SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

A. SPUTUM
y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Stretococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenza Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Yersina pestis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycoplasma pneumonia Legionella pnemophilia y y y y y y y y y y y y y y COMMENSALS Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis (s. albus) Streptococcus viridians Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria Branhamella catarrhalis Haemophilus influenza ( noncapsulated strain ) Fusobacteria Coliforms Enterococci Micrococci Lactobacilli Diphtheroids Yeast-like fungi

B. THROAT AND MOUTH

y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Streptococcus pyogenes Other beta-haemolytic streptococci Corynebacterium diphtheriae Corynebacterium ulcerans Vincent s organisms ( Borrelia vincenti, Leptotrichia buccalis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus ) y y y y y y y y y y y y y y COMMENSALS Viridans streptococci Non-haemolytic streptococci Staphylococcus epidermidis (s. albus) Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria pharyngitidis Branhamella catarrhalis Haemophilus influenza ( mostly noncapsulated strain ) Coliforms Enterococci Micrococci Lactobacilli Diphtheroids Fusobacteria Bacteroides species

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

C. NASOPHARYNGEAL ASPIRATES AND NASAL SWABS
y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Streptococcus pneumoniae Corynebacterium diphtheriae Haemophilus influenza Neisseria meningitidis Bordetella pertussis Bordetella parapertusis Klebsiella spp. y y y y y y y COMMENSALS Streptococcus viridans Streptococcus pneumonia Staphylococcus spp. Neisseria spp. Haemophilus spp. Micrococci Diphtheroids

D. EAR DISCHARGE
y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Other beta-haemolytic streptococci Streptococcus pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Haemophilus influenza Klebsiella spp. Proteus spp. Escherichia coli Other coliforms Bacteroides spp. COMMENSALS Middle ear is normally sterile, commensals may be found in the external ear; y Viridans streptococci y Bacillus spp. y Staphylococcus epidermidis y Corynebacterium spp. y Escherichia coli y Other coliforms

E. EYE SPECIMENS
y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Staphylococcus aureus Other beta-haemolytic streptococci Streptococcus pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Haemophilus aegyptius Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B ) Streptococcus pyogenes ( Group A ) Neisseria gonorrhoeae Haemophilus influenza Moraxella lacunata Enterobacteria y y y y y COMMENSALS Viridans streptococci Staphylococci Diphtheroids Non-pathogenic neisseriae Moraxella spp.

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

F. SKIN SPECIMENS
y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Enterococci Corynebacterium ulcerans Anaerobic streptococci Escherichia coli Proteus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Yersinia pestis Vincent s organisms ( Borrelia vincenti, Leptotrichia buccalis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus ) y y y y y y y y y COMMENSALS Viridans streptococci Staphylococci Diphtheroids Escherichia coli Other coliforms Micrococci Anaerobic cocci Enterococci Propionibacterium acnes

G. PUS ( WOUND, ABSCESSES, BURNS AND SINUSES )

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Staphyloccocus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Enterococci Anaerobic streptococcus Other streptococci Clostridium perfringens Other clostridia Actinomycetes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus spp. Escherichia coli Bacteroides spp. Klebsiella spp. Pasteurella spp. COMMENSALS Any commensal organisms found in pus are usually those that have contaminated the specimen from the skin, clothing, soil, or from the air if an open wound.

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

H. UROGENITAL SPECIMENS
POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Urethral swabs y Neisseriae gonorrhoeae y Streptococcus pyogenes y Ureaplasma urealyticum y Chlamydia trachomatis y Occasionally Trichomonas vaginalis Cervical swabs y Neisseriae gonorrhoeae y Streptococcus pyogenes y Chlamydia trachomatis y Other beta-haemolytic streptococci y Herpes simplex virus y Anaerobic streptococci y Enterococci y Staphylococcus aureus y Clostridium perfringens y Listeria monocytogenes y Escherichia coli y Bacteroides spp. y Proteus spp. y Other coliforms Vaginal swabs y Trichomonas vaginalis y Occasionally Neisseriae gonorrhoeae y Candida spp. y Gardnerella vaginalis ( Haemophilus vaginalis ) y Anaerobes Fluids and pus ( Genital ulcers ) y Treponema pallidum y Chlamydia trachomatis y Calymmatobacterium granulomatis ( Donovania granulomatis ) y Haemophilus ducreyi COMMENSALS Urethral swabs y Diphtheroides y Acinetobacter spp y Enterobacteria y Skin commensals may also present Cervical swabs y Normally sterile Vaginal swabs (puberty to menopause ~ acid pH ) y Lactobacilli y Anaerobics ( microaerophilis streptococci ) y Clostridium spp. y Bacteroides spp. y Acinetobacter spp. y fusobacteria y Gardnerella vaginalis y Mycoplasma y Small numbers of diphtheroids and yeast Vaginal swabs (after menopause ~ alkaline pH ) y Diphtheroids y Micrococci y Staphylococcus epidermidis ( S. albus ) y Viridians streptococci y Enterobacteria y Candida albicans y Other yeast Notes: Mycobacterium smegmatis may be present on the external genital organs.

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

I. FAECES / STOOL SPECIMENS
y y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Staphylococcus aureus ( toxin ) Clostridium perfringens types A and C Clostridium difficile Bacillus cereus ( toxin ) Shigella spp. Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp. Escherichia coli ( ETEC, EIEC, EPEC ) Vibro cholera 01 Other vibro spp. Yersinia enterocolitica Candida albicans y y y y y y y y COMMENSALS Enterococci Anaerobic streptococci Lactobacilli Clostridia Enterobacteriaceae Candida spp. Yeast Mycoplasma

J. URINE SPECIMENS
y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Enterococci Staphylococcus saprophyticus Haemolytic streptococci Escherichia coli Proteus spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella strains Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi Neisseria gonorrhoeae COMMENSALS The urinary tract is normally STERILE except for the urethra which may contain a few commensals such as Acinobacter spp. and diphtheroids. Yeast may also be found in the female urethra. Contaimination of the urine with skin commensals including staphylococci, diphtheroides, and Mycobacterium smegmatis, may oocur as a specimen is being collected. With female patients, the urine may become contaminated with organism from the vagina. Vagina contamination is often indicated by the presence of epithelial cells ( moderate to many ) and a mixed bacterial flora.

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

K. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SPECIMENS
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B ) Listeria monocytogenes Bacillus anthracis Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae type b Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus spp. Salmonella spp. Flavobacterium meningosepticum Mycobacterium tuberculosis Treponema pallidum Leptospira interrogans Bacteroides spp. Other anaerobes Cryptococcus neoformans COMMENSALS

STRICTLY STERILE

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE PATHOGENS AND 2011 COMMENSAL OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMENS

L. BLOOD AND BONE MARROW SPECIMENS
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y POSSIBLE PATHOGENS Staphylococcus aureus Viridans streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Enterococci Anaerobic streptococci Clostridium perfringens Salmonella typhi Other salmonella Brucella spp. Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella strains Escherichia coli Proteus spp. Bacteroides spp. Neisseria meningitidis Yersinia pestis COMMENSALS

STRICTLY STERILE

BY: MLT PAUL BENSON

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