3.

1/22

B3.
:
, .
.
I.

.
, L , , C , ,

R .
, ,
.
,
,

X L = L ,

X C =1 C ,

, L
C,

, .

. -
,
, , ,
. ,

.
, .
, . 1,

() , .
:
)


3.

2/22

)
*.

.1. .
G , ACB , (
), Qx ( ) , Qo
.

, G,
() :
u( t ) =U 0 sin t ,

(1)

t s, U 0 ,
0 V,

= 2 T =2

e , s,

, Hz
kHz.
AB - - .
,
-,
- R1 R2 = l1 l 2 .

, , ,
.


3.

3/22

, ()
, .
,
C D .
.

,
Q x ,
Q o .
:
i( t ) = I 0 sin( t + ) ,

(2)

I 0 , -
rad.
, I 0 , , , ,
.
.

.
II.
1.
,
.
, .
,
[F]. , ,
, , rc ,
.

, rw , , Lc .
. 2. ,
.
, rc , - ,

1
C,


3.

4/22

rw ,

, Lc ,
.

. 2 .
C , rc - ,
rw - ,
Lc -

:
Xc =

1
.
C

(3)

. 3.

. 3


3.

5/22

ACB ADB
,

I1

I 2 .

AC :
U AC = R1 I 1

(4)

C .
Cx e:
U Cx =

1
I2 .
C x

(5)

C D
C , U AC .
*.
,
, .
.
,
:

X cx
X c0

R1
.
R2

(6)

, (3),
:
R1 ~ l1 , R2 ~ l 2 ,

(7)

1 C x
R
l
= 1 1 ,
1 C0 R2 l2

(8)

, , C 0 ,
, :

, .
.
.
.


3.

Cx =

1.

l2
C0 .
l1

6/22

(9)

.
, . 3 ,
.
!
,
.
Cx e ,
, , . C0,
, ,
. . 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20, 30 40 F
,
.
. ,
10 pF 100 F,
0.5 % 1 F 100 F 0.1%
- 1 F. 0
, (?).
:
1.

2.

Hz V.
3.

,
, .
4.

0 , (

).
5.

.
/


3.

7/22

,
.
6.

1.
1.

C0,

C0,

Hz

l1, mm

l2, mm

l2,

Cx,

Cx,

mm

1
2
3
:
C x C0
l l2
=
+
Cx
C0
l2 ( l l2 )

(10)

C0 l2 C0 l2,
. (?)
2.
,

L [H],
. ,
- ,
.
, , ,
rL . , ,
C L .
. 4.


3.

8/22

. 4
,
. - ,
,
rL .
, ,
, X L = L , ,

rL << X L = L ,

(11)

,
rL .
,
. ,
C L , , . ,

:
X L = L << X C =

1
C L

(12)

. ,
;
, -
.
Hz kHz

L rL .
:
Z =

( rL ) 2 + ( L ) 2 .

(13)


3.

9/22

, , . 1

Zx

Lx rLx :
Qx = Z x =

( rLx ) 2 + ( Lx ) 2 ,

(14)

L0 ,
rL0 :
Q0 = Z 0 =

( rL0 ) 2 + ( L0 ) 2 .

(15)

,
D C .
,
, (.. )
:
rLx R1 l1
=
,
rL0 R2 l 2

Lx R1 l1
=
.
L0 R2 l 2

(16)


3.

10/22

. 5

. 1 C
.
, (16)
.

. 5. R r
, , D
() .
,
, r1 r2 .
, :
Zx =

( rLx

+ r1 ) + ( Lx )
2

Z 0 = ( rL0 + r2 ) 2 + ( L0 ) 2 ,

(17)

R r .
,
.
2.
.
, . 5 ,
, . Lx e
. L0, ,
, .
L0 0,1 mH 1000
mH 0,1 mH. L0
, L (?).
!
,
.

10


3.

11/22

:
1.

2.

Hz V.
3.

,
, .
4.

L0

. ,
L0 (?).
5.

.
6.

Rr

.
7.

/
,
, .
8.

5, 6 7

.
9.

500 Hz, 1 kHz, 5 kHz, 10 kHz. (

?).
2.
2.

L0,

L0,

Hz

l1, mm

l1,
mm

1
2
3
-

11

l2, mm

Lx,

Lx,


3.

12/22

:
Lx L0
l l1
=
+
Lx
L0
l1 ( l l1 )

(18)

C0 l2 C0 l2,
(?).
3. ,
, ,
,
. -
- , ,
. -
.
L, C, R 7-8.

, .

- C, L
R. -
,
:

C, L .;

G, R;

.;

U., I. ..

, ,
:

C, G .

();

L,

. ,
.

12


3.

13/22

,
.

3.
.

:
) :

1
1
=
C
i Ci

) :

C = C i
i

) :

L = Li
i

) :

1
1
=
L
i Li

13


3.

14/22

3.
3.

C1,

., F(nF)

C2,

F(nF) F(nF)

C = C1 + C 2

C., F(nF)
C=

C1 C 2
C1 + C 2

1
2
4.
,
,
. NaCl
( ). NaCl Na+
Cl- . , ,
Na+ Cl-
Na+ Cl- .
, , . -
Na + Cl

:
,
. ,
.
,
( ) . ,
,
.
,
.
.

14


3.

15/22

, .

()
. I eff

U eff *:

I eff =

U eff ,
R

(19)

R e .

, S
l,

l >>

:
R=

l
,
S

(20)

, [ m] , .

, . ,
, ,
.
. S l ,

l >>

. ,

, .. ,

, (20):
R = N ,

(21)

, [ m] , , N ..
, ,
.
R G,
:
*

,
.

15


3.

G=

1
,
R

16/22

(22)

1
[S] [ ] ,

-1
- , [( m) ] .

-
:
= q n ( + + ) ,

(23)

q ( ),
, n
,

n ,

+ .

n
n ,

.
.

.
,
+ .
:

(t) = ( 0 ) 1 t t 2 ,

(0)

(24)

t = 0 C ,

.
R (t ) ,
.
4.
.
, R ( , G)
,
L, R ( C, G).
, . 6.

16


3.

17/22

.6.
,
(). ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,

(?).
, nx,

, R ( , G). .
( 5) ,

ni.

, nx,
, n1 < n x < n5 .
, , Ri ( , Gi) .
,

17


3.

18/22

.
. 4.
4.
.

ni % ,
n1
Ri ,
Gi , S

n2

n3

n5

n4

nx

Ri

, Gi) n i .
, Rx ( , Gx)
.
5.


- .
- -.
-

, -

. .
(
) .
.

.
- , , .

.
:
1.

( ).

18


3.

19/22

2.

3.

.
4.

-60 C - +50 C.

+ 25 C.
5.

6.

.
7.

. , -
.
8.

, t1,

, G1, .
9.

, t2,
, G2.
10.

+50 .
5.
5.
.

t.
1
2
-

t.

G, S

( )
G = G (t ) .

1.

19


3.

20/22

R , L

C .
,
a( t ) = A cos( t + A ) *
:
= A( cos + jsin ) = Ae j
A

(.1)

j ( j 2 = 1 ). A
. e jt ,
,
. (.1)
.
,
.
,
, :
j
U

Z = U = U e = U e j ( U I ) = U e j = Z e j
I Ie j I
I
I

(.2)

U I , U I
, = U I
, .
R , L C :
Z = R,

Z = jL = jX L ,

Z =

1
1
=j
= jX C .
jC
C

(.3)

R , L
C :
Z = R + jL +

X = L
*

1
1
= R + j( L
) = R + jX .
jC
C

(.4)

1
.
C

t .

20


3.

21/22

:
1
I
U
Y =
=
= e j .

Z U
I

(.5)

:
1
Y = G = ,
R

1
1
Y = jB =
, (B = ) ,
jX
X

(.6)

:
Y =G + jB

(.7)

2.

. 1.
Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 Z 4 . ,

. 1.
:
Z 1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3 .

21

(.8)


3.

22/22

. (.4) :
R1 R4 X 1 X 4 = R2 R3 X 2 X 3

(.9)

R1 X 4 + R4 X 1 = R2 X 3 + R3 X 2

.
.

.
,
C D
, .
, (.2),
(.8) :
Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3
1 + 4 = 2 + 3

(.10)

, ,
,
.

22