
austenite to martensite.
produce precipitation
hardening
hardening.
OR
3b. Temper at about 760c
to reduce carbon content of
austenite by precipitating
Stainless Steels
3 456788

36
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

#$%&'() 2/2551

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"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
carbide; then cool to room
temperature to transform
austenite to martensite.
4. Age at temperatures in
the range 450-579c to
produce precipitation
hardening.

 17 34 
,#$c
c.. Fe-18%Cr-4%Ni
C/ Martensitic precipitation-hardening steels KLA:?4($O$0C/BJ":?,IC
J/LE-O'()KL'GJ":?0H"#I.).E $4:45.'/;DA5 (Martensite starting temperature, Ms)
?,IC."/>??0H"#I":?4.!9/:?, '-F4/(F.3>)?'()KL;E:.E.6!(),/T6!4.6]/ $4:45.'/;DA5;E:
"E H ?0H"#I":?4 .:/ Ms KL(.6!(),/T6!4AC/B'4.$( A-?,C4$G/H"
.:/ Ms TE4E-4
Ms
=
2160 66 (%Cr) 102 (%Ni) 2620 (%C + %N)
(3)
'() (3) /(FKL6L,0 A5J: ;E:.|3L."!9!: ;: /'()( 6H@A0 $.(,?,IC
L"C4 10-18 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/- @A0/.!?,ICJ/C4 5-12.5 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/- T!L
6H@A0$5O?/O;/ A.K/?,ICL"C4 0.035-0.17 .6?5.D9/A5 E,/FG"/-

Stainless Steels
3 456788

37
4"$ 2551

431 203 Physical Metallurgy II

 !"
#$%&'() 2/2551
"',!-,.'$ / !,(0/(
Semi-austenitic precipitation-hardening steels KL.E.6!(),/T6!4K $4:4
??.A/;/'5'();C(.\(,#3 (Metastable austenite) ;6.6]/ $4:45.'/;DA5C?/'()KL.E
AAL?/?4?/0#$.!9 Y @(J/J":;E:D%)4 $4:4E-4!C\L'G;E: 2 @(
E-4TE4J/A4'() 12

Stainless Steels
3 456788

38
4"$ 2551