VERBS ()

to be ()

To to be : be (), was (), been ( ).

affirmative form

I am
your are
he is
she is
it is
we are
:
you are
they are

negative form

lam not
your are not
he is not
she is not
it is not
we are not
you are not
they are not

interrogative form

am !?
are you?
is he?
is she?
is it?
are we?
are you?
are they?

I was
you were
he was
she was
it was
we were
you were
they were

I was not
you were not
he was not
she was not
it was not
we were not
you were not
they were not

was I?
were you?
was he?
was she?
was it?
were we?
were you?
were they?

O to be
. to be
,
to be
a.
.
e.g. Helen is a teacher. She is in the room.
b.
e.g. I am hot=
He is happy=
c.
e.g. How old are you? ( ;)
I am twenty years old ( 20 )

d.
e.g. How tall are you? or What is your height?
I am 1.60m ( 1.60)
What is your weight? ( ;)
I am 55 Kilos ( 55 )
e.
e.g. How much is this book? It's 5 ( 5 )
How much does this book cost?
f. There is - there are
to be ,
there , .
e.g. There is a girl in the room.
There is a book on the desk
There are books on the floor.

to be :
have =
may =
will = a
do =
must=
shall = a
can =
need = v
ought t =
dare=o
used t=
do have .
.

to do
: do - did - done

I do
you do
he does
she does
it does
we do
you do
they do

do I?
do you?
does he?
does she?
does it?
do we?
do you?
do they?

I do not (don't)
you do not
he does not (doesn't)
she does not
it does not
we do not
you do not
they do not

:
.
.
e.g. He goes - Does he go? - He doesn't go
She looked - Did she look? - She didn't look.
b. ,
.
e.g. I did go = !
Do come in = !
I do speak English = !
c. ,
.
e,g. Do you speak English?
Yes, I do.
Did you see him?
Yes I did.

TENSES
Present continuous ( )

to be + .

I am looking
you are looking
he is looking
she is looking
it is looking
we are looking
you are looking
they are looking

am I looking?
are you looking?
is he looking?
is she looking?
is it looking?
are we looking?
are you looking?
are they looking?

I am not looking
you are not looking
he is not looking
she is not looking
it is not looking
we are not looking
you are not looking
they are not looking

a. to -e -e
-ing.
e.g. love-loving, hate-hating
but agree-agreeing, see-seeing
b. ,
-ing.
e.g. stop-stopping, run-running

,
.
e.g. begin-beginning, prefer-preferring
but enter-entering
c. - -
, - -ing.
e.g. Travel-travelling

a.
e.g I am going to the cinema now
He is reading a newspaper at the moment.
b.
.
e.g. He is reading a book by Shakespeare.
I am learning English this term

c.
.
e.g. I am going to Athens tomorrow.
He is leaving for Rome next week.
d. always
.
e.g. He is always losing his pen.

:
. :
feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe
b.
wish, want, love, like, hate, fear, desire, care, adore
c.
believe, know, mean, remember, forget, think
d.
belong, possess, own.
e.
to be have
.

Simple Present Tense ( )

-s .
e.g. I work-he works,
I look-she looks
-ss, -sh, -oh, -, - -es
.
e.g. I kiss-he kisses, I wish-he wishes, I watch-he watches
I mix-he mixes,
I go-he goes
-y -y -y -i -es.
e.g. I carry-he carries
but I buy-he buys.

I read
you read
he reads
she reads
it reads
we read
you read
they read

Do I read?
Do you read?
Does he read?
Does she read?
Do it read?
Do we read?
Do you read?
Do they read?

I do not read
you do not read
he does not read
she does not read
it does not read
we do not read
you do not read
they do not read


a.
.
e.g. He works in a factory
She goes to the cinema every week
b. , .
e.g. I don't understand you. Do you know him?
c. '
e.g. If it rains I will not go out.
:
often =
sometimes =
usually =
never =
always =
occasionally = -
on Sundays, twice a year, every week, every month, every year etc.
Simple Past ( )

-ed/
e.g. I look-l looked I work-he worked
-e -d
e.g. I love-l loved
-y -y
-i.
e.g. Carry-l carried, study- studied.
but obey- obeyed.
,
-ed.
e.g. Stop-l stopped, travel-l travelled
do did
.

I worked
you worked
he worked
she worked
it worked
we worked
you worked
they worked

did I worked?
did you work?
did he work?
did she work?
did it work?
did we work?
did you work?
did they work?

I did not work

you did not work
he did not work
she did not work
it did not work
we did not work
you did not work
they did not work


a. .
e.g. I saw her last month
b.
e.g. When did you see her?
c.
.
e.g. He never drank beer
She always carried an umbrella
d.
e.g. He got up, washed, had breakfast and went out.
:
ago=, last week, last month, last year, yesterday, in 1986, e.t.c.
e.g. He came here a minute ago
She bought it in 1975.
Past Continuous ( )
to be +
.

I was looking
you were looking
he was looking
she was looking
it was looking
we were looking
you were looking
they were looking

was I looking?
was you looking?
was he looking?
was she looking?
was it looking?
were we looking?
were you looking?
were they looking?

I was not looking

you were not looking
he was not looking
she was not looking
it was not looking
we were not looking
you were not looking
they were not looking


a.
.
e.g. He was playing tennis from 5-7 yesterday.
b. ,
e.g. When I arrived Mary was sleeping.
c. .
e.g. Jim was working while Mary was sleeping.
d. .
e.g. She was wearing a red coat and a white hat...
Going to future ( )
I am going to + to
e.g. I am going to read it.

.
e.g. He is going to see Helen at five.
.
e.g. It's going to see Helen at five.

e.g. It's going to rain
I am going to buy a new car next week.

Simple Present Perfect ( )

,
e.g. look-l have looked

I have opened
have I opened?
you have opened
have you opened?
he has opened
has he opened?
she has opened
has she opened?
it has opened
has it opened?
we have opened
have we opened?
you have opened
have you opened?
they have opened
have they opened?

have +

I have not opened

you have not opened
he has not opened
she has not opened
it has not opened
we have not opened
you have not opened
they have not opened

a. just.
e.g. He has just come.
b.
e.g. He has lost his car
c.
.
e.g. He has taught this class for two years
( )
He has been teaching this class for two years.
since
for .
e.g. I have stayed here for ten years.
I have stayed here since 1976.
:
lately, recently, never, ever, this morning, afternoon, evening, week, year, today,
.

Present Perfect Continuous ( )

to be
. e.g.

I have been looking

you have been looking
he has been looking
she has been looking
it has been looking
we have been looking
you have been looking
they have been looking

have I been looking?

have you been looking?
has he been looking?
has she been looking?
has it been looking?
has we been looking?
has you been looking?
has they been looking?

I have not been looking

You have not been looking
he has not been looking
she has not been looking
it has not been looking
we have not been looking
you have not been looking
they have not been looking

a.
.
e.g. I have been teaching English for ten years.
( 10 ).
b.
.
e.g. He is wet because he has been walking in the rain.
c.
.
e.g. have been looking for a house all the week.
d. .
e.g. Who has been using my pen?

.
' for
since .
e.g.
He has been walking for two hours
They have been writing since 2 o'clock.

Simple Past Perfect ( )

TO had .

I had looked
had I looked?
I had not looked
you had looked
had you looked?
you had not looked
he had looked
had he looked?
he had not looked
she had looked
had she looked?
she had not looked
it had looked
had it looked?
it had not looked
we had looked
had we looked?
we had not looked
you had looked
had you looked?
you had not looked
they had looked
had they looked?
they had not looked


.
.
e.g. I had finished the letter when you came
( TO )

Past Perfect Continuous ( )

, to be .

I had been working

you had been working
he had been working
she had been working
it had been working
we had been working
you had been working
they had been working

had I been working?

had you been working?
had he been working?
had she been working?
had it been working?
had we been working?
had you been working?
had they been working?

I had not been working

you had not been working
he had not been working
she had not been working
it had not been working
we had not been working
you had not been working
they had not been working

.
e.g. Peter had been writing until ten o'clock

.
e.g. He had been studying for 3 hours when Mary came.

Simple Future ( )
will/shall .

I shall/will go
will/shall go?
shall/will not go
you will go
will you go?
you will not go
he will go
will he go?
he will not go
she will go
will she go?
she will not go
it will go
will it go?
it will not go
we shall/will go
will/shall we go?
we shall/will not go
you will go
will you go?
you will not go
they will go
will they go?
they will not go
: shall not=shant - will not=won't

e.g. I shall go there tomorrow
They will arrive next week
' will
.
will/shall
.
Future Perfect Simple
( )
will/shall have .

I will have helped

you will have helped
he will have helped
she will have helped
it will have helped
we will have helped
you will have helped
they will have helped

will I have helped?

will you have helped?
will he have helped?
will she have helped?
will it have helped?
will we have helped?
will you have helped?
will they have helped?

I will not have helped

you will not have helped
he will not have helped
she will not have helped
it will not have helped
we will not have helped
you will not have helped
they will not have helped

o
. '
.
e.g. I will have finished it when you arrive.
He will have read the book by the end of the month.
To by
,
. by the time
.
e.g. I will have cooked by the time you come home.
( ).

Future Perfect Continuous

( )
will/shall have been
.

I will have been working

you will have been working
he will have been working
she will have been working
it will have been working
we will have been working
you will have been working
they will have been working

will
will
will
will
will
will
will
will

I have been working?

you have been working?
he have been working?
she have been working?
it have been working?
we have been working?
you have been working?
they have been working?

I will not have been working

you will not have been working
he will not have been working
she will not have been working
it will not have been working
we will not have been working
you will not have been working
they will not have been working

 to have
: have - had - had
.

I have (I 've)
you have (you 've)
he has (he s)
she has (she 's)
it has (it 's)
we have (we 've)
they have (they 've)

have I?
have you?
has he?
has she?
has it?
have you?
have they?

I have not (haven't)

you have not (haven't)
he has not (hasn't)
she has not (hasn't)
it has not (hasn't)
you have not (haven't)
they have not (haven't)

I had
had I?
I had not (hadn't)
you had
had you?
you had not
he had
had he?
he had not
she had
had she?
she had not
it had
had it?
it had not
we had
had we?
we had not
you had
had you?
you had not
they had
had they?
they had not
. To have

:
:
I have helped
:
I had helped
:
I will have helped
Perfect conditional:
I would have helped.
To have to +
must.
e.g. I have to study=I must study.
had to
must.
e.g. I had to go to the village yesterday
got ( get) ,
have to do,
.
e.g. I have got to work - Have I got to work?
I have not got to work
He had not got to work - had he got to work?
He had not got to work.

had better + to
" ' ".
e.g. I had better go by bus= ' .
. to have
Have = possess () .
e.g. She has a nice car
He has blue eyes

:
have (got)
haven't (got)
have I (got)?
Have
don't have
do you have?
:
had
hadn't (got)
had you (got)?
didn't have
did you have?
To have do .
have not got - have you got
American English do .
do
.
American: Do you have time?
English: Have you got time?
To have : have a meal, food,
drink, bath, party, lesson,
e.g. have a party=v),
have difficulties, trouble = , ,

e.g. He has lunch at two

She is having a party today He had
trouble with the police
have ,
do ,
, got.
e.g. I am having a bath
Do you have tea for breakfast?
Have a good time ( ) or enjoy yourself
I didn't have a good journey.

THE PRESENT (OR ACTIVE) PARTICIPLE

( )
, -ing.
e.g. fish - fishing

1.
e.g. running water=
2.
e.g. I am working - He has been helping
He is being examined
3.
e.g. I saw him passing the school
He heard him talking loudly
I smell something burning
He felt the house shaking
4. spend/waste + time/money + present participle.
e.g. He spends 3 hours studying a day
He wasted a whole day trying to repair it.
5. be busy + present participle ( )
e.g. He is busy digging the garden
We are busy studying
6. catch + +
.
e.g. I caught him reading my letter ( ...)
7. find + + ( )
e.g. I found her lying on thefloor.
,
.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE
( )

-ed .
e.g. look - looked
help - helped
but see - seen

1.
e.g. stolen money =
broken glass=
2. ,
.
e.g. He has seen the film
It was written
They are cleaned every day.


.
e.g. The film was boring=
The audience was bored=
The lesson was tiring=
The students soon became tired = o
.

THE INFINITIVE ( )
simple infinitive =
e.g. to go, to look e.t.c.
" ,
"
e.g. He comes here to learn English ( )

e.g. He went home to find they had gone away

e.g. The river is not safe to swim in.

e.g. He bought a pen to write with.
(how, when, what, e.t.c.)
e.g. tell you how to do it.
To not t.
e.g. I told him not to take it.

.
e.g. He wants to know - They want to know

, .
e.g. I want her to go t= .
but: I want to go out= .
Bare infinitive= to.
can, could, may, might, shall,
will, would, must, need...
e.g. He may come. We must go.
She can swim.

e.g. I heard him say that
had better, would rather, make, let
e.g. They let him go
He made me go back
I had better stay here
I would rather swim.