dk;kZuqHko

(Work Experience)
dkslZ & 12

dk;kZuqHko
(Work Experience)

dk;kZuqHko dks loZizFke Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk vfHkUu vax cukus dh flQkfj'k djus
okys dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx esa blds egRo dks bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k gS&
^^,d izHkko'kkyh 'kSf{kd lk/ku gksus ds vfrfjDr] dk;Z&vuqHko] gekjh jk; es]a
dqN vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Hkh dj ldrk gSA og ckSf)d vkSj 'kkjhfjd dk;Z ds Hksn vkSj
ml ij vk/kkfjr lkekftd Lrj&fufeZr dh rhozrk dks Hkh de dj ldrk gSA og
;qodksa dks dk;Z dh nqfu;ka esa izos'k fnyk ldrk gS rFkk dk;Z ds lkFk mudk euksjt
a u
djkds jkstxkj dh leL;k dks vkSj vf/kd vklku cuk ldrk gSA og jk"Vh; mRikfnrk
c<+kus esa nks izdkj ls lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA ,d rks] mRiknu izf;kvksa rFkk foKku ds
mi;ksx ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa varn`f"V dk fodkl djus esa mudh lgk;rk djds rFkk
nwljs] muesa dfBu vkSj mRrjnkf;Roiw.kZ dk;Z djus dh vknr Mky ldrk gSA O;fDr
vkSj leqnk; ds chp laca/k dks lqn`<+ cukdj rFkk f'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa ,oa lkekU; turk esa
,d&nwljs dks le>us ds lw= mRiUu dj og lkekftd vkSj jk"Vh; ,dhdj.k esa Hkh
lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z ds blh egRo dks
n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, dksBkjh vk;ksx us bls viuh lcls egRoiw.kZ flQkfj'kksa esa ls ,d
cryk;k gSA
uohu jk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr esa blfy, blds egRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq, dgk x;k
gS fd&^^dk;kZuqHko dks lHkh Lrjksa ij nh tkus okyh f'k{kk dk ,d vko';d vax gksuk
pkfg,A dk;kZuqHko ,d ,slk mn~ns';iw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd 'kkjhfjd dke gS tks lh[kus dh
izfdz;k dk vfuok;Z vax gS vkSj ftlls lekt dh oLrq,a ;k lsok,a feyrh gSA** f'k{kk
dks lekt ,oa mRikfnrk (Productivily) ls tksM+us dk bl izdkj
dk;kZuqHko@lektksmi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA
dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z dk egRo bl n`f"V ls Hkh mYys[kuh; gS
fd ;g csfld f'k{kk dh Hkkafr iqjkru m|ksx&dk;Z ,oa fof/k;ksa ls fHkUu vxzxkeh n`f"V
;qDr (Forwra d Looking) Hkh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk 1975 esa izdkf'kr ^^nl o"khZ;
Ldwyh ikB~;dze** ds vk/kkj&i=d us bl egRo dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk x;k
gSa&dk;kZuqHko f'kYifoKku (Technology) o vkS|ksfxdj.k rFkk d`f"k lfgr
mRiknu&izfdz;k esa foKku ds vuqiz;ksx dh vksj mUeq[k gksuk pkfg,A dk;kZuqHko ds
lkoZHkkSehdj.k (Universalist
a ion) gkFkksa ls dk;Z djds lh[kus] mRiknd dk;Z esa fufgr
HkkSfrd o ekuoh; laca/kksa dks le>us] fu;r dk;ksaZ dks lgdkfjrk ls lEiUu djus ls
lEc) vfHko`fr;ka fodflr djus rFkk ekuo dh lerk o vk/;kfRed Lora=rk ds
ifjizs{k esa lkekftd mRrjnkf;Ro ds fuokZg gsrq volj miyC/k gksrs gSaA**

;g vxzxkeh n`f"V dh dk;kZuqHko@lekftd mRiknd dk;Z dks ns'k ds

vk/kqfudj.k dh vksj mUeq[k lekt ds vuqdwy cukdj mlds egRo dks LFkkfir dj
ldsxhA

dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z dk vFkZ ,oa ladYiuk %

dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z ds vFkZ ,oa ladYiuk dks fuEufyf[kr
ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k tk ldrk gS&
uohu jk"Vh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) % ^^dk;kZuqHko ,d ,slk mn~ns';iw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd
'kkjhfjd dke gS tks lh[kus dh izf;k dk vfuok;Z vax gS vkSj ftlls lekt dks
oLrq,a ;k lsok,a feyrh gSA**
dksBkjh f'k{kk vk;ksx (1966) % ^^dk;kZuqHko dh gekjh ifjHkk"kk ;g gS% Ldwy] ?kj]
dkj[kkus] [ksr] QSDVjh ;k vU; fdlh Hkh mRiknd fLFkfr esa mRiknd dke esa Hkkx
ysukA dk;kZuqHko f'k{kk vkSj dk;Z ds ,dhdj.k dh ,d iz.kkyh gSA**
^^nl o"khZ; Ldwyh ikB~;dze** (NCERT) % ^^dk;kZuqHko ,sls lektksi;ksxh
vUos"k.kkRed vuqHkoksa dks miyC/k djrk gS ftldh ifj.kfr mRiknd dk;Z esa gksrh gSA
dk;kZuqHko esa rhu izf;k,a lfEefyr jguh pkfg,& (1) mRiknd izf;k (2) j[kj[kko
dh izf;k] rFkk (3) rduhdh izf;kA dk;Z ds {ks=ksa dk pquko bl izdkj fd;k tk,
fd os LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy gksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks xzk Hkh gksAa **
Mk- f'kodqekj 'kekZ %^^ dk;kZuqHko thou dh okLrfod mRiknd fLFkfr;ksa esa
vk;ksftr ,d ,slk mRiknd dk;Z gS ftldk vk;kstu ?kj es]a dkj[kkus esa ;k fo|ky;
dh vU; fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lf; ;ksx }kjk gks vkSj mlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
vkaf'kd vk; Hkh gks ldsA**
mi;qZDr dqN mYys[kuh; ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh
mRiknd dk;Z dh ladYiuk (Concept) esa vxzafdr rRo fufgr gksrs gSa %&
(1)

izR;sd izdkj ds dk;kZuqHko esa 'kkjhfjd Je vko';d :i esa lfEefyr gSA

bl n`f"V ls vU; lsok,a tSls [kkrkcgh fy[kuk vFkok dk;kZy; esa dke
djuk dk;kZuqHko ds varxZr ugha vkrkA

(2)

dk;kZuqHko Lo;a izjs .kkLin gksrk gSA dk;Z esa Lo;a ,sls izjs d rRo gksus
pkfg, rkfd Nk= muesa LosPNk ls dk;Zjr gks ldsAa dk;kZuqHko Nk= ij
yknk ugha tkuk pkfg,A

(3)

dk;kZuqHko Nk= dh vPNh f'k{kk ds fy, vko';d gSA blls mls

leL;kvksa dks le>us rFkk mUgsa gy djus esa lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gS] lkFk

gh mls mRiknu dh jk"Vh; izf;k dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA

(4)

dk;kZuqHko iqjksxkeh (;k vxzxkeh vFkok nwjn'khZ) [Forword Looking] gksrk

gS vFkkZr~ mRiknu dh oSKkfud] vkS|ksfxd rFkk rduhdh fof/k;ksa ls bldk
?kfu"V laca/k gksuk pkfg,A dk;kZuqHko ds }kjk Nk= dks dsoy gkFk ls dke
djus dk vH;kl gh ugha vfirq jk"Vh; Lrj ij fodkl'khy rduhdh
fof/k;ksa dk Hkh ifjp; izkIr gksuk pkfg,A iqjksxkeh fl)kar ls ,d vk'k;
;g Hkh fudyrk gS fd dke dh fof/k esa fujarj fodkl gksrk pysAa

(5)

dk;kZuqHko mRiknu dh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,

vFkkZr~ dk;kZuqHko ds varxZr mRiknu izf;k mUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa pyuh
pkfg, tSlk fd okLrfod thou esa gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ftl izdkj
fdlku ;k dkjhxj dke djrk gS mlh izdkj dk;kZuqHko esa Hkh dke gksuk
pkfg,A

(6)

dk;kZuqHko dk vfoHkkT; laca/k mRiknu ls gSA tgka&tgka laHko gks

dk;kZuqHko ls dke Hkh gks lduh pkfg,A

(7)

dk;kZuqHko ckydksa dh vk;q rFkk 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fodkl ds vuq:i

gksuk pkfg,A

(8)

dk;kZuqHko LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,] mnkgj.kkFkZ] tgka

ckal izkIr gks ldsa rFkk ckal dh oLrq,a feyrh gksa ogh ckal m|ksx laca/kh
dk;kZuqHko gksuk pkfg,A

dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z dh ladYiuk esa mi;qZDr rRoksa dk gksuk

vko';d gSA bl ladYiuk ds vuqlkj bl dk;Z dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k Hkh fd;k
tkuk visf{kr gksxkA

dk;kZuqHko dh vko;drk ,oa mi;ksfxrk

(Need and Importance of Work Experience at Elementary Level)
dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z dks fo|ky;h ikB~;e dk vfHkUu vax
cukus dh fuEufyf[kr vko;drk,sa gSa&
(1) fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ifjJe djus dh vknr dk fodkl ,oa mls jk"V ds vkfFkZd
mRiknu esa Hkkxhnkj cukuk& vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh iwoZ izpfyr f'k{kk i)fr dk lcls
cM+k nks"k ;g Fkk fd ckyd 'kkjhfjd Je ls nwj Hkkx dj mlls ?k`.kk djus yxrs Fks
ftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk Fkk fd vuqRiknd O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k fujarj c<+rh tkrh FkhaA
vc dk;kZuqHko@lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z ds f'k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij vfuok;Z fo"k;
ds :i esa izko/kku fd, tkus ij ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd fo|kFkhZ 'kkjhfjd&Je ds
izfr fu"Bk o vknj dh Hkkouk fodflr djsx
a s rFkk vius dk;Z }kjk fdlh mRiknu ;k

lsok ds ek/;e ls os jk"V ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa Hkkxhnkj Hkh cusx

a As
(2) Lo;a ds ifjJe }kjk dqN vkfFkZd vtZu djuk&^^dk;kZuqHko dk ,d
iz;kstu ;g Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd Lo;a ds ifjJe }kjk Nk= dqN vkfFkZd vtZu (Earning)
dj ldsa ftlls fd mudh f'k{kk esa gksus okys O;; esa og vius ekrk&firk dk gkFk caVk
ldsAa vkfFkZd dekbZ nzO; ds :i esa fdruh gksrh gS ;g bruh egRoiw.kZ ugha gS ftruk
fd vius vkidh lsok dj ldus dh eukso`fr dk fodkl djuk gSA f'k{kk rFkk mRiknu
ds egku dk;Z esa ;ksx iznku djus ds QyLo:i ckyd dks tks vkRe r`fIr gksxh og
Lo;a esa ,d egku miyfC/k gksxhA^^
(3) ckydksa dks jkstxkj] [ksrh] m|ksx rFkk vU; dkedkt dh nqfu;k ls
ifjfpr djkuk&Hkfo"; esa fofHkUu jkstxkjksa esa foKku ,oa rduhdh dk vf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx
gksxkA iqjksxkeh n`f"Vdks.k ls ;qDr dk;kZuqHko fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vk/kqfud oSKkfud ,oa
rduhdh fof/k;ksa ds lh[kus rFkk viuh vkthfodk ds Hkkoh lk/kuksa dks vf/kd dq'kyrk
ls djus ;ksX; cuk;sxkA
(4) fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jkstxkj izkIr djus esa lgk;d {kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk&^^
dk;kZuqHko dk mn~ns'; fdlh /ka/ks fo'ks"k ds fy, ckyd dks rS;kj djuk ugha gSa vfirq
mlesa bl izdkj dh {kerk,a mRiUu djuk gS rkfd vkxs pydj jkstxkj izkIr djus esa
lqfo/kk izkIr gks ldsA**
(5) fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jk"V ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa vius ;ksxnku djkus dh psruk
fodflr djuk& dk;kZuqHko@ lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z }kjk tks Hkh dk;Z fo|kFkhZ
vius O;fDrxr Lrj ij djrk gS] mlls ns'k ds mRiknu esa lgk;rk feyrh gS rFkk
mlesa ;g psruk tkx`r gksrh gS fd og jk"Vh; vkfFkZd fodkl esa Hkkxhnkj cu jgk gSA
(6) lekt esa f'kf{kr o vf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa ds Hksn dks feVkuk&'kkjhfjd Je
ds izfr fu"Bk ,oa vknj dh Hkkouk fodflr gksus ij f'kf{kr gks jgs fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fuj{kj
o 'kkjhfjd&Je dj jgs O;fDr;ksa ds izfr lekurk dk O;ogkj djus dh Hkkouk mRiUu
gksrh gS tks lkekftd oxZ&Hksn dks feVkdj lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d
gksrh gS A

bdkbZ &1 LokLF; ,oa LoPNrk

Ikz;ksx u0 &1
mke LokLF; dh vko';drk,sa

(Needs of Goods Health)

1-

'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq rFkk vk;q ,oa pkbZ ds vuq:i dks cuk,
j[kus ds fy, i;kZIr ek=k esa 'kjhj esa tkZ gksuk ftlds fy, olk rFkk
dkcksgZ kbMzsV vko';d gSA
2-

ekalisf'k;ksa ds rdksa ds fuekZ.k] tkZ iznku djus ,oa fu;af=r djus rFkk
fuf'pr ek=k esa 'kjhj ds egoiw.kZ fuekZ.k ds fy, ,ehuks&,flM iznku djus gsrq
leqfpr ek=k esa izksVhu vko;d gSA

3-

'kjhj ds <kaps dks lqanj ,oa g"V&iq"V cukus ds fy, jDr rFkk 'kjhj dh izeq[k
f;kvksa dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, i;kZIr ek=k esa [kfut inkFkZ] foVkfeu] ty
rFkk jQst dh vko;drk gksrh gSA

LoPNrk&ekuo thou esa O;fDrxr LoPNrk rFkk lQkbZ vR;ar vko;d ,oa egRoiw.kZ
gSA O;fDrxr LoPNrk ds vHkko esa Nk= dh dsoy ckgkz vkd`fr gh vukd"kZ.k ugha gks
tkrh vfirq og mldh dk;Z {kerk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrh gSA Nk= us Luku ugha fd;k
rks mlds kjhj ls ilhus dh cncw vk ldrh gSA dqN fnuksa esa ;g laed dk :i
/kkj.k dj ldrh gSA
vr% blls Nk= ds g~n; esa LQwfrZ dk vHkko gksxkA blh izdkj ;fn Nk= ds oL= LoPN
ugha gSa] nkar xans gSa] uk[kqu c<+s gq, gSa rks og vU; Nk=ksa dh rqyuk esa Lo;a dks ghu
vuqHko djsxkA Nk= dh ;g ghurk dh Hkkouk mldh dk;Z {kerk dks Hkh nq"izHkkfor
djsxhA lkFk gh ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd og d{kk ls iyk;u djus yxsA
vr% fk{kd dk ;g dkZO; gks tkrk gS tSls gh og d{kk esa izosk djsa oSls gh mls
loZizFke ml Nk= dh O;fDrxr LoPNrk dh vksj /;ku nsuk pkfg,A bl dk;Z esa
ifjpkfjdk dj Hkh lg;ksx ysuk ykHkizn gksxkA

O;fDrxr LoPNrk
Ropk dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of Skin) &Ropk dk dk;Z cM+s egRo dk gSA Ropk
ds Hkhrj tks Losn xzafFk;ka gSa] os jDr ds fo"kSys inkFkksaZ rFkk dqN ty dks ysdj Losn ds
:i esa ckgj fudyrh gSaA Losn ds vfrfjDr rsy dh xzfUFk;ka (Sebacious Glands) ,d
izdkj dk rSyh; inkFkZ rFkk vU; dqN inkFkZ cudj ufydk }kjk ckgj fudyrh gSaA
Ropk dks LoPN ,oa LoLFk j[kk tk,A ,slk u djus ij Ropk ij xanxh dh ,d rg te
tkrh gS] ftlesa rsy] mipeZ dh lrg ds dks"k] ilhus] Ropk ds rsy tSls fpifpis inkFkZ
}kjk /kwy] thok.kq vkfn ,df=r gksdj lM+us yxrs gSa vkSj Ropk esa ls cM+h nqxaZ/k vkus
yxrh gSA

Losn xzfUFk;ksa ds eqag can gks tkrs gSa] ftlls peZ viuk dk;Z Bhd ls ugha dj
ikrkA vr% 'kjhj ds fu"dklu ;a=] o`Dd ij vf/kd dk;Z Hkkj iM+ tkrk gS] vkSj mUgsa
og fujFkZd inkFkZ Hkh fu"dkflr djus iM+rs gSa ftls fu"dkflr djuk Losn xzfUFk;ksa dk
dk;Z gSA vf/kd dk;Z ls o`Dd fucZy gks tkrs gSaA fo|ky;h thou esa ckydksa dks Ropk
LoPNrk ds egRo vkSj fof/k ds laca/k esa fk{kk nsuk furkar vko;d gSA
Luku ls ykHk vkSj Luku djus ds fu;e (Advantages and Lasw of Baths)- ckydksa esa
fuR; Luku djus dh vknr Mkyuh pkfg,A Ropk esa NksV&
s NksVs fNnz gksrs gSa ftuds }kjk
ilhuk fudyk djrk gSA Luku ls ;g fNnz [kqy tkrs gSa vkSj Ropk Hkh ns[kus esa LoPN
ekywe gksrh gSA
Ckkyd xeZ vkSj BaMs nksuksa izdkj ds ty ls _rq ds vuqlkj Luku dj ldrs gSaA
xfeZ;ksa ds fnuksa esa BaMs ty ls Luku vf/kd ykHkizn gksrk gSA tkM+s esa xeZ ikuh ls Luku
djuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk BaM yx tkus dh vkkadk jgrh gSA
Luku ds le; Ropk dks gkFkksa esa jxM+us dk vknsk nsuk pkfg,A blls peZ dh
ekfyk gksrh gS vkSj 'kjhj esa rki mRiUu gksrk gSA O;k;ke ds ckn BaMs ty ls Luku
djuk vko;d gSA 'kjhj ij rsy dh ekfyk djds ugkuk LokLF; ds fy, mke gSA
ckydksa dks izfrfnu ekfyk djds ugykuk pkfg,A
Ropk ds eSy dks nwj djus ds fy, lkcqu dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A lkcqu esa rsy
dks ?kksyus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA 'kjhj ij tks eSy xzfUFk;ksa ls fudydj tek gks tkrk gS]
og lkcqu eyus ls mlesa ?kqy tkrk gS vkSj Luku djrs le; ty ds izokg ls /kqy
tkrk gSA
Luku ds fy, lcls mke le; gekjs nsk esa izkr% dky gSA Luku lqfo/kk ds
vuqlkj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ds'kksa dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of hair)&dskksa dh lQkbZ Hkh vR;ar vko;d gSA
flj ds dskksa dks lIrkg esa de ls de nks ckj /kksuk pkfg,A ckyksa esa izfrfnu da?kh
djuh pkfg,] mlls Hkh eSy fudy tkrk gSA da/ks dk iz;ksx djus ds ckn mls xeZ ikuh
ls /kks ysuk pkfg,A
Ropk vkSj dskksa dks xans j[kus ls twa iM+ tkrh gSaA ;s euq"; dks dkVdj mlds
flj esa ?kko djrh gSa] mlesa ls jDr ihrh gSa vkSj lkFk&lkFk ,d fo"k mlds 'kjhj esa
izfo"V djkrh jgrh gSa] ftlls cM+h [kqYykV vkrh gSA twa ds dkj.k gh dbZ laked jksx
QSyrs gSaA
tq,a iM+uk&tq,a flj ds ,d piVs vkSj NksVs&dhV ds leku gksrh gSA mudh
[kky eksVh vkSj mlds N% iSj vkSj etcwr iats gksrs gSaA ;s ckyksa dh tM+ksa esa jgrh gSa
vkSj jDr ihrh gSaA ;gh budk ,dek= Hkkstu gSA bl izdkj buls cM+h mkstuk gksrh

gSA cM+h eknk tq,a izfrfnu 8 ls 12 vaMs nsrh gSaA ;g vaMs yh[k (Nits) dgykrs gSaA
yh[k ,d fiu dh Vksih ds cjkcj gksrh gSa vkSj ihr&osr jax dh gksrh gSaA ;g ,d
fpifpis inkFkZ ls] ftls tq,a mRiUu djrh gS] ckyksa ls fpidh jgrh gSaA
'kjhj dh tq,a Hkh ns[kus esa flj ds tqvkaas tSlh gksrh gaAS bldh yh[ksa Hkh uhps
iguus ds diM+ksa ds lhokuksa esa jgrh gSaA ;s tq,a Hkh 'kjhj ds [kwu ls viuh [kqjkd ysrh
gSaA
tq,a fudV lEidZ ls QSyrh gSaA ;s vizR;{k :i ls Hkh QSy ldrh gSaA tSls ml
O;fDr dh Vksih iguus ls ftlds flj esa tq,a iM+h gks vkSj blh izdkj 'kjhj dh tq,a Hkh
diM+ksa esa QSy ldrh gSaA
y{k.k (Effect)&[kqtykus ds dkj.k peZ ij iM+h [kjkspksa ls vU; jksxksa ds
thok.kqvksa dk lae.k yx tkus dk Hk; jgrk gS vkSj vU; jksx gks ldrs gSaA ,uhfe;k
vkSj lkekU; 'kkjhfjd vLoLFkrk Hkh gks ldrh gSA
izHkkfor diM+ksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, fuEu dk;Z djus pkfg,
diM+ksa dks xeZ ikuh esa mckydj lkQ dj ysuk pkfg,A os diM+s tks mckys ugha
tk ldrs] mu ij xeZ bL=h djuh pkfg,A 'kjhj ds lfU/k LFkyksa ij foks"k /;ku nsuk
pkfg, tgka ij yh[ksa vf/kdkakr% ikbZ tkrh gSaA tc rd tqvksa dk iwjh rjg ls ukk
ugha gks tkrk rc rd ckyd dks fu;fer :i ls fuR;&izfr lU/;k ds le; ugykdj
vkSj lkQ diM+s igukdj lksus Hkstuk pkfg,A
uk[kwuksa dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of Nails)- fk{kd dks ckydksa ds uk[kwuksa dh vksj
Hkh fo'ksk :I ls /;ku nsuk pkfg,] D;ksfa d uk[kwuksa dk O;fDrxr LoPNrk esa egRoiw.kZ
LFkku gSA ;fn ckydksa ds uk[kwu c<+s gSa rks ;g LokHkkfod gS fd muesa xanxh Hkj
tk,xhA ;g xanxh dbZ izdkj ds fo"kSys dhVk.kqvksa dks tUe ns ldrh gS rFkk dhVk.kq
Hkkstu djrs le; ckyd ds 'kjhj esa izosk djds mls :X.k cuk ldrs gSaA vr% ckyd
dks jksx ds lae.k ls cpkus ds fy, fk{kd ns[ks fd ckyd ds uk[kwu c<+s gksa vkSj
lko/kkuh iwoZd LoPN ugha fd, x, gksa rks muls gkfu vf/kd gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
vr% fk{kdksa dks pkfg, fd os ckfydkvksa dks lgh fLFkfr ls voxr djokdj
mUgsa uk[kwu dkVus ,oa mudks LoPN j[kus ds fy, izfs jr djsAa
nkarksa dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of Teeth)&nwf"kr nkarksa esa ihM+k gksrh gSA ;fn
ckyd ds dbZ nkar nwf"kr gksrs gSa vkSj muesa ihM+k gksrh gS] rks og muls Hkkstu pckuk
NksM+ nsrk gSA blls Hkkstu dk i;kZIr vkSj mi;qDr poZ.k ugha gksrkA vLrq] vek; dks
bl vpfoZr Hkkstu dks ipkus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj mls ipkus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSA
ifj.kker% Hkkstu isV esa i;kZIr nsj rd jgrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i lM+us yxrk gS vkSj xSl

mRiUu gksus yxrh gS ftlls vU; izdkj dh ikpu laca/kh my>usa rFkk ihM+k vkfn
mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA ;g laHko gS fd vuqi;qDr poZ.k vkSj Hkkstu ds vuqi;qDr 'kks"k.k ls
vikSf"Vdrk mRiUu gks tk, vkSj ifj.kker% efLr"d rFkk 'kjhj dk fodkl vo:) gks
tk,A ;fn nkarksa esa eokn iM+ tkrk gS rks og Hkkstu ds lkFk isV esa fey tk,xkA bl
izdkj ihM+k vkSj elwM+ksa dh vLoLFkrk ikpu&ra= ds fodkj] vkekkf;d o.kZ]
xSfLV;kbV~l] vYlj] fikkk;] iznkg] dksfyflLVkbflV] ,iSafMlkbfVl vkSj jDr{kh.krk
rFkk 'olu ra= ds xaHkhj jksxksa rd dh mRifk djrs gSaA nwf"kr nkarksa esa yxkrkj
mkstuk ds dkj.k eagq ds uhps yfldk xzfUFk;ka lwt ldrh gSaA blls eqag ij Hkh izHkko
gks ldrk gS vkSj d.B fujarj nwf"kr cuk jgrk gSA nwf"kr nkarksa ls ,d izdkj dh nqxaZ/k
fudyrh gS tks lkekftd vlqfo/kk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA
fujkdj.k vkSj mipkj&nkarksa dks LoLFk voLFkk esa j[kus ds fy, fuEu ckrksa ij
/;ku nsuk pkfg,&
12345-

Hkkstu ds izdkj
Hkkstu dk mi;qDr poZ.k
eq[k dh LoPNrk
nkarksa dh fu;fer lQkbZ dk fujh{k.k vkSj
ckydksa dks vU; O;kogkfjd vknskA

ftl Hkkstu esa fpifpis vkSj dksey :i esa dkcksgZ kbMsV gksrk gS ;fn ;g nkarksa esa
nsj rd jgrk gS rks mlesa vEy mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA jksVh ds d.k] isLVh] dksey
fcLdqV vkSj vkyw vkfn inkFkZ ySfDVd vEy (Lactic Acid) mRiUu djus okys gSaA
buds d.k nkarksa esa ?kqls inkFkksZa dks Hkh lkQ dj nsrs gSaA gjh lCth vkSj Qyksa esa rarq
gksrs gSaA os mudh vEy mi;ksfxrkvksa ds lkFk gh nkarksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, Hkh
mi;ksxh gSaA
vLrq ckydksa dks dqjdqjh jksVh] VksLV vkSj rkts Qy rFkk rjdkfj;ka [kkus ds
fy, mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A Hkkstu ds Ikpkr~ FkksM+k lsc ;k vU; Qy [kk;k tkuk
mi;ksxh gksrk gSA
;fn nkarksa dh Bhd ls ns[kHkky dh tk, rks os cgqr fnuksa rd LoLFk jg ldrs
gSaA ;fn eq[k ls Hkkstu ds lkjs d.k lkQ dj fn, tk,a rks eq[k esa fdlh izdkj dk
vEy ugha cusxk vkSj fQj nkarksa dk dksbZ jksx Hkh u gksxkA ;g nkarksa vkSj eq[k dh
fu;fer vkSj ;Fks"V lQkbZ djus ls gks ldrk gSA lksus rFkk tkxus ls igys nkarksa
dh lQkbZ djuk vfr mke gS D;ksfa d ;fn jkr ds le; nkarksa esa Hkkstu ds d.k
:ds jg tk,a rks thok.kqvksa dks fcuk fdlh ck/kk ds viuk dk;Z djus dk le; fey
tk,xkA os nkarksa esa lM+u iSnk dj nsx
a As nkarksa dk cqzk nkarksa dh lQkbZ dk lcls
vPNk lk/ku gSA blls u flQZ nkar lkQ gksrs gSa oju~ elwM+ksa dh ekfyk Hkh gks
tkrh gSA cqzk bruk dM+k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd nkar o elwM+ksa dks Nhy ns vkSj u

bruk dksey gksuk pkfg, fd nkar dh Bhd ls lQkbZ u gks ldsA cqzk ,slk gksuk
pkfg, fd og nkarksa ds lc Hkkxksa rd lqxerk ls igqap ldsA
nksuksa esa cqzk ij ls uhps djuk pkfg, rkfd nkarksa esa Qals Hkkstu ds lc d.k
fudy tk,aA vyx&vyx cqzk ugha djuk pkfg, D;ksfa d mlls elwM+s fNy tkrs gSaA
cqz k dks le;&le; ij xeZ ty ls /kksdj LoPN j[kuk pkfg,A Hkkstu ds d.k tks
nkarksa ds cqzk ls u fudysa os nkarksa ds chp ls jskeh /kkxs ;k lwr Mkydj ckgj
fudkys tk ldrs gSaA
nkrksa dk ikmMj ;k isLV nkrksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk
gSA ikmMj nkarksa dh la/kksa esa fca/kdj mldh LoPNrk Hkhrj ls dj nsrk gS vkSj isLV
dk >kx lqxerk ls eagq vkSj elwM+ksa dh dksfkdkvksa esa izosk dj tkrk gS] fdarq bu
isLVksa dk izHkko vYidkyhu gksrk gSA vr% ;g dksbZ vf/kd egRoiw.kZ lk/ku ugha gSA
buls dsoy LoPNrk dk vuqHko gksus yxrk gS vkSj nkar rFkk eq[k ckg~; :i ls
LoPN gks tkrs gSaA uhe dh nkrkSu viuh nskh jhfr gSA buds rhu ykHk gSa&nkrkSu
dks pckdj dwp
a h cukus ls nkarksa vkSj eqag dk O;k;ke gks tkrk gS] muds rarq nkarksa
dh la/kksa dks LoPN dj nsrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh mlesa thok.kqvksa dks ekjus dk xq.k gksrk
gSA blfy, mlds iz;ksx ds fy, ckydksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A lk/kkj.k ued
nkarksa dks LoPN djus ds fy, cgqr vPNk gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx eatu dh rjg
fd;k tkrk gSA gj N% eghus ckn ckydksa ds nkarksa dh fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh }kjk
ijh{kk dh tkuh pkfg, rkfd nkarksa ds nks"kksa dks blls izFke fd os viuk vf/kd
Hk;kud :i /kkj.k djs]a idM+k tk lds vkSj mudk leqfpr mipkj fd;k tk ldsA
tc dksbZ nkar [kks[kyk gksus yxs rks 'kh?kz gh fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ls mls Hkjok ysuk
pkfg,A
tks nkar Vs<s+&es<s+ fudyrs gSa mudk mipkj 'kh?kz gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn ,d nkar
ds ij ls nwljk nkar fudy vkrk gS rks mls rqjar m[kM+ok nsuk pkfg, rkfd nkar
lqMkSy :i ls fodflr gks ldsAa nw/k ds nkar fudyus ds le; ls gh nkarksa dh
ns[kHkky ds izfr lko/kku jguk pkfg,] D;ksfd nkarksa ds laca/k esa 10&12 o"kZ dh vk;q
ds ckn lq/kkj dfBu gks tkrk gSA
ckydksa esa eagq ls 'okl ysus dh vknr dks grksRlkfgr djuk pkfg, D;ksfa d blls
nkarksa dks BaMh ok;q yxrh jgrh gS vkSj naros"B u"V gksus yxrk gSA xje [kkuk [kkus
ds ckn BaMk ikuh ihus ls naros"B u"V gks ldrk gS ;k naros"B dks gkfu gksrh gSA
rkieku esa ,dk,d ifjorZu ls naros"B pV[k tkrk gSA blfy,] eqag ls 'okl ugha
ysuk pkfg, vkSj xje Hkkstu ds lkFk&lkFk o rqjar BaMk ikuh ugha ihuk pkfg,A
fup; gh ckydksa dks bl fo"k; esa O;kogkfjd vkns'kksa vkSj fk{kk nsus ls
ifjfLFkfr esa i;kZIr lq/kkj gks ldrk gSA ckydksa dks vius nkarksa dh j{kk djus vkSj
muds egRo dh fk{kk nsuh pkfg,A mUgsa ljy mik; crkus pkfg,a tks muds nkarksa
dks lqanj ,oa LoPN cuk ldsAa

xys dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of the throat)&xys dh LoPNrk furkar vko;d

gSA xys dh vLoPNrk ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik xyk o.kZ (sore throat)] xyk rqf.Mdk
(Tounalitis) vkfn jksx gks tkrs gSaA vf/kdkakr% tqdke dh fLFkfr esa xyk nq[kus
yxrk gS] xnZu dh xzfUFk;ka lwt tkrh gSa] xyk yky jax dk gks tkrk gS rFkk ml
ij lwtu vk tkrh gSA xquxqus ikuh esa ued Mkydj dqYys (Gargle) djus pkfg,
rFkk FkzksV is.V dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
lk/kkj.kr% tc ckyd ds VkSafly fodkj ;qDr gks tkrs gSa rks os lwt tkrs gSa o
xys esa ihM+k gksrh gSA Hkkstu fuxyus esa d"V gksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh Toj Hkh jgrk gS
rFkk oeu dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA ,slh nkk esa ckyd dks fcLrj esa j[kk tk,A
fpfdRld ds ijkekZ ls VkSafly ij vkS"kf/k yxkbZ tk,A ;fn ckyd xeZ ikuh esa
FkksM+k&lk ued Mky dj dqYys dj lds rks cgqr ykHk gksxkA [kkus ds fy, iryk
lwi] nfy;k] lwth dh [khj o lfCt;ksa dk lwi fn;k tk,aA
us=ksa dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of Eyes)&us= 'kjhj ds vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vax gSaA
v/;kid dk dkZO; gS fd ckydksa dks us=&j{kk dh fk{kk ns vkSj us=ksa dks LoPN
j[kus ds vknsk nsA us=&j{kk ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,&
1- us=ksa dks /kwy vkSj eSy ls vf/kd gkfu gksrh gSA us=ksa ds yky gksus rFkk xqgsjh
fudyus dk eq[; dkj.k us=ksa dh vLoPNrk gh gSA /kwy ds d.kksa ds jxM+us ls
us=&dyk ij o.kZ cu tkrs gSa vkSj muesa thok.kqvksa dk lae.k gks tkrk gS]
ftl dkj.k us=ksa esa lwtu vk tkrh gS vkSj muesa iryk L=ko gksus yxrk gS
vkSj us= fpifpikus yxrs gSaA ;g lc us=ksa dh vLoPNrk ds dkj.k gh gksrk
gSA us=ksa dh LoPNrk ds fy, vko;d gS fd fuR; izfr izkr%dky B.Ms ikuh
ls us=ksa dks /kks fn;k tk,A
2- ckydksa ds i<+us ds LFkku ij izdkk dk mfpr izca/k gksuk pkfg,A
d.kZ dh LoPNrk (Cleanliness of Ear)&d.kZ dh Jo.k&kfDr {kh.k u gksus ik,]
blds fy, dkuksa dh lQkbZ dh vko;drk gSA Jo.k ufydk dh /kwy vkfn ls
j{kk djuh pkfg,A d.kZ dh uyh dh nhokjksa esa ,d izdkj dk ekse fudyrk gS
tksfd d.kZ ds vanj /kwy bR;kfn dks tkus ls jksdrk gSA blfy, d.kZ esa eSy
terk jgrk gSA ;fn dku dk eSy dks ugha fudkyk tk, rks lqukbZ nsus esa ck/kk
gksxh vkSj d.kZ ihM+k Hkh gks ldrh gSA ckydksa dks d.kZ esa ydM+h] rhyh vkfn
ugha Mkyuh pkfg,A bl rjg ls d.kZ iVy esa pksV igqapus dk Hk; gSA dM+h
phtksa tSls ckyksa dh fiu dku esa Mkyuk gkfudkjd gSA
LokLF; laca/kh vPNh vknrsa
(Good Habits related to health)

cqjh vknrsa O;fDr rFkk lekt nksuksa ds fy, gkfudkjd gksrh gSaA LokLF; dh
n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks cqjh vknrsa jksxk.kqvksa dks tUe nsrh gSa] tks LokLF; ds fy,
gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA blls 'kjhj dh 'kfDr dk g~kl gksrk gSA vr% gesa cqjh vknrksa dk
R;kx djds LokLF; ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vPNh vknrksa dks viukuk pkfg,&
1- 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dks LoPN j[kuk pkfg,& ftl ckyd esa vius 'kjhj
dks LoPN j[kus dh vknr ugha gksx
s h rks og geskk jksxh cuk jgsxkA vr%
ckyd dks izkr% mBus ls jkr dks lksus rd vius dks LoPN j[kus dk iz;Ru
djuk pkfg,A mls vius vaxks]a nkarksa] ukd] dku] eqag] Ropk] cky] oL= dks
LoPN j[kus dh vPNh vknr dks viukuk pkfg,A
2- /kweziku dh cqjh vknr&/kweziku O;fDr ds LokLF; ds fy, cgqr gkfudkjd gSA
blls ikpu f;k ean gks tkrh gS rFkk Lej.k 'kfDr {kh.k gks tkrh gSA
vR;f/kd /kweziku ls fljnnZ gksuk rFkk pDdj vkSj mYVh rFkk isV nnZ jgus
yxrk gS vkSj O;fDr Hka;dj chekjh dk fkdkj gks tkrk gSA vr% vius
LokLF; dks /;ku esa j[kdj ;fn O;fDr bl cqjh vknr dks R;kx nsxk rks og
LoLFk jgsxkA
3- Larqfyr Hkkstu&dqN O;fDr le;&vle; pkV elkys]a rst fepZ&elkyksa dk
rh[kk Hkkstu ilan djrs gSa ftuls mudk LokLF; [kjkc gksus dk Hk; jgrk
gSA vr% O;fDr dks geskk larfq yr Hkkstu (Balanced Diet) gh xzg.k djuh
pkfg,A rst elkys Hkkstu dks Lokfn"V vkSj pViVk rks cukrs gSa ij okLro esa
os LokLF; dh n`f"V ls gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA vr% gYdk&QqYdk] de
fepZ&elkyksa dk vkSj de rh[kk Hkkstu LokLF; ds fy, ykHkdkjh gksrk gSA
4- [kkus&ihus dh LoPN oLrq,a&[kkus&ihus dh oLrq,a LoPN] lkQ&lqFkjh] vPNh
rjg /kqyh ,oa idh gqbZ gksuh pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr rktk [kkuk vkSj ikuh
Hkh <Ddj j[kuk pkfg,A
5- nSfud vkgkj dh vPNh vknrs&
a dqN O;fDr;ksa esa cqjh vknrsa iM+ tkrh gSa
ftlls muds LokLF; ij izfrdqy izHkko iM+rk gSA vr% O;fDr dks izkr%
tYnh mBuk o jkr dks tYnh lksuk pkfg,A mfpr ;ksx vkluksa dk gh iz;ksx
djuk pkfg,A
6- efnjk dk R;kx&ftu O;fDr;ksa dks efnjk ihus dh cqjh vknr iM+ tkrh gS
mldk NwVuk eqfdy gks tkrk gSA vr% O;fDr dh ikpu 'kfDr detksj gks
tkrh gSA 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr {kh.k gks tkrh gS] ;d`r detksj gks tkrk gSA blls
O;fDr dk 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld LokLF; [kjkc gks tkrk gSA
lkekU; nq?kZVuk,a ,oa lacaf/kr izkFkfed lgk;rk

1-

pDdj vkuk % Luk;q laLFkku ds lkekU; dk;Z eas fdlh izdkj dh ck/kk iM+us ij
O;fDr dh psruk FkksMs+ le; ds fy, lekIr gks tkrh gS pDdj dgykrk gSA

y{k.k %
&csgks'kh ds le; flj pdjkus yxrk gSA
& ekalisf'k;ka dk <hyk iM+ tkukA
& 'kjhj esa dqN le; ds fy, 'kfDr dh dehA
& ekFks ij ilhuk vk tkukA
& ukM+h dh xfr /kheh iM+ tkukA
& psgjk ihyk iM+ tkukA
& ?kcjkgV o cspSuh gksus yxukA
mipkj %
&
&
&
&
&

xnZu] Nkrh vkSj ckagks ds diMs+ <hys dj nsus pkfg,A

jksxh ds ikl LoPN ,oa rkth gok dks vkus nsuk pkfg,A
HkhM+ bdV~Bh ugha gksus nsuh pkfg,A
gFksyh rFkk ryos dh ekfy'k djuh pkfg,A
MkWDVj dks rqjar cqyokuk pkfg,A

2- tyuk % fdlh Hkh xeZ inkFkZ ls ijh Ropk dk Hkkx ty tkrk gSA
y{k.k %
&
&
&
&

tys gq, LFkku ij cgqr nnZ gksrk gSA

Ropk dk jax yky gks tkrk gSA
Ropk ij QQksys iM+ tkrs gSaA
Ropk dh ijh ijr u"V gks tkrh gSA

mipkj %
& vxj 'kjhj dk dksbZ Hkkx xeZ ikuh] pk; ;k rsy ls ty tkrk gS rks
ml vax ij BaMk ikuh Mkyuk pkfg,A
& vkyw dks ckjhd dkV dj ml LFkku ij yxkuk pkfg,A
& tys LFkku ij esganh rsy ds lkFk feykdj yxkus ls ykHk gksrk gSA
& nkar lkQ djus okyh isLV ;k vk;ksMSDl yxkus ls ykHk gksrk gSA
3- lkai dk dkVuk %
y{k.k %
&
&
&
&

dkVs gq, vax dk fujh{k.k djuk pkfg,A

ml LFkku ij nkar ds fpg~u gksrs gSaA
dVs gq, LFkku ls yky rjy inkFkZ fjlrk jgrk gSA
?kko ds LFkku ij nnZ vkSj lwtu vk tkrh gSA

&
&
&
&
&

lkai dVs O;fDr ds gkFk&iSjksa esa daiu gksrh gSA

eagq ls >kx fudyrh gSA
lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
'kjhj esa ilhuk vkrk gSA
dHkh&dHkh mfYV;ka vkrh gSaA

&
&
&
&
&
&

jksxh dh ?kcjkgV nwj dhft,A

rax diM+ksa dks <hyk dhft,A
jksxh dks lqjf{kr LFkku ij ys tkuk pkfg,A
xhyk rkSfy;k flj ij j[kuk pkfg,A
jksxh dks lkQ ok;q esa ihB ds cy fyVkdj flj uhps >qdk nsaA
'kjhj dks dacy ls <d nsAa

mipkj %

t[e % rst gfFk;kj] tyus] lkbfdy ;k LdwVj ij fdlh vU; nq?kZVuk dh otg ls
t[e gks tkrs gSaA
y{k.k %
&
&
&
&

dVs ?kko ls [kwu cgrk gSA

buesa vR;ar ihM+k gksrh gSA
?kko ds vklikl dh txg lwtu gks tkrh gSA
blesa il iM+ tkrh gSA

mipkj %
& ?kko dks Nwr ls cpkuk pkfg,A
& fdlh ?kko Hkjus okyh nokbZ ;k Nwr fojks/kh yks'ku dk iz;ksx dj iV~Vh
dj nsuh pkfg,A
& 'kh'ks vkfn ;fn yxs gksa rks dkap ckgj fudkyuk pkfg,A
& jksxh dks xeZ nw/k fiykuk pkfg,A
& ?kko dk ;fn FkDdk cu pqdk gks rks gVkuk ugha pkfg,A
& ?kko dks [kqyk er NksMa+As
4- dqks }kjk dkVs tkuk %
mipkj %
&
&
&
&
&
&

dqks ds dkVus ij vkus okys [kwu dks cgus nsaA

?kko dks lkcqu vkSj cgrs ikuh ls /kksdj lq[kk,aA
?kko dks 'kq) dkcksl
Z fyd ,flM ls tyk,aA
MkWDVj dh lykg ls batSD'ku yxkok,aA
dqks dks cka/k dj j[ksAa
vxj ikxy ugha gS rks mls tku ls u ekjsAa

5- Mwcuk %

ugkrs le; ;k ikao fQly tkus ls xgjs ikuh esa fxj tkukA

y{k.k %
& O;fDr ds QsQM+ksa esa ikuh Hkj tkrk gSA
& ukd] dku vkSj eagq esa ikuh Hkjus ds dkj.k lkal ysus esa rdyhQ gksrh gSA
& jksxh] cspSuh rFkk thou ds fy, la?k"kZ djrk gSA
mipkj %
& jksxh dks loZizFke ikuh ls ckgj fudkyuk pkfg,A
& diMs+ rax gksa rks <hys dj nsuk pkfg,A
& jksxh dks isV ds cy mYVk fyVkdj QsQM+ksa rFkk isV esa Hkjk ikuh eaqga
vkSj ukd ds jkLrs fudkyus ds fy, ihB ij ncko Mkyuk pkfg,A
& ;fn lkal u vk jgk gks rks d`f=e lkal dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A
& tc og ihus ds dkfcy gks rks rqjar pk;] dkQh] xeZ nw/k vkfn ns nsuk
pkfg,A
6- fo"kiku % fdlh tgjhys inkFkZ dk 'kjhj esa xyrh ls ;k tkucw> dj izos'k dj
tkus dks fo"kiku dgrs gSaA
y{k.k %
& jksxh dks lkal ysus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA
& fo"kiku fd;k gqvk O;fDr dbZ ckj ewfNZr ;k csgks'k gks tkrk gSA
& mfYV;ka rFkk nLr yx tkrs gSaA
& 'kjhj esa Nkys iM+ tkrs gSaA
mipkj %
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&

?kko ls jDr cgusa nsAa

CysM ;k pkdw ls phjk yxk nsAa
?kko o g~n; ds chp :eky ;k jLlh ls dl dj cka/k nsAa
dVs Hkkx dks cQhZys ikuh esa j[kuk pkfg,A
?kko dks lkQ diMs+ ls <d nsAa
O;fDr dks lksus u nsAa
jksxh ls ckrphr djrs jgsAa
jksxh dks lkaRouk nsuh pkfg,A

lkekU; nq?kZVukvksa ls cpko ds rjhds

?kj rFkk fo|ky; esa gksus okyh nq?kZVukvksa esa eq[;r% vkxtuh] fctyh] ;krk;kr]
lhf<+;ka p<+u&
s mrjus o [ksyus vkfn ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSaA ,slh nq?kZVukvksa ls cpko ds
mik;ksa dk o.kZu bl izdkj gS %&
vkxtuh ls lacaf/kr lqj{kk ds mik;A

& jlksbZ esa dk;Z djrs le; ges'kk lwrh diMs+ iguus pkfg,A
& pwYgs ij dke lekIr gksus ij flySaMj dh vkap can dj nsuh pkfg,A
& ekfpl o ykbVj cPpksa dh igqap ls nwj gksus pkfg,A
& iz;ksx'kkyk esa tc cPps] fofHkUu jlk;uksa dk iz;ksx dj jgsa gksa rks v/;kid
dks ogka mifLFkr jguk pkfg,A
& R;kSgkjksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls nhokyh esa vkfr'kckth [kqys LFkku ij gh pykuk
pkfg,A
& vkx ds ikl dksbZ Hkh vfr Toyu'khy inkFkZ u j[ksAa
fctyh ls lacaf/kr lqj{kk ds mik;
& xhys gkFkksa ls fdlh fLop] Iyx o midj.k dks u Nq,A
& fctyh ds fLop [kksyus ;k dksbZ dk;Z djus ls igys lw[kh ydM+h ds QV~Vs
ij [kM+k gks tkuk pkfg, ;k jcM+ ds twrs iguus pkfg,A
& fctyh dh rkjksa dks Bhd djus ls igys esu fLop vkWQ dj nsuk pkfg,A
& ?kj esa fctyh dh vPNh rkjksa o midj.kksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
Q'kZ ij lhf<+;ksa ls lacaf/kr lqj{kk ds mik;
&
&
&
&
&

ckFk:e dh Vkbyt dks ges'kk lkQ j[kuk pkfg,A

lhf<+;ksa ds LVSi vf/kd aps ugha gksus pkfg,A
lhf<+;ksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky; esa HkhM+ ugha gksuh pkfg,A
lhf<+;ksa esa ikuh ugha gksuk pkfg,A
twrs o pIiyksa ds ryos f?kl tkus ij mudk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A

[ksy fdz;kvksa ls lacaf/kr lqj{kk ds mik;

&
&
&
&
&

[ksyrs le; vkil esa yM+kbZ ugha djuh pkfg,A

[ksy fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gh [ksyus pkfg,A
Nr ij irax ugha mM+kuh pkfg,A
iFkjhys eSnku esa ugha [ksyuk pkfg,A
[ksyrs le; vaxBw h ;k dM+s dk bLrseky ugha djuk pkfg,A

vU; nq?kZVukvksa ls lacaf/kr cpko ds mik;

& Ldwy cl ds :dus ij gh p<+uk o mrjuk pkfg,A
& ?kj esa cPpksa ds f[kykSus Q'kZ ij b/kj&m/kj ugha iMs+ gksus pkfg,A
& cl ds ihNs dHkh Hkh [kM+s ugha gksuk pkfg,A
& ?kj esa lhf<+;ksa eas dHkh Hkh dksbZ oLrq ugha j[kuh pkfg,A
& ?kj esa pkdw] Nqjh o rh[kh uksd okyh oLrq,a cPpksa dh igqap ls nwj j[kuh
pkfg,A

Ikz;ksx u0 &2
1- mn~ns'; (Object) % fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa d{kk d{kks] f[kM+fd;ks]a njoktksa rFkk Ldwy izkax.k
dh lQkbZ ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsukA
2- vko';d lkexzh % >kMw o cqz'k] >kM+u o ikSNk] /kqykbZ dh lkexzh] lkcqu] ckYVh]
iqjkus v[kckj vkfnA
3- lacaf/kr tkudkjh % Ldwy dh lQkbZ Ldwy dh O;oLFkk ls Hkh vf/kd t:jh gSA
lQkbZ ds }kjk gh ge /kwy] feV~Vh vkSj xanxh dks ckgj fudkyrs gSaA /kwy dks nwj j[kus
ls gekjk LokLF; Bhd jgrk gSA /kwy ds dkj.k gh cgqr ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks o cM+ksa dks
tqdke o [kkalh dh leL;k ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA Ldwy dks lkQ j[kus ds fy, ge
lQkbZ dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA
nSfud lQkbZ (Daily Cleaning)
lkIrkfgd lQkbZ (Weekly Cleaning)
okf"kZd lQkbZ (Yearly Cleaning)
(A) nSfud lQkbZ % nSfud lQkbZ dk fdlh Hkh laLFkk o Ldwy esa fo'ks"k egRo

gSA ;fn laLFkk esa fd, tkus okys lHkh dk;ksaZ dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh tk, rks blls dke
Hkh lqPkk: :i ls lEiUu gks tkrk gS vkSj le; dh Hkh cpr gksrh gSA fdlh Hkh lkQ
oLrq dks lkQ j[kuk] xanh oLrq dks lkQ j[kus dh vis{kk vf/kd ljy gksrk gS D;ksafd
vf/kd xanh oLrq dks lkQ j[kus esa vf/kd 'kfDr dk O;; gksrk gSA Ldwy esa fo|kFkhZ]
v/;kid vkSj vU; deZpkjhx.k gksrs gSa ftudh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA ;fn nSfud
lQkbZ u dh tk, rks Ldwy esa xanxh dk okrkoj.k jgsxk] ftlls Ldwy esa le; fcrkuk
dfBu gks tk,xkA
nSfud lQkbZ esa d{kk ds dejksa dh lQkbZ] 'kkSpky; dh lQkbZ] [ksy ds
eSnku dh lQkbZ] iqLdky;] izkpk;Z o iz/kkukpk;Z ds nQrjksa dh lQkbZ] fyfid d{k ;k
nQrj dh lQkbZA ;fn Ldwy esa iz;ksx'kkyk gS] rks mldh lQkbZ rFkk ykWu ;k eSnku
dks izfrfnu lkQ djuk vko';d gSA nSfud lQkbZ ds fy, izkr%dky dk le; mi;qDr
jgrk gSA
(B) lkIrkfgd lQkbZ % dbZ ckj O;fDr;ksa dh deh ds dkj.k izfrfnu lQkbZ

djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA blfy, lkIrkfgd lQkbZ t:jh gSA lkIrkfgd lQkbZ
vf/kdrj nQrj rFkk iz/kkukpk;Z ds nQrj esa vko';d gS D;ksfa d dkxt] uksfVl rFkk
vU; lkexzh ogka bdV~Bh gks tkrh gSA Qkyrw dkxt lkQ djuk vko';d gSaA mUgsa
lIrkg ds var esa lkQ dj nsuk pkfg,A jks'kunku] vyekfj;ks]a ltkoV dk lkeku] insZ
vo'; lkQ djus pkfg,A iqLrdky; esa j[kh iqLrdksa dks Hkh lIrkg esa ,d ckj >kM+dj
iqLrdky; esa j[kuk pkfg,A iq"iksa dk foU;kl cnyuk pkfg,A

(C) okf"kZd lQkbZ % izR;sd fo|ky; esa okf"kZd ifj{kk,a gks tkus ds i'pkr

NqfV~V;ka gks tkrh gSaA fo|kFkhZ ,d d{kk ls nwljh d{kk eas pys tkrs gSa rFkk u, fo|kFkhZ
ml d{kk esa vkrs gSaA o"kZ Hkj d{kk ds dejksa esa tks pkVZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk cuk dj yxk,
tkrs gSa] mUgsa mrkj dj u, pkVZ yxkus pkfg,A lQkbZ dh n`f"V ls Ldwy esa izfro"kZ bu
fnuksa lQsnh vo'; djokuh pkfg,A o"kZ Hkj esa cPps fnokjksa dks xank dj nsrs gSa blfy,
ogka ij lQsnh gksus ls og lkQ vkSj pednkj cusx
a h] ogha u, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ml d{kk
esa vkuk vPNk yxsxk rFkk LokLF; dh n`f"V ls Hkh og mi;qDr jgrk gSA izR;sd Ldwy
esa vkWfQl ds lkFk rFkk vyx ls LVksj Hkh cus gksrs gSa ftuesa fjdkMZ Qkbysa vkfn ds
vfrfjDr Qkyrw QuhZpj Hkh j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn bls gj o"kZ ckgj fudky dj >kM+
fn;k tk, rks u gh oLrq,a rFkk dkxt [kjkc gksx
a ]s u gh buesa QQwna h yxrh gS vkSj u
gh nhed dk [krjk jgrk gSA lQkbZ ls igys lkjs lkeku dks ckgj fudky nsuk
pkfg,A blds i'pkr muesa lQsnh djk dj o Q'kZ dks ikuh ls /kks dj lkQ djuk
pkfg,A
fctyh dk esu fLop can djds fctyh ds ia[ksa] V;wc ykbZVks]a cYcksa rFkk fctyh
ds vU; midj.kksa dks vPNh izdkj ls xhys diMs+ dh lgk;rk ls lkQ djuk pkfg,A
Q'kZ ij fcNs xyhps] dkjisV dks mYVk djds /kwi esa Mky dj ydM+h dh
lgk;rk ls >kM+uk pkfg,A njokts] f[kM+fd;ka vkSj QuhZpj ij jax&jksxu vkSj okfuZ'k
djokuh pkfg,A VwV&
s QwVs QuhZpj o vU; lkeku dh eqjEer djk ysuh pkfg,A
nSfud] lkIrkfgd] okf"kZd lQkbZ djokdj ge fdlh Hkh laLFkk dks lqUnj o
vkd"kZd cuk ldrs gSaA
fof/k (Procedure) % Ldwy ds izkax.k esa mifLFkr lHkh d{kk d{kksa] vkWfQl] [ksy ds eSnku
bR;kfn dks lkQ j[kus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk t:jh gSA
d{kk d{k dh lQkbZ % d{kk dk dejk fo|ky; esa ,d ,slk LFkku gS] tgka ij
fo|kFkhZ o v/;kid Ldwy dk vf/kdre le; fcrkrs gSaA d{kk ds dejsa xans gks rks ogka
cSBuk vlqjf{kr gh ugha cfYd LokLF; dh n`f"V ls Hkh gkfudkjd gSA blfy, d{kk ds
dejksa dks lkQ j[kuk t:jh gSA blfy, bldh fu;fer :i ls lQkbZ djkuh pkfg,A
izfrfnu Ldwy dh NqV~Vh gksus ds i'pkr lQkbZ deZpkjh ls budh lQkbZ djkuh
pkfg,A ;fn ,slk u fd;k tk, rks ogka iM+k dpjk NqV~Vh gksus ij vanj lM+ tk,xk
ftlls nwljs fnu mlesa ls cncw vk,xhA NksVh d{kk ds fo|kFkhZ d{kk dks vf/kd xank
djrs gSaA dejksa esa dkxt ds VqdM+]s iSafly rjk'kus ij mldh ydM+h ds VqdM+s o dbZ
ckj cPps [kkuk [kkrs le; [kkuk fxjk nsrs gSa ftlds dkj.k gj jkst dejsa esa >kM+w
yxkuk vfr vko';d gSA dejs esa ,d dwM+knku gksuk vfr vko';d gSA cPPkksa ds vanj
,sls xq.k iSnk fd, tk,a ftlls fd os gj izdkj dk dwM+k dwMn+s ku ds vanj gh MkysAa
dwM+ns ku esa <Ddu gksuk t:jh gSA <Ddu u gksus ls dwM+s dh cncw okrkoj.k esa QSy
tkrh gS rFkk dwM+s ij eD[kh vkfn dhVksa dks ml ij cSBdj chekjh ds fdVk.kq QSykus

dk volj Hkh fey tkrk gSA cPpksa dks dwM+k&djdV bdV~Bk djuk fl[kkuk pkfg,A
blds vfrfjDr ';keiV~V ij dk;Z djus ls pkd dh /kwy Hkh dejs esa fxjrh gS tks gok
esa mM+ dj chekjh dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA blfy, ';keiV~V ds pkjksa vkSj iV~Vh dk
gksuk vko';d gSA dejs esa yxk, gq, pkVZ ;k vU; lkexzh dks Hkh lIrkg esa ,d ckj
mrkj dj >kM+ nsuk pkfg,A cPps [kkyh le; esa ;fn v/;kid u gks rks dejs dh
nhokjksa ij fy[krs jgrs gSaA vPNk ;gh gS fd tgka rd cPpksa dk gkFk igap
q tk, ogka
rd isVa djk nsuk pkfg,A dejs dh f[kM+fd;ka] njoktksa o jks'kunku dks ges'kk lw[ks
diMs+ dh lgk;rk ls lkQ dj nsuk pkfg, rkfd mu ij iM+h /kwy] feV~Vh o jsr lkQ
gks ldsA
o"kZ esa ,d ckj d{kk d{k dh lQsnh rFkk jaxjksxu gksuk t:jh gSA blds
fy, d{kk ds QuhZpj dks ckgj fudkydj dejk vPNh rjg lkQ fd;k tkrk gSA Q'kZ
ls lQsnh ds nkx gVkuk vko';d gSA oSls rks izR;sd Ldwy esa lQkbZ deZpkjh rFkk
pijklh dejksa dks lkQ djrs gSa ijarq vko';drkuqlkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh bl lQkbZ
vfHk;ku esa Hkkx ysuk pkfg, ftlls og d{k dks de xank djsx
a s rFkk Lo;a Hkh
vius&vius cSBus ds LFkku dks lkQ j[ksaxAs
laLFkk dh lQkbZ % fdlh Hkh laLFkk dh lQkbZ rFkk LoPNrk vko';d gS] D;ksfa d
xanxh ds vHkko esa laLFkk esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dk LokLF; Bhd jgrk gSA lQkbZ eu
dks izlUurk iznku djrh gSA lkQ lqFkjh laLFkk ekrk&firk rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dks vius
cPpksa dks ogka nkf[ky djkus ds fy, vkdf"kZr djrh gSA LoPN okrkoj.k esa cPpksa dk
uSlfxZd fodkl gks ldrk gSA mudk LokLF; Bhd jgrk gSA mudh ran:Lrh cuh jgrh
gSA og eu yxk dj i<+kbZ dj ldrs gSaA cPpksa dks lkQ] LOkPN rFkk lanq j Ldwy viuh
vkSj vkdf"kZr djrk gS] ;fn Ldwy esa lqUnj Qwy yxs gks]a ykWu bR;kfn gks rks vkSj Hkh
vPNk yxrk gSA
laLFkk dks lkQ j[kus ds fy, v/;kid] fo|kFkhZ rFkk deZpkfj;ksa dh ,d desVh
cuk nsuh pkfg, tks laLFkk ds lHkh foHkkxksa dh lQkbZ dh vkSj /;ku nsdj mudk
j[kj[kko o eqjEer bR;kfn dk dk;Z djrh jgsA laLFkk dks lkQ j[krs le; dkyhu]
xyhps] njh dks >kM+ dj cz'k ls vPNh rjg lkQ djuk pkfg,A ik;nku dks ckgj >kM+
nsuk pkfg,A ;fn Qwynkuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks mudk ikuh jkst cny nsuk
pkfg,A QuhZpj o ltkoV dh oLrqvksa dks >kM+ dj lkQ j[kuk pkfg,A iqjLdkj] eSMYk
;k 'khYM vkfn dks lkQ j[kuk t:jh gSA gj dejs o foHkkx esa dwMn+s ku dk gksuk
vko';d gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ftu 'kkSpky;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS o v/;kid tks
'kkSpky; iz;ksx djrs gSa mudh jkstkuk lQkbZ gksuh cgqr vko';d gSA 'kkSpky;ksa ds
vanj fQukby ;k vU; fuladzked vkS"kf/k ls lQkbZ djuk t:jh gSA cjlkr ls igys o
ckn esa nks ckj Mh-Mh-Vh- dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, ftlls eD[kh o ePNj de gksAa ihus
ds ikuh dks lnSo <ddj j[kuk pkfg,A ikuh dh Vafd;ksa dh le;&le; ij lQkbZ
gksuh pkfg,A

(C) [ksy ds eSnku dh lQkbZ % LokLF; dh f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa

ds fofHkUu izdkj ds dkS'ky fodflr djus ds fy, Ldwy esa [ksy dk eSnku gksuk t:jh gSA
blls tgka Ldwy dk okrkoj.k je.kh; cusxk] i;kZoj.k 'kq) jgsxk ogha [ksy ds eSnku esa
[ksydj cPpk g~"V&iq"V rFkk toku gksxk blls og vPNk ukxfjd Hkh cusxkA [ksy ds eSnku
rFkk lqUnj gjs&Hkjs ykWu Ldwy dh 'kksHkk c<+krs gSaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa enn
djrs gSaA Ldwy esa [ksy ds eSnku rFkk ykWu vkSj ckx&cxhps dks lkQ j[kuk vko';d gSA
;fn [ksy ds eSnku dks lkQ u j[kk tk, rks mlesa dpjk gksus ls fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh
ouLifr ;k [kjirokj mx tkrh gS tks [ksyus esa vlqfo/kk mRiUu djrh gSA dHkh&dHkh n'kZd
fo|kFkhZ cSBs&cSBs dqN [kkrs jgrs gSa rFkk fNyds Hkh QSad fn, tkrs gSaA blls Hkkxus okys
fo+|kFkhZ dk ikao fQly ldrk gS vkSj mls pksV yx ldrh gSA dadj] iRFkj] 'kh'kk] pkd]
dkxt ds VqdM+s Hkh [ksy ds eSnku esa xanxh QSyk ldrs gSaA ,sls esa mudh lQkbZ gksuh t:jh
gSSA [ksy ds eSnku esa mxus okyh ?kkl dks Hkh lkQ djuk t:jh gSA [ksy ds eSnku dh
pkjfnokjh djk nsuh pkfg, ftlls vkokjk i'kq mlesa u ?kqlus ik,A

lko/kkfu;ka % laLFkk esa lkQ&lQkbZ ls lacaf/kr dk;Z djrs gq, fo'ks"k lko/kkfu;kaas dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA lkQ&lQkbZ djrs le; vDlj pksV yxus dk Hkh Mj jgrk gS
blfy, lHkh dk;Z djrs le; lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg,A

Ikz;ksx u0 &3
mn~ns'; % dwM+k&djdV Mkyus ds fy, xM~<s [kksnuk rFkk dpjk xM~<s esa Mkyus dh
vknr dk fodkl djukA
vko';d lkexzh % xSarh] csypk] dLlh] QkoM+k] dsp
a q, bR;kfnA
lacaf/kr tkudkjh % i;kZoj.k dh LoPNrk vko';d gh ugha vfuok;Z Hkh gSA ekuo ds
fy, vko';d gS lQkbZA vDlj ns[kk x;k gS fd i'kq tgka cSBrs gSa] igys ml LFkku
dks viuh iwaN ls lkQ dj ysrs gSaA vkS|+ksfxdj.k us ekuo dks Hkh e'khu cuk fn;k gSA
foKku vkSj rduhd us ekuo dks ftruh lqfo/kk,a iznku dh gSa] mruk gh dwM+k&djdV
c<+kus esa Hkh enn dh gSA gj jkst ?kj&ifjokj esa bLrseky djus ds i'pkr cgqr lh
Qkyrw oLrq,a cp tkrh gSa tSls IykfLVd dh FkSyh] dkap] /kkrq o ydM+h ds VqdM+]s VwVk
gqvk IykfLVd] Qy rFkk lCth ds fNydsA mudks dwM+k&djdV ;k xanxh Hkh dg
ldrs gSaA
;fn vf/kd le; rd ,d LFkku ij ;g oLrq,a iM+h jgsa rks vka/kh] ckfj'k ;k
xehZ ls ;g lc lM+ tkrh gSa vkSj xanxh ds <sj esa cny tkrh gSaA ?kj] Ldwy] vLirky]
lCth eaMh rFkk vukt eaMh ls cph&[kqph] lM+h&xyh lkexzh xanxh dk <sj dgykrh
gSA
v/;kid dks pkfg, fd og xanxh ls QSyus okyh chekfj;ksa dh tkudkjh nsAa
cPpksa dks tkudkjh nsus ds i'pkr bUgsa crk, fd og vius ?kj ds vklikl dgha xanxh
dks [kqys LFkku ij er MkysAa izR;sd ?kj esa dwMn+s ku dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rkfd ?kj dk
fnu Hkj dk dwM+k mlesa bdV~Bk dj fy;k tk,A xkao&xkao esa iapk;r dh rjQ ls

dwM+k?kj xkao ds ckgj cuok fn;k tk,A

fof/k % bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, xkao rFkk 'kgj esa ;fn xM~<s [kqnok dj dpjs rFkk xanxh
dks mlesa Mky fn;k tk, rks vf/kd mi;qDr gSA blls tgka gj xyh eqgYyk lkQ jgsxk] ogha
ml dpjs ls mi;ksxh [kkn Hkh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA blds fy, vko';d gS fd gj eqgYys
ds ckgj fdlh ,sls LFkku ij tgka [kqyk okrkoj.k gks] ogka xM~<ksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k tk
ldrk gSA blds fy, mi;qDr ;g gS fd 2 ehVj pkSM+s O;kl dk rFkk 4 ehVj xgjk xM~<k
cuk fn;k tk,A bl xM~<s esa ?kj ls Ldwy rFkk ,sls lHkh LFkkuksa ls tgka ls dwM+k&djdV
miyC/k gks mls bdV~Bk djds ml xM~<s esa Mky fn;k tk,A izfrfnu dwM+k Mkyus ds i'pkr
ml ij FkksM+h lh feV~Vh Mky nh tk, rFkk mlesa dsapq,a NksM+ fn, tk,aA tc og xM~<k Hkj
tk, rks dqN fnu rd mls feV~Vh ls <d fn;k tk, rFkk mlds cjkcj esa nwljk xM~<k [kksn
fn;k tk, vkSj mlesa dwM+k&djdV Mkyuk 'kq: dj fn;k tk,A yxHkx 6 eghus i'pkr
lM+h&xyh gqbZ dEiksLV [kkn rS;kj feysxhA bls [kkn dh rjg iz;ksx djds dpjs dk
lnqi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

v/;kid dks pkfg, fd og 'kq: ls gh cPpksa ds vanj bl rjg dh vknrksa dk

fodkl djsa fd muesa lQkbZ ls jgus dh vkSj vius vklikl ds LFkkuksa dks lkQ j[kus
dh vknrsa iui ldsa D;ksfa d cpiu esa iM+h gqbZ vPNh vknrsa vkxs rd cuh jgsx
a hA

Ikz;ksx u0 &4
mn~ns'; % ikuh ds L=ksr tSls VSad] ckoM+h] okVj dwyj vkfn dh lQkbZ rFkk ty
fudkl dh ukfy;ka cuokuk rFkk ty fudkl dh ukfy;kas esa ch-,p-lh- dk fNM+dko
djkukA
vko';d lkexzh % ckYVh] iqjkus diMs] ex] Cyhfpax ikmMj] ch-,p-lh- bR;kfnA
lacaf/kr tkudkjh % izR;sd laLFkk esa LoPN ikuh dk izca/k djus dh ftEesnkjh loksPZ p gksrh
gSA vf/kdrj laLFkkvksa esa ikuh ds fy, lheSaV ds ;k IykfLVd ds Vad
S cuok, tkrs gSa ftuesa
Vwfa V;ka yxkdj cPpksa dks ikuh ihus dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA le;&le; ij mudh ns[kHkky
t:jh gS D;ksfa d ;fn muesa Hkjk gqvk ikuh xank gks tk, rks cPpksa dks dbZ izdkj dh
tytfur chekfj;ka gksus dk [krjk jgrk gSA ;fn budh ns[kHkky vPNh izdkj ls u dh xbZ
rks ikuh] fjlus yxrk gSA dbZ ckj canj vkfn tkuoj Vafd;ksa ds <Ddu dks [kksy nsrs gSa vkSj
ikuh dks xank dj nsrs gSaA canj ds cPps ikuh esa [ksyrs jgrs gSa ftlls Vafd;ksa dk lkjk ikuh
xank gks tkrk gSA

fof/k % ikuh dh Vafd;ksa dh lQkbZ ds fy, loZiFz ke mudk lkjk ikuh fudky dj mUgsa [kkyh
dj nsuk pkfg,A blds i'pkr Vadh ds vanj teh gqbZ dkbZ] dSfY'k;e] feV~Vh o vU; xanxh
dks fdlh uqdhyh oLrq ls [kqjp dj ckgj fudky nsuk pkfg,A fQj ckYVh esa ikuh ysdj mls
vanj ls vPNh izdkj ls /kksuk pkfg, ftlls fd VSad vanj ls vPNh izdkj ls lkQ gks tk,A
blds i'pkr Vadh dks lw[ks diMs+ dh lgk;rk ls vPNh izdkj ls lq[kk nsuk pkfg, rFkk fQj
lkQ ikuh ls Hkj nsuk pkfg,A ikuh dh lQkbZ ds fy, ikuh dh Vadh esa yky nokbZ
(iksVkf'k;e ijeSaxusV) ;k dHkh&dHkh cjlkr esa 'kke ds le; Cyhfpax ikmMj Hkh mfpr ek=k
esa Mky nsuh pkfg, rkfd 'kq) o lkQ ty miyC/k gks ldsA ;fn ikuh dh O;oLFkk ?kM+ksa esa

dh tkrh gS rks ?kM+ksa dks jkst lkQ djds Hkjuk pkfg, o fnu esa <d dj j[kuk pkfg,A tgka
ij ihus ds ikuh dk bartke fd;k x;k gks] ogka ij diMs+ /kksuk ;k 'kksp ds gkFk /kksuk euk
gksuk pkfg,A
laLFkk ds vanj dgha ij Hkh Qkyrw ikuh bdV~Bk ugha gksuk pkfg, D;ksfa d ;fn
b/kj&m/kj dgha ij Hkh ikuh bdV~Bk gksrk gS rks ogka ij eD[kh rFkk ePNj mRiUu gks tkrs gSa
ftlls eysfj;k vkfn chekfj;ka gksus dk Mj jgrk gSA ikuh ds fudkl ds fy, laLFkk esa
ukfy;ka cuokbZ tkuh pkfg,A vxj iDdh ukfy;ka u cuokbZ tk lds rks dPph ukfy;ka Hkh
cuokbZ tk ldrh gSA ukfy;ksa dh lkQ&lQkbZ jkst djokuh pkfg,A tgka rd laHko gks lds
ukfy;ka <dh gqbZ gksuh pkfg, rFkk nks&rhu eghus ds i'pkr ukfy;ksa esa ch-,p-lh- dk
fNM+dko djrs jguk pkfg, rkfd ePNjksa dk izdksi de gks ldsA

Ikz;ksx u0 &5
mn~ns'; % fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij miyC/k lkexzh ls >kMw rFkk dwM+knku cukus
dh tkudkjh nsukA
vko';d lkexzh % ckal] [ktwj dh ifRr;ka] jLlh] [kkyh fMCcs] isaV vkfnA
fof/k % laLFkk dks lkQ lqFkjk j[kus ds fy, >kMw dh vko';drk gksrh gSA oSls rks >kMw
cktkj esa miyC/k gks tkrs gSa ysfdu os egaxs gksus ds lkFk&lkFk T;knk fVdk Hkh ugha gksrs
gSa] tgka ij ckal vklkuh ls miyC/k gks tk,a] ogka ij ckal ds >kMw cuk, tk ldrs gSaA ckal
dh iryh >kMw cukus ds fy, ckal dks pkdw dh lgk;rk ls ckjhd&ckjhd rhyksa esa Nhyk
tkrk gSA mlds i'pkr ckjhd rhyksa dks bdV~Bk djds ,d ukbZyksu dh jLlh ;k dksbZ [kjkc
fctyh dh rkj fudky dj cka/k fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ls cka/k dj ,d mi;ksxh >kMw
rS;kj gks tkrk gSA
[ktwj dh >kMw cukus ds fy, loZiFz ke [ktwj ds iRrksa dks ys dj ,d cM+h lqbZ ysdj
mldh NksVh&NksVh ifRr;kaas dks vyx&vyx fd;k tkrk gSA lqbZ dh lgk;rk ls iRrh 10&15
NksV&
s NksVs Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gks tk,A blh izdkj ls lkjh iRrh dks NksV&
s NksVs Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr dj fy;k tkrk gSA blds i'pkr 8&10 ifRr;ksa dks ,d lkFk bdV~Bs jLlh dh
lgk;rk ls cka/k fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj [ktwj dh ,d lqUnj o etcwr >kMw rS;kj dh tk
ldrh gSA
>kMw dh rjg ls gh dwM+knku Hkh vklkuh ls cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ?kjksa esa ;k Ldwy esa
iqjkus ?kh ;k fjQkbaM ds [kkyh yksgs ;k IykfLVd ds MCcs fey tkrs gSaA ;fn mu ij isVa dj
fn;k tk, rks mlls Ldwy esa gh dwM+knku rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj ls vxj xRrs
dh isfV;ka fey tkrh gSa rks mUgsa ij dh vkSj ls pkdw dh lgk;rk ls dkV dj mlds pkjksa
vkSj lqUnj dkxt ls ltk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk fQj bUgsa d{kk ds dejksa esa j[kk tk ldrk
gSA ckgj dh rjQ bUk ij lqUnj okD; tSls ^dwM+k eq>s nks* vkfn fy[k dj Hkh ltk;k tk

ldrk gSA

Ikz;ksx u0 &5

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1 2 2 3

ds

200-300

0.5 1
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 I
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bdkbZ&2 m|kfudh
Ikz;ksx u0 &1
ms'; %& f"k ,oa ckxokuh lEcU/kh midj.kksa dh igpku rFkk muds mi;ksx ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh izkIr djukA
vko';d lkexzh %& Spade, Pick-axe, crow bar, Big Kudali ,Digging fork or
Kudali fork , Khurpa or hand fork, Pruning Shear, Grafting Knife, Budding Knife,
Grafting cum budding knife, Pruning ws,a Secateur, Garden shears, Lanw mower, Gras Shears,
wt
a er can with rose,Hand Kudali, Bill hook, Juice extractor, Can Sealer, Trenching
Hoe, Garden hand cultivator, Garden hand rake, Sprayer, Duster, Crown corking
machine, Hedge Shear.

lEcfU/kr tkudkjh %&

midj.k

mi;ksx

;g ;a= gYdh [kqnkbZ djus] flapkbZ dh ukfy;k cukus vkfn ds fy;s

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
1-

Spade :

2- Pic Axe:&

;g ;a= xgjh [kqnkbZ djus] xM~<s [kksnus o ukfy;k cukus vkfn esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA

;g yksgs dh ,d NM+ (rod) gS tks yxHkx 1-5 cm,yEch o 2-5&4 m, pkSM+h

gksrh gS rFkk ftldk ,d fljk piVk gksrk gSA tks fd l[r Hkwfe esa xM~<s [kksnus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk
gSA
3- Crow bar : &

4- Big Kudali %&

;g ;a= gYdh [kqnkbZ djus o feV~Vh dks HkqjHkqjk djus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA

5- Digging Fork

or Kudali Fork :& ;g ;a= gYdh [kqnkbZ o feV~Vh dks HkqjHkqjk (Loose) djus ds fy,

iz;ksx gksrk gSA

6- Khurpa or Hand fork %& ;g gYdh [kqnkbZ djus o feV~Vh dks ckjhd djus rFkk fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ djus ds

fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA

7- Pruning Shear : & ;g dSaph Pruning djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
8- Grafting Kinife :& blesa single blade gksrk gS rFkk xzkfVax ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
9- Budding Knife :& ;g pkdw dfydk;u (Budding) ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA

10- Grafting cum budding knife :& blesa nks Blade gksrs gSa rFkk ;g xzkfVax o dfydk;u nksuksa ds fy,
mi;ksx gksrk gSA
11- Pruning Saw:& ;g top working esa eksVh (thick) 'kk[kvksa dks dkVus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA
12- Secateur :& ;g iryh (Thinner) 'kk[kkvksa dks dkVus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
13- Garden Shear :& ;g 'kk[kkvksa dh dkV&NkV rFkk Pruning ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
14- Law Mower : & ;g ;a= ykWu dh ?kkl leku :i ls dkVus esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
15- Grass Shear %& ;g ;a= ykWu dh ?kkl dkVus rFkk eqyk;e 'kk[kkvksa dks dkVus esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
16- Water can with rose %& ;g D;kfj;ksa o xeyksa esa ikuh nsus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
17- Hand Kudali : ;g ;a= gYdh [kqnkbZ o vU; f"k f;k, djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
18- Bill hook : & ;g ;a= cM+h&cM+h 'kk[kkvksa dks dkVus o iqjkuh rFkk lw[kh 'kk[kkvksa dks isM+ ls dkVus
ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA
19- Juice extractor :& ;g e'khu Qyksa ;k lfCt;ksa dk jl fudkyus sesa iz;ksx gksrh gSA
20- Can Sealer : & ;g ;a= fMCckcanh (Canning) ds ckn fMCcksa dks Seal djus esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
21- Trenching Hoe :& ;g ;a= gYdh [kqnkbZ, feV~Vh bdV~Bk djus, flapkbZ ds dke esa rFkk ukfy;ksa dks
[kksyus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
22- Garden Hand Cultivator : & ;g ;a= feV~Vh dks ckjhd djus] o <sys (Clods) rksM+us rFkk [kkn dk
feV~Vh esa feykus ds dke vkrk gSA
23- Garden Hand Rake : & ulZjh dh D;kfj;ksa dks lery djus rFkk NksVh& NksVh D;kfj;ksa dks cukus ds
fy, ;g ;a= iz;ksx gksrk gSA
24- Sprayer : & ;g e'khu nokb;ksa dk fNM+dko djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA
25- Duster : & ;g e'khu /kwy (dust) tSls B.H.C. vkfn dk fNM+dko djus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrh gSA
26- Crown Corking Machine : & LDoS'k (Squash) o VekVj ds lkWl dh cksry Seal djus ds fy, bl e'khu
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
27- Hedge Shear :& ;g ;a= ckM+ (Hedge) dh dkV&NkV djus ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA

lko/kkfu;k %&
& dk;Z djus ds fy, lgh midj.kks@;a=ksa dk pquko

& bLrseky djus ls igys ;a=ksa dh n'kk (condition) dk fujh{.k djukA

& ;a=ksa dks mi;ksx djus ls igys rFkk ckn esa ;a=ksa dh etcwrh dk fujh{k.k djukA
& ;fn vko';d gks rks ;a=ksa dks lkQ djuk] ikuh ls lkQ djuk o lq[kkukA
& lgh rjg ls mfpr LFkku ij ;a=ksa dks j[kukA

fof/k (Procedure ) %& ,d ;a= dk fujh{k.k djukA

d lkekU; uke (common name)
[k dk;Z fof/k
lh fofHkUu dk;ks esa iz;ksx

Observation : & fo|kFkhZ fuEu rkfydk ds vuqlkj fofHkUu ;a=ksa ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh izkIr djsa

Sr. No
1
2
3
4

Name of the Tools/Implements

LFkkuh; uke mi;ksx (uses)

(Local Name)

mi;ksx (uses)

Ikz;ksx u0 &2
ms'; %& ulZjh esa Qwy o lfCt;ksa ds ikS/ks rS;kj djukA
vko';d lkexzh %& jLlh] ekius dk Qhrk] QkoM+k] t
wa er can. cht] xkscj dh [kkn] Vksdjh]
lw[kh ?kkl o ifk;k

lEcfU/kr tkudkjh %&

ulZjh esa Qwy okys ikS/ks rS;kj djuk

ulZjh cukus gsrq LFkku dk pquko %& ,sls LFkku tks fd iw.kZ :i ls [kqyk gks] tgk ij ok;q rFkk
jks'kuh lqpk: :i ls ?kwe lds] jksi.kh cukus ds fy, pquuk pkfg,A jksi.kh dh feV~Vh cyqbZ nkseV gksuh
pkfg,A
D;kfj;ksa dh rS;kjh (Preparation of Beds):jksi.kh (Nursery) ds vanj D;kfj;k dqN mBh gqbZ
cukbZ tkrh gSa rkfd vuko';d ikuh ckgj fudy tk, rFkk jksi.kh ds NksVs&NksVs ikS/ks [kjkc u gks
ldsAa cht cksus okyh D;kfj;ksa dh yEckbZ 3 eh- rFkk pkSM+kbZ 0-6 ehVj j[krs gSaA ftlls flapkbZ rFkk
fujkbZ&xqM+kbZ lqxerkiwoZd dh tk ldsA D;kfj;ksa esa vPNh lM+h gqbZ xkscj dh [kkn i;kZIr ek=k esa feyk
nsuh pkfg, rFkk ckn esa D;kfj;ksa dks lery cuk nsuk pkfg,A
cht cksuk (Sowing of Seeds) rFkk jksi.kh dh ns[kHkky :& D;kfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr chtksa dks xeyks]a
ydM+h ds cus lUnwdksa esa Hkh cks;k tk ldrk gSA cht cksus ds fy, tks feJ.k iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]
mlesa ,d Hkkx feV~Vh] ,d Hkkx jsr] ,d Hkkx vPNh lM+h xkscj dh [kkn rFkk ,d Hkkx lM+h ikh dh
[kkn rFkk ,d Hkkx lM+h ikh dh [kkn vPNh rjg ls ckjhd djds feyk nsrs gSaA ckn esa bl feJ.k dks
xeyksa] lanwdksa esa Hkjdj chtksa dks cks nsrs gSaA D;kfj;ksa esa cht cksus ls igys] D;kfj;ksa dks vPNh izdkj
rS;kj dj ysrs gSa rFkk mlesa 10&15 fdyksxzke@LDos;j ehVj xkscj dh [kkn feyk nsrs gSaA ,sls cht tks
cgqr NksVs gksrs gSa tSls fiVwfu;k] iksih vkfn dks jsr ;k jk[k ds feJ.k esa feykdj cksuk pkfg,A ftlls
mudks leku nwjh ij fxjk;k tk ldsA chtksa dks ykbuksa esa 5&6 lsVa hehVj dh nwjh ij rFkk yxHkx 0-5
lsVa hehVj xgjkbZ ij cksuk pkfg,A
chtksa dks cksus ds i'pkr mudks ckjhd Nuk gqvk [kkn rFkk jsr ds feJ.k dh gYdh rg ls <d
dj gkFk ls nck nsuk pkfg,A D;kfj;ksa ds ij dqN lw[kh ?kkl o ifk;k Mky nsuk pkfg, ftlls cht
[kjkc u gks lds rFkk ueh dks vf/kd le; rd lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldsA D;kfj;ksa dks izfrfnu QOokjs ls
nks ;k rhu ckj ikuh nsuk pkfg,A cht 2&3 fnu esa mxuk 'kq: gks tkrs gSa rc ?kkl o ifk;k gVk nsrs
gSaA tc cht mx tkrs gSa rks l?ku ikS/kksa dks gYdk dj nsuk pkfg,A jksi.kh esa le;&le; ij fujkbZ
djds [kjirokj fudky nsuk pkfg,A tc ikS/ks 12&15 lsVa hehVj yEcs gks tkrs gSa rks mudks LFkk;h Qwyksa
dh D;kfj;ksa esa yxk fn;k tkrk gSA

ulZjh esa lfCt;ksa ds ikS/ks rS;kj djuk

ikS/k'kkyk ds fy, LFkku dk pquko %& LFkku vis{kkr pk gksuk pkfg, ftlls o"kkZ dk ikuh u
Hkj lds] LFkku iw.kZr% [kqyk gksuk pkfg,A dksbZ cM+k Nk;knkj o`{k pqus gq, LFkku ds ikl u gksA ikl esa
ikuh dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
D;kfj;ksa dks rS;kj djuk ,oa cht cksuk (Preparation of Nursing Beds and sowing of Seeds) :ftl Hkwfe esa ikS/k x`g cukuk gksrk gS mldks xfeZ;ksa ds fnuksa esa (60&90 cm) [kksndj dqN
fnuksa ds fy, [kqyk NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ftlls Hkwfe esa mifLFkr dhM+kas ds vaMs] chekfj;ksa ds dhVk.kq ,oa
[kjirokj u"V gks tkrs gSaA mlds ckn mlesa vPNh lM+h gqbZ xkscj dh [kkn i;kZIr ek=k esa Mkydj
vPNh rjg ls Hkwfe esa feyk nsrs gSaA cht cksus dh D;kfj;ksa dks vfkdrj 4.5 ehVj x 1.20 ehVj
vkdkj nsdj tehu ls yxHkx 15 ls 22-5 lsVa hehVj mBkdj cuk;k tkrk gS ftlls o"kkZ dk vuko';d
ty #d dj NksVs o dksey ikS/kksa dks lM+k&xyk u ldsA nks D;kfj;ksa ds e/; ,oa pkjksa rjQ yxHkx
30 lsVa hehVj dk jkLrk gksuk vko';d gSA
D;kfj;ksa dh feV~Vh dks Bhd izdkj ls ckjhd cukdj dhV ,oa chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke ds fy,
chtksa dks dqN vkS"kf/k;ksa tSls Fkkbjke 2-5 xzke izfr fdyksxzke cht ls mipkfjr djds iafDr;ksa esa
cksuk pkfg,A cht cksus ds ckn ikh dh [kkn dh gYdh rg nsdj nck nsuk pkfg, ftlls ueh vf/kd
le; rd lqjf{kr jgrh gS rFkk cht vf/kd la[;k esa mxrs gSaA ikSk'kkyk esa chtksa dks cksus ds mijkar
ckjhd [kkn o feV~Vh ds feJ.k ls <d dj ij ls ?kkl ;k ifk;k Mky nsuh pkfg,A QOokjs ls lqcg
o 'kke ikuh nsuk pkfg,A tSls gh cht vadqfjr gks tk, rks lq[kh ?kkl ;k ifk;ksa dks gVk nsuk pkfg,A
ikS/k'kkyk esa vko';drkuqlkj le;&le; ij ikuh nsrs jguk pkfg, rFkk [kjirokj fudkyrs jguk
pkfg,A
lko/kkfu;k %
& cht dk izcU/k cksus ls

,d fnu igys j[kukA

& Qkyrw ikuh nsus ls cpuk pkfg,A

& ulZjh esa ikS/ksa dks rst /kwi o B.Mh gokvksa ls cpkukA
& o"kkZ _rq esa ulZjh dh j{kk djukA
fof/k (Procedure) %& mijksDr nh xbZ lEcfU/kr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj Qwyksa rFkk lfCt;ksa dh
ulZjh rS;kj djus ds fy, D;kfj;k cuk;sx
a s rFkk cht cksdj ikS/kksa dh ns[kHkky djsaxs tc rd fd ikS/ks
izR;kjksi.k ds fy, rS;kj ugha gksrsA
voyksdu (Observation):- fo|kFkhZ fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh dk fjdkMZ j[ksxk %&
v iwjk vadqj.k gksus esa yxus okys fnuksa dh la[;k yxHkx 80 iz-'k-
c izfr bdkbZ {ks= esa [kjirokjksa dh la[;k

l izfr bdkbZ {ks= esa detksj ikS/kksa dh la[;k

n chekjh dk ukeA ;fn dksbZ gks
; dhV dk ukeA ;fn dksbZ gksA
j izR;kjksi.k ds le; ikS/ks dh pkbZ yxHkx 20 ikS/kksa ls
o ifk;ksa dh la[;k @ikS/kk yxHkx 20 ikS/kksa ls

Ikz;ksx u0 &3
ms'; & lfCt;ksa, ltkoVh ikS/ks (ornamental Plants), okfudh o nokbZ okys ikS/ks mxkus ds
fy, D;kfj;k@xM~<s rS;kj djukA
vko';d lkexzh %&

QkoM+k] xSarh] ikS/ks] xkscj dh [kkn] Vksdjh vkfnA

lEcfU/kr tkudkjh %& ulZjh esa ikS/ks tc i;kZIr ps gks tk,a vFkkZr~ mlesa 4&6 ifk;k fudy
vk,a cqvkbZ ds 45 fnu ckn rks mudk izfrjksi.k (transplanting) dj nsuk pkfg,A lfCt;ksa dh
[ksrh fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe ij dh tk ldrh gSA ftldh moZjrk vPNh ,oa ty fudkl dh lqfo/kk
gksA 'kh?kz Qly ysus ds fy, oyqbZ nkseV (Sandy Loam) Hkwfe mi;qDr gksrh gS tcfd nkseV ;k fpduh
nkseV (Loam) or clay loam) Hkwfe nsj ls rS;kj gksus okyh Qly ds fy, vPNh gksrh gSA izR;kjksi.k
djus ls igys D;kfj;k cukbZ tkrh gSa rFkk D;kfj;ksa dh Hkwfe dh rS;kjh vPNh gksuh pkfg,A cM+s [ksrksa esa
1&2 tqrkbZ feV~Vh iyVus okys gy ls rFkk 3&4 tqrkbZ ns'kh gy ls djrs gSa rFkk NksVh D;kfj;ksa esa
QkoM+s ;k xSarh ls [kqnkbZ djds feV~Vh ckjhd ,oa HkqjHkwjh cuk ysuh pkfg, rFkk [ksr dks lery cuk
ysuk pkfg,A D;kfj;ksa ds ij dh 5 ls 7 lsVa hehVj dh feV~Vh esa [kqnkbZ djrs le; i;kZIr ek=k esa
xkscj dh [kkn feykrs gSaA
izR;kjksi.k 'kke ds le; djuk pkfg, rFkk rqjUr ikuh nsuk pkfg,A izfr fnu ikS/kksa dk fujh{k.k
djuk pkfg,A ftu LFkkuksa ij ikS/ks ej tk,] ogk ij ikS/kksa dks rqjUr yxkdj flapkbZ dj nsuh pkfg,A
ikS/kksa dks vf/kd LoLFk j[kus ds ms'; ls ikuh ds lkFk feV~Vh dks [kksndj [kjirokjksa dks gVkrs jguk
pkfg,A

ikS/ks mxkus ds xM~<s rS;kj djuk

ekSleh ikS/ks yxkus ds fy, D;kfj;k cukrs gSaA D;kfj;ksa dh Hkwfe dh vPNh izd kj ls
[kqnkbZ djds feV~Vh dks ckjhd dj nsrs gSa rFkk 5 fdyksxzke lM+h xkscj dh [kkn] 10 xzke ukbVkt
s u]
QkWLQksjl o iksVk'k izfr oxZ ehVj feV~Vh esa feykrs gSaA izR;kjksi.k ls igys gYdh flapkbZ dj nsuh
pkfg, tks fd ikS/kksa dks Hkwfe esa LFkkfir djus esa enn djrh gSA ;kstuk ds vuqlkj D;kfj;k cukuh

pkfg, rFkk yEcs ikS/ks 30&40 lsVa hehVj] e/;e pkbZ okys ikS/ks 15&20 lsVa hehVj o ckSus ikS/ks 10&12
lsVa hehVj dh nwjh ij yxkus pkfg,A ikS/ks yxkus ds rqjUr ckn flapkbZ djuh pkfg,A
cM+s vkdkj ds ikS/ks yxkus ds fy, 1x1x1 ehVj vkdkj ds rFkk NksVs vkdkj ds ikS/ks yxkus ds
fy, 60x60x60 lsVa hehVj vkdkj ds xM~<s fu/kkZfjr varj ij [kksnuk pkfg,A de ps ikS/kksa dks 5&6
ehVj rFkk yEcs ikSkksa ds fy, 10&15 ehVj ds varj ij xM~<s [kksnus pkfg,A ikS/ks o"kZ esa nks ckj yxk;s
tkrs gSa& 1- tqykbZ&vxLr o"kkZ _rq 2- Qjojh&ekpZ olar _rqA ikS/ks yxkus ds rqjar ckn ikuh nsuk
pkfg,A 15&20 fnu i'pkr ikSkksa dks cny nsuk pkfg,A lnhZ ,oa xehZ esa vko';drkuqlkj ikuh nsrs
jguk pkfg,A izR;sd o"kZ o"kkZ _rq esa feV~Vh dks [kksndj i;kZIr ek=k esa lM+h xkscj dh [kkn nsuh
pkfg,A
lko/kkfu;k
& feV~Vh rS;kj djrs le; <sys (clods) rksM+dj feV~Vh ckjhd djuh pkfg,A
& rS;kj feV~Vh ls iRFkj rFkk vU; vo'ks"kksa dks fudky nsuk pkfg,A
& ikS/ks yxkus ds yxHkx Ms<+ eghus igys xM~<s rS;kj dj ysus pkfg,A
& xM~<k Hkjrs le; ij dh feV~Vh uhps Hkjh tk, rFkk uhps dh feV~Vh ij HkjsaA
& tks [kkn xM~<s esa Hkjus ds fy, feV~Vh esa feyk, og vPNh rjg ls lM+h gqbZ gksuh pkfg,A
fof/k (Procedure) :- lfCt;ksa dk izR;kjksi.k djus ls igys] eq[; D;kfj;k@[ksr rS;kj dh tkrh
gSA [ksr@D;kfj;k rS;kj djus ds fy,] QkoM+]s xSarh rFkk vU; ;a=ksa ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj
Hkwfe dh rS;kjh dh tkrh gSA feV~Vh esa mifLFkr <sys vkfn rksM+dj ckjhd dj nsrs gSaA Hkwfe esa mifLFkr
iRFkj ;k vU; vo'ks"kksa dks fudkydj ckgj dj nsrs gSa rFkk feV~Vh dh ij dh 5&7 lsVa hehVj dh
ijr esa vPNh izdkj ls xkscj dh [kkn feykrs gSa rFkk D;kfj;ksa@[ksr dks lery djrs gSaA
ltkoVh ikS/kksa ds fy;s xM~<s [kksnrs gSaA xSarh] csyps dh lgk;rk ls lEcfU/kr tkudkjh ds
vuqlkj xM~<s [kksnrs gSaA ikS/ks yxkus ds fy, 1x1x1 ehVj vkdkj ds xM~<s [kksnrs gSaA NksVs vkdkj ds
o`{kksa ds fy, 5&6 ehVj dh nwjh ij o cM+s vkdkj ds o`{kksa ds fy, 10&15 ehVj ds varj ij xM~<s
[kksnrs gSaA xM~<s ls [kqnh feV~Vh dks vyx djds blds LFku ij moZj ijh e`nk] gM~Mh dk pwjk o
ydM+h dh jk[k yxHkx ,d fdyksxzke dks Hkjk tkuk pkfg,A ;fn gM~Mh ds pwjs ds LFkku ij xkscj dh
[kkn dk bLrseky djsa rks mls feV~Vh ds lkFk 5 % 1 ds vuqikr esa feyk,A
voyksdu (Observation) :- fo|kFkhZ fuEu ckrksa dk voyksdu djsaxs&
& D;kfj;ksa@xM~<ksa dk vkdkj fjdkMZ djukA
& xM~<ksa ds varj dk fjdkMZ j[kukA
& xM~<ksa esa ejs ikS/kksa dh la[;k dk fjdkMZ j[kukA

& mfpr ty fudkl dk voyksdu djukA

Calculation x.kuk %& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izR;sd xM~<s ds {ks= dh x.kuk djuh pkfg,A

Ikz;ksx u0 &4
ms'; %& xeyksa rFkk yVdrh Vksdfj;ksa (Hanging Baskets) esa ltkoVh ikS/kksa dks mxkukA
vko';d lkexzh %& xeys] dadM+ ;k feV~Vh ds xeys ds VwVs gq, VqdM+]s jsr] xeys dk feJ.k]
ikS/ks] QkoM+k] gtkjk (Water can)] [kqjihA ekSl ?kkl] ukfj;y ds js'ks ;k VkVA
lEcfU/kr tkudkjh %& xeyksa esa ikS/ks mxkuk muds fy, ykHknk;d jgrk gS tks ySV esa jgrs
gSA rFkk ftuds ikl ikS/ks mxkus ds fy, Hkwfe miyC/k ugha gksrh gSA vf/kdrj ltkoVh Qwy] ifk;ksa
okys ikS/ks rFkk edku ds vanj (Indoor) ds ikS/ks xeyksa esa yxk;s tkrs gSaA xeyksa esa yxs ikS/kksa dh
vklkuh ls ns[kHkky dh tk ldrh gS rFkk mUgsa ltkoV ds ms'; ls fdlh Hkh LFkku ij mBkdj j[kk
tk ldrk gSA

xeys dks rS;kj djuk

xeyk Hkjuk %& loZizFke ge xeyk Hkjrs gSaA xeys dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls feV~Vh ds xeys
(clay pot)] yksgs ds xeys (Metalic pot)] ydM+h ds xeys (wooden pot)] IykfLVd ds xeys]
lhesVa ds xeysA lcls igys ,d vPNk] mfpr vkdkj dk etcwr xeyk pqu ysrs gSaA mlds ckn mls
vanj rFkk ckgj ls lkQ ikuh ls lkQ djrs gSaA xeyksa dks lkQ djus ds ckn dqN le; rd j[kk
jgus nsrs gSaA vc xeys ds ty fudkl fN (drainage hole) ij ,d cM+k dadM+ j[krs gSa rFkk bls
cM+s dadM+ ds ij 3&5 lsVa hehVj dh pkbZ rd NksVs&NksVs dadM+ Hkjrs gSaA ;g xeys ds vkdkj ij
fuHkZj djrk gSA blds i'pkr 2&3 lsVa hehVj rd jsr dh rg Hkjrs gSa rkfd feV~Vh ds d.k ikuh ds
lkFk cgdj xeys ls ckgj u tk ldsAa blds ckn xeys esa ij rd feV~Vh dk feJ.k Hkjrs gSaA xeys
esa Hkjh tkus okyh feV~Vh lw[kh ugha gksuh pkfg, cfYd mls ue dj ysuk pkfg,A tc xeyk feV~Vh ds
feJ.k ls vk/kk Hkj tk;s rks mls nck;sa (Pres)
s rFkk mlds ckn xeys dks iwjk Hkj dj feJ.k dks nck,
rkfd xeyk ij ls 3&5 lsVa hehVj [kkyh jgs o mlesa ikuh nsus dh txg jgsA
ikS/kk yxkuk %& xeys esa ikS/kk yxkus ds fy,] xeys ds chp ls gkFk ls feV~Vh fudky dj ,d
Nsn (hole) cuk ysrs gSa rFkk bl Nsn ds chp esa pkjksa rjQ tM+as QSykdj ikS/ks dks j[krs gSa rFkk ikS/ks
ds pkjksa rjQ feV~Vh Hkjrs gSaA feV~Vh dks rus ds ikl nckrs gSaA ikS/kk yxkus ds rqjar ckn ikuh nsuk
pkfg, rFkk xeys dks Nk;knkj txg ij j[kuk pkfg,A

Vksdfj;ksa esa ikS/ks yxkuk

dHkh&dHkh ydM+h] ckal vkfn dh cuh gqbZ jax&fcjaxh Vksdfj;ksa esa ikS/ks yxkdj mUgsa cjkens]
dejs] isM+ dh 'kk[kk vkfn esa yVdkdj Hkh ml LFkku dh 'kksHkk c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA Vksdfj;ksa ds fy,
ikS/kksa dk p;u mudh o`f)] Qwyus ds le; vkSj Vksdfj;ksa esa mxus dh {kerk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk
gSA ;fn ,d Vksdjh esa ,d gh ikS/kk yxkuk gks rks ,sls ikS/kksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS tks lh/ks c<+rs gSa]
e/;e vkdkj ds gksrs gSa rFkk ftudh ifk;k vkd"kZd gksrh gSaA

yVdkus okyh Vksdfj;ksa ds fy, mi;qDr ikS/ks %

1-Alyssum 2- Libelia gracilis 3- Petunia hybrida pendula 4- Torenia asiatica 5- Portulaca 6- Nasturtium 7Verbena 8- Fern 9- Begonia 10- Asperagus etc.
Vksdfj;ksa dks Hkjuk %& Vksdjh dh fupyh lrg ij ekSl] ukfj;y ds js'ks vFkok VkV dh ,d
ijr fcNk nsrs gSaA bu Vksdfj;ksa esa Hkjus gsrq iz;qDr gksus okyh feV~Vh ds fy, nsk Hkkx dEiksLV ftlesa
m|ku dh feV~Vh vkSj eksYM cjkcj dh ek=k esa feys gksa] rFkk ,d Hkkx lM+h gqbZ xkscj dh [kkn dks
vkil esa feykdj Hkjk tkrk gSA ;fn dsUh; ikS/ks tSls foxksfu;k vkfn dks yxkuk gks rks feV~Vh ds
feJ.k esa nks&rhu eqV~Bh ckyw Hkh feyk nsuk pkfg,A
igys ikS/kksa dks xeys esa yxk ysrs gSa vkSj tc os leqfpr vkdkj ds gks tk, rks mUgsa Vksdfj;ksa esa
yxk fn;k tkrk gSa ikuh nsrs le; ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Vksdjh dh feh iwjh rjg HkhxsaA
lko/kkfu;k (Precautions) ges'kk lkQ xeyk ;k dadM+kas dk bLrseky djsa vU;Fkk QQwn ;k
thok.kq ikS/ks ij vke.k dj ldrs gSa
&yxk;s tkus okys ikS/kksa ds vuqlkj xeyksa dk p;u djsa
&xeys esa mfpr rFkk ue Potting Mixture HkjsaA
&ikS/ks yxkus ls igys Earthball dks lko/kkuh ls rksM +dj tM+kas dks cxSj {kfr igqpk;s feh esa
pkjksa rjQ QSykuk pkfg,A
&yVdkus okyh Vksdfj;ksa esa ikS/ks mxkus ds fy, ;g /;ku j[ksa fd Vksdfj;ksa dh feh lw[kus u
ik,A bUgsa tYnh&2 ikuh nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
&Vksdfj;ksa esa ikS/ks yxkrs le; ;g /;ku j[ksa fd ikS/ks NksVs u gks vU;Fkk os c<+u s esa vf/kd
le; ys ldrs gSa D;ksafd Vksdfj;ksa esa ikS/kks dh o`f) vf/kdrj rhoz ugha gksrhA
&ikuh nsrs le; ;g /;ku j[ksa fd Vksdjh dh feh iwjh rjg HkhxsAa
fof/k (Procedure) %& mijksDr nh xbZ lEcfU/kr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj fo|kFkhZ xeyksa dk pquko
djds mUgsa mfpr izdkj ls Hkjsxsa rFkk ikSksa yxk;sxas xeyksa esa fuEufyf[kr xeys dk feJ.k HkjsxAsa

d tM+ drZus (Root Cutting) yxkus ds fy,& 2 Hkkx jsr $ 1 Hkkx nkseV feh $1
ifRr;ksa dh lM+h [kknA

Hkkx

[k ruk drZus (Stem Cutting) yxkus ds fy, & 1 Hkkx jsr $ 1 Hkkx feh $ 1 Hkkx ifRr;ksa dh
lM+h [kkn
x cht cksus ds fy, %& 1 Hkkx jsr $ 1 Hkkx feh $ 3 Hkkx ifRr;ksa dh lM+h [kknA
fo|kFkhZ lEcfU/kr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj Vksdfj;ksa dks Hkjsaxs rFkk Vksdfj;ksa ds fy, mi;qDr ikS/ks
yxk;sx
a sA
voyksdu (Obervation) %&fo|kFkhZ fuEu ckrksa dk voyksdu djsaxsA
&D;k ty fudkl fNnz ls mfpr izdkj ls ty fudkl gks jgk gS\ ;fn ugha rks nksckjk xeyk
Hkjsa o ty fudkl Bhd djsaA
&D;k tM+as xeys dh lrg ij vk xbZ gS\ ;fn gk rks xeyk nksckjk HkjsaA
&D;k ikS/ks dh o`f) #d xbZ gS\ ;fn gk rks Nutrients nsaA
&D;k Vksdfj;ksa esa Hkjh xbZ feh lw[k jgh gS\ ;fn gk rks bUgsa tYnh&2 ikuh nsAa
&D;k Vksdfj;ksa esa ikS/kks dh mfpr o`f) gks jgh gSA

Ikz;ksx u0 &5
ms'; %& feh dh tkp djkuk o utnhd dh feh dh tkp iz;ksx'kkyk dk Hkze.kA
vko';d lkexzh %& xSUrh] [kqjih] ckYVh ;k rlyk] ,d eksVk diM+k] dkxt+ ;k iksyhFkhu dh
'khV] fyQkQsA
lEcfU/kr tkudkjh %& tc Hkh fdlh dh fuf'pr iztkfr dks leku moZjd Mkydj fHkUu&2
[ksrksa esa mxk;k tkrk gS rks Hkh mit esa vUrj feyrk gS D;ksafd ikS/kksa ds fy, iks"kd rRoksa dks iznku
djus dh {kerk lHkh fef;ksa esa leku gksuk vko';d ugha gSA feh ijh{k.k ds vk/kkj ij moZjdksa dk
lUrqfyr iz;ksx vfrvko';d gS vU;Fkk feh esa vksj rnuqlkj ikS/kksa esa iks"kd rRoksa ds vlUrqyu dh
vk'kadk c<+ tk,xh ftldk dqizHkko o feh rFkk Qlyksa ds mRiknu nksuksa ij iMsx
+ kA lkekU;r% feh
dh tkp fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ds fy, dh tkrh gS&
1 tSfod inkFkZ vFkok dkcZfud inkFkZ
2 miyC/k ukbVkt
s u (N)
3 miyC/k QkLQksjl (P)

4 miyC/k iksVsf'k;e (K)

5 ph
6 ?kqyu'khy yo.k ;k fo|qr pkydrk (Electricity Conductivity)
mijksDr ds vykok ;fn feh dk ph 6 ls de gks rks mls fuf'pr ph ij ykus ds fy, vkSj
;fn Hkwfe lj gks rks feh dk ijh{k.k ftIle dh ekx ds fy, rFkk ;fn feh {kkjh; gks rks feh dk
ijh{k.k pwus dh ekx ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
ukbVkstu moZjdksa dh larqfr ds fy, feh esa ik, tkus okys 'kh?kz vkDlhdj.k gksus ;ksX; thoka'k
dh ek=k dks vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ml thoka'k dh ek=k dk lh/kk lEcU/k feh esa ik;h tkus
okyh izkI; dh ek=k ls gksrk gS tks mit ls lh/ks lEcfU/kr gS vkSj QkLQksjl o iksVsf'k;e dh ek=kvksa
ds vk/kkj ij e'k% QkLQsVh rFkk iksVk'kh moZjdksa dh lUrqfr;k nh tkrh gSA
feh dk ph eku rFkk fo/kqr pkydrk dk fu/kkZj.k blfy, fd;k tkrk gS fd blls ;g irk
pyrk gS fd feh dk ph eku mxk;s tkuh okyh Qly ds izfrdwy rks ugha gSaA
e`nk uewuksa dk ,dczhdj.k%& la;qDr uewus ysus ds fy, yxHkx 5 ,dM+ rd ds {ks= okys [ksr
dks ;fn og ,d lek u (Uniform) gks] rks bdkbZ ekuk tkrk gSA uewuk ysrs le; feh dh <yku]
jax] e`nk xBu (Soil texture)] Qly izcU/k] Qly p vkfn dkjdksa ij lko/kkuhiwoZd /;ku nsuk
pkfg, ;fn blds dkj.k [ksr dh feh esa vlekurk gS rks ftrus {ks= esa lekurk gks] mlh ls uewuk
ysuk pkfg,A
feh dh ijh lrg ls 20 ls-eh- rd xgjkbZ rd dh feh esa iks"kd rRo ik, tkrs gSa mUgh
dk mi;ksx lkekU; Qlysa dj ikrh gSa D;ksafd tM+s eq[; :i ls bruh xgjkbZ rd ls iks"kd rRoksas dk
vo'kks"k.k djrh gSA vr% e`nk ijh{k.k ds fy, uewus 0 ls 20 ls - eh- rd xgjkbZ ls ,d= fd, tkrs gSaA
lko/kkfu;k%& feh dk ijh{k.k ,d leku {ks= ls gh ysuk pkfg,A
&feh dh tkp ds fy, uewus 20 ls -eh- dh xgjkbZ rd ls gh ysus pkfg,A
&izkFkfed uewuk ysus ds fy;s LFkkuksa dk ;kn~fPNd p;u (Random Selection) djuk
pkfg,A
&vlk/kkj.k LFkkuksa tSls nyny LFkku gks] , isM+ dh Nk;k iM+rh gks, ?kkl ;k ns'kh [kkn ds <sj
vkfn gksa vkfn esa uewus ugha ysus pkfg,A
&feh ds uewuksa dks bl izdkj ls bdV~Bk djuk] lq[kkuk, rS;kj djuk o iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkstuk
pkfg, fd os moZjd ;k jk[k vkfn ds lEidZ esa u vk ldsAa

uewus ,d= djus dh fof/k (Method Of Collection of Soil sample) %&

&vxj iwjs [ksr ls ogh Qly yh xbZ gks] ,d tSls vkSj leku ek=k es moZjd Mkys x, gks]
Qly dh c<+okj ,d lh jgh gks tehu lery] le:i vkSj ns[kus esa ,d lh yxrh gks rks lEiw.kZ [ksr
ls ,d gh la;qDr uewuk ysa vU;Fkk [ksr dks leku xq.k okys laHko Hkkxksa esa ckaVdj muls vyx&@
uewus ysA
&fdlh [ksr ls izkFkfed uewuk ysus ds fy, fo|kFkhZ ;kn~fPNd p;u (Random Selection) }kjk
15&16 LFkkuksa dks fuf'pr djsxsaA
&vc fo|kFkhZ vaxzsth ds v{kj v ds vkdkj dk yxHkx 30 ls-eh- xgjk xM~<+k [kksndj [kqjih
dh enn ls ij ls uhps rd 0ls 20 ls-eh- yxHkx 1 % 5 ls-eh- leku eksVkbZ dh ijr fudkysAa ;fn
cekZ (Augor) miyC/k gks rks mldks 20 ls-eh- xgjk /kalkdj mlls uewus vklkuh o 'kh?kzrk ls fy, tk
ldrs gSa bu uewuks dks fo|kFkhZ IykfLVd dh ckYVh ;k rlyksa esa ,d= djsxAsa
& ckYVh ;k rlyksa esa ,df=r izkFkfed uewuksa dh feh dks fo|kFkhZ ,d lkQ eksVs diM+]s
dkxt ;k iksyhFkhu ij Mky ysa rFkk fe dks vkil esa [kwc feyk,A blesa ls dadM+ iRFj] ?kklQwl
vkfn ds VqdM+kas dks ckgj fudkysa vkSj feh dks ij ls FkiFkikdj leku eksVkbZ dh ijr cuk ysAa bls
xksykbZ esa dj ysa vksj xksys dks 4 cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ,d nwljs ij yEcor nks O;kl [khapdj ckV nsaA vkeus
lkeus ds 2 Hkkxksa dks Qsad nsAa bl izf;k dks rc rd nksgjkrs jgs tc rd fd vUr esa yxHkx 500
xzke uewus 'ks"k jg tk,A ;g cpk gqvk 500 xzke uewuk gksxk tks iwjs [ksr dk izfrn'kZu djsxkA
bl uewus dks fo|kFkhZ Nk;k esa lq[kk,A lw[k tkus ds ckn bl feh dks fyQkQs esa Mkydj
ijh{k.k ds fy, feh dh tkp iz;ksx'kkyk ij ys tk;saA
lHkh fo|kFkhZ feh ds uewus ysdj utnhd dh feh dh tkp iz;ksx'kkyk ij vius v/;kid ds
lkFk Hkze.k ds fy, tk,xsa rFkk uewuksa dh tkp dh dk;Zfof/k dks vPNh izdkj ls ns[ksaxs rFkk le>sx
a sA
voyksdu (Observation) %& fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk utnhd dh iz;ksx'kkyk ij feh dh tkp dh
dk;Zfof/k dk voyksdu djuk rFkk uksV djukA

(bZdkbZ & 3)
gLr fufeZr dykRed oLrq,a cukuk
gekjs nSfud thou esa gLr dkS'ky dk cgqr gh ego gSA nSfud mi;ksx esa dbZ oLrq, VwVrh
QwVrh jgrh gS rFkk NksVs NksVs dk;ksZa ds fy, fdlh dkjhxj ;k fo'ks"kK dks ugha cqyk;k tk ldrk gS
lkekU; Kku rFkk #fp ds vuqlkj lk/kkj.k VwV QwV dks ?kj esa gh Bhd dj fy;k tkuk pkfg, dbZ
izdkj ds dk;Z tSls fctyh dh ;k fctyh midj.k dh [kjkch] lkbfdy] d{kk d{k ds dejksa] rFkk
MkbZx:e ,oa ?kj vkaxu yku esa isM+ iks/ks ]ltkoVh Qwy] Qwynku] lfCt;ka mxkuk dsu ls dqflZ;ka rS;kj
djuk vkfn lkekU; kQV ds dk;Z gSA

bl izdkj gLr dyk dk gekjs nSfud thou esa fo'ks"k egRo gS ftl lekt esa O;fDr gLr
dkS'ky esa fuiq.k gksrk gS og lekt vkSj ns'k ges'kk fodkl'khy gksrs gS tSls fd tkiku esa izfrd
lalk/kuksa dk vHkko gS ysfdu tkiku ds ukxfjd gLrdkS'ky esa fuiq.k gS blfy, tkiku fo'o ds
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA cPps ns'k dk Hkfo"; gksrs gS Hkfo"; ds ukxfjd gksrs gS blfy,
fo|ky;ksa esa cPpksa dks ,slh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg, ftlls cPpk gLr dkS'ky esa fuiq.k gks tk;sA gekjh
Hkkoh ih<+h oSlh gh gksxh tSlh mldks f'k{kk nh tk;sxhA

fo|ky;ks esa gLr dkS'ky ds fuEufyf[kr ms'; gSa %&

ckydksa dh vfHkO;fDr dks fodflr djuk %&
1- ckydksa esa izfrHkk fNih gksrh gSA gLr dkS'ky ls bl izfrHkk dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk lkFk
lkFk gLr fufeZr oLrq, lLrh lqUnj gksrh gSa
2- dYiuk 'kfDr dk fodkl djuk %& cPpk ftKklq gksrk gS mldks izR;sd pht dks tkuus dh
bPNk gksrh gSA mls viuh dYiuk ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk ekSdk feyrk gS rFkk viuh dYiuk 'kfDr
dks iznf'kZr djus dk volj feyrk gSA
3- lkSn;Z vuqHkwfr fodflr gksuk %& lkSn;Z ds izfr vkdZf"kr gksuk ekuo dk LoHkko gS gLr
dkS'ky ls lqUnj] vkdZ"kd] mi;ksxh oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k dk volj feyrk gSA
4- O;fDrRo dk fodkl %& ckyd Lo; djds ns[kus rFkk lh[kus dk bPNqd gksrk gS ckyd gLr
dkS'ky dk;Z esa O;Lr gksus ds dkj.k ifj{keh] meh vkSj gLr dkS'ky dk;Z esa fuiq.k gks tkrk gS ftlls
ckyd esa vPNh vknrs] vPNk O;ogkj] dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa pfj= fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
5- uo psruk rFkk vk/kqfudrk dk fodkl %& gLrdkS'ky ls cPps esa vk/kqfud oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k
djus mudh mi;ksfxrk vko';drk vuqlkj ifjorZu] {ks=h; dPps eky dh [kkst ]csdkj lkeku dh
mi;ksfxrk dh vknr iM+rh gS
6- le; dk lnmi;ksx %& gkFk ls tc ckyd dk;Z djrk gS rks O;Lr jgrk gS ckyd viuh
cqf) ,oa cy dks ubZ vkdZ"kd o mi;ksxh oLrq, cukus esa iz;ksx djrk gSA
bl izdkj og vkilh >xM+ks o xUnh vknrksa ls oafpr jgrk gS
7- fey tqydj jgus rFkk lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl %& tc ckyd iz;ksxkRed dk;Z vius
gkFk ls djrk gS rks og dk;Z djus ds fy, nwljs dk Hkh lg;ksx ysrk gS ;k lg;ksx nsrk gS rks gLr
dkS'ky dk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z djrs le; cPps esa ;g fey tqy dj dk;Z djus dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk
gSA
8- vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d %& gLr fufeZr oLrq,a lnSo lLrs] LFkkuh; dPps eky rFkk csdkj
iM+s lkeku ls cukbZ tkrh gSa cPpksa dk ifj{ke viuk gh gksrk gS bl izdkj og Loa; dks Qkyrq le; esa

bu csdkj dh phktksa dks mi;ksxh oLrq esa cnydj /ku miktZu Hkh dj ldrk gSA gLr f'kYi dk;Z
lekt o ns'k ds fy, rks mi;ksxh gS blls vf/kd ckyd dk lokZxha.k fodkl Hkh gksrk gSA

Ikz;ksx u0 &1
ms'; %& fyQkQs o c/kkbZ i= cukuk
i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls IykfLVd dk iz;ksx de ls de djus ds fy, rFkk vklkuh ls fjlkbZfdy
gks tkus ds dkj.k vc dkxt fufeZr fyQkQks dk mi;ksx gks jgk gS rFkk bldks cukus ds fy, fdlh
fo'ks"k vkStkj ;k e'khu bR;kfn dh t:jr ugh gksrh gSA ,d d{kk ls tc cPpk nwljh d{kk esa pyk
tkrk gS rks mldh dkfi;k vkfn csdkj gks tkrh gS bu csdkj dkih fdrkcksa vkfn ls ;fn fyQkQsa
bR;kfn cuk;s tk;s rks ;g Hkh vkidk lk/ku cu tkrk gS lHkh izdkj dh NksVh cM+h nqdkuksa esa fyQkQs
dh vko';drk jgrh gSA bu gLr fufeZr fyQkQks dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij cspk tk ldrk gSA
iklZy vkSj dqN Hkkjh lkeku dks Mkyus ds fy, eksVs dkxt ds vUnj dh vksj iqjkuh /kksrh
diM+k yxkdj fyQkQs cuk;s tk ldrs gS dk;kZy;ks esa Hkh bl izdkj ds fyQkQks dh vko';drk jgrh
gSA
eksVs dkxt ds uhps iqjkus rFkk lLrk diM+k yxkdj Qkbys cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA blls ckyd
esa #fp iSnk gksxh vkSj cPpk Lojkstxkj ds fy, Hkh izksRlkfgr gksxkA

fyQkQs cukus ds fy, vko';d lkexzh

lQsn dkxt] [kkdh dkxt] xzhVhax dkMZ ds fy, eksVk lqUnj fpduk pednkj v[kokjh dkxt]
dkfi;ka] iqLrdksa ds dkxt] pkd] dSaph] iSekuk] dye] cz'k] jax fofHkUu izdkj ds xksn Qsfodksy vkfnA
fyQkQs vko';drk vuqlkj cuk;s tk ldrs gS A vktdy ?kjks o nQrjksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds
fyQkQs cuk;s tkrs gS A
c/kkbZ i=ksa ds fy;s fyQkQs &buds fy;s fofHkUu ukiks vkSj fofHkUu jaxksa ds lqUnj pednkj
fyQkQs iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gS

Ikz;ksx u0 &2

c/kkbZ vFkok fuea=.k i= %& vktdy fdlh Hkh [kq'kh ds volj ij] uo o"kZ] nhikoyh tUefnu]
fookg ;k mn?kkVu lekjksg ,oa lkekftd voljksa ij fe= lEca/kh vkfn dks bl izdkj ds i= fn;s tkrs
gS ;k c/kkbZ i=ksa ds mkj esa /kU;okn dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA
dk;Z vuqHko fo"k; ds :i esa bl izdkj ds i=ksa dks cukdj ckyd dh f;kRed rFkk
l`tukRed {kerk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
c/kkbZ i=ksa dh fo'ks"krk, %&
1 c/kkbZ i= cukrs le; volj vkSj okrkoj.k ds vuqdwy gh fp= o jax gksuk pkfg, tUe
fnu ij lqugjh jax dk c/kkbZ i= gh vPNk yxrk gSA
2- uo o"kZ vkSj R;ksgkjksa ds volj ij muds izrhd fpUg fp= tSls uo o"kZ ds fy, mxrk gqvk
lwjt] c<+rk gqvk lqUnj dksey ikS/kk lq[k] le`f) ] 'kkafr dk izrhd gksuk pkfg, A

Ikz;ksx u0 &3
ms'; %& ftYnlkth (Book Binding)
ftYn p<+kuk dk;ZvuqHko fo"k; dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS D;ksafd cPps fdrkcksa dkfi;ksa dk iz;ksx
djrs gS A jkst fdrkc ;k dkih dk iz;ksx djus ls og QV tkrh gSA bu iqLrdksa dkfi;ksa dks lky Hkj
lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, ftYn p<+kuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] blds vfrfjDr dk;Zy; iz;ksx ds fofHkUu
jftLVj vkfn dks Hkh lqjf{kr j[kuk iM+rk gS rFkk ?kj ij fofHkUu izdkj ds xzFk miU;kl vkfn dks Hkh
lqjf{kr ftYn lkth ls lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gS
lkexzh %& vko';drk vuqlkj eksVs rFkk irys xks] [kkyh dkxt] Qsfodksy] /kkxk] lqbZ] vojh
iSekuk] pkdw dSph] gFkkSM+kA
ftYn p<+kuk %& iqLrd ;k jftLVj ij ftYn p<+kuh gks rks mlh uki ds nks xks dkV fy,
tkrs gSa nksuks xkks dks iqLRkd ds mij vkSj uhps iDds /kkxs ls flykbZ dj ysA iqLrd ds cUn Hkkx dh
vksj diM+k o jaxtksu nksuks xkks ds mij p<+kdj fpidk nsA vf/kd etcwrh ds fy, ckgjh dksuks ij Hkh
diM+k fpidk ns rkfd dksus etcwr jgs A ckgjh xkks ij vojh p<+kdj lw[kus ds fy, Q'kZ ij otu
j[kdj j[ks rkfd vPNh rjg lw[k tk;sA ftYnlkth ls cPps vius [kkyh le; dk lnmi;ksx djds
thfodksiktZu dj ldrs gSA
lko/kkfu;ka
1- loZiFz ke iqLrd ds lHkh i`"Bksa dks e ls dj ysA

2- i`"Bksa dh lrg dks lgh rjhds ls O;ofLFkr dj ysA

3- iqLrd dh flykbZ djrs le; ikB; lkexzh nouh ugha pkfg,A
4- Qsfodksy xksn dk iz;ksx mfpr ek=k esa gh djsA
5- vojh ;k [kkdh dkxt p<+krs le; flyoV ugha jguh pkfg,A
6- ysoh cukrs le; ikuh rFkk vkVs dk lgh vuqikr j[ksA
7- ftYn p<+krs gq, xkk vojh vkfn iwjh ukidj dkVsA
8- lQkbZ dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[ksA

9- xks] vojh] iqLrdks dks ueh okys LFkku ij uk j[ksA

Ikz;ksx u0 &4
ms'; %& fofHkUu izdkj ds LVs'kujh oLrq, tSls QkbZy doj] ysVj gksYMj] xks ds fMCcs]
MLVfcu vkfn cukuk %&
ckydks dks dbZ rjg ds xks ds fMCcs ysVj gksYMj MLVfcu tks nSfud thou esa cgqr vf/kd
ek=k esa iz;ksx gksrs gS] mUgsa cukuk fl[kk;k tkrk gS tSls fd feBkbZ ds fMCcs] nokbZ;ksa ds fMCcs] NksVs cM+s
midj.k o dyiqtksZ rFkk vkStkj ds fMCcs vkfn cukuk cgqr lLrk o ljy rFkk mi;ksxh jgrk gSA cPps
fo|ky; ;k ?kj ds fy, iSu LVSM] ySVj gksYMj] Qkby doj vkfn rks Ldwy rFkk ?kj ds fy, cuk dj
le; o O;FkZ lkeku dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
vko';d lkexzh %& vko';drk vuqlkj fofHkUu izdkj ds eksVs irys xks ]uki yxHkx 26 31
vkSj 32 36] vojh ]xksan ]Qsfodksy ]diM+k ]/kkxk lqbZ flykbZ e'khu vkfnA
cukus dh fof/k %& eksVs rFkk irys ftl izdkj ds fMCcs dh vko';drk gksrh gS mlh vuqlkj
ukidj xkk dkV ysrs gS vc xks ij fu'kku yxk fn;s tkrs gS tgka ls mls eksM+uk gksrk gS e'khu ls
fftx dj ysrs gS blds ckn tgka ls dkVuk gksrk gS dSaph ls dkV ys rFkk dVs VqdM+ks dks dkV dj
vyx dj ys rkfd ljyrk ls ckfd xks dks eksM+k tk ldsA bUgsa eksM+dj LVhphax e'khu ls fly ysrs gS
bl izdkj xkk fMCcs dh 'kDy ys ysrk gS mlds mij fofHkUu izdkj dh vkojh vko';drk vuqlkj
fizfVax ;k dEiuh dk irk Nik gqvk dkxt yxk nsrs gS bl izdkj bu fMCcksa dks mfpr ewY; ij fo;
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g izf;k fujUrj lqpk: :i ls pyrh jgrh gS ftlls fo|kFkhZ lh[krk Hkh gS
vkSj viuh vk; dk lk/ku cuk ysrs gSA
fMCCks cukrs le; lko/kkfu;k

1- tSlk fMCck NksVk ;k cM+k cukuk gks xkk mlh ds vuqlkj eksVk ;k iryk ysA
2- xkk fMCcs ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj dkVsA
3- vojh fMCcs ds vuqlkj gh dkVs rkfd [kjkc u gksaA
4- vojh fMCcs ij fpidkrs le; lQkbZ dk /;ku j[ksaA
5- xkk lko/kkuh iwoZd dkV dj fLVfpax djuk pkfg,A
6- vkStkjkas dks lko/kkuh iwoZd bLrseky djasA

Ikz;ksx u0 &5
ms'; %& oLrqvksa dk laxzg djuk (Collection of Material
cPpksa dks fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqvksa dks laxzg djokuk ,d vPNk iz;kl gksrk
gSA blls cPps ;s laxzg djus dh vknr gh ugha iM+rh vfirq cgqr lh ml oLrq ls tqM+h tkudkfj;ka
feyrh gSaA tSls ge cPps ls fofHkUu izdkj ds cht] fofHkUu ns'kksa ds vyx&vyx le; ij izpfyr eqk
]if{k;ksa ds ia[k] Qwy] ifk;k vkfn f;k;sa dk;Z vuqHko esa djokrs gSaA chtksa dks tc cPpk bdV~Bk djrk
gS rks mls bl ckr dk Kku gks tkrk gS fd dkSu lk cht fdl ekSle esa cks;k tkrk gSA blls cPps dks
vius okrkoj.k dh tkudkjh fey tkrh gS vFkkZr og fofHkUu _rqvksa dk Kku Hkh blls gkfly djrk
gSA dkSu lk cht ,d i=h gS vkSj dkSu f}cht i=h gSA fdl nky ls D;k D;k pht vFkkZr ikSf"Vd
rRo gesa feyrs gSaA
Mkd fVdV dk laxzg djus ls mls gekjh Mkd iz.kkyh dk Kku gksrk gS rFkk nwljs ns'kksa dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa dh eqk flDds vkfn bdV~Bk djus ls cPps dks vius rFkk nwljs ns'k
dh vkfFkZdh dks le>us dk ekSdk feyrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa izkphu dky esa ,sls flDds Fks ftudk izpyu
vc ugha gks jgk gSA tc bl izdkj ds flDds pyus esa ugha Fks rks dSls oLrq dh [kjhn Qjks[r gksrh FkhA
dkSu dkSu ls flDds vc pyu esa ugha gSA buds u pyus dk D;k dkj.k gSA gekjs iSls dh dher D;ksa
bruh fxj x;h gSA fofHkUu if{k;ksa ds ia[k bdV~Bk djus ls cPps dks bl ckr dk Kku gksrk gS fd fdl
ekSle esa gekjs okrkoj.k esa dkSu i{kh ekStwn gksrs gSa] mlls cPpks dks ekSle dh tkudkjh gkfly gksrh
gSA ifk;ksa dk laxzg djuk Hkh blh rjg ykHkizn gSA cPpk ;g tku tkrk gS fd xje rFkk 'kjn ekSle
esa mxus okys ikS/kksa dh ifk;ksa esa D;k vUrj gksrk gSA 'kq"d vkSj ue ekSle dh ifk;ksa esa D;k vUrj
gksrk gSA Qwyksa dh lajpuk dk u;k Kku gksrk gSA fofHkUu ns'kksa ds >aMs bdV~Bk djus ls fofHkUUk ns'kksa dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA muds jk"Vh; fpg~uksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA muds fpg~uksa ds ego dk irk
pyrk gSA
oSls Hkh fo|kFkhZ dks ,slh f'k{kk nh tkuh pkfg, tks mldh ikB'kkyk ;k pkjfnokjh rd gh
lhfer u gksA fo|kFkhZ dks lqcg ls ysdj 'kke rd fdrkch Kku ds vfrfjDr dqN iz;ksxkRed Kku Hkh

fn;k tkuk pkfg, tks mldh jkstejkZ dh ftUnxh ls lEcfU/kr gks vkSj d{kk esa nh tkus okyh tkudkjh
ls Hkh lEcU/k j[krk gks ;k mldks le>us esa lgk;d fl) gks] ,slh f'k{kk fo|kFkhZ dk dk;Z vuqHko f'k{kk
nsus ls iwjh dh tk ldrh gSA oLrq laxzg ds }kjk fo|kFkhZ dks dk;Z vuqHko ds ms';ksa dh iwfrZ dh tk
ldrh gSA
5- collection of Material
dyk vkSj dk;kZuqHko es]a Practical vfuok;Z gSA fyf[kr esa fof/k;k fdruh gh ckj fy[kokrs ;k
jVkrs jgsAa tc rd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds gkFkksa ls ckj&ckj vH;kl ugha djok,xs rc rd cukuk vkSj lko/kkuh
j[kuk ugha lh[k ldrsA blfy, Mkd fVdV] fofHkUu izdkj ds cht] fofHkUu ns'kksa ds fofHkUu dky ds
flDds] fofHkUu if{k;ksa ds ia[k ] fofHkUu izdkj ds Qwy vkSj ifk;ksa dks ,df=r vkd"kZd ,yce cukus ds
fy, izsfjr djds muesa vPNh vknr Mkyus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, rkfd lokxh.k fodkl gksA

bdkbZ&4

Ikz;ksx u0 &1

ms'; % Lokfn"V O;atuksa dks rS;kj djds vfrfFk lsokHkko rFkk vknj lRdkj dh Hkkoukvksa dks
izkRs lkfgr djuk Hkkstu idkus esa iz;qDr lkexzh ds ckjs esa tkudkjh rFkk muds mi;ksx esa vko';d
n{krk izkIr djukA

pk; (Tea)
vko';d lkexzh %&
ikuh

3 di

phuh

3 lkekU; pEep

pk;ikh

2 NksVk pEep

nw/k

Ms<+ di

byk;ph

1 NksVh byk;ph

fof/k %& irhys esa 3 di ikuh Mkydj ikuh dks mckys]a mcyrs gq, ikuh esa phuh Mkfy,A tc
ikuh mcyus yxs rFkk phuh ?kqy tk, rks pk; dh ikh Mkydj <Ddu ls irhys dks can dj nsAa dqN
le; ckn] tc ikh ikuh ds lkFk mcyus yxs] mlesa byk;ph o nw/k feykdj mls mckysAa mlds ckn
pk; dks uhps mrkj dj lkQ diksa esa Mkydj vfrfFk;ksa o ifjokj ds yksxksa dks nsAa

dkWQh (Coffee)
vko';d lkexzh %&

ikuh

3 di

dkWQh dk ikmMj

3 NksVs pEep

nw/k

3 di

phuh

NksVs pEep

fof/k %& nw/k vkSj ikuh leku ek=k esa Mkydj mckysAa mcyrs le; gh mlesa phuh vkSj dkWQh
dk ikmMj Mkysa rFkk mls fQj mckysAa mcyus ds ckn uhps mrkj dj diksa esa Mkydj ij ls
vko';drkuqlkj dkWQh ikmMj Mkydj vfrfFk;ksa dks nhft,A

Ikz;ksx u0 &2

'kjcr
vko';d lkexzh
phuh

1 fdyks

ikuh

1 yhVj

pwyh fxjh

100 xzke

[khjk [kjcwtk cht 100 xzke

dkyh fepZ

10 xzke

NksVh byk;ph

1 xzke

dsoM+k ty o b= 2&3 cwansa

flfVd ,flM

10 xzke

fof/k % ,d fdyks phuh] vk/kk yhVj ikuh vkSj 5 xzke lkbfVd ,flM ,d pEep dks feyk,A
/kheh vkp ij xeZ djsaA ,d rkj dh pk'kuh cuk,A pk'kuh ds mcky vkrs gh vkx ij ls mrkjsaA bls
diM+s ls Nku ysAa vc vyx ls vk/kk yhVj ikuh esa ,d pEep cpk gqvk lkbfVd ,flM feykdj ?kksy
cuk,A bls mckysAa bl [kkSyrs ikuh esa pwyh dh fxjh o [kjcwts o [khjs ds cht Mky nsa rFkk vkp can
dj nsAa 15 feuV ,slk djus ij tc fxfj;k o cht Qwy tk,xs rc ckgjh fNydk fudky dj Qsad nsAa
vc fxjh cht dks ckjhd ihl dj eqyk;e isLV cuk,A bl isLV dks xeZ pk'kuh esa feyk,A
bls vPNh rjg ls feyk ysAa blesa dkyh fepZ o byk;ph ikmMj Hkh feyk,A fQj dsoM+k j o dslj b=
feyk,A ;g pwyh&fxjh B.MkbZ 'kjcr gS ftls yLlh o NkN feyk dj ih;k tk ldrk gSA
xqykc ty] dsoM+k [kl[kl 'kcZr
vko';d lkexzh
xqykc ty

30 fe-yh- 6 pEep

dsoM+k ty

30 fe-yh- 6 pEep

[kl [kl

40 xzke isLV 8 pEep

ikuh

vk/kk yhVj

phuh

,d fdyksxzke

flfVd ,flM,flM

10 xzke 2 pEep

cukus dh fof/k % ikuh esa phuh o flfVd ,flM feyk,A /kheh vkp ij ,d rkj dh pk'kuh
cuk,A bl pk'kuh dks irys diM+s ls Nku ysAa vc xqykc ty] dsoM+k ty vkSj [kl[kl isL V pk'kuh
esa feyk,A bls nw/k] dPph yLlh rFkk NkN esa feykdj ih ldrs gSaA

Ikz;ksx u0 &3
uhEcw ikuh
vko';d lkexzh
1-

ikuh

3 fxykl

2-

uhEcw

3-

phuh

5 NksVs pEep

4-

ls/a kk ued FkksM+k lk

fof/k % loZiFz ke ,d irhys esa ikuh ysdj mlesa uhacw fupksMa+As mlds ckn mlesa phuh Mkydj
mls ?kksy ysa rFkk FkksM+k lk ued Mkydj vPNh izdkj ls feyk ysAa bls vkSj vko';drkuqlkj B.Mk
djds ikuh ds fxyklksa esa Mkydj uhacw ikuh vfrfFk;ksa o ifjokj tuksa dks forfjr djsaA

Ikz;ksx u0 &4
VekVj dk lwi
vko';d lkexzh
1-

VekVj

vk/kk fdyks

2-

yglqu

10 xzke

3-

vnjd

10 xzke

4-

dkyh fepZ

5 xzke

5-

ued

Loknkuqlkj

6-

phuh

vk/kk pEep

7-

he

7 pEep

8-

ikuh

vk/kk di

VekVj yglqu rFkk vnjd dh ek=k dks vk/kk di ikuh esa mckysAa tc VekVj id tk,
yxHkx 15 feuV rks mls Nku ysAa mlds ckn mlesa ued] phuh] dkyh fepZ] Mkydj yxHkx 5 feuV
/kheh vkp ij idk,A fQj vkp ls mrkj dj lwi ds dVksjksa esa Mkysa rFkk ij ls vk/kk pEep he
Mkydj vfrfFk;ksa ,oa ifjokj tuksa dks izseiwoZd ijkslAsa

Ikz;ksx u0 &5
[khj
vko';d lkexzh %
nw/k

1 fdyks

pkoy

50 xzke

phuh

200 xzke

?kh

50 xzke

byk;ph NksVh 4
dktw

cukus dh fof/k % pkoyksa dks /kksdj lkQ djsa rFkk ,d crZu esa ikuh esa fHkxks,A nw/k dks LVhy
ds irhys esa Mkydj mckysa tc rd fd og xk<+k u gks tk,A nw/k xk<+k gksus ds ckn d<+kbZ esa ?kh
Mkydj mlesa ykSax mcky dj xqykch gksus ds ckn xk<+k mcyk gqvk nw/k Mkydj mckfy, rkfd pkoy
nw/k esa ?kqy tk,A

BaMk gksus ds ckn byk;ph ds nkus ckjhd djds dktw] cknke vkfn Mkydj [khj dks dVksfj;ksa
esa ijkslAsa

Ikz;ksx u0 &7
lwth dk gyok
vko';d lkexzh
lwth

200 xzke

?kh

200 xzke

phuh

500 xzke

fd'kfe'k

dktw vkSj byk;ph

cukus dh fof/k % loZiFz ke d<+kbZ esa ?kh Mkydj xeZ dj ysAa vc ?kh esa lwth Mkydj gYdh
vkp esa xqykch gYdk Hkwjk gksus rd HkwuAsa tSls gh lwth dk jax Hkwurs&Hkwurs Hkwjk gks tkrk gS mlesa xeZ
mcyk gqvk ikuh Mkydj mlesa phuh Mky nsa rFkk mls dM+Nh ls fgykrs jgsaA tc ikuh] phuh] lwth lc
fey dj ?kqV tk, rc idk gqvk gyok mrkjdj mlesa ckjhd byk;ph] fd'kfe'k vkSj dktw ds VqdM+s
gyos esa feyk, rFkk xeZ&xeZ gyok vfrfFk;ksa dks ijkslaAs

Ikz;ksx u0 &8
tythjk
vko';d lkexzh
dkyk ued

1 pEep

lk/kkj.k ued

vk/kk pEep

Hkwuk gqvk thjk

1 pEep

vepwj

1 pEep

yky fepZ ikmMj

Loknkuqlkj

dkyh fepZ ikmMj

vk/kk pEep

iqnhuk

vk/kk pEep

/kfu;k

vk/kk pEep

cwanh

15 xzke

ikuh

5 fxyklA

cukus dh fof/k % loZizFke lHkh elkyksa dks vPNh izdkj ls vkil esa feyk nsrs gSaA mlds ckn
bu elkyksa dks 5 fxykl B.Ms ikuh esa feyk nsrs gSa rFkk mlesa cwanh feykdj lkjs lkeku dks vPNh
izdkj ls feykdj fxyklksa esa Mkydj vfrfFk;ksa dks nsrs gSaA

Ikz;ksx u0 &9

lk/kkj.k HkksT; inkFkZ (Simple food items)

mM+n dh nky
vko';d lkexzh % 1 di /kqyh mM+n dh nky] 1 dVh gqbZ I;kt] 1 dVk gqvk VekVj] 1 NksVk
pEep dwdl vnjd] 1&2 dVh gqbZ gjh fepZ] ckjhd dVk gqvk /kfu;kA 1 NksVk pEep thjk] 2
rstikk] vk/kk Vh Liwu gYnh ikmMj] ued Loknkuqlkj] vk/kk NksVk pEep xje elkyk] yky fepZ
Loknkuqlkj] 2 Vscy Liwu rsy] 1 Vh Liwu uhacw dk jlA

cukus dh fof/k %& nky dks 5 di ikuh esa mckysa tc rd fd og uje u gks tk,A idus ds
ckn nky esa ls ikuh fudkydj ,d rjQ dj nsAa
,d d<+kbZ esa rsy xje djsa vkSj mlesa ykSax] rstikk vkSj thjk Mkydj pVdk,A vc mlesa
vnjd] I;kt vkSj gjh fepZ Mky dj rc rd fgykrs jgsa tc rd fd og gYdk Hkwjk u gks tk,A mlesa
VekVj feyk, vkSj lHkh lw[ks elkys feykdj FkksM+h nsj rd HkwuAsa
vc mlesa nky Mkydj uhacw dk jl feyk, vkSj /khjs&/khjs pyk, A nky ds ij xje elkyk
fNM+dj o gjk /kfu;k fNM+dj xjekxje ijkslsAa

pkoy (Rice)
vko';d lkexzh
1- pkoy

300 xzke

2- ikuh

600 xzke

cukus dh fof/k
,d LVhy ds irhys esa pkoyksa dks lkQ djds rFkk /kksdj MkysAa ikuh Mkydj pkoyksa dks vPNh
rjg idus rd mckyrs jgsAa mlds ckn irhyk vkp ls uhps mrkj dj FkksM+h nsj rd j[kk jgus nsAa
vc vko';drkuqlkj ijkslaAs

Ikz;ksx u0 &10
lCth ne vkyw
vko';d lkexzh
NksVs vkyw

400 xzke ;k 12&14

vnjd

bd bap yEck VqdM+k

VekVj

3&4 e/;e vkdkj ds

gjh fepZ

fjQkbaM rsy

2 Vscy Liwu vkSj vkyw ryus ds fy,

thjk

,d pkSFkkbZ NksVh pEep

gYnh ikmMj

,d NksVh pEep

he ;k eykbZ

50 xzke vk/kk NksVh dVksjh

fepZ ikmMj

,d pkSFkkbZ NksVh pEep ls de

xje elkyk

,d pkSFkkbZ NksVh pEep

gjk /kfu;k

,d Vscy Liwu ckjhdk dVk

ued

Loknkuqlkj

cukus dh fof/k %
vkyw dks vk/kk NksVh pEep ued Mkydj mckyksA B.Mk djks rFkk Nhy yksA lkcwr vkyw esa
dkaVs dh lgk;rk ls Nsn dj yhft,A vc d<+kbZ esa rsy Mkfy;s vkSj vkyw dks gYdk czkmu gksus rd
ry yhft,A rys gq, vkyw dks IysV esa fudky yhft,A

vc feDlh esa VekVj gjh fepZ] vnjd vkSj dktw dktw vk/kk ?k.Vk igys ikuh esa Mky dj
fHkxks ysa ckjhd ihl yhft,A d<+kbZ esa rsy Mkydj xje dhft,A lcls igys thjk Mkfy,] blds ckn
gYnh] ikmMj] /kfu;k ikmMj vkSj blds ckn VekVj dktw dk isLV vkSj he Mkfy,A elkys dks pEep
pyk dj feyk ys A
tc elkys ls rsy vyx gksrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsus yxs rc blesa eFkk gqvk ngh Mky nhft,A rjh
dks ftruk iryk ;k xk<+k j[kuk pkgrs gSa mlds vuqlj ikuh feyk,A Loknkuqlkj ued vkSj yky fepZ
ikmMj Mky nhft,A 2&3 feuV mcyus nsAa fQj vkp ls mrkj dj xje elkyk vkSj vk/kh ek=k esa
gjk /kfu;k Mky nhft,A
rS;kj ne vkyw dVksjh esa fudkysAa cps gq, /kfu, dks ij ls Mkydj ltkb,A

Ikz;ksx u0 &11

pikrh
vko';d lkexzh % 2 di vkVk rFkk ikuh vko';drkuqlkjA
cukus dh fof/k % vkVs esa FkksM+k ikuh FkksM+k Mkydj rc rd mls xwFksa tc rd fd vkVk eqyk;e
u gks tk,A FkksM+k l[r vkVk xwFkrs gSaA mlds ckn vk/kk ?k.Vk xwFks vkVs dks j[kk jgus nsrs gSaA mlds
ckn vkVs ds NksVs NksVs xksys cukdj mlesa lw[kk vkVk yxkdj pdys ij csyu dh enn ls csyrs gSa
tc fd o ckjhd o xksy u gks tk,a ftruk gks lds iryh pikrh cuk,A
blds ckn rok xeZ djsa rFkk ml ij iryh pikrh lsd
a rs gSaA pikrh dks nksuksa rjQ ls lsdsa
tc rd fd og nksuksa rjQ ls Hkwjs jax dh u gks tk,A vc diM+s ls pikrh dks nckrs rFkk ?kqekrs gSa
rkfd og Qwy tk,A vc xje&xje pikrh ijkslsAa

Ikz;ksx u0 &12
lykn
vko';d lkexzh
vk/kk di dVs i;kt] vk/kk di dVs gq, VekVj] vk/kk di dVs gq, [khjs] vk/kk di dVs gq,
xktj] vk/kk di dVh gqbZ ikk xksHkh] vk/kk di dVh gqbZ ewyh] 2 cM+s pEep dVk /kfu;k] 5 gjh fepZ] 1
di fljdk] ued LoknkuqlkjA
For seoas ning :& 1 Vscy Liwu ySeu twl] vk/kk Vscy Liwu phuh
1 Vh Liwu ljlksa ds cht] 1 Vh Liwu dVh ifk;k
1 Vscy Liwu rsy] ued Loknkuqlkj

fof/k
lHkh lfCt;ksa dks ,d cM+s crZu esa feyk ysAa mlds ckn gjk /kfu;k rFkk gjh fepZ dk isLV
rS;kj djds lfCt;ksa esa feyk, rFkk mlesa ued vPNh izdkj ls feyk nsAa seasoning rS;kj djds lfCt;ksa
esa feyk, rFkk ijkslus ls igys fljdk feyk,A mlds ckn lykn dks cM+h IysV esa vPNh izdkj ls ltk
dj [kkus ds lkFk vfrfFk;ksa dks ijkslaAs

bdkbZ&5
LFkkuh; LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k

iqLrdsa fo|kFkhZdks iqLrdh; Kku iznku djrh gSaA euq"; vuqHkoksa ls Hkh cgqr dqN lh[krk gSA
;k=k ekuo] izfr vkSj ,d mi;ksxh 'kSf{kd midj.k dk ,d egoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA
csdu ds vuqlkj] ;k=k, cPpksa esa f'k{k.k rFkk cM+kas esa vuqHko dk fgLlk gSA
;qok eu yxkrkj ;k=k ls voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg, pwfd ;k=k, iqLrdh; Kku dh vis{kk
csgrj f'k{kk iznku dj ldrh gSaA
ftl Nk= us rktegy ;FkkFkZ :i esa ns[kk gS] mldh vis{kk iqLrdh; Kku okys Nk= dks
rktegy ds Li"Vhdj.k esa dfBukbZ visf{kr gSA
dgk Hkh x;k gS fd iqLrdh; Kku v/kwjk] viw.kZ rFkk vYi gksrk gS tcfd Hkze.k ds }kjk vftZr
Kku iw.kZ rFkk fpj&LFkk;h gksrk gSA
Hkze.k dk egRo %&
1 Hkze.k ds ek/;e ls Nk= iqLrdh; Kku dh iqf"V djrs gSaA
2 mudk lekt rFkk ck thou ls lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gSA
3 fopkjksa dk foLrkj gksrk gSA
4 f'k{kk ds izfr #fp iSnk gksrh gSA
5 ,sfrgkfld Hkze.k }kjk vrhr ds vo'ks"kksa dks fudV ls ns[kus dk ekSdk feyrk gS ftlls ns'k
dh izkphu fojklr rFkk tuthou dk irk pyrk gSA
6 d{kk&d{k ds ruko ls NqVdkjk feyrk gSA

7 Nk=ksa dks izsfDVdy O;ogkfjd Kku dh izkfIr gksrh gSA

8 fofHkUu O;fDrRo o jhfr&fjoktksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
9 vkRefo'okl esa o`f) gksrh gSA
vr% Hkze.k f'k{kk dk vfHkUu vax gSA tschVh izFke o"kZ ds ikB~;e esa LFkkuh; LFkkuksa ds Hkze.k
tSls dkj[kkus] Lo;Z lgk;rk lewg] Mkd?kj] ulZjh jsyos vkj{k.k dsUnz] gokbZ vM~Mk] vuqla/kku dsUnz
vkfn dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA bu laLFkkuksa esa Hkze.k ls tgk ,d vksj Nk=ksa esaO;olkf;d n{krk,a c<+rh
gSa ogha nwljh vksj dk;Z ds lalkj ds ckjs esa fudV ls tkudkjh feyrh gSA
LFkkuh; LFkkuksa ds Hkze.k vk;ksftr djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, %&
1 ;k=k ls igys %& f'k{kd dks le;c) ;kstuk rS;kj dj pquko djuk pkfg, tks ;kstukuq:i
dk;kZuqHko ds fy, mfpr gksA ;k=k LFkku dk pquko djus ds ckn v/;kid dks ;k=k LFkku dkj[kkuk]
Mkd?kj] cSad vkfn rFkk Ldwy iz'kklu ls vkKk ysuh pfg,A ;k=k ij vkus okys [kpZ dk ctV cukuk
rFkk ;k=k ds nkSjku dke vkus okyh O;fdxr oLrq,a lkFk esa j[kuk Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
2 ;k=k ds nkSjku %& vuq'kklu rFkk Nk= lqj{kk dk /;ku j[kuk v;kid dh ftEesokjh gSA
;k=k ds nkSjku Nk=ksa ds [kku&iku rFkk LokLFk; dk /;ku Hkh j[kuk pkfg,A ckgj dk [kkuk [kkus ls
cpuk pkfg, rFkk lkQ ikuh dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A ;k=k ds vuqHko rFkk tkudkjh dks laf{kIr
esa fy[krs jguk pkfg,A
3 ;k=k ds ckn %& ;k=k ds mijkUr ;k=k ds nkSjku izkIr vuqHkoksa dh d{kk esa lkewfgd ppkZ
djuh pkfg,A ;k=k ds nkSjku leL;k,a rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, gy dh ppkZ dks Hkh LFkku fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A v/;kid dks bl ;k=k dk la;qfDrdj.k vU; fo"k;ksa ls Hkh djuk pkfg,A

lkeqnkf;d dk;Z@lekt lsok,a

lkekftd izk.kh gksus ds ukrs euq"; dks lekt ds fgrksa ds fy, dk;Z djuk pkfg, pwfd lekt
esa jg dj lekt ds fy, dk;Z ls varr% mls gh Qk;nk nsrs gSaA dk;Z lsokFkZ Hkh fd, tk ldrs gSa rFkk
viuk drZO; ,oa keZ le> dj Hkh fd, tk ldrs gSa dk;Z vuqHko ds ckjs esa vo/kkj.kk gS fd blesa
dsoy nLrdkjh ds dk;Z gksrs gSaA ;g vo/kkj.kk fcYdqy Hkh lgh ugha gSA vfirq dk;Z vuqHko dk {ks=
vR;ar gh O;kid gS rFkk lekt lsok,a Hkh bldk egoiw.kZ vax gSA f'k{kk vk;ksx 1965&66 ;g crkrk
gS fd lekt lsok, Hkh dk;Z vuqHko dk vfHkUu vax gSaA
'kSf{kd ego % lkeqnkf;d dk;ks dk 'kSf{kd ego fuEu izdkj ls gS %&
1- lkeqnkf;d f;kvksa ls okafNr ewY;ksa tSls vkRefuHkZjrk] lg;ksx lewg esa dk;Z djus dh
Hkkouk] o vkRe fu;a=.k ds xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA
2- leqnk; ds izfr drZO; ikyu dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

3- lkekftd o vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds izfr tkx:drk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

4- lekt o ns'k ds izfr mkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5- fdlh Hkh okafNr lsok mijkar vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA
6- lekt ds fudV tkus ls mldh vf/kd tkudkjh feyrh gSA
7- fu%LokFkZ lsok djus dh vknr dk fodkl gksrk gSA
8- O;kogkfjd Kku o usr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA dk;Z vuqHko ds varxZr fuEukafdr
lekt lsokvksa dks djok;k tk ldrk gSA
lQkbZ % vKkurk ds dkj.k vf/kdka'k O;fDr xnsa o chekj jgrs gSaA xko esa [kkldj xjhc o
vui<+ yksxksa esa ;g vf/kdrj ns[kus esa vkrk gSA f'k{kd o Nk= feydj cLrh ;k vkl&iM+kl
s dh
lQkbZ lEcU/kh ;kstuk, cukdj mUgsa dk;kZfUor dj ldrs gSaA xfy;ksa dh tyk'k;ksa dh lQkbZ] pwuk
vkfn Mkyuk] xans ikuh ds xM~<ksa dks feV~Vh ls Hkjuk vkfn dk;Z lQyrkiwoZd djok, tk ldrs gSaA
1- tkx:drk % vkl&ikl dh cLrh esa LokLF; j{kk v/;kidksa o Nk=ksa dks ekSleh chekfj;ksa ds
dkj.kksa vkfn ds ckjs esa tkx:drk ykuh pkfg,A yksxksa dks lQkbZ ds ego] ckklh [kkuk u [kkus bR;kfn
ds ckjs esa ;FkklEHko o"kZ esa ,d ckj LokLF; izn'kZuh yxkuh pkfg,A
2- izk<S + f'k{kk % Hkkjr esa tula[;k ds fglkc ls lokZf/kd vui<+ izk<S + O;fDr gSaA v/;kid Nk=ksa
ds lkFk feydj vius vkl&ikl izk<S + f'k{kk ds ckjs esa ;kstuk cuk ldrk gSA okf"kZd ]ekfld vFkok
lkIrkfgd ;kstuk cukuh pkfg, ftlls fd fl[kus okyksa dh la[;k le; bR;kfn ds ckjs esa LFkku fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A ikl dh clrh tgk vui<+ O;fDr T;knk ,df=r gks ldrs gSa] dk pquko dj] LFkku
le;] le; lhek vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA Nk=ksa dks Lo;a dh {kerk esa lq/kkj dj lh[kus
okyksa ds lkFk xfrfof/k;k djuh pkfg,A tksj ls cksyuk rFkk ppkZ dks Hkh LFkku ns uk pkfg,A
4- jDrnku f'kfoj yxkuk %& jDr ukfM+;ksa esa cguk pkfg,A ukfy;ksa esa ugha] vFkkZr jDr O;FkZ
ugha tkuk pkfg,A mDr dFku dks /;ku esa j[k dj Nk=ksa dks f'k{kdksa ds lkFk jDrnku f'kfoj yxkus
pkfg, rFkk lekt dks bl ckjs esa izsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl izdkj leqnk; esa tkx:drk ykdj
muds lkFk feydj jDrnku f'kfojksa dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5- ikS/kjksi.k % izfr dk larqyu cuk, j[kus ds fy, ikS/kjksi.k dh vko';drk vR;f/kd c<+ xbZ
gSA ou laink ds :i esa izfr ls gesa tks dqN Hkh izkIr gks jgk gS] og fu;eiwoZd vkxs Hkh feyrk jgs]
mlds fy, ikS/kjksi.k djuk pkfg,A f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds lkFk feydj ekSlekuqlkj Qynkj] taxyh isM+&
ikS/ks ltkoVh ikS/ks vkfn yxk ldrs gSa rFkk LFkkuh; leqnk; dks blds ckjs esa izsfjr dj ldrs gSaA blh
izdkj LFkkuh; leqnk; esa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa tSls ngst izFkk] dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k] ckfydk f'k{kk vkfn ds
ckjs esa ukVd] jSyh] vkfn }kjk tkx:drk ykbZ tk ldrh gSA

R;ksgkj o esyksa ls turk dks uothou o lkekftd psruk feyrh gSA ,sls voljksa ij lkekftd
mUufr f'k{kk izpkj dk;Z] lekt lq/kkj dk;Z vkfn ds fo"k; esa Hkk"k.kksa] fQYes]a vfHku;ksa o vU;
fHkUu&fHkUu dk;Zeksa }kjk Kkuksn; djuk pkfg,A

dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd izkFkfed v/;kidksa dks ,slk izf'k{k.k nsuk pkfg, fd os lnSo /;ku j[ksa fd
gekjs ns'k o lekt dh loZrkseq[kh mUufr djkus dk xq#rj Hkkj mUgsa gh vius da/kksa ij mBkuk iM+x
s kA
mUgsa iw.kZ mRlkg o {kq/kk ds lkFk bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, vxzlj gksuk pkfg,A