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) (Lead-Acetate Strips
)
) (Olfactometer (
)Panel
) (Odor
(.
) (Threshold Odor
.
)Problem Analysis
(Systematic
-:
- .
- .
- .
- .
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
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) (Reactive Chemical
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.
.
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(
.
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.
.
) pH (
) (Biological Slime
) (HS- ) (S- ) pH
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.
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// -,/
, // /
.:
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- .
- .
- .
- .H2S
- .
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** . . - .
- .
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. - .
- .
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- .
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. . - - .
) H2O2 (.
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) H2O2 CL2 NO(.
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)(Tests for Monitoring the Performance of Treatment Systems
.
:
:
)(Visual Indicators
-
- )(Analytical Indicators
- :
:
-
Color
Babbles
Odor
Foams
-
-
Algal Growth
-
-
Solids Accumulation
Floating Material
Effluent Calrity
- ""
-
Flow Patterns
Turbulences
Touch
-:
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-
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.
-:
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.
-:
.
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.
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.
-
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.
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.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
- "":
.
.
-:
.
.
-
)(
:
. . . . - .
- :
:
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pH
Temperature
Microscopic Exam
Jar Test
Flow Rate
Detention Time
Weights
)(Disinfection of Effluent
- :
) (Contact Time
) (Short Circuiting
. .
) (-
.
:-
-.
-.
-.
:
- ,/.
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- .
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) (Chlorinator .
)( ) (Vacum Chlorinator
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. ) (- .
:-
:
- .
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--
(Sodium
)Hypochlorite
.
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.
) (- .
:-
:-
)) (Orthotolodine (
) (D P D
.
-
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
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)(Tertiary Treatment
) (Advanced Treatment
-
- ) (BOD
) (COD
.
.
) (Particulates
) (BOD ) (Coliforms
) (Microscreens
) (Gravity and Pressure Filters .
:
-
)(Coagulation
)(Flocculation
-
-
) (Particles ) .(Pin Point Floc
.
.
.
.
" " ) (Chemical Addition
. ) (
-:
- .
- .
- .
) (Filters .
.
)Equipment
(Upstream
) (Band -aid .
.
) (Alum
) (Ferric Chloride ) (Lime ) (Polyeletrolyles
) (Sodium Aluminate
)(Ferric Sulphate
).(Ferrous Sulphate
) (Chemical Feeds
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- .
- .
- .
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(Test .
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.
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.
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) (-
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.
Ca(OH)2
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.
.
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%
.
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( ) .(Pathogens
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.
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.
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)(Parasites
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.
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) (
)(
Giardias
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) (- .
)(-
) (*
(
-
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Fecal
Coliform
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)<60(<30
)<70(<20
)<30(<15
)<30(<10
)<30(<10
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)<30(<15
)<20(<10
)<10(<2
)<60(<30
* .
:
- .
- .
- .
.
) (-
Fine Screens
-
-
Grit Chamber
Plain Sedimentation
-
-
Coarse Screens
Chemical Precipitation
Trickling Filters
Activated Sludge
Waste Stabilization
-
-
,
) (
-:
- )(
)(Chlorination
)(Ozonization
-
-
)(Ultra Viollet
)(Heating
-
-
-
)(Lime Addition
) (Chlorine Dose .
) (- .
)(-
-
Trikling Filter
Activated Sludge Plant
-
-
-
-
-
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Activated Sludge
Waste Stabilization Ponds
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.
- :
.
- )( (Contact Time) :
.
- (Alkalinity and Acidity) :
.
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.
- :
.
:
:
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H2O + CL2 HCL + HOCL
HOCL HCL + O
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(.
.
.
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.
(Operation and Maintenance of Mechanical and Electrical
)Equipment
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:
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)(Construction
)(Operation
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//
//
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(Problems Caused By The Discharge of Uncontrolled
)Industrial Effluents
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:
- .
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.
:
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(BOD ) pH (.
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:
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) :(
24C
24C
I
E
E
3/W
2/W
M-
R-
Mn-
D-
W-
-
I-
E-
S-
WS-
RS-
-
=24C
G- R-
Mn-
-
3/W
24C
1/D
NH3-NI
24C
1/W
24C
1/D
24C
1/D
TOTAL-PI
24C
1/D
ORTHO-PI
WS
RS
S
3/D
1/W
H-
ORG-N
NO3- P
H-
I
E
S
1/D
P-
- -1 :
.
1/D
PH
CP
24C
1/W
) :(
M-
R-
Mn-
H-
24C
I1
I2
2/W
24C
E2
5/W
E2
5/W
5/W
DO
I2
E
I2
E
I. R1
R2
RS
5/W
Ph
D-
W-
-
I1-
I2-
E-
RS-
R1-
-
=24C
G- R-
Mn-
H- P-
C-
- -1:
24C
24C
I1
E
E
3/W
24C
3/W
.
-2 .
2/W
Glossary
Primary Tanks
Secondary Tanks
Detention Period
Surface Loading
Return Activated Sludge
Scour Velocity
Flocculated
Coagulated
Flow
Municipal Waste Water
Overflow Rates
Sedimentation
Weir Overflow Loading
Baffle
Critical Flow
Threshold Velocity
Slotted Pipe
Central - Feed Tank
Rim - Feed Tank
Microorganisms
Continuous - Flow Stirred Tank
Reactor with Recycle
Mixed Liquor
Recycled Activated Sludge
Contact Time
Pseudomonas Bacteria
Zoogloea
Nitrobacter
Filamentcous Bacteria
Protozoa
Rotifers
Cell Residence Time
Fungi
Combined Networks
)(
BOD5
COD
TDS
TSS
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Mosses
Crustaceans
Ferns
Seed Plants
Slime Molds
Chemosynthetic
Photopynthetic
Hetrotrophic
Autotrophic
Adaptation Phase
Growth Phase
Stationary Phase
Endegenous Phase
V-notch Weir
Venturi Meters
Marshal Flume
Rack
Screen
Hand Cleaned
Mechanically Cleaned
Grid Chambers
Aerated Grid Chamber
Density Current
Scum
Traveling Flights
Column Test
Clarification Zone
Pilot Plants
Rising Sludge
Balking Sludge
Denitrification
Nitrification
Short Circuiting
Hydraulic Loading
Organic Loading
Plug Flow
Diffused Aerator
Tapered Aeration
Conventional Activated Sludge
System
Continuous Flow and Stirred
Tank
Step Aeration
Modified Aeration
Contact Stabilization
Assimilated Metabolicolly
Endegenous Respiration
Extended Aeration
Oxiditation Ditch
Aerobic Attached Growth
Roughing Filters
Slime
Shear Velocity
Dosing Siphon
Filtration Media
Under Drain
-
( )
) ( Oxidation Ponds
-
-
).(-
:-
-
-
) (Free Board
) (Rip - Rap .
-
.
.
.
- ):(Outlet Manhole
).(-
:-
).(-
:-
-
) (
.
:
)(Aerobic Ponds
)(Anaerobic Ponds
- )( )(Facultative Ponds
: ) (.
:
-
- )(
.
) (Protoplasm
.
.
).(-
.
:-
-
.
) pH (.
- -
) (Protoplasm
:
- ):(Acid Bacteria
- :
) (CO2 ) (NH4 ) (H2S ).(CH4
) .(-
:-
) (
- :
.
-
)
(
) (.
)
(
) (Tertiary or Polishing .
-
.
) (
.
) (
)( .
).(-
:-
.
:
-
-
.
) (- .
:-
- :
.
.
-
/ .
- :
:
=
/
:
=
=
-
)
(BOD5 :
=
/ BOD/
:
/
) ( ) BOD ( /
= //
:
- .
- .
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
) pH (
.
)PH ( -
.
.
.
) (
) (.
- :
- .
- ) (BOD
.
- .
- .
- ) pH (
.
- :
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
:
-.
-
.
.
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
.
.
-.
- ..
- .
- . .
- .
- )(.
-
.
References
1.
2. Duncan Mara; Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates, John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester 1982,
3. EPA; Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plant 1986,
4. EPA; Process Design Manual EPA-625/2/77/009,
5. EPA; Inspector Guide for Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plants EPA/43019-79/010,
6. EPA; Package Treatment Plants Operations Manual 1977,
7. EPA; Operation Manual Stabilization Ponds, EPA 430/9-77-012,
8. Mark J. Hammer, Water and Wastewater Technology, John Wiley & Sons
Inc.,
9. New York State Department of Health,
Manual of Instruction for Sewage Treatment Plant Operators, Health
Education Service,
10. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator,
Training Program, International Course,
11. WPCF; Operation of Extended Aeration Package Plants, Manual of
Practice OM 7 1984,
12. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Plant Design, 1982,
13. WPCF; Wastewater Treatment Process Control Laboratory Course 1982,
.
.
:
.