MATH13 Coursewares

Lesson 1.1: POLYGON Lesson 1.2 Triangles Lesson 1.
3 Quadrilaterals
Week 1 and Week 2 Math 13 Solid Mensuration
A polygon is a closed plane figure that is joined by line segments. A polygon may also be defined as a union of line segments such that: i) each endpoint is the endpoint of only two segments; ii) no two segments intersect except at an endpoint; and iii) no two segments with the same endpoint are collinear.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Parts of a Polygon
Side or Edge
Interior Angle Diagonal
Vertex
Exterior Angle
Types of Polygon
Regular Polygon. In a regular polygon, all angles are equal and all sides are of the same length. Regular polygons are both equiangular and equilateral. Equiangular Polygon. A polygon is equiangular if all of its angles are congruent. Equilateral Polygon. A polygon is equilateral if all of its sides are equal. Irregular Polygon. A polygon that is neither equiangular nor equilateral is said to be an irregular polygon.
NAMING OF POLYGON
Pythagorean Identities
Negative Arguments Identities
For numbers from 100 to 999, we construct the name of the polygon by starting with the prefix for the hundreds digit taken from the ones digit minus the gon followed by "hecta," then proceed as before.
Similar Polygons
We say that two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional. By ratio and proportion,
The altitude a of the triangle is called the apothem The angle that is opposite the base of this triangle is called the central angle .
Examples
Perimeter: Central Angle: Apothem: n = no. of sides

s/2 a
/2
AREA
No. of Diagonals : Interior Angle: Sum of Interior Angle:

Example 1, page 8
Find the area of a regular nonagon with a side that measures 3 units. Also find the number of diagonals and the sum of its interior angles. ANS: A= 55.64 s.u., D=27, SIA=1260
EXERCISES 1.1 pp9-11

5. Find the sum of the interior angle of a regular triacontakaitetragon. 7. Name each polygon with the given number of sides. Also find the corresponding number of diagonals. a) 24 b) 181 c) 47 d) 653 11. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the area of the polygon if its apothem measures 10 cm. 12. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 65. Find perimeter of the polygon if its apothem measures 8 in. 13. The sum of interior angles of a regular polygon is 1260 . Find the area of the polygon if the perimeter is 45 cm.
Homework 1.1
Nos. 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 & 25 pp 11-12 Solid Mensuration by Earnhart
1.2 TRIANGLES
Similar Triangles: Corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding sides are proportional. same shape, different size, different measurement but in proportion.
Lines Connected with Triangles
An altitude of a triangle is the line segment drawn from a vertex of the triangle perpendicular to the opposite side. A median of a triangle is the line segment connecting the midpoint of a side and the opposite vertex. An angle bisector of a triangle is the line segment which divides an angle of the triangle into two congruent angles and has endpoints on a vertex and the opposite side.
A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is the line segment which meets the side at right angle and divides the side into two congruent segments. Types of Triangle Centers Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the triangle s altitudes. The centroid is the point of intersection of the three medians of the triangle.
The incenter is the point of intersection of the three angle bisectors of the triangle. The circumcenter is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of the triangle.
Formulas for the Lengths of Altitude, Median and Angle Bisector of a Triangle
Consider an arbitrary triangle with sides and , and angles and . Let and be the lengths of the altitude, median and bisector originating from vertex .
General Formula: SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Formula: Heron s Formula for SSS (Three Sides) Case:
EXAMPLE 4: Page 17 Given a triangle ABC in which the sides are AB = 30 in., AC = 50 in, and BC = 60 in. On the side AB is a point D through which a line DE is drawn and connected through a point E on side AC so that the angle AED is equal to angle ABC . If the perimeter of the triangle ADE is equal to 56 in , find the sum of the lengths of the line segments BD and CE . ANS: 48 in
EXERCISES 1.2
#3, p20: Find the altitude and the area of an equilateral triangle the side of which is 8 cm. #4, p20: One side of an isosceles triangle is 10 units and the perimeter is 42 units. Find the area of the triangle. #5, p20: Find the area of an equilateral triangle the altitude of which is 5 cm. #7,p21: The base of an isosceles triangle and the altitude dropped on one of the congruent sides are equal to 18 cm and 15 cm respectively. Find the sides of the triangle.
#8,p21: Two altitudes of an isosceles triangle are equal to 20 cm and 30 cm . Determine the base angles of the triangle. #12,p21: Find the area of a triangle with two sides that measure 6in and 9in , and the bisector of the angle between them is . #13,p21: In an acute triangle ABC , the altitude AD is drawn. Find the area of triangle ABC if AB=15 in, AC = 18in, and BD=10in .
Homework 1.2
Nos. 9, 11, 15, 17, 21 pp.21-22
1.3 Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral, also known as tetragon or quadrangle, is a general term for a four-sided polygon.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are parallel.
Parallelograms have the following important properties: Opposite sides are equal. Opposite interior angles are congruent Adjacent angles are supplementary. A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles The two diagonals bisect each other.
FORMULAS
AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM
A rectangle is essentially a parallelogram in which the interior angles are all right angles.
FORMULAS
A square is a special type of a rectangle in which all the sides are equal.
Formulas
A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all sides are equal.
Formulas
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

If the non-parallel sides are congruent, the trapezoid is called an isosceles trapezoid.
A trapezoid which contains two right angles is called a right trapezoid.
Area of Trapezoid
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides that are parallel.
A and C are any two opposite interior angles s is the semi-perimeter.

Example 8, p31 The diagonal of a square is 12 units. What is the measure of one side of the square? Find its area and perimeter. ANS. A=72, P= Example 10, p32 If ABCD is a rhombus, AC=4 , and ADC is an equilateral triangle, what is the area of the rhombus? ANS: A=13.86
Example 12, p33: Find the area and the perimeter of the right trapezoid shown in the figure. ANS A=49.4, P=30.2
EXERCISES 1.3
#1, p38: The diagonal of a rectangle is 25 meters long and makes an angle of 360 with one side of the rectangle. Find the area and the perimeter of the rectangle. #4, p38: A rectangle and a square have the same area. If the length of the side of the square is 6 units and the longest side of the rectangle is 5 more than the measure of the shorter side. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
#8, p38: The area of an isosceles trapezoid is 246 m2. If the height and the length of one of its congruent sides measure 6m and 10m respectively, find the two bases. #10, p39: A piece of wire of length 52 m is cut into two parts. Each part is then bent to form a square. It is found that the combined area of the two squares is 109 m2. Find the sides of the two squares.
#11, p39: A rhombus has diagonals of 32 and 20 inches. Find the area and the angle opposite the longer diagonal. # 26, p40: Find the area of a rhombus in which one side measures 10cm and one of the diagonals measures 12cm .
Homework 1.3
Nos. 7, 9, 15, 20, 23, 25, 28 & 29 pp.38-40.
Lesson 2.1: CIRCLES Lesson 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES

Week 3 and Week 4 Math 13 Solid Mensuration
2.1 CIRCLES
A circle is a set of points, each of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the center. The line joining the center of a circle to any points on the circle is known as the radius. An arc is a portion of a circle that contains two endpoints and all the points on the circle between the endpoints.
By choosing any two points on the circle, two arcs will be formed; a major arc (the longer arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).
A chord is a line segment joining any two points on the circle. The chord that passes through the center of the circle is called the diameter of a circle. A chord divides the circle into two regions, the major segment and the minor segment.
A sector is the figure formed by two radii and an included arc. The central angle is the angle in which the vertex lies at the center of the circle and which sides are the two radii. The inscribed angle is the angle in which the vertex lies on the circle and which two sides are chords of the circle.
If circles of different radii have common center then they are referred to as concentric circles. The region bounded by any two concentric circles is known as the annulus. A line in the same plane as the circle is a tangent line of the circle if it intersects the circle at exactly one point on the circle. A line is called a secant line if it intersects the circle at two points on the circle.
Theorems on Circles
If two chords intersect at a point inside the circle, then the product of the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the segments of the other chord. If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an exterior point, then the product of lengths of the entire secant line and its external segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant line and its external segment.
If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle intersect at a point exterior to the circle, then the product of the lengths of the secant line and its external segment is equal to the square of the length of the tangent line. Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular to the radius of the circle drawn through the point of tangency.
The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its two arcs. Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is perpendicular to the chord. Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a chord is the diameter of the circle which must pass through the center of the circle.
The line of centers of two tangent circles passes through the point of tangency. An inscribed angle is measured by one-half of its intercepted arc. The angle formed by constructing lines from the ends of the diameter of a circle to a point on the circle is a right angle.
Formulas on Circles
Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
Examples
4.p55 : The tangent AB and the secant BCD are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point B. If the length of the tangent is 8 inches and the external segment of the secant is 4 inches, then what is the length of the secant? ANS. 16 in.
Exercises 2.1
A star is a star-like figure which generally consists of a polygon with triangles on its sides. It is a regular star if the polygon involved is a regular polygon The pentagram, also known as German or witch star, is a five-pointed regular star. The hexagram which is also known as David s star or Solomon s seal is a six-pointed regular star.
EXERCISES
In a circle with diameter of 20 cm, a regular five-pointed star touching its circumference is inscribed. Find the area of the star. What is the area of a section bounded by a closed elliptical figure in which the major and minor segments measure 60 cm and 45 cm respectively? What is the area of a parabola inscribed in a rectangle 30 cm long and 22 cm wide?
HOMEWORK No.2
Exercise 2.1: #5, 7, 15, 23, 29, 33 pp. 59-63 Exercise 2.2: # 8, 10 & 12 pp. 71-72
Lesson 3 POLYHEDRONS
Week 5 Math 13 Solid Mensuration
Dihedral Angles The dihedral angle is the angle formed between two intersecting planes. In the figure shown, the two planes are called faces of the dihedral angle, and the line of intersection between the planes is called the edge of the angle.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart Solid Mensuration by Earnhart
Polyhedral Angles
A polyhedral angle is the angle formed by three or more planes which meet at a common point. The common point is called the vertex of the angle. The intersecting planes are the faces of the polyhedral angle. The lines of intersection of these faces are called the edges. A plane which cuts all the faces of a polyhedral angle (except at the vertex) is called a section. A face angle is the angle at the vertex and formed by any two adjacent edges. A dihedral angle of the polyhedral angle is the dihedral angle formed by any two intersecting faces.
Solid Mensuration by Earnhart
The projection of a straight line upon a plane, not perpendicular to the line, is also a straight line. The angle that the line makes with its projection on a plane is called the angle of inclination of a line to a plane.
Example 1, p78
A solid is any limited portion of space bounded by surfaces or plane figures.
Volume and Surface Area of Solids

The volume of a solid is the amount of space it occupies. It has units of cubic length (i.e., cm3, m3, in3, ft3, etc.). The surface area is the area of a threedimensional surface. The lateral area of a solid considers only the areas of the lateral or the side surfaces. The total surface area includes both the lateral area and the area of the bases (top and bottom). Thus, the total surface area may be defined as the total area of all surfaces that bound the solid.
The Cavalieri s Principle Given any two solids included between parallel horizontal planes; if every right section has the same area in both solids, then the volume of the solids are equal.
The Volume Addition Theorem The volume of the region enclosed by a solid may be divided into non-overlapping smaller regions so that the sum of the volumes of these smaller regions is equal to the volume of the solid.
A polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is a solid which is bounded by polygons joined at their edges.
Polyhedrons are called regular polyhedra or platonic solids if their faces are congruent regular polygons and their polyhedral angles are equal.
Similar Figures Two polyhedra are said to be similar if they have the same number of faces that are similarly placed, and which corresponding polyhedral angles are congruent. Corresponding dimensions (lengths of lines such as edge, height, etc) of similar figures are also proportional.
Similar Figures
x1 x2 ! y1 y2
A1 x1 ! A2 x2
2
x1 V 1 ! x V 2 2
Facts About Regular Polyhedrons
Example 7
Find the dihedral angle formed by any two adjacent faces, the total area and the volume of a regular tetrahedron if the measure of one edge is 10 inches. ANS: TSA=173.2 sq.in. V=117.85 cu.in.
Problems
#7 Page 84: The sides of an equilateral triangle are 6 cm each. Find the distance between the plane of the triangle and a point P which is 13 cm from each vertex of the triangle. #9 Page 92: Find the volume of a regular dodecahedron if the total area is 2498 ft2.
Homework
#3, 9 Pages 83-84 #3, 5, 7 & 11 Page 92
Lesson 4: PRISMS AND CYLINDERS Solids for which V=Bh

A prism is defined as a polyhedron with two congruent bases that lie in parallel planes, and whose every section that is parallel to a base has the same area as that of the base.
A right prism is a prism whose lateral faces or lateral edges are perpendicular to the two bases. A regular prism is a right prism whose bases are regular polygons. If the base is a regular polygon of n sides then the prism contains n number of congruent lateral faces which are rectangles. An oblique prism is a prism whose lateral faces or lateral edges are not perpendicular to its bases. Its lateral faces are parallelograms.
A right section of a prism is a section made by a plane perpendicular to one of the lateral edges. An oblique section is made by a plane oblique to one of the lateral edges.
Surface Areas
The lateral area of a prism is the product of the perimeter P of a right section and the length e of a lateral edge.
LSA ! Pe
Total Surface Area:
TSA ! 2B LSA
where B is the area of one base.

Volume of Prism
V = Bh
V ! Bh ! Re R ! B sin U
A rectangular solid, also known as rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron with two rectangular bases and lateral edges that are perpendicular to the bases.
h
w
l
Rectangular Solids
A cube is a hexahedron whose 12 edges are all congruent.
d s
Cube
A cylinder is the solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes cutting all the elements of the surface. A circular cylinder is one whose bases are circles. It may also be thought of as a prism with two equal circular bases. A circular cylinder is a right circular cylinder, if the height or the line segment drawn through the center of the bottom base connects the center of the top base. Otherwise, the cylinder is said to be oblique.
Surface Areas
LSA ! 2Trh
TSA ! 2B LSA
Volume of Cylinder
V ! Tr h
V ! Bh ! Re
Sample Problems
EXAMPLE 2 Page 99: The trough in the figure has trapezoidal ends which lie in parallel planes. The top of the trough is a horizontal rectangle 6 ft by 16 ft and the depth of the trough is 4 ft.
How many cubic feet of water can it hold? How many cubic feet of water does it contain when the depth of the water is 3 ft? What is the area covered by water (wet portion of the container) with this height?
EXAMPLE: The right section of a prism is in the form of a regular hexagon whose apothem measures 5 cm. If the lateral area is 360cm2, what is the length of the lateral edge of the prism? ANS. 10.39 cm.
EXAMPLE 10: A cylinder with a volume of 576pi m3 is circumscribed about a square prism which has one side of the base that measures 8m. What is the altitude of the cylinder? ANS: 18 m
EXAMPLE: The length of a rectangular solid is three times the width and the height is twice the width. Find the volume and the length of its diagonal if the total surface area is 198 in2. ANS: V=162 cu.in, d=11.22 in
PROBLEMS
1. A cylindrical tank has a lateral surface area of 88 cm2 (not 8 as what printed in the book) and a volume of 176 cm3. Find the base area. (#15 4.3 page 118) 2. What dimensions of a tin can of volume 54 cm3 should be produced if it is required that its height be equal to the diameter of its base?
PROBLEMS
3. One edge of an oblique prism forms an angle of 300 with its projection on the plane of one base. If the lateral edge is 15 cm long and the base area is 20 cm2, find the volume of the prism. 4. Each base of a right prism is a rhombus. The diagonals of a base are 12 and 6, and the altitude of the prism is 18. Find the volume and the lateral area.
Homework
EXERCISE 4.1: #1, 9, 17 pp. 102-104 EXERCISE 4.2: #7, 23 pp. 110-111 EXERCISES 4.3: #1-a, 13, 25, pp. 118-121
Lesson 5 PYRAMIDS AND CONES Solids for which V=1/3 Bh

A pyramid is a polyhedron containing triangular lateral faces with a common vertex and a base which is a polygon. A pyramid is a right pyramid if the line joining the vertex and the center of base is perpendicular to the plane of the base. Otherwise, the pyramid is said to be oblique. If the base of a right pyramid is a regular polygon then the solid is said to be a regular pyramid.
PYRAMID
A pyramid is named by the type of polygon in its base.
The lateral surface area of a regular pyramid is equal to half the product of the perimeter of its base and its slant height.
1 LSA ! PN 2
TOTAL SURFACE AREA:
TSA ! B LSA
Volume of Pyramid
1 V ! Bh 3
Where B=base area (polygon)
Relationships Among Altitude, Slant Height, Lateral Edge and the Base
CONES
A circular cone is a cone whose base is a circle. The axis of a circular cone is the line segment joining the apex and the center of the base. If the axis is perpendicular to the base, the cone is a right circular cone .
A cone whose axis is not perpendicular to the base is called oblique. Unless otherwise specified, a cone generally has a circular base.
Surface Area of Cone

Lateral Area :
LSA ! TrN
TSA ! Tr TrN
2
Total Surface Area:
Volume of Cone
1 2 V ! Tr h 3
EXAMPLE: A regular hexagonal pyramid has one lateral edge which measures 10 cm. The length of one side of its base is 6 cm. Find the altitude and the slant height of the given pyramid. Also find the volume and the total surface area. ANS: l=9.54 cm, h=8 cm, V=249.6 cu.cm. LSA= 265.3 sq.cm.
EXAMPLE: An inverted square pyramid has a height equal to 8m and a top edge equal to 3m. Initially, it contains water to a depth of 5m. What is the initial volume of the water in the tank? If additional water is to be pumped into the tank at the rate of 20 gallons per minute, how many hours will it take to fill the tank? ANS: 5.86 cu.m, 4hrs
EXAMPLE: A right circular cone has a lateral area of 1,280T ft2 and a base area of 512 ft2. Find the volume.
EXAMPLE: Water is flowing out of a conical funnel through its apex at a rate of 12 cubic inches per minute. If the funnel is initially full, how long will it take for it to be one-third-full? What is the height of the water level? Assume the radius to be 6 inches and the altitude of the cone to be 15 inches.
Homework
Exercise 5.1 pp. 131-132 # s 1-b, 1-c, 7, 17 Exercise 5.2 pp. 139-141 # s 1, 3, 23
Lesson 6 Frustums, Truncated Solids & Prismatoids Solids for which V=(MeanB)h
The frustum of a right circular cone is a portion of a right circular cone enclosed by the base of the cone, a section that is parallel to the base of the cone and the conical surface included between the base of the cone and the parallel section. r
1
r2
Relationship Among the Parts of the Frustum of a Cone
Formulas
The frustum of a pyramid is the lower portion of a pyramid obtained by passing a cutting plane parallel to the base intersecting all the lateral edges. Thus, it is a polyhedron enclosed by the pyramidal surface, the base of the pyramid and the parallel plane.
Surface Areas
Volume of Frustum of a Pyramid
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
A truncated circular cylinder, also known as cylindrical segment is the solid formed by passing a cutting plane through a circular cylinder intersecting all its elements.
Volume of a Truncated Cylinder
A truncated prism is a polyhedron which is a portion of a prism cut off by a plane not parallel to the base and intersecting all the lateral edges.
A prismatoid is a polyhedron having two bases which are polygons lying in parallel planes, and lateral faces which are triangles and quadrilaterals with one side common with one base, and the opposite vertex or side common with the other base.
A cylindrical wedge is the solid formed by passing two cutting planes through a right circular cylinder, one plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder and the other inclined plane intersecting the first plane through a diameter of the base.
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 7
EXERCISES
Homework
6.1 : # s 7, 13, 15 pp. 150-152 6.2 : # s 1, 5, 13, 21 pp. 159-162

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Lesson 1.1: POLYGON Lesson 1.2 Triangles Lesson 1.

Interior Angle Diagonal

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Negative Arguments Identities

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Perimeter: Central Angle: Apothem: n = no. of sides

No. of Diagonals : Interior Angle: Sum of Interior Angle:

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

EXERCISES 1.1 pp9-11

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Lines Connected with Triangles

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are parallel.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all sides are equal.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

A trapezoid which contains two right angles is called a right trapezoid.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides that are parallel.

A and C are any two opposite interior angles s is the semi-perimeter.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Lesson 2.1: CIRCLES Lesson 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart Solid Mensuration by Earnhart