KABANATA 4: ANG TALAMBUHAY NI RIZAL Ang Pamilya ng Bayani Ipinanganak siya noong Hunyo 19, 1861 sa Calamba, laguna

a Bininyagan siya sa pangalang Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda. Pampito sa labing-isang magkakapatid na binubuo ng siyam na babae at dalawang lalake. Ang kanyang tatay ay si Don Francisco Mercado. Sa panig ng kanyang ama, ang kanilang ninuno, si Domingo Lam-Co, ay isang Intsik na nagmula sa Fukien, Lungsod ng Changchow noong 1690. Ang apelyidong Lam-Co ay ginamit ni Domingo noong 1731 subalit noong 1849 pinalitan niya ito ng Rizal bilang pagsunod sa kautusang ipinalabas ni Gobernador Heneral Narciso Claveria. Ang salitang racial ay nangangahulugang luntiang bukid. Si Don Francisco ay isang mamamayan ng Binan na nagtungo sa Calamba. Nag-aral siya sa isang paaralan ng Latin sa Binan at nagpatuloy sa Kolehiyo ng San Jose sa Maynila. Namatay siya sa edad na 80 noong Enero 5, 1896. Si Donya Teodora Alonzo, ina ng bayani, ay isinilang noong Nobyembre 8, 1826, nagmula sa kilalang pamilya sa Binan, kalahi niya sina Lakandula at Eugenio Ursua. Ang ama niya ay isang inhinyerong si Lorenzo Alberto

Alonzo. Ang tatlong kapatid na lalaki niya ay sina Gregorio, Manuel at Jose. Pinili nila ang apelyidong Realonda noong 1849 bilang pagsunod sa kautusan ni GobernadorHeneral Claveria. Si Donya Teodora ay nag-aral sa Kolehiyo ng Santa Rosa, isang Dominikong kolehiyo sa Maynila. Ang mga kapatid ni Rizal ay sina Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria, Concepcion, Josefe, Trinidad at Soledad. Ang Batang si Rizal at ang Kanyang Edukasyon Dalawang taon, alam na niya ang alpabeto. Apat na taon, nakasusulat na sa Tagalog at sa Kastila. Wikang Latin at Aritmetika sa pamamagitan ni Leon Monroy. Pitong taong gulang, pinag-aral siya sa kabayanan ng Calamba. Siyam na taong gulang, ipinadala siya sa Binan kung saan ang kanyang nagging guro ay si Justiniano Cruz. Si Lucas Padera ang naghanda sa kanyang kukuning pagsusulit sa Maynila. Enero 20, 1872, sa gulang na labing isang taon, si Rizal ay ipinasok sa Ateneo Municipal de Manila, isang paaralang pinamamahalaan ng mga Heswita sa Intramuros, Maynila. Isinulat ni Rizal ditto ang kanyang Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila.

Nahasa siya sa wikang Kastila sa pamamagitan ni Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez. Isinulat din niya ang Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria. Sa gulang na walong taon, naisulat ni Rizal ang tulang Sa Aking mga Kababata, isang tulang itinataas ang wikang Tagalog bilang kapantay ng wikang Kastila at iba pang maunlad na wika. Noong 1875, isinulat ni Rizal ang tulang Felicitacion, bilang pagtugon sa kahilingan ng kanyang kapatid na si Narcisa bilang pagbati sa asawa nitong si Antonio Lopez. Noong 1877, isinulat niya ang dulang La Tragedia de San Estaquio, isang dulang naglalahad ng malungkot na kasaysayan ni Estaquio de Martin. Ito ang pinakamahabang tulang kanyang naisulat na may 2,414 berso. Marso 14, 1877, tinanggap niya ang katibayang Bachiller en Artes na may notang Sobresaliente. Nagpatala si Rizal sa Unibersidad ng Sto. Tomas noong 1877 sa gulang na labimpito sa kursong medisina kasabay ng pag-aaral ng Filosofiya y Letras. Nagpatala din siya sa Ateneo at nag-aral ng Agham sa Pagsasaka. Nobyembre 25, 1881, nakamit niya ang titulo. 1879, ang kanyang tulang A La Juventud Filipina

ay nagwagi ng unang gantimpala sa paligsahang isinagawa ng Liceo Artistico literario ng Maynila. 1880, isinulat niya ang dulang El Consejo de los Dioces, tumutukoy sa pagpupulong ng mga diyos at diyoses ng Olympus kung sino ang pinakadakila sa mga makatang Homer, Virgil at Cervantes, na nagwagi ng isang gintong singsing na may nakaukit na mukha ni Cervantes. Unang Pangingibang Bayan Mayo 1882, umalis siya sa Pilipinas sakay ng barkong Salvadora. Hunyo 1882, nakarating siya ng Barcelona. Nobyembre 3, 1882, nagpatala siya sa Central Unibersidad de Madrid sa kursong medisina at Filosofiya y Letras. Kumuha din siya ng leksyon sa pagpipinta at pagukit sa Akademya ng San Fernando. Kumuha din siya ng karagdagang leksyon sa wikang Pranses, Ingles, Aleman, Italyano at eskrima. Hunyo 21, 1884, nakumpleto ni Rizal ang kanyang lisensya sa medisina. 1885, natapos ni Rizal ang pag-aaral ng Filosofiya y Letras. Nagtungo siya sa Paris, nagpakadalubhasa sa optalmolohiya, nagsanay sa klinika nina Dr. Louis de Wecker at Otto Becker. Marso 1887, natapos niyang isulat ang nobelang Noli Me Tangere. Ang Paris sa Paningin ni Rizal

par excellence

Museo de Louvre kung saan naroroon ang mga eksibit ng Ehipto, Assyria, Grecia, Roma, Minor at mga bagay tungkol sa Kristyanismo. Palasyo ng Luxembourg Museo ng Orfila, ang museong pangmedisina wax museum Palace of Industries Katedral ng Notre Dame Palasyo ng Versailles Paris Opera House

Pebrero 21, 1887, ang manuskrito ng nobelang Noli Me Tangere ay ipinadala sa palimbagan ng Buchdruckerie. Mayo 11, 1887, nilisan ni Rizal ang Berlin at nagtungo sa Czechoslovakia. Ang Pagbabalik ni Rizal sa Pilipinas 1) Upang bigyan ng lunas ang pagkabulag ng kanyang ina. 2) Mabatid kung bakit hindi nakipagtalastasan sa kanya si Leonor Rivera, ang kanyang kasintahan. 3) Matuklasan ang naging bisa ng kanyang nobelang Noli Me Tangere sa kanyang mga kababayan. 4) Mapaglingkuran ang kanyang mga kababaya. Hulyo 3, 1887, pinasimulan niya ang paglalakbay pabalik sa kanyang lupang sinilangan. Setyembre 2, 1887, si Rizal ay ipinatawag sa Malacanang ni Gobernador Heneral Emilio Terrero. Enero 8, 1888, si Rizal ay nagbigay ng kanyang ulat bilang kinatawan ng mga magsasaka sa isang pulong. Ang Muling Pangingibang Bayan Pebrero 8, 1888, dumating siya sa Hongkong. Pebrero 2, 1888, nagtungo sa Yokohama. Rickshaw uri ng sasakyan na hinihila ng tao. Mayo 24, 1888, angtungo sa Liverpool, inglatera. La Solidaridad pahayagang itinatag ng Kilusang Propagnda sa Barcelona na pinamunuan ni Marcelo H. Del Pilar.

1889, ipinalimbag ang kanyang anotasyon sa Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, ang aklat na isinulat ni Antonio de Morga noong 1609. Itinatag din niya ang Kidlat Club at Indios Bravos. Iminungkahi din niya ang pagtatag ng International Association of Filipinologists. Sumulat ng ilang lathalain at nagmungkahi ng pagtatayo ng isang paaralang ng mga Pilipino sa Hongkong. Ang Alemanya at si Rizal 1886, nanirahan siya sa pamilya ni Karl Ullmer, isang pastor ng protestante. Anim na buwan na nagging kasapi ng tatlong samahang siyentipiko: Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society at Geographical Society. Isinalin niya sa Tagalog ang tulang isinulat ni Friedrich Schiller, ang Wilhelm Tell, isang likhang pampanitikan na nagbigay kaalaman sa mga Aleman ng ideya ng kalayaan, demokrasya, katarungang panlipunan at diwang rebolusyonaryo.

Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos isang akda na kung saan sinabi ni Rizal ang maaaring mangyari sa PIlipinas sa looob ng isangdaang taon. Mga Kapighatiang Dumating Kay Rizal Gobernador-Heneral Valeriano Weyer tinawag na Mangangatay ng Kuba, ipinagiba at ipinasunog ang mga tahanan ng may 300 pamilya sa Calamba. Isang liham na mula kay Leonor Rivera na nagsasaad na siya ay nakikipagkalas na kay Rizal upang magpakasal kay Henry Kipping. Ang kanyang mga kababayan sa Europa ay muling nagumon at pagsusugal at mga bagay na walang mga kabuluhan. Oktubre 18, 1891, umalis siya sa Europa patungong Hongkong. William Pryer nagtatag ng unang pamayanan ng mga Ingles sa Sandakan, Hilagang Borneo (Sabah). Nobyembre 19, 1891, dumating si Rizal sa Hongkong. Ang Pagbabalik na Muli ni Rizal sa Pilipinas Hunyo 21, 1892, umalis si Rizal sa Hongkong kasama ang kapatid niyang si Lucia. Hunyo 26, 1892, dumating siya sa Maynila. Hulyo 3, 1892, itinatag ni Rizal ang La Liga Filipina. Hulyo 6, 1892, ipinagutos ni Despujol ang pagdakip kay Rizal sapagkat nakatagpo ng mga pamaskin (Pobres Frailes) laban sa mga prayle.

Hulyo 17, 1892, dumating si Rizal sa Dapitan kung saan nanatili muna siyang isang panauhin sa tahanan ni Kapitan Ricardo Carnicero, ang punong-militar ng Dapitan. Ang Pagdalaw ni Dr. Pio Valenzuela kay Rizal Hunyo 21, 1896, dumating si Dr. Pio Valenzuela sa Dapitan bilang sugo ni Andres Bonifacio. Binanggit niya na napagkasunduan ng samahang Katipunan ng Mayo 1, 1896 ang mga sumusunod: 1) Hikayatin na sumapi sa Katipunan ang mga matatalino at mayayamang Pilipino. 2) Mangilak ng pondo para maibili ng mga armas at ng iba pang kakailanganin ng rebolusyon. 3) Magpadala ng isang komisyon ng matatalinong Pilipino sa bansang Hapon upang siyang mamahala sa pagbili ng armas at bala at humingi ng tulong sa pamahalaang Hapones para sa kaligtasan ng mga rebolusyonaryo. 4) Kunin ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas mula sa Espanya sa pamamagitan ng dahas, na siya lamang tanging pamamaraan upang matamo ang kalayaan sa tulong ng bansang Hapon. 5) Iharap ang resolusyon kay Dr. Rizal sa pamamagitan ni Dr. Valenzuela upang matamo ang kanyang pagsangayon at malaman ang kanyang kasagutan. 6) Kung hindi papayag na makipagtulungan ang mayayamang Pilipino, bawat kasapi ng Katipunan ay

magbibigay ng ambag ayon sa kakayahan linggu-linggo. Hunyo 22, 1896, umalis sina Valenzuela sa Dapitan. Hunyo 26, 1896, dumating si Valenzuela sa Dapitan. Paglisan sa Dapitan Hulyo 30, 1896, ang kahilingan ni Rizal na magtungo sa Kuba upang magsilbi bilang mangagagmot ay pinahintulutan ni Gobernador Ramon Blanco. Setyembre 3, 1896, si Rizal ay umalis patungong Barcelona sakay ng Isla de Panay. Oktubre 3, 1896, siya ay ipinailalim sa pangangalaga ni Despujol kung saan siya pansamantalang ikinulong sa kutang tanggulan ng Monjuich. Nobyembre 3, 1896, ikinulong siya sa Fort Santiago. Ang Paglilitis Kay Rizal Si Rizal ay lilitisin sa pamamagitan ng court marshall. Abogado niya si Luis Tavel de Andrade. Disyembre 3, 1896, si Polavieja ay dumating sa Maynila upang maging katulong ni Ramon Blanco. Disyembre 28, 1896, ang hatol ng kamtayan ay nilagdaan ni Polavieja. Mga Huling Sandali ni Rizal Disyembre 30, 1896, ika-lima ng umaga nang magpakasal sina Rizal at Josephine Bracken. Imitation of Christ

KABANATA 5: ANG MGA PAG-IBIG NI RIZAL

1. JULIA Ang nagging pag-ibig ni Rizal nang siyay anim na taong gulang pa lang siya. 1. SEGUNDA KATIGBAK Ang dalagang taga Lipa, Batangas. Nakilala ni Rizal ang dalagitang ito sa Troso, Maynila sa bahay ng kanyang Lola noong buwan ng Disyembre, 1877, sampung buwan nakaraang makilala niya si Julia. Huwebes at Linggo ay binibisita niya si Segunda sa La Concordia kung saan ito nakatira kasama ng dalawang kapataid na babae ni Rizal. Samantalang si Segunda ay ikinasal kay Manuel Luz. 1. BB. L. Dalagang taga Pakil, Laguna. Pinaniniwalaan na ang babaing ito ay ang gurong si Jacinta Ibardo Laza. 1. LEONOR VALENZUELA Ikalawang taon na siya sa pag-aaral sa Sto. Tomas na nakilala niya ng isang dalagang nagngangalang Leonor na kapitbahay ng may-ari ng bahay na tinutuluyan ni Rizal na si Donya Concha Leyva. Ang dalaga ay anak nina Kapitan Juan at Kapitana Sanday Valenzuela. 1. LEONOR RIVERA Masasabing ang pag-ibig nila sa isat isa ay hinabi ng mga palitan ng sulat. Siya si La Cuestion del Oriente ayon kay Rizal.

Pumayag si Leonor na magpakasal sa Ingles na si Henry Kipping. Pumayag si Leonor na magpakasal kay Kipping sa tatlong kasunduan: tatayo sa tabi niya ang kanyang ina sa oras ng kanyang kasal; hindi na siya hihilingan pang umawit na muli; at habang siya ay nabubuhay, mananatiling nakasusi ang piyano. 1. CONSUELO ORTIGA y PEREZ Nang umalis si Rizal sa Pilipinas, nakatagpo siya sa Madrid ng isang babaing Kastila, si Consuelo Ortiga y Perez. 1. O-SEI-SAN (USUISEIKO) Isang Hapones na nakatagpo niya habang siya ay nasa bansang Hapon. 1. GERTRUDE BECKETT Sa London ay nanirahan si Rizal sa pamilya Beckett. Ang pamilyang ito ay nabibilang sa gitnang uri, may apat na anak na babae at dalawang lalaki. Ang panganay sa mga babaing anak ng pamilya ay nagngangalang Gertrude. Ang damdamin ni Rizal ay napukaw mga bandang buwan ng Disyembre ng taong iyon, (1888). 1. NELLY BOUSTEAD Sa Paris nanirahan si Rizal simula Hulyo, 1889. Dito ay nakilala niya ang isang mayamang AngloPilipinong nagngangalang Eduardo Boustead na nakapangasawa ng isang

Pilipina. Si G. Boustead ay may dalawang anak na babae na ang bunso ay nagngangalang Nelly na lubhang napakakimi. Sa suliraning dala ng pagkakahati-hati ng mga Pilipino sa Madrid, isang komiteng mamamahala sa pagkakampanya sa Pilipinas. Ang komite ay bubuuin ng isang Responsible at dalawang tagapayo. Ang makakakuha ng dalawang katlo ang siyang magiging Responsible. Sa halalang iyon ay nahati ang mga Pilipino kina Rizal at Marcelo H. Del Pilar. 10. JOSEPHINE BRACKEN Si Josephine ay anak ni James Bracken, isang sundalong naglilingkuaran bilang private sa 28th Regimant of Foot at ng isang babaing Intsik. Nang namatay ang tunay na asawa ni James matapos na isilang si Josephine, ito ay kanyang ipinaampon sa mag-asawang Taufer. Nagdalantao si Josephine at nagsilang ng isang sanggol na lalaki na patay na pagkapanganak. Matapos ang pagbitay kay Rizal sa Bagumbayan, si Josephine, kasama nina Josefa at Trinidad Rizal ay sumapi sa Katipunan. Pagkalipas ng dalawang taon nagpakasal si Josephine kay Vicente Abad. Nagkaroon sila ng isang anak. Namatay si Josephine sa gulang na dalawamput limang taon sa sakit na tuberculosis.

P a g s i l a n g 1.I s i n i l a n g s i R i z a l N o o n g H u n y o 1

9 , 1 8 6 1 s a C a l a m b a , L a g u n a 2. B i n i n y a g a n s a s

Ki l a l a n i n s i J o s e R i z a l A.

i m b a h a n n g C a l a m b a n o o n g H u n y o 2 2 , 1 8 6 1 . 3.

g P a d r e R u f i n o C o l l a n t e s p a r i n g n a g b i n y a k a y R i z a l 4.

P a d r e P e d r o C a s a n a s n a g s i

l b i n g n i n o n g n i R i z a l A.

i s c o M e r c a d o
1. I

1 8
2. N

a g a r a l n g L a t i n a t P i l o s o p i y a s a C o l e g i

p i n a n g a n a k n o o n g M a y o 1 1 , 1 8

M a g u l a n g 1.

F r a n c

o n g S a n S a n J o s e
3. L

m a g i n g k a s a m a s a H a c i e n d a n g D o m i n i c a n o s a

C a l m b a .
4. N

a m a t a y n o o n g E n e r o 5 , 1 8 9 8 .

u m i p a t n g C a l a m b a u p a n g

2.

T e

o d o r a A l o n z o
1. I

1 8 2 6 s a M a y n i l a
2. N

t a R o s a
3. M

p i n a n g a n a k n o o n g N o b y e m b r e 8 ,

a y r o o n g i n t e r e s s a l i t e r a t u r a a t

a g a r a l s a C o l e g i o d e S a n

a h u s a y s a w i k a n g E s p a n y o l . 4. N a m a t a y n o o n g A g

o s t o 1 6 , 1 9 1 1 A. 2. M a g k a k a p a t i d n a R i z a l 1. N a S a t u r n i n a

P a c i a n o 3.

r c i s a 4.

9.

M a r i a 7. J o s e f a 10. J o s e 8. T r i n i d a d C o n c e p c i o n 11.

O l y m p i a 5.

L u c i a 6.

S o l e d

a d A.

a m c o ( M e r c a d o ) n a p a n g a s a w a s i I n e s d e l a R o

M g a N i n u n o 1.

s a n a g i n g a n a k s i
2. F

N i n u n o s a A m a
1. D

r a n c i s c a M e r c a d o a t n a p a n

o m i n g o L

g a s a w a s i C e r i l a B e r n a c h a n a g i n g a n a k s i
3. J

a n M e r c a d o a t n a p a n g a s a w a s i C e r i l a A l e j a n

d r o a t n a g i n g a n a k s i
4. F

r a n c i s c o M e r c a d o a t

n a p a n g a s a w a s i T e o d o r a A l o n z o a t n a g i n g a n

a k s i 5. J o s e R i z a l 2.

r s u a n a p a n g a s a w a s i B e n i g n a a t n a g i n g a n a k

N i n u n o s a I n a
1. E

u g e n i o U

n i l a s i
2. R

Q u i n t o s a t n a g i n g a n a k n i l a s i
3. B

e g i n a n a n a g i n g

n a p a n g a s a w a n i L o r e z o A l b e r t o A l o n z o a t n a

a s a w a n i M a n u e l d e

r i g i d a n a

g i n g a n a k n i l a s i
4. T

s i w a n i F r a n c i s c o M e r c a d o a t n a g i n g a n a k n i

l a s i 5. J o s e R i z a l A.

e o d o r a

A l o n z o n a n a p a n g a

P a m i l y a n g R i z a l 1.

A n g

K a b u h a y a n n g P a m i l y a
1. A

g s a p a n g k a t n a

k i n i k i l a l a n g p a m i l y a s a C a l a m b a .
2. A

n g p a m i l y a a y k a b i l a n

p r i n c i p a l i a
a t i s a s a m g a

n g a m a a y

n a n g u n g u p a h a n s a l u p a i n n a p a g a a r i n g h a

c i e n d a n g m g a D o m i n i c a n o s a C a l a m b a a t t i n

a t a y a n a a n g k a n i y a n g l u p a n g s i n a s a k a a y u

m a a b o t n g 6 0 0 n a h e k t a r y a . A n g l u p a a y t i n

a t a n i m a n n g p a l a y m a i s a t t u b o .
3. M

p a g s a s a k a a n g p a g a a l a g a n g h a y o p a y i s a s

a l i b a n s a

a k a n i l a n g m g a h a n a p b u h a y . 4.

i z a l a y m a y r o o n g i s a n g t i n d a h a n s a i l a l i m

n g k a n i l a n g b a h a y , g i l i n g a n n g t r i g o p a r a

A n g i n a n i R

m a g i n g h a r i n a , a t g a w a a n n g h a m o n . 5.

p a m i l y a a y i s a s a m g a u n a n g n a k a p a g p a g a w a 6.

n g b a h a y n a b a t o s a C a l a m b a .

A n g

N a g m a m a y a

r i s i l a n g i s a n g k a r w a h e n a i s a n g k a r a n g y a

a n s a p a n a h o n g i y o n . 7.

n g a k l a t a n s a b a h a y n a n a g l a l a m a n n g 1 , 0 0 0

M a y r o o n s i l a n g i s a

a k l a t . 8.

l a n g m g a a n a k s a M a y n i l a p a r a m a g a r a l .

B . An g Ta ha na n ng m ga Ri za l 1. Ang bahay ng mga Rizal ay gawa sa bato at matitig as na kahoy at ito ay nakata yo na malapi t sa simbah an ng Calam ba. Ang paligid ng kabah ayan

N a i p a d a l a n g m g a R i z a l a n g k a n i

2.

ay natata niman ng mga punon g atis, balimb ing, chico, macop a, papaya , santol, tampo y, at iba pa. 3. Ang bakura n ng bahay ay naging alagaa n ng mga manok at pabo.

2 K A B A T A A N S A C A L A M B A 1 . M g a A l a a l a n g K

a m u s m u s a n 1. P a n o n o o d n g m g a i b o n .
2. A

K A B A N A T A

r a w a r a w n

a p a g d a d a s a l s a o r a s n g a n g e l u s .
3. P

o n g k a n i y a n g y a y a u k o l s a a s u w a n g , n u n o ,

a t t i k b a l a n g .
4. A

n g u n a n i y a n g k a l u n g k u t a n a y

a g k u k u w e n t

a n g p a g k a m a t a y n g k a n i y a n g n a k a b a b a t a n g k

a p a t i d n a s i C o n c h a .
5. S

k a s a m a n a s i y a s a p a g d a d a s a l n g p a m i l y a .
6. P

a e d a d n a t a t l o a y n a

g p u n t a s a A n t i p o l o n o o n g H u n y o 6 , 1 8 6 8 . I t

o a n g k a n i y a n g u n a n g p a g t a w i d s a L a w a n g L

a g u n a . P a g k a t a p o s n g p a g p u n t a s a A n t i p o l o

a y n a g t u n g o s i l a n g k a n i y a n g t a t a y s a M a y n

i l a .
7. A

o n g k a n i y a n g i n a u k o l s a g a m o g a m o . 2 . M g a

n g h i n d i n i y a m a l i m u t a n a y a n g k u w e n t

T a l e n t o s a P a n a h o n n g K a m u s m u s a n
1. I

y a a t b i n i g y a n n g b a g o n g g u h i t a n g b a n d e r a

n g s i m b a h a n .
2. P

a g g a g a w a n g i m a h e n m u l a s a p

n a y o s n i

u t i k ( c l a y ) .
3. S

l a t a n g t u l a n g

i b i g a y n g p a g p a p a h a l a g a s a k a n i y a n g s a r i l i

a e d a d n a 8 a y k a n i y a n g i s i n u

S a A k i n g m g a K a b a t a
n a n a g b

n g w i k a .
4. S

s a n g d r a m a n a n a k a u k o l s a k a p i s t a h a n n g C a

l a m b a a t a n g n a s a b i n g g a w a n i R i z a l a y b i n

a e d a d n a 8 a y s i n u l a t n i y a a n g i

i l i s a k a n i y a n g g o b e r n a d o r c i l l o n g P a e t e ,

L a g u n a . 1.

a n a 1.

M g a I n p l u w e n s i y a K a y R i z a l 1. N a m

M u l a s a m g a

n i n u n o n g M a l a y o a y n a m a n a n i y a a n g p a g m a m

a h a l s a k a l a y a a n , p a g h a h a n g a d s a p a g l a l a k b 2.

a y , a t k a t a p a n g a n .

M u l a s a k a n i y a n g m g a n i n u n o n g T s i n o a y

n a m a n a n i y a a n g p a g i g i n g s e r y o s o , k a t i p i r

a n , k a t i y a g a a n , a t p a g m a m a h a l s a m g a b a t a .

3.

n g m g a n i n u n o n g E s p a n y o l a y M u l a s a k a n i y a n a m a n a n i y a k a

p i n u h a n s a p a g k i l o s a t k a n i p i s a n s a i n s u l t

o . 4.

y a n g a m a a y n a m a n a n i y a a n g p a g t i t i y a g a s a

t r a b a h o , p a g g a l a n g s a s a r i l i , a t m a l a y a n g

M u l a s a k a n i

a p a g i i s i p . 5. s a k a n i y a n g i n a a y n a m a n a n i y a p a g p a p a k a

s a k i t s a s a r i l i a t p a g n a n a i s s a s i n i n g a t

M u l

p a n i t i k a n .
2. K

i l b i n g k a n i y a n g p a n g e n g a n y o s a p a g m a m a h a l

A n g k a p a l i g i r a n n g C a l a m b a a y n a g s

a p a l i g i r a n 1.

s a s i n i n g a t l i t e r a t u r a . 2. A n g k a n i y a n g k a p a t i d n a s i P a c i

a n o a y n a g t u r o s a k a n i y a n g k a i s i p a n u k o l s

a p a g m a m a h a l s a k a l a y a a n a t k a t a r u n g a n . 3. M u l a s a k a n i y a n g

m g a k a p a t i d n a b a b a e a y n a t u t u n a n n i y a a n g

p a g g a l a n g s a m g a k a b a b a i h a n . 4.

u w e n t o n g k a n i y a n g y a y a a y n a g b i g a y s a k a n

A n g p a k i k i n i g n i y a s a m g a k

i y a n g i n t e r e s s a m g a k u w e n t o n g b a y a n a t m g

a a l a m a t . 5.

s a k a n i y a n g t a t l o n g m g a k a p a t i d a y n a i n p l u

M u l a

w e n s i y a h a n s i y a n g m g a s u m u s u n o d : 1.

J o s e A l b e r t o A l o n z o a y n a t u t u n a n n i y a a n g

p a g m a m a h a l s a s i n i n g . 2.

n z o a y n a t u t u n a n n i y a a n g k a h a l a g a h a n n g p

M a n u e l A l o

a g p a p a l a k a s n g k a t a w a n . 3.

A l o n z o a y n a t u t u n a n n i y a a n g a n g G r e g o r i o m a l a b i s n

a p a g k a h i l i g s a p a g b a b a s a . 6.

a n n i y a a n g P a d r e L e o n c i o L o p e z a y n a t u t u n p a g m a m a h a l s a m a k a i s k o l a r a t p

i l s o p i k a l n a p a g i i s i p .

P A G A A R A L S A C A L A M B A A T B I A N 1. M g a U n a n g G u 1.

r o n i R i z a l

K A B A N A T A 3 A N G

D o

a T e o d o r a A l o n z o a n g u n a n g g u r o n i R i z a l

2. 3.

n o

M e s t r o C e l e s t i

L u c a s P a d u a

4. P a g p u n t a s a B i a n 1.

H u n y o 1 8 6 9 s i R i z a l a y u m a l i s n g C a l

L e o n M o n r o y 2.

a m b a p a r a m a g t u n g o s a B i a n p a r a m a g a r a l .

2. n g k a n i y a n g k a p a t i d n a s i P a c i a n o . 3.

S i n a m a h a n s i y a

z a n g n a g i n g g u r o n i R i z a l s a B i a n . 3. 1.

M g a N a g i n g G a w a i n s a P a g a a a r a l

J u s t i n i a n o A q u i n o C r u

a k a n i y a n g g u r o a y s i n a b i n i y a a n g k a n i y a n

g k a k a u n t i a n n g k a a l a m a n s a E s p a n y o l a t L a

S a u n a n g p a g k i k i t a n i y a s

t i n . 2.

R i z a l n a a n g k a n i y a n g g u r o a y m a y k a h u s a y a

n s a b a l a r i l a n g E s p a n y o l n a s i n u l a t n i n a N

S i n a b i n i

e b r i j a a t G a i n z a . 3.

N a k a a w a y n i R i z a l s i P e d r o n a a n a k n g k

a n i y a n g g u r o . 4.

a g k a r o o n d i n s i y a n g a w a y s a m g a b a t a s a B

i a n i s a n a r i t o s i A n d r e s S a l a n d a n a n n a t 5.

u m a l o s a k a n i y a .

N a g a r a l s i R i z a l n g p a g p i p i n t a k a y M a t a

n d a n g J u a n c h o n a d i t o a y n a k a s a m a n g k a n i y 6.

a n g k a e s k u w e l a n g s i J o s e G u e v a r r a .

u w a n s i R i z a l a y n a n g u n a s a k a n i y a n g m g a k

a e s k u w e l a s a m g a E s p a n y o l , L a t i n a t i b a p a

S a p a g s a p i t n g i l a n g b

n g m g a a r a l i n . 7.

S a k a b i l a n g k a h u s a y a n n i R i z a l s a p a g a a r

a l , s i y a a y n a p a p a l o n g k a n i y a n g m a e s t r o h

a l o s a r a w a r a w d a h i l a n s a m g a s u m b o n g l a b a

n s a k a n i y a n g k a n i y a n g m g a k a m a g a r a l . 8.

N i l i s a n n i R i z a l

a n g p a g a a r a l s a B i a n n o o n g D i s y e m b r e 1 8 7

0 p a g k a t a p o s n g h a l o s i s a a t k a l a h a t i n g t a

o n . 9.

N i l i s a n n i

R i z a l a n g B i a n s a k a y n g B a r k o n g

n a g h a t i d s a k a n i y a s a C a l a m b a .
4. A

1.

S a k a n i y a n g p a

T a l i m
n a

n g G o m b u r z a

g u w i s a C a l a m b a a y n a b a l i t a a n n i y a a n g P a

g a a l s a s a C a v i t e a t a n g p a g b i t a y s a t a t l o

n g p a r i n g m a r t i r n a s i n a J o s e B u r g o s , M a r i

a n o G o m e z , a t J a c i n t o Z a m o r a . 2.

P a c i a n o a y n a g i n g m a l a p i t n a m a g a a r a l n i

A n g k a n i y a n g k a p a t i d n a s i

P a d r e J o s e B u r g o s . 3.

S i P a c i a n o s a m a r a m i n g p a g k a k a t a o n a y

n a i b a h a g i k a y R i z a l a n g m a g i d e y a a t p i l o s

o p i y a n i J o s e B u r g o s .
5. K

s a K a n i y a n g I n a 1.

P a g k a t a p o s n g k a m a t a y a n n g G o m b u r z a , a n g

a w a l a n n g K a t a r u n g a n

i n a n i R i z a l a y p i n a g b i n t a n g a n n a n a g b a b a

l a k n a l a s u n i n a n g a s a w a n g k a n i y a n g k a p a t 2.

i d ( J o s e A l b e r t o ) .

a n g h i p a g n g k a n i y a n g i n a a y n a g k i p a g s a b a w

a t a n u p a n g m a i s a n g k o t a n g i n a s a n a s a b i n g

A n g m g a k a a w a y n g p a m i l y a n g R i z a l a t

b i n t a n g n a p a g l a s o n . 3.

r a , i t o a y p i n a g l a k a d m u l a C a l a m b a h a n g g a n

P a g k a t a p o s n a m a d a k i p n i D o n y a T e o d o

g S a n t a C r u z , L a g u n a n a a n g l a y o a y 5 0 k i l 4.

o m e t r o .

n i R i z a l a y n a k u l o n g s a l o o b n g d a l a w a a t

A n g i n a

A k a l a h a t i n g t a o n . A T E N E O 1. 1.

e o

A n g P a g p a s o k n i R i z a l s a A t e n

K A B A N A T A 4 P A G A A R A L S

J u n e 2 0 , 1 8 7

2 s i n a m a h a n s i R i z a l n i P a c i a n o p a r a m a g

p u n t a s a M a y n i l a . K u m u h a n g p a g s u s u l i t s a

m g a a r a l i n n g A r a l K r i s t i y a n o , A r i t m e t i k a ,

a t P a g b a s a s a

a n .
N a g b a l i k s i R i z a l s a C a l a m b a m u l a s a M

a y n i l a p a r a d u m a l o n g k a p i s t a h a n s a k a n i y a

C o l e g i o n g S a n J u a n d e L e t r

n g p a g b a b a l i k s a M a y n i l a a y n a g b a g o n g i s i

p s i R i z a l a t n a g b a l a k n a p u m a s o k s a A t e n e 2.

o .

H i n d i t i n a n g

g a p s i R i z a l s a A t e n e o d a h i l a n s a s i y a 1.

h u l i n a s a p a t a l a a n 2.

p a r a s a k a n i y a n g e d a d 3. S a u n a n g p a g k a k a t a o n a y g i n a m i t n i

m a l i i t

J o s e a n g k a n i y a n g a p e l y i d o n g R i z a l i m b e s n

a M e r c a d o . 4.

e l X e r e x B u r g o s a n g p a m a n g k i n n i J o s e B u

M a n u

r g o s n a t u m u l o n g u p a n g m a k a p a s o k s i R i z a l

s a A t e n e o . 5.

r a h a n s i y a s a i s a n g p a u p a h a n g b a h a y n a

N a n i

p a g

a a r i n i S e o r a T i t a y s a D a a n g C a r a b a l l o ,

n a n a s a l a b a s n g I n t r a m u r o s . 2.

E d u k a s y o n g H e s w i t a 1.

S i s t e m a n g

l o o b M a s a d b a n s e a n g e d u k a s y o n g i p i n a g k a k a n g m g a J e s u i t a k u m p a r a s a m g a k o l e h i y

o n o o n g s a P i l i p i n a s . 2.

u i t a a y A n g l a y u n i n n g e d u k a s y o n n g m g a J e s a n g h u b u g i n a n g m g a m a g a a r a l s a m

g a a r a l n g K a t o l i s i s m o , k a a l a m a n s a s i n i n g

a t a g h a m . A n g i s a n g m a t a l i n o n g K a t o l i k o m

u l a s a p a n a n a w n g m g a J e s u i t a a y m a g i g i n g

m a b u t i n g t a g a p a g t a n g g o l n g s i m b a h a n . A n g p

a n g u n a h i n g p i l o s o p i y a n g A t e n e o a y

r e m D e i G l o r i a m
P a r a s a H i g i t n a K a d a k i l

a a n n g D i y o s . 3.

A d M a j o

i n a t i a n g k l a s e s a d a l a w a n g p a n g k a t 1.

t a w a g a n s a m g a i n t e r n o s o m g a m a g a a r a l n a

I m p e r y o n g R o m a n o k a

n a k a t i r a s a l o o b n g b a k u r a n n g A t e n e o . 2.

k a t a w a g a n s a m g a e x t e r n o s o m g a m a g a a r

I m p e r y o n g C a r t a g o

a l n a n a k a t i r a s a l o o b n g b a k u r a n n g A t e n e 1. 1.

o .

U n a n g T a o n s a A t e n e o ( 1 8 7 2 7 3 )

P a d r e J o s e B e c h S . J

. a n g g u r o n i R i z a l s a k a n i y a n g u n a n g t a 2.

o n s a A t e n e o .

a g s i m u l a s i y a n g n a s a m a b a b a n g r a n g g o s a i m

p e r y o n g C a r t a g o n g u n i t s a p a g l i p a t n g m g a

l i n g g o a y n a g a w a n g m a k a p a n g u n a s a k a n i y a n g

m g a k a m a g a r a l . 3.

N a p a n a l u n a n n i y a a n g k a n i y a n g u n a n g g a n t

i m p a l a s a k a n i y a n g p a g a a r a l i s a n g l a r a w 4.

a n g p a n g r e l i h i y o n .

U p a n g m a p a g b u t i n i R i z a l a n g k a n i y a n g

k a a l a m a n s a w i k a n g E s a n y o l s i y a a y n a g p a t u

r o n g a r a l i n s a

C o l e g i o d e S a n t a I s a b e l
s a

p a n a h o n n g k a n i y a n g p a m a m a h i n g a s a t a n g h a

l i . 5.

a a n n g t a o n s i R i z a l a y h i n d i n a g b u t i s a k

S a k a l a g i t n

a n i y a n g p a g a a r a l u p a n g m a p a n a t i l i a n g k a n

i y a n g p a n g u n g u n a s a k l a s e i t o a y d a h i l a n s

a k a n i y a n g s a m a n g l o o b s a h i n d i m a k a t w i r a

n g p u n a n g g u r o s a k a n i y a . 6.

a y h i n d i n a g i n g m a s a y a d a h i l a n s a n a s a b i l

S a b a k a s y o n n g 1 8 7 3 , s i R i z a l

a n g g u a n a n g k a n i y a n g i n a . L i h i m n a p u m u n t a

s a S a n t a C r u z p a r a d a l a w i n a n g k a n i y a n g i

n a a t k i n u w e n t u h a n n i y a a n g i n a u k o l s a k a

n i y a n g p a g a a r a l s a A t e n e o . 2.

a o n s a A t e n e o ( 1 8 7 3 7 4 ) 1.

W a l a n g m a s y a d o n g m a h a l a g a n g p a n g y

I k a l a w a n g T

a y a r i k a y R i z a l s a A t e n e o s a t a o n g i t o . 2. H i n d i n a g p a k i t a n

g p a n g u n g u n a s a p a g a r a l s i R i z a l d a h i l a n

s a s a m a n g l o o b d a i l a n s a h i n d i m a g a n d a n g 3.

p u n a n g g u r o s a k a n i y a D u m a t i n g s a A t e n e o a n g i l a n s a k a n

i y a n g m g a d a t i n g k a m a g a r a l s a B i a n . 4.

n g n a l a l a p i t n a p a g l a y a H i n u l a a n n i R i z a l a 5. n g k a n i y a n g i n a .

a l n g k a n i y a n g p a g k a h i l i g N a g s i m u l a s i R i z s a p a g b a b a s a a t

i l a n s a m g a a k l a t n a i t o a y a n g m g a s u m u s u

n o d : 1.

u l a t n i A l e x a n d e r D u m a s . 2.

C o u n t o f M o n t e C r i s t o
n a s i n

H i s t o r y
n a s i n u l a t n i C e s a r C a n t u n a p i n i 3.

l i t n i y a n g i p a b i l i s a k a n i y a n g a m a .

U n i v e r s a l

T r a v e l s i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s
n a i s i n u l a t n

D r . F e o d o r J a g o r . 3.

I k a t l o n g T a o n s a A t

e n e o ( 1 8 7 5 7 6 ) 1.

N a g b a l i k s i R i z a l s a A t e n e o p a r a s a k a n i y a 2.

n g I k a t l o n g T a o n .

D u m a t i n g a n g k a n i y a n g i n a a t i p i n a a l a m

k a n i y a n g p a g l a y a k a y R i z a l . 3.

H i n d i r i n k i n a k i t a h a n n g p a n g

u n g u n a s i R i z a l s a k l a s e . 4.

a E s p a n y o l N a t a l o s i y a n g m g a k a m a g a r a l n s a w i k a n g E s p a n y o l d a h i l a n s a m

a s m a h u s a y a n g m g a i t o s a s a t a m a n g p a g b i g

k a s . 4.

7 ) 1.

I k a a p a t n a T a o n s a A t e n e o ( 1 8 7 6 7

S a t a o n g i t o

a y n a k i l a l a n i J o s e R i z a l s i P a d r e F r a n c i

s c o d e P a u l a S a n c h e z S . J . A n g n a s a b i n g p a r

i a n g h u m i k a y a t k a y R i z a l p a r a m a g a r a l n a

2. m a b u t i , l a l o n a s a p a g s u l a t n g m g a t u l a .

l n a s i P a d r e F r a n c i s c o d e P a u l a S a n c h e z a

S i n a b i n i R i z a

y i s a n g m o d e l o n g k a t u w i r a n a t p a g s i s i k a p

p a r a s a p a g u n l a d n g k a n i y a n g m g a m a g a a r a

l . 3.

D a h i l a n d i t o

a y n a g b a l i k a n g s i g l a n i R i z a l s a p a g a a r

a l a t n a t a p o s a n g t a o n n g p a g a a r a l n a m a y

r o o n g l i m a n g m e d a l y a . 5.

H u l i n g T a o n s a A t

e n e o ( 1 8 7 6 7 7 ) 1.

N a g i n g g a n a p a n g s i g l a n i R i z a l s a k a n i y a n 2.

g p a g a a r a l s a A t e n e o .

M a r s o 2 3 , 1 8 7 7 a t n a t a m o s a p a a r a l a n a n g 6.

N a g t a p o s s i R i z a l s a A t e n e o n o o n g

a c h i l l e r e n A r t e s .

M g a N a g i n g I b a n g G a w

a i n s a A t e n e o 1.

g a S a m a h a n n a K i n a s a p i a n n i R i z a l

1.

K a l i h i m n g

a s a p i n g

M a r i a n C o n g r e g a t i o n 2.

A c a d e m y o f S p a n i s h L a n g u a g e 3.

2.

K a s a p i n g

A c a d e m y o f n a t u r a l S c i e n c e s

N a g a r a l s i y a

p a g g u h i t k a y A g u s t i n S a e z n a k i l a l a n g m a h u 3.

s a y n a p i n t o r n a E s p a n y o l .

N a g a r a l s i y a n g p a g l i l i l o k k a

y R o m u a l d o d e J e s u s . 4.

N a g a r a l d i n s i y a n g e s k r i m a a t g y m n

a s t i c s . 5.

P a d r e J

o s e V i l l a c l a r a n a g s a b i k a y R i z a l n a t i g i 7.

l a n n a a n g p a g s u l a t n g t u l a . 1.

l o k

L i k h a n g L i

I m a h e n n g B

i r h e n g M a r i a n a i p a g k a k a l o o b s a n a n i R i z a l

k a y P a d r e L l e o n a r t . 8. 1.

R i z a l

U n a n g P a g i b i g n i

S e g u n d a K

a t i g b a k a n g b a b a e n g u n a n g m i n a h a l n i R i z

a l . 2.

i g b a k k a p a t i d n i S e g u n d a a t k a i b i g a n n i

M a r i a n o K a t

R i z a l . 3.

r d i a
a n g p a a r a l a n n a p i n a p a s u k a n

n d a K a t i g b a k . 4.

L a C o n c o

n i S e g u

a n u e l L u z a n g l a l a k i n g t a k d a n g m a p a n g a s a

w a n i S e g u n d a .

E D I S I N A S A U N I B E R S I D A D N G S A N T O T O M A S ( 1 8 7

K A B A N A T A 5 P A G A A R A L N G M

7 8 2 ) 1.

a y n a g h a n d a s i y a p a r a s a p a g a a r a l s a u n i b

e r s i d a d . 2.

S a p a g t a t a p o s n i R i z a l s a A t e n e o

A n g p l a n o n g p a g p a s o k n i R i z a l

s a u n i b e r s i d a d a y t i n u t u l a n n g k a n i y a n g i n

a d a h i l a n s a p a g k a k a r o o n n i t o n g m a r a m i n g

k a a l a m a n a y n a n g a n g a n i b a n g b u h a y n i R i z a

l . 3.

a s i R i z a l a y i s i n a m a n i P a c i a n o s a M a y n i l

a p a r a m a g a r a l . 4.

S a k a b i l a n g p a g t u t o l n g k a n i y a n g i n

N o o n g A b r i l 1 8 7 7 n a g p a

t a l a p a r a m a g a r a l s i R i z a l s a U n i b e r s i d a d

n g S a n t o T o m a s . 5.

k i n u h a a y P i l o s o p i a Y L e t r a b u n g a n g m g a

A n g u n a n i y a n g k u r s o n g

s u m s u s u n o d n a d a h i l a n : 1. 2.

k a n i y a n g a m a

u r s o n g g u s t o 6.

W a l a p a s i y a n g t i y a k n a k

P a d r e P a b l o R a m o n S J a n g

I t o a n g g u s t o n g

g h i n i n g a n n i R i z a l n g p a y o u k o l s a k a n i y a n 7. d a p a t n a m a g i n g k u r s o s a U S T .

g s e m e s t r e n g t a o n g 1 8 7 7 7 8 s i R i z a l d i n a

S a u n a n

y n a g a r a l s a k u r s o n g A t e n e o . 8.

i n g t a o n a y

S a i k a l a w a n g S e m e s t r e n g n a s a b

n a t a n g g a p n i R i z a l a n g s u l a t n

p e r i t o a g r i m e n s o r
s a

i P a d r e P a b l o R a m o n S J n a n a g p a p a y o s a k a n

i y a n a k u m u h a n g M e d i s i n a . K i n u h a n i R i z a l

a n g k u r s o d a h i l a n s a k a n i y a n g p a g n a n a i s n

a m a g a m o t a n g k a n i y a n g i n a . 9.

i R i z a l n g r e l a s y o n s a m g a s u m u s u n o d n a b a

b a e : 1.

B i n i b i n i n g L . i s a n g b a b a e n a t a g

N a g k a r o o n s

a C a l a m b a n a l a g i n g d i n a d a l a w n i R i z a l s a

g a b i s a p a n a h o n n g b a k a s y o n n a u m u w i s i y a

m u l a M a y n i l a n a b i g o k a y S e g u n d a K a t i g b a k .

2.

L e o n o r a V a l e n z u e l a k a p i t b a h a y n g i n u

u p a h a n g b a h a y n i R i z a l . K a n i y a i t o n g p i n a d

a d a l h a n n g s u l a t s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g h i n d i n

a k i k i t a n g t i n t a .

n i R i z a l a t a n a k n g

a h a y . S a k a n i l a n g p a g s u s u l a t a n a y g i n a g a m i

3.

L e o n o r R i v e r a p i n s a n

k a n i y a n g i n u u p a h a n g b

t n i L e o n o r a n g p a n g a l a n g

a n g i s a n g o p i s y a l n a E s p a n y o l n o o n g 1 8 7 8 .

S i R i z a l a y n a g i n g b i k t i m

T a i m i s .
10 .

S i R i z a l a y p i n a l o n g s a b l e s a l i k o d n g n

a s a b i n g o p i s y a l . 11 .

N o o n g 1 8 7 9 , s i R i z a l a y l u m a h o k s a p a l i g s a

h a n n g L i c e o A r t i s t i c o L i t e r a r i o . S a n a s a b

i n g p a l i g s a h a n a y n a n a l o n g u n a n g g a n t i m p a

l a a n g k a n i y a n g t u l a n g s i n u l a t n a m a y p a m a

g a t n a

a n a y p a r a l a m a n g s a m g a P i l i p i n o . 12 . N o o n g 1 8 8 0 , s i R i z a l a y

A L a J u v e n t u d F i l i p i n a . A n g
p a l i g s a h

l u m a h o k s a p a l i g s a h a n n g L i c e o A r t i s t i c o L

i t e r a r i o u k o l b i l a n g p a g p a p a r a n g a l s a i k a

4 0 0 t a o n n g k a m a t a y a n n i M i g u e l d e C e r v a n

t e s . S a n a s a b i n g p a l i g s a h a n a n g k a n i y a n g g

i n a w a n g a k d a n a m a y p a m a g a t n a

d e l o s D i o s e s
a y n a n a l o n g u n a n g g a n t i m p l a

E l C o n s e j o

. A n g p a l i g s a h a n a y b u k a s s a m g a P i l i p i n o

a t E s p a n y o l . 13 .

e o n n g m g a E s t u d y a n t e N a g t a y o s i n a R i z a l

K a m p

n g i s a n g s a m a h a n n a t i n a t a g w a g n a C o m p a e r

i s m o
s a l a y u n i n n a i p a g t a n g g o l a n g k a n i l a n

g s a r i l i l a b a n s a m g a p a n g i i n s u l t o n g k a n

i l a n g m g a k a m a g a r a l n a E s p a n y o l . 14 .

z a l s a U S T b u n g a H i n d i n a g i n g m a s a y a s i R i n g m g a s u m u s u n o d n a k a d a h

i l a n a n ; 1.

U S T 2.

l i p i n o n g m g a E s p a n y o l 3.

G a l i t s a k a n i y a a n g m g a g u r o n g

M i n a m a l i i t a n g m g a m a g a a r a l n a P i

M a k a l u m a a n g s i s

t e m a n g p a g t u t u r o s a U S T

A G P U N T A S A E S P A N Y A ( 1 9 8 2 8 5 ) K A B A N A T A 6 P A . A n g P a g a l

i s 1.

S a p a g t a t a p o s n i R i z a l s a k a n i y a n g i

k a a p a t n a t a o n n g p a g a a r a l n g m e d i s i n a s

a U S T s i R i z a l a y n a g b a l a k n a t u m u n g o n g E

s p a n y a p a r a d i t o m a g p a t u l o y n g p a g a a r a l .

2.

a n o A n g L i h i m n a P a g a l i s n i R i z a l a n g n a g b a l a k n g p a g a l i s n i R i z a l p a 2.

r a m a g t u n g o s a E u r o p a .

A n t o n i o R i v e r a

1.

P a c i

a n g a m a n i L e o n o r R i v e r a n a k u m u h a n g p a s 3.

a p o r t e n i R i z a l p a t u n g o n g E s p a n y a .

e M e r c a d o a n g g i n a m i t n a p a n g a l a n n i

J o s

R i z

a l s a k a n i y a n g l i h i m n a p a g a l i s p a t u n g o s

a E s p a n y a . 3. n o o n g M a y o 3 , U m a l i s s i R i z a l s a P i l i p i n a s 1 8 8 2 s a k a y n g b a r k o n g S a l v a

d o r a . 4.

k o n g S a l v a d o r a . B.

8 2 n a r a t i n g n i R i z a l a n g S i n g a p o r e . 2.

D o n a t o L e c h a a n g k a p i t a n n g b a r 1.

S i n g a p o r e

M a y o 8 , 1 8

o t e l d e l a P a z h o t e l n a t i n u l u y a n n i R i z 3.

a l s a S i n g a p o r e .

g a s u m u s u n o d : 1.

D i n a l a w n i R i z a l a n g m

H a r d i n g B o t a n i k o 2.

D i s t

r i t o n g P a m i l i h a n 3.

s t a t w a n i T h o m a s S t a n f o r d R a f f l e s t a g a p a

g t a t a g n g S i n g a p o r e .

T e m p l o n g B u d i s t a 4.

4.

N i l i s a n n i R i z a l a

n g S i n g a p o r e s a k a y n g b a r k o n g

o l o m b o 1.

k a s a b a y n i

M a r a m i n g i b a t i b a n g l a h i a n g n a

R i z a l s a b a r k o D j e m n a h a t b i n a l a

D j e m n a h .
B.

k n i R i z a l n a m a g s a l i t a n g P r a n s e s n g u n i t 2.

h i n d i s i y a n a i n t i d i h a n n g m g a i t o .

k a n i y a n g s i n a b i s a P o r t G a l l e a y m a s y a d o n g

A n g

m a l u n g k o t a n g l u n s o d . 3.

s a C o l o m b o a t s i n a b i n i y a n g m a g a n d a a n g l u

n s o d k a y s a s a S i n g a p o r e , P o r t G a l l e , a t M a

N a k a r a t i n g s i y a

y n i l a . B.

t l a g u s a n g t u b i g n a n a g u u g n a y n g R e d S e a a M e d i t e r r e n e a n S e a . 2.

S u e z C a n a l 1.

S u e z C a n a l i s a n g

F e r d i n a n d d e L e s s e

p s i s a n g d i p l o m a t i k o n g P r a n s e s n a n a g p l a

n o n g p a g t a t a y o n g S u e z C a n a l . 3.

n g s i R i z a l s a P o r t S a i d n a d u l o n g b a h a g i

N a k a r a t i

n g E h i p t o . D i t o n a k i t a n i R i z a l a n g m g a t a

o n a n a g s a s a l i t a n g i b a t i b a n g m g a w i k a .

B.

N a p l e s a t M e r s e i l l e s 1.

N a g t u n g o a n g b a

r k o n g

i R i z a l a n g N a p l e s n o o n g H u n y o 1 1 , 1 8 8 2 . K i n a b u k a s a n a y n a r a t i n g n i y a a n g d a u n g a n

D j e m n a h s a
E u r o p a a t n o o n g n a r a t i n g n

2.

n g M e r s e l l e s a t k a n i y a n g b i n i s i t a a n g

t e u d I f n a
s i y a n g l u g a r n a b i n a n g g i t n i A l

e x a n d e r D u m a s s a k a n i y a n g n o b e l a n g

C h a

C o u n t o

f M o n t e C r i s t o .
B.

1 8 8 2 n i l i s a n n i R i z a l a n g M e r s e i l l e s a t y n

a r a t i n g a n g B a r c e l o n a s a k a y n g t r e n g a l i n g

B a r c e l o n a 1.

H u n y o 1 5 ,

P r a n s i y a . 2.

n o o n g H u n y o 1 6 , 1 8 8 2 . 3.

u n a n g i m p r e s y o n n i R i z a l s a B a r c e l o n a d a h

N a r a t i n g n i y a a n g B a r c e l o n a

H i n d i m a g a n d a a n g

i l a n s i y a a y n a p a t i r a s a h i n d i m a g a n d a n g b

a h a g i n g l u n s o d . 4.

b a g o a n g k a n i y a n g p a n a n a w s a B a r c e l o n a d a h

S a b a n d a n g h u l i a y n a g

i l a n s a n a k i t a n i y a a n g l u n s o d a y n a g t a t a g

l a y n g k a l a y a a n a t l i b e r a l i s m o , a n g m g a t a

o a y p a l a k a i b i g a n , a t m a g a g a l a n g . 5.

P l a z a

d e C a t a l u a a n g p a b o r i t o n g k a i n i n a n n g

m g a m a g a a r a l n a P i l i p i n o s a B a r c e l o n a a t

d i t o b i n i g y a n s i R i z a l n g i s a n g p i g i n g b i l

a n g p a g b a t i s a k a n i y a n g p a g d a t i n g . B.

P a t r i o 1.

R i z a l s a l a b a s n g b a n s a . D i t o r i n g i n a m i t

A m o r P a t r i o a n g u n a n g a k d a n i

A m o r

n i R i z a l a n g p a n g a l a n s a p a n u l a t n a

L a a n .
2.

a s n a p a h a y a g a n s a M a y n i l a n a n a g l a t h a l a n

D i a r i o n g T a g a l o g i s a n g m a p a n g a h

L a o n g

g k a n i y a n g m g a a r t i k u l o . 3.

o a n g p a t n u g o t n g D i a r i o n g T a g a l o g . 4.

a r c e l o H . D e l P i l a r a n g n a g s a l i n n g

B a s i l i o T e o d o r

A m o r

P a t r i o
m u l a s a w i k a n g E s p a n y o l s a w i k a n g 5.

T a g a l o g .

a l a n i R i z a l s a D i a r i o n g T a g a l o g 1.

I b a p a n g m g a a r t i k u l o n g i p i n a d

L o s V i

a j e s 2. 1. R e v i s t a d e l M a d r i d B.

M a d r i d

z a l a n g b a l i t a u k o l s a e p i d e m y a n g k o l e r a

S a B a r c e l o n a a y n a b a l i t a a n n i R i

P a g l i p a t s a

s a P i l i p i n a s . 2.

m u l a k a y J o s e C e c i l i o n a n a g b a b a l i t a n g m

a l u n g k o t n a k a l a g a y a n n i L e o n o r b u h a t n g s

N a k a t a n g g a p s i y a n g s u l a t

i y a a y u m a l i s . 3.

R i z a l n a l u m i p a t n g M a d r i d . B.

r i d 1.

N a g p a t a l a s i R i z a l s a U n i v e r s i d a d C

P i n a y u h a n n i P a c i a n o s i

B u h a y s a M a d

e n t r a l d e M a d r i d s a m g a k u r s o n g : 1.

n a 2.

n a M a t u t u n a n a n g m g a s u m u s u n o d : 1.

P i l o s o p i y a a t P a g s u l a t 2.

M e d i s i

N a g s i k a p

P a g p i p i

n t a a t P a g l i l o k s a A c a d e m y o f F i n e A r t s o f

S a n F e r n a n d o 2.

g b a r i l s a H a l l o f

N a g s a n a y n g e s k r i m a a t p a

A r m s o f S a n z y C a r b o n e l l

3.

N a g a r a l n g m g a w i k a n g : 1. 2. P r a n s e s 3.

A l e m a n

E n

g l i s h 3.

n g a t m g a 5.

a k l a t

N a m a m a s y a l s a m g a g a l e r y a n g s i n i

m u s e o 4.

N a g i n g m a t i p i d s i R i z a l s a k a n i y

N a g b a s a n g m a r a m i n g m g a

a n g p a g a s t o s 6.

a a n n i R i z a l a y

n g m g a l i b r e n g o r a s s a b a h a y n g m g a P a t e r

A n g t a n g i n g s u g a l n a t i n a y

a n g l o t t o 7.

N a g p a p a l i p a s

n o B.

1.

P a g i b i g k a y C o n s u e l O r t i g a y P e r e z

N a g k a r o o n n g p a g k a k a t a o n s i R i z a l n a m

a k a b i s i t a s a b a h a y n i S e o r P a b l o O r t i g a y

R e y n a d a t i n g a l c a l d e n g M a y n i l a s a p a n a h

o n n g p a n u n u n g k u l a n n i G o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l

P o l a v i e j a . 2.

C o n s u e l o a n g a n a k n a d a l a g

a n i D o n P a b l o n a u m i b i g k a y R i z a l .

a d a l h a n n i R i z a l n g i s a n g t u l a a n g d a l a g a

n a m a y p a m a g a t n a

A L a S e o r i t a C . O . Y P .

3.

P i n

4. s a H i n d i i t i n u l o y n i R i z a l a n g p a n l i l i g a w a. d a l a g a d a h i l a n s a :

e o n o r b.

A n g k a n i y a n g k a i b i g a n g s i E d u a r d o

T a p a t s i y a k a y L

l d e L e t e a y n a n l i l i g a w s a d a l a g a B. B i l a n g M a s o n 1. R i z a l a n g m g a k i l a l a n g l i b e r a l n g E s p a n y a

S a M a d r i d a y n a k i l a l a n i

S i R i z a

n a a n g m g a i t o a y k a b i l a n g s a s a m a h a n n g

m g a M a s o n . 2.

n a k a p a t i r a n n g m g a t a o n g m a y m a l a y a n g k a

M a s o n e r y a i s a n g p a n d a i g d i g

i s i p a n . 3.

a h a n u p a n g m a h i n g i a n g t u l o n g n g m g a i t o s

a k a n i y a n g p a g l a b a n s a m g a p r a y l e s a P i l i p

S u m a l i s i R i z a l s a n a s a b i n g s a m

i n a s . 4.

M a s o n e y a n a i n a n i b a n n i R i z a l . B.

a p s a P a r i s 1.

L o g i a d e A c a c i a
a n g b a l a n g a y n g

N a g k a r o o n n g p a g h i h i r a p s i

P a g h i h i r

R i z a l s a M a d r i d d a h i l a n s a h i n d i n a g i n g m a

g a n d a a n g a n i s a k a n i l a n g l u p a . D a h i l a n d i

t o a y h i n d i n a k a r a t i n g a n g s u s t e n t o n i R i z

a l s a M a d r i d . 2.

b i s i r o n i R i z a l p a r a m a y m a i p a d a l a l a m a n g 3.

k a y R i z a l .

I p i n a g b i l i n i P a c i a m o a n g

K u m u h a s i R i z a l n g p a g s u s u l

i t s a k a n i y a n g a r a l i n s a G r i e g o n a h i n d i m

a n l a m a n g n a g a a l m u s a l a t n a n a n g h a l i a n . B.

P a g p u g a y k i n a L u n a a t H i d a l g o 1.

N a g k a r o o n

n g p a g p u p u g a y a n g m g a P i l i p i n o d a h i l a n s a

p a g k a p a n a l o n i n a :

i u m 2.

F e l i x R e s u r e c i o n H i d a l g o s a V i r g i n e s

1.

J u a n L u n a s a

S p o l a r

C h r i s t i a n a s E x p u e s t a a l P o p u l a c h o .
B.

a t a p o s s a P a g a a r a l 1 . N a t a p o s n i R i z a l n o o

n g 1 8 8 5 a n g k a n i y a n g k u r s o s a M e d i s i n a a t

P a g t

P i l o s o p i y a

H A N G G A N G B E R L I N I. Sa Paris (188586) 1.

s a k a n y a n g l a y u n i n n a m a g p a k a d a l u b h a s a s a

K A B A N A T A 7 R I Z A L S A P A R I S

N a g t u n g o s i R i z a l

o p t a l m o l o h i y a o p a g g a m o t s a m a t a . 2.

n a g t u n g o s a P a r i s p a n s a m a n t a l a n g t u m i g i l

s i R i z a l s a b a h a y n i M a x i m o V i o l a n a n a g a

B a g o

a r a l n g m e d i s i n a s a B a r c e l o . 3.

n a k a n i y a n g n a k i l a l a s i E u s e b i o C a r o m i n a s

a n g p a t n u g o t n g p a h a y a g a n g

L a P u b l i c i d a d
.

S a B a r c e l o

4.

a P a r i s a t n a g l i n g k o d b i l a n g k a t u l o n g n i D

r . L o i u s d e W e c k e r t n a p a n g u n a h i n g o p t a l m o l

N o b y e m b r e 1 8 8 5 n a k a r a t i n g s i R i z a l s

o h i s t a n g P r a n s i y a . N a n a t i l i d i t o s i R i z a l

m u l a N o b y e m b r e 1 8 8 5 h a n g g a n g P e b r e r o 1 8 8

6 . 5.

S a l a b a s n g k a n i y a n g o r a s s a k l i n i k a

n i D r . W e c k e r t a y k a n y a n g k a i b i g a n p a r t i k

u l a r n a d i t o a n g p a m i l y a n g P a r d o d e T a v e r

a . I. Heidelb erg 1.

P a g k a t a p o s n g k a n i l a n g m g a g a w a

i n s a P a r i s s i R i z a l a y n a g t u n g o n g A l e m a n

y a p a r a s a p a g p a p a t u l o y n g k a n y a n g p a g a a r a

l s a o p t a l m o l o h i y a . 2.

P e b r e r o 3 , 1 8 8 6 d

i n a l a w n i R i z a l a n g m a k a s a y s a y a n g l u n s o d n

g H e i d e l b e r g n a k i l a l a s a k a n y a n g u n i b e r s i d

a d . N a n i n i r a h a n s i y a s a i s a n g

b o a r d i n g h o u

s e
n a t i n i t i r h a n n g m g a m a g a a r a l n g a b o g a

s y a . 3.

o d b i l a n g k a t u l o n g s a k l i n i k a n i D r . O t t o

S a H e i d e l b e r g s i R i z a l a y n a g l i n g k

B e c k e r , i s a n g k i l a l a n g d o k t o r n g o p t a l m o l o

h i y a s a A l e m a n y a . 4.

l b e r g a n g t u l a n g s i n u l a t n i R i z a l s a k a g

A L a s F l o r e s d e H e i d e

a n d a h a n n g m g a b u l a k l a k n g H e i d e l b e r g . 5.

S a n a s a b i n g l u n s o d i n a b u t a n s i R i z a l n g s e

l e b r a s y o n n g I k a l i m a n g D a a n T a o n n g P a g k a k

a t a t a g n g H e i d e l b e r g . I. Wilhelm sfeld 1.

g i s a n g b a y a n g b a k a s y u n a n s a s a a n s i R i z a l a y t u m i g i l n g t a t l o n g b u w a

W i l h e l m s f e l d

A l e m a n y a k u n

n . 2.

K a r l U l l m e r p a s t o r p r o t e s t a n t e n a t

i n i g i l a n n i R i z a l h a b a n g s i y a a y n a g b a b a k a

s y o n s a W i l h e l m s f e l d . 3.

N a p a m a h a l k a y R i z

a l a n g p a m i l y a n i P a s t o r U l l m e r a t i t o a y

k a n i y a n g i p i n a d a m a n i y a s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g

p a g s u l a t s a a n a k n i t o n a s i F r i e d r i c h U l l m e

r n a n a g p a p a s a l a m a t s a k a b u t i h a n n g n a s a b i

n g p a m i l y a . I. Unang Sulat kay Blumen tritt 1.

t s a n g u n a n g s u l a t n i

H u l y o 3 1 , 1 8 8 6 p e

R i z a l n a i p i n a d a l ; a

n i y a k a y B l u m e n t r i t t . 2.

r i t t i s a n g p r o p e s o r s a

i t z , A u s t r i a n a i n t e r i s a d o s a p a g a a r a l n g

F e r d i n a n d B l u m e n t

A t e n e o n g L e i t m e r

m g a d i y a l e k t a n g P i l i p i n a s . 3.

a p a m a g a t n g a k l a t n a n a k a s u l a t s a w i k a n

g E s p a n y o l a t T a g a l o g n a i p i n a d a l a n i R i z a

A r i t m e t i k

l k a y B l u m e n t r i t t u p a n g m a g a m i t n i y a n g b a t

a y a n s a p a g a a r a l n g w i k a n g T a g a l o g . I. Leipsig at Dresden

1.

L e i p s i g i s a n g l u n s o d s a A l e m a n y a n a

k a n i y a n g b i n i s i t a u p a n g d u m a l o n g a r a l i n s

a K a s a y s a y a n a t S i k o l o h i y a . 2.

a n g n a g i n g k a i b i g a n s i F r i e d r i c h R a t z e l n a

D i t o a y k a n y

k i l a l a n g m a n a n a l a y s a y a t s i D r . H a n s M e v e

r n a i s a n g k i l a l a n g a n t r o p o l o g o . 3.

n d i n n i R i z a l a n g a k d a n i H a n s C h r i s t i a n A

I s i n a l i

n d e r s e n . 4.

g l u n s o d n a

l a s i D r . A d o l p h M e v e r a n g d i r e k t o r n g M u s

D r e s d e n b i n i s i t a n i R i z a l a n

i t o a t d i t o a y k a n i y a n g n a k i l a

e o n g A n t r o p o l o h i y a a t E t n o l o h i y a . I. Pagtang gap kay Rizal sa Kalipun ang Siyentip

iko sa Berlin 1.

o d n a B e r l i n h i n a n g a a n n i R i z a l a n g l u n s i t o d a h i l a n s a p a g k a k r o o n n i t o n g s i

y e n t i p i k o n g k a p a l i g i r a n a t m a l a y a s a p a g t a

t a n g i n g l a h i . 2.

a g p o n i R i z a l a n g n a s a b i n g m a n l a l a k b a y n a

D r . F e o d o r J a g o r n a k a t

s u m u l a t n g i s a n g a k a l t t u n g k o l s a P i l i p i n a

s . 3.

D r . R u d o l f V i r c h o w i s a n g k i l a l a n g

a n t r o p o l o h i s t a n g A l e m a n n a n a k i l a l a n i R i z

a l s a B e r l i n . 4.

l a n g h e o g r a p o n g A l e m a n y a n a n a k i l a l a n i R i

z a l s a B e r l i n . 5.

D r . W . J o e s t i s a n g k i l a

D r . K a r l E r n e s t S c h w e i g g

e r i s a n g k i l a l a n g o p t a l m o l o h i s t a n g B e r l i

n a t d i t o s i R i z a l a y n a g l i n g k o d s a k l i n i k 6.

a .

D r . R u d o l f V i r c h o w k a n y a n g i n i m b i t

a h a n s i R i z a l n a m a g s a l i t a s a i s a n g p a g p u p

u l o n g n g E t h n o g r a p h i c

T a g a l o g V e r s k u n t
a n g p a m a g a t n g p a p e l p

S o c i e t y
n g B e r l i n . 7.

a n a y a m n a b i n a s a n i R i z a l s a i s i n a g a w a n g p

a g p u p u l o n g n g

i n . I. Buhay ni Rizal sa Berlin 1.

E t h n o g r a p h i c S o c i e t y
n g B e r l

M g a d a h i l a n n i R i z a l s a P a g t

i g i l s a B e r l i n a. b.

a o p t a l m o l o h i y a c.

s a a g h a m a t w i k a

P a l a w a k i n a n g k a a l a m a n s

P a l a w a k i n a n g k a a l a m a n

M a g m a s i d s a k a l a g a y a n

g p u l i t i k a l a t k a b u h a y a n n g A l e m a n y a d.

k i l a h o k s a m g a k i l a l a n g s i y e n t i p i k o n g A l e m

a n

e.

I p a l i m b a g a n g

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
1.

M a

O b

s e r b a s y o n s a M g a K a b a b a i h a n g A l e m a n a.

y o s a b. 1.

g a n i n

M a t i y a g a c.

P a g h i h i r a p s a B e r l i n a.

E d u k a d a d.

S e r

p a l a k a i b i

W a l a n g d

u m a t i n g n a p a d a l a n g p e r a m u l a s a C a l a m b a b.

K u m a k a i n l a m a n g n g i s a n g b e s e s s a i s a n g

a r a w c.

N a g l a l a b a n g k a n i y a n g s a r i l i n g d a

m i t d.

N a g h i h i n a l a s i y a s a p a g k a k a r o o n n g

s i n t o m a s n g s a k i t n a t u b e r k u l o s i s

B A N A T A 8 P A G P A P A L I M B A G N G

N O L I M E T A N G E

K A

R E
I. Ang Ideya at Pagsula t ng Noli 1.

b e l a n a s i n u l a t n i H a r r i e t B e e c h e r S t o w e n

a t u m a t a l a k a y s a b u h a y n g m g a a l i p i n g i t i m

U n c l e T o m ' s C a b i n
i s a n g n o

s a A m e r i k a . 2.

a g t i t i p o n k u n g s a a n p i n a n u k a l a n i R i z a l s a

g r u p o n g m g a P i l i p i n o n a m a g s u l a t s i l a n g

E n e r o 2 , 1 8 8 4 p e t s a n g p

i s a n g n o b e l a n g u k o l s a k a l a g a y a n n g P i l i p

i n a s .

3.
a. P a g h a h a t i n g P a g s u l a t n g

T a n g e r e

1 / 2 s a E s p a n y a b.

1 / 4 s a P r a n s

N o l i M e

y a c.

d i t o t i n a p o s n i R i z a l a n g

n a t a n g N o l i M e T a n g e r e . 2.

1 / 4 s a A l e m a n y a 1.

W i l h e l m s f e l d -

m g a h u l i n g k a b a

M a x i m o V i o l a -

a n g n a g s i l b i n g t a g a p a g l i g t a s n g

a n g e r e s a
p a m a m a g i t a n n g p a g p a p a h i r a m n i y a

k a y R i z a l n g h a l a g a n g P 3 0 0 u p a n g m a g a m i t s

N o l i M e T

a p a g p a p a l i m b a g n g n a s a b i n g n o b e l a . 3.

r e r o 2 1 , 1 8 8 7 p e t s a n g n a t a p o s a n g

e T a n g e r e
a t i n i h a n d a p a r a s a p a g p a p a l i m b a

P e b

N o l i M

g . 4.

a f t -

B e r l i n B u c h d r u c k r e i A c t i o n G e s s e l s c h

a n g p a l i m b a g a n n a t u m a n g g a p u p a n g i l

a a t h a l a a n g N o l i

M e T a n g e r e
s a h a l a g a n g P 3 0

0 s a d a m i n g 2 , 0 0 0 k o p y a . l u m a b a s n g p a l i m b a g a n a n g M a r s o 2 1 , 1 8 8 7 n o b e l a n g

M e T a n g e r e .
6.

M g a U n a n g P i n a d a l a h a n n i R

5.

N o l i

i z a l n g k o p y a n g N o l i a. b.

r i t t

a n o L o p e z J a e n a d.

D r . A n t o n i o M a . R e g i d o r c. e.

F e r d i n a n d B l u m e n t

M a r i a n o P o n c e

G r a c i

F e l i x

R e s u r r e c i o n H i d a l g o 1.

n g p a m a g a t n g N o l i

e l y o n i S a n J u a n . 2.

M e T a n g e r e
m u l a s a e b a n g h

K i n u h a n i R i z a l a

I n i h a n d o g n i R i z a l a n

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
s a i n a n g b a y a n . 3.

a t S a l o m e
a n g i s a n g k a b a n a t a n a i n a l i s

n i R i z a l s a

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
u p a n g m a k a t i p i

E l i a s

d s i y a s a p r e s y o n g p a g p a p a l i m b a g n g n o b e l

a .

A S A M A K A B A N A T A 9 P A G L A L A K B A Y S A E U R O P A K I. Ang Paglala kbay 1. N I V I O L A

M a y o 1 1 , 1 8 8 7 n a

g s i m u l a a n g p a g l a l a k b a y n i n a R i z a l a t V i o l A.

a s a E u r o p a .

g l a l a k b a y s a D r e s d e n a y n a p a t a o n s a E k s p o s

D r e s d e n 1.

A n g k a n i l a n g p a

i s y o n n g m g a B u l a k l a k . 2.

l s i D r . A d o l p h M e y e r s a M u s e o n g S i n i n g .

3.

P r o m e t h e u s B o u n d i s a n g o b r a m a e s t r a n

B i n i s i t a n i R i z a

g p i n t a n a l a b i s n a h i n a n g a a n n i R i z a l s a 4.

D r e s d e n .

n a p a d a l h a n m u n a n g g t e l e g r a m a s i B l u m e n t r

D r . J a g o r n a g p a y o k a y R i z a l

i t t b a g o s i y a p u m u n t a n g L e i t m e r i t z . A.

t m e r i t z 1.

a l s a L e i t m e r i t z a t d i t o s i y a a y s i n a l u b o n

M a y o 1 3 , 1 8 8 7 d u m a t i n g s i

L e i

R i z

g n i P r o f . F e r d i n a n d B l u m e n t r i t t s a i s t a s y

o n n g t r e n d a l a a n g l a r a w a n n a p a g k a k a k i l a 2.

l a n a n k a y R i z a l .

H o t e l K r e b d i t o t u m i

r a s i n a R i z a l a t B l u m e n t r i t t h a b a n g b u m i b i

s i t a s a L e i t m e r i t z . 3.

n g p a m i l y a n i B l u m e n t r i t t a.

N a k i l a l a n i R i z a l a

R o s a a n g a s a w

a n i B l u m e n t r i t t b.

n r a d a n a k d.

r i p i n a k i l a l a n i B l u m e n t r i t t s i R i z a l a t

D o l o r e s a n a k c. 1.

F r i t z a n a k

C o

B u r g o m a s t e

k a n i y a n g h i n a n g a a n a n g k a t a l i n u h a n n i R i z

a l s a m a d a l i n g p a g k a t u t o n g w i k a n g A l e m a n .

2.

D r . C a r l o s C z e p e l a k i s a s a m g a k i l a l

a n g s i y e n t i p i k o n g E u r o p a n m a n a k i l a l a n i

R i z a l s a L e i t m e r i t z . 3.

i s a n g b a n t o g n a n a t u r a l i s t a n a n a k i l a l a n

R o b e r t K l u t s c h a k -

i R i z a l s a L e i t m e r i t z . A.

w n i R i z a l a t V i o l a a n g l u n s o d n a i t o n o o n 2.

g M a y o 1 7 1 9 , 1 8 8 7 .

P r a g u e 1.

D r . W i l l k o m a n g

D i n a l a

p r o f e s s o r n g n a t u r a l

n g P r a g u e n a d i n a l a w n i R i z a l s a l u n s o d d

a l a a n g s u l a t n g p a g p a p a k i l a l a n i B l u m e n t r

h i s t o r y
n g U n i b e r s i d a d

i t t . 3.

i n g a n n i

m o s a k a s a y s a y a n n g s a n g k a t a u h a n . 4.

B i n i s i t a n i R i z a l a t V i o l a a n g l i b

C o p e r n i c u s a n g d a k i l a n g a s t r o n o

B i n i s

i t a d i n n i l a a n g k u w e b a n a n a g s i l b i n g b i l a

n g g u a n n i S a n J u a n N e p o m u c e n o p a t i n a a n g

t u l a y n a p i n a g h u l u g a n n i t o . A.

V i e n n a 1.

i n i s i t a n i R i z a l s a l u n s o d n a i t o s i N o r f e

n f a l s n a i s a s a m g a p i n a k a d a k i l a n g n o b e l i s

t a n g E u r o p a n o o n g p a n a h o n g i y o n . S a d a k o n

g h u l i h i n a n g a a n d i n n i y a s i R i z a l s a k a t a 2.

l i n u h a n g t a g l a y n i t o .

h o t e l n a t i n i g i l a n n i n a R i z a l a t V i o l a s a

H o t e l M e t r o p o l e -

V i e n n a . A.

n u b e i s a s a m g a m a l a l a k i n g i l o g n g E u r o p

a . N a g s a k a y s i n a R i z a l a t V i o l a n g b a n g k a

P a g b a y b a y s a I l o g D a n u b e 1.

D a

u p a n g m a k i t a a n g k a g a n d a h a n n g i l o g a t n g

k a n y a n g m g a p a n g p a n g . 2.

V i o l a s a u n a n g p a g k a k a t a o n a n g k a k a i b a n g g

D i t o n a p a n s i n n i

a m i t n g m g a t a g a r i t o n a p a p e l n a n a p k i n s a

k a n i l a n g p a g k a i n . A.

a l l 1.

M u n i c h d i n a l a w n i n a R i z a l a t V i o l

L i n t z t u n g o s a R h e i n f

a a n g l u n s o d a t p a n a n d a l i a n g n a m a s y a l u p a n

g m a l a s a h a n a n g M u n i c h b e e r n a b a n t o g s a b

u o n g A l e m a n y a . 2.

N u r e m b e r g s a l u n s o d n a

i t o a y d i n a l a w n i n a R i z a l a t V i o l a a n g m u

s e o n a n a g t a t a g l a y n g m g a k a g a m i t a n g p a n g p

a h i r a p n a g i n a m i t s a p a n a h o n n g I n g k i s i s y o n

a t a n g p a g a w a a n n g m a n y i k a n a p i n a k a m a l a k

i n g i n d u s t r i y a n g l u n s o d . 3.

n i n a R i z a l a t V i o l a a n g k a t e d r a l n g l u n s o

U l m d i n a l a w

d n a k i l a l a b i l a n g p i n a k a m a l a k i a t p i n a k a m 4.

a t a a s a t p i n a n h i k a n g t o r e n i t o .

a l l n a k i t a n i R i z a l a n g t a l o n n a i t o n a

R h e i n f

k a n y a n g s i n a b i n g " p i n a k a m a g a n d a s a b u o n g E A.

u r o p a . "

l a n g l u n s o d n a i t o a n g p i n a k a m a g a n d a s a b

S w i t z e r l a n d 1 . G e n e v a k a y R i z a

u o n g E u r o p a . 2 . M g a w i k a n g s i n a s a l i t a n g m g c.

a t a g a S w i t z e r l a n d a.

I t a l y a n 1.

D i t o n i y a n a t a n g g a p a n g i s a n

A l e m a n b.

P r a n s e s

g t e l e g r a m a u k o l s a i s i n a s a g a w a n g E k s p o s i s

y o n s a M a d r i d n a a n g i p i n a p a k i t a s a P i l i p i

n a s a y a n g m g a t r i b o n g I g o r o t n a s u o t n a

b a h a g a t m g a m a k a l u m a n g k a g a m i t a n a y p i n a g

t a t a w a n a n n g m g a t a g a M a d r i d . 2.

a i n a b u t a n s i R i z a l n g k a n y a n g i k a 2 6 n a t

S a G e n e v

a o n g k a a r a w a n a t k a n y a n g p i n a k a i n s i V i o l a

n g i s a n g m a s a g a n a n g p a g k a i n . 3.

u n s o d n g G e n e v a n a g h i w a l a y s i n a R i z a l a t V

D i t o s a l

i o l a . S i R i z a l p a r a i p a g p a t u l o y a n g k a n y a n

g p a g l a l a k b a y s a I t a l y a a t s i V i o l a n a m a n 1. A.

p a r a m a g b a l i k s a B a r c e l o n a .

I t a l y a

g a l u n s o d n g I t a l y a n a b i n i s i t a n i R i z a l a. b.

T u r i n

d.

M i l a n c.

F l o r e n c e e.

V e n i c e

R o m e

1.

n g m g a C a e s a r " n o o n g H u n y o 2 7 , 1 8 8 7 . H i n a n

R o m a n a k a r a t i n g s i R i z a l s a " l u n s o d

g a a n n i R i z a l n g l a b i s a n g k a r a n g y a a n n g n

a s a b i n g l u n s o d . 2.

a w i n n a b i n i s i t a n i b.

o l i u m

B a t o n g T a r p e i a n c.

M g a k a h a n g a h a n g a n g t a n

R i z a l s a R o m a a.

C a p i t

P a l a t i n u m d.

n F o r u m R o m a n u m e. n g S a n t a M a r i a M a g i g i o r e 1.

n g l u n s o d n a s e n t r o n g K a t o l i s i s m o s a m u n d

A m p i t e a t r o f.

S i m b a h a

V a t i c a n o a

o a t d i n a l a w i t o n i R i z a l n o o n g H u n y o 2 9 ,

1 8 8 7 . K a n y a n g n a k i t a a n g B a s i l i c a d e S a n P e

d r o a n g p i n a k a m a l a k i n g s i m b a h a n s a m u n d

o .

K A B A N A T A 1 0 A N G U N A N G P A G B A B A L I K A.

s i s y o n n a m a g b a l i k s a P i l i p i n a s 1.

a n g g i n g m a g b a l i k s i R i z a l s a P i l i p i n a s a.

M g a T u m

D e

P a c i a n o R i z a l b.

e C e c i l i o 1. T i s t i s i n a n g M g a m a t a n g k a n y a n g i n a b.

S i l v e s t r e U b a l d o c.

D a h i l a n n g P a g b a b a l i k a.

J o s

P a g l i

n g k u r a n a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a b a b a y a n c.

t a a n g e p e k t o n g k a n a y n g n o b e l a n g N o l i

I t a n o n g k u n g b a k i t h i n d i n a n a s u l a t s i L e o

M a k i

d.

n o r R i v e r a 1.

s i R i z a l s a k a n i y a n g a m a u k o l s a k a n y a n g

p a g b a b a l i k s a P i l i p i n a s . A.

H u n y o 2 9 , 1 8 8 7 t u m e l e g r a m a

P a g b a b a l i k P a t u

n g o n g M a y n i l a 1.

s i R i z a l s a b a r k o n g

n y a n g s i n a k y a n n o o n g s i y a a y m a g t u n g o n g E

H u l y o 3 , 1 8 8 7 l u m u l a n

D i e m n a h
a n g b a r k o n g k a

u r o p a l i m a n g t a o n n a a n g n a k a k a r a a n .

l y o 3 0 , 1 8 8 7 n a k a r a t i n g s i R i z a l s a S a i g

o n a t s u m a k a y n g b a r k o n g

H a i p o n g .
3.

2.

H u

A g o s t

o 5 , 1 8 8 7 n a k a r a t i n g a n g H a i p o n g s a M a y n i

l a . 4.

n i y a n g p a g k a k a h i w a l a y s a b a n s a a y h a l o s w

N a p a n s i n n i R i z a l n a s a l i m a n g t a o n

a l a n g n a g a b a b a g o s a k a a y u s a n a t k a a n y u a n n A.

g l u n s o d n g M a y n i l a . 1.

b a

A g o s t o 8 , 1 8 8 7 -

P a g b a b a l i k s a C a l a m

p e t s a n g m a k a r a t i n g

s i R i z a l s a C a l a m b a . 2.

i y a h i n i w a l a y a n s i R i z a l s a m g a u n a n g a r a w

n g p a g b a b a l i k n i t o s a C a l a m b a d a h i l a n s a

P a c i a n o h i n d i n

k a n y a n g p a g a a l a l a s a k a l i g t a s a n n g k a n y a n

g n a k a b a b a t a n g k a p a t i d . 3.

l n g i s a n g k l i n i k a s a C a l a m b a u p a n g m a k a p

N a g t a y o s i R i z a

a g l i n g k o d s i o y a b i l a n g m a n g g a g a m o t . 4.

k a n y a n g u n a n g n a g i n g p a s y e n t e a y a n g k a n y

a n g i n a , n g u n i ' t h i n d i n i y a i t o i n o p e r a h a n

A n g

s a d a h i l a n g a n g k a t a r a t a n i t o a y h i n d i p a 5.

n o o n h i n o g .

U l i m a n n g m g a t a g a C a l a m b a a t n a g i n g b a n

T i n a w a g s i R i z a l n a D o k t o r

t o g s a C a l a m b a a t m g a k a r a t i g b a y a n a t d i n 6.

a y o n g m g a t a o a n g k a n y a n g k l i n i k a .

i t a s i R i z a l n g P 9 0 0 s a u n a n g b u w a n n g

K u m

k a n

y a n g p a g g a g a m o t a t s a b u w a n n g P e b r e r o 1 8 8

8 a n g h a l a g a a y u m a b o t n g P 5 , 0 0 0 . 7.

y o s i R i z a l n g i s a n g g y m n a s i u m s a C a l a m b a u

N a g t a

p a n g m a i l i g t a s a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a b a b a y a n s

a b i s y o n g t u l a d n g s u g a l a t s a b o n g . 8.

d i n a d a l a w n i R i z a l s i L e o n o r R i v e r a d a h i l

H i n

a n s a p a g t u t o l n g k a n y a n g m g a m a g u l a n g n a

d a l a w i n a n g d a l a g a . A n g m g a m a g u l a n g n i L e

o n o r R i v e r a a y a y a w n a m a k a t u l u y a n n g k a n i

l a n g a n a k n a s i R i z a l .

n g a n g

N o l i M e T a n g e r e 1.

p r a y l e a n g g o b e r n a d o r h e n e r a l a t n a g h a h a t

A.

A n g K a g u l u h a n g B u

N i l a p i t a n n g m g a

i d n g m g a s u m b o n g n a l a b a n s a n o b e l a n g

i M e T a n g e r e .
2.

r n a d o r h e n e r a l n a

E m i l i o T e r r e r o a n g g o b e

n a g p a t a w a g k a y R i z a l u k o

N o l

l s a u s a p i n n g n o b e l a n g k a n y a n g h i n i g i a n s i R i z a l n g i s a n g k o p y a

n g n a s a b i n g n o b e l a . W a l a n g k o p y a n g m a i b i g a

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
a t

y s i R i z a l d a h i l a n s a n a u b o s n a a n g k a n y a n 3.

g m g a d a l a . a n g k a n y a n g m g a d a t i n g g u r o n a s i n a P a d r e

B i n i s i t a n i R i z a l s a A t e n e o

F e d e r i c o F a u r a , F r a n c i s c o P a u l a S a n c h e z , a

t J o s e B e c h u p a n g h i n g i n n i y a a n g k o p y a n g N

o l i M e T a n g e r e
n a k a n y a n g i b i n i g a y s a A t e n

e o , a y a w i b i g a y n g m g a p a r e n g J e s u i t a a n g 4.

k a n i l a n g m g a k o p y a .

s o b i s p o n g M a y n i l a n a k a l a b a n n g m g a P i l i p

P e d r o P a y o a n g a r

i n o a t n a g p a d a l a n g k o p y a n g N o l i M e T a n g e

r e s a r e k t o r n g U n i b e r s i d a d n g S a n t o T o m a s

u p a n g p a g a r a l a n a n g n o b e l a . 5.

G r e g o r i o

E c h a v a r r i a a n g r e k t o r n g U S T a t k a t u l o n g

n g l u p o n n g m g a g u r o n g u n i b e r s i d a d n a g u

m a w a n g p a g a a r a l s a n o b e l a n g N o l i M e T a n g

e r e . 6.

m g a g u r o n g U S T n g r e k o m e n d a s y o n n a a n g N o

l i M e T a n g e r e a y h e r e t i k a l , s u b e r s i b o , a t

A y o n s a p a g a a r a l n g m g a l u p o n n g

l a b a n s a k a a y u s a n g p a m p u b l i k o . 7.

g u s t u h a n n i T e r r e r o a n g u l a t n g l u p o n n g m

g a g u r o n g U S T d a h i l a n s a a l a m n i y a n g k a l a

H i n d i n a

b a n n i R i z a l a n g m g a D o m i n i k a n o a t i p i n a d a

l a a n g k o p y a n g N o l i M e T a n g e r e s a P e r m a n e

n t e n g L u p o n n g S e n s u r a n a b i n u b u o n g m g a p

a r i a t m g a t a o n g h i n d i a l a g a d n g s i m b a h a n .

8.

p o n P a d r e S a l v a d o r F o n t a n g p i n u n o n g L u s a S e n s u r a n a n a g u l a t n a a n g

N o l i M e

T a n g e r e
a y s u b e r s i b o a t k o n t r a s a s i m b a h a n

a t p a m a h a l a a n . K a n y a n g i m i n u n g k a h i a n g p a g

b a b a w a l n g p a g a a n g k a t , p a g g a w a a t p a g b i b i l

i n g m a p a n i r a n g n o b e l a . 1.

N o l i M e T a n g e r e

p r a y l e n g G u a d a l u p e n a n a g l a b a s n g w a l o n g

P a d r e J o s e R o d r i g u e z -

A.

M g a K a a w a y n g

p o l y e t o n a b u m a b a t i k o s s a N o l i M e T a n g e r e .

A n g m g a p o l y e t o n g i s i n u l a t n i y a a y i p i n a g

b i b i l i s a m g a n a g s i s i m b a . 2.

M g a S e n a d o r n

g E s p a n y a n a b u m a b a t i k o s s a N o l i M e T a n g e r

e . J o s e S a l a m a n c a L u i s M . d e P a n d o F e r n a n d o

V i d a

3.

V i c e n t e B a r r a n t e s k a n y a n g b i n a t i

k o s a n g N o l i M e T a n g e r e s a k a n y a n g i n i l a t h

a l a n g a r t i k u l o s a p a h a y a g a n g A.

e r n a .

M g a T a g a p a g t a n g g o l n g N o l i M e T a n g

L a E s p a n a M o d

e r e 1.

. R e g i d o r 3. 5.

a n o P o n c e

M a r c e l o H . d e l P i l a r 2.

G r a c i a n o L o p e z J a e n a 4.

S e g i s m u n d o M o r e t i s a n g E s p a

A n t o n i o M a

M a r i

n y o l n a d a t i n g M i n i s t r o n g h a r i n g E s p a n y a

a t t a g a p a g t a n g g o l n g N o l i M e T a n g e r e . 6.

M i g u e l M o r a y t a p r o p e s o r n g k a s a y s a y a n s a

U n i b e r s i d a d C e n t r a l d e M a d r i d . 7.

n d B l u m e n t r i t t 8.

s a n g i s k o l a r n a p a r i n g P i l i p i n o n a g u m a w a

P a d r e V i c e n t e G a r c i a i

F e r d i n a

n g i s a n g p o l y e t o n a g i n a m i t a n n i y a n g p a n g

a l a n g p a n u l a t n a D e s i d e r i o M a g a l a n g a t k a n

y a n g s i n a g o t a n g m g a a k u s a s y o n n i P a d r e J o

s e R o d r i g u e z l a b a n s a

a m a y a k d a n i t o . A.

a y J o s e T a v i e l d e A n d r a d e 1.

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
a t s

A n g P a k i k i p a g k a i b i g a n k

J o s e T a v i e l d

e A n d r a d e i s a n g t e n y e n t e n g h u k b o n g E s p a

n y o l n a i n a t a s a n n i G o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l T e r

r e r o u p a n g m a g s i l b i n g t a g a b a n t a y n i R i z a l

l a b a n s a m g a l i h i m n i y a n g k a a w a y . 2.

a n s a k a p w a m g a k a b a t a a n , e d u k a d o , a t

k u l t u r a n a g i n g g a n a p n a m a g k a i b i g a n s i n a R

D a h i l

m a y

i z a l a t A n d r a d e . 3.

A n d r a d e s a p a m a m a s y a l , i s k r i m a h a n , a t p a g b

a r i l . A.

S u l i r a n i n A g r a r y o s a C a l a m b a 1.

N a k a s a m a n i R i z a l s i

a i m p l u w e n s i y a h a n s i G o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l T e r

r e r o n g k a n y a n g n a b a s a s a

a t n a g p a s i m u l a n g i m b e s t i g a s y o n s a m g a

N o l i M e T a n g e r e

h a c

i e n d a
n a p a g a a r i n g m g a p r a y l e u p a n g m a i t

u w i d a n g m g a p a g m a m a l a b i s n a n a g a g a n a p d i t

o . 2.

T u m u l o n g s i R i z a l s a k a n y a n g m g a k a b

a b a y a n s a C a l a m b a s a p a g k u h a n g m a h a h a l a g a

n g d a t o s u k o l s a s u l i r a n i n g a g r a r y o s a k a n

y a n g b a y a n . 3.

L u m a b a s s a p a g a a r a l n a g i n

a w a n i R i z a l a n g m g a s u m u s u n o d : a.

i e n d a n g m g a p a r i n g D o m i n i k a n o a y s u m a s a k o

p s a b u o n g b a y a n n g C a l a m b a . b.

A n g t u b o n

a n g h a c

g m g a p a r i n g D o m i n i k a n o a y p a t u l o y n a t u m a

t a a s d a h i l a n s a w a l a n g t a r o s n a p a g p a p a l a k

i n g b i n a b a y a r a n g u p a s a l u p a . c.

A n g

h a c

i e n d a
a y h i n d i m a n l a m a n g n a g k a k a l o o b n g a

n u m a n g t u l o n g p i n a n s i y a l p a r a s a m g a p a g d i

r i w a n g n g m g a k a p i s t a h a n , s a e d u k a s y o n n g

m g a k a b a t a a n , a t p a g p a p a b u t i n g a g r i k u l t u r

a . d.

g l a b i s s a p a g g a w a s a h a c i e n d a a y p i n a p a a l

A n g m g a k a s a m a n a s i y a n g n a h i r a p a n n

i s n a l a m a n g m u l a s a l u p a s a d a h i l a n l a m a n

g s a m g a m a b a b a w n a k a d a h i l a n a n . e.

n g i l n g m a t a a s n a t u b o a n g m g a k a s a m a s a h

S i n i s i

a c i e n d a a t k u n g h i n d i n a k a p a g b a b a y a d a y k i

n u k u m p i s k a n g m g a t a g a p a n g a s i w a n g h a c i e n d

a a n g m g a h a y o p , k a g a m i t a n , o m a g i n g a n g b

a h a y n g m g a k a s a m a . A.

1.

a m n i R i z a l s a s u l i r a n i n g a g r a r y o s a h a c i e

D a h i l a n s a N o l i M e

P a g a l i s s a C a l a m b a

T a n g e r e a t p a k i k i a l

n d a s a C a l a m b a , s i R i z a l a y l a b i s n a k i n a m 2.

u h i a n n g m g a p r a y l e n g D o m i n i k a n o .

i t n g m g a p r a y l e a n g G o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l T e

P i n i l

r r e r o n a i l i g p i t s i R i z a l s a p a m a m a g i t a n n

g p a g p a p t a p o n s a k a n y a n g u n i t a n g g o b e r n a d

o r h e n e r a l a y h i n d i s u m u n o d s a k a g u s t u h a n

n g m g a p r a y l e . 3.

b a n t a s a b u h a y n i

g u l a n g a t p i n a k i u s a p a n s i y a n g k a n y a n g m g

N a k a t a n g g a p n g m g a p a g b a

R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g m g a m a

a k a m a g a n a k a n p a t i n a n i T e n y e n t e J o s e T a

v i e l d e A n d r a d e n a u m a l i s n a m u n a n g P i l i p 4.

i n a s .

P i n a t a w a g s i R i z a l n i G o b e r n a d o r

H e n e r a l T e r r e r o a t p i n a y u h a n s i y a n a u m a l i

s n g P i l i p i n a s p a r a s a k a b u t i h a n n g u n a . 5. N a p i l i t a n g u m a l i s s i R i z a l s a P i l i p i n a s

b u n g a n g d a l a w a n g p a n g u n a h i n g k a d a h i l a n a n .

6.

N a p a p a s a n g a n i b n a r i n a n g b u h a y n g k a n

y a n g m g a m a g u l a n g , k a p a t i d a t m g a k a i b i g a

n . 7.

M a s h i g i t s i y a n g m a k a l a l a b a n p a r a s a

k a p a k a n a n n g b y a n k u n g s i y a a y m a g s u s u l a t

n a m a l a y a s a i b a n g b a n s a .

K A B A N A T A 1 1

H O N G K O N G A T M A C A O A.

k o n g 1.

l n g b a r k o n g

P e b e r e r o 3 ,

Z a f i r o
p a t u n g o n g H o n g k o n g a t

B i y a h e P a t u n g o s a H o n g

1 8 8 8 s u m a k a y s i r i z a

n a k a r a t i n g s a A m o y , C h i n a n o o n g P e b r e r o 7

, 1 8 8 8 . 2.

n g a n g t a t l o n g d a h i l a n : a.

H n d i l u m a b a s s i R i z a l n g A m o y b u

h i n d i m a b u t i a n

g k a n y a n g p a k i r a m d a m b.

l a k a s c. 1.

r u m i .

n a r i n i g n i y a n a a n g l u n s o d a y m a

V i c t o r i a H o t e l d i t o n a n u l u y a n s

u m u u l a n n o o n n g m a

i R i z a l s a p a g d a t i n g s a H o n g k o n g 2.

a i n z d e V a r a n d a i s a n g o p i s y a l n a E s p a n y o

l n a s u m u s u b a y b a y o n a g m a m a n m a n k a y R i z a l

J o s e S

s a H o n g k o n g . 3.

k o n g a n g m g a P i l i p i n o n g t a k a s m u l a s a M a r i

a n a s n a h i n u l i n g m g a E s p a n y o l n o o n g 1 8 7 2 .

N a k a t a g p o n i R i z a l s a H o n g

4. B a s a i s a n g a b o g a d o n g t u m a k a s s a M a r i a n a s

a a t b i k t i m a n g t e r o r i s m o n g E s p a n y a n g 1 8 7

N a k a t a g p o n i R i z a l s a H o n g k o n g s i J o s e

2 . A.

g b a r k o n g s i n a k y a n n i R i z a l a t B a s a p a t u n g

o s a M a c a o n o o n g P e b r e r o 1 8 , 1 8 8 8 a t n a k i t

P a g b i s i t a s a M a c a o 1.

K i u K i a n g a n

a n i y a d i t o s i J o s e S a i n z d e V a r a n d a n a s u m

u s u n o d s a k a n y a . 2.

a r o s P i l i p i n o n a n a k a p a g a s a w a n g P o r t u g

D o n J u a n F r a n c i s c o L e c

e s s a t s a k a n y a n g b a h a y s i R i z a l a y n a n u l u

y a n h a b a n g s i l a a y n a s a M a c a o . A.

s a H o n g k o n g 1.

N a o b s e r b a h a n n i R i z a l a n g

K a r a n a s a n

m g a s u m u s u n o d s a H o n g k o n g ; a.

a g d i r i w a n g n g B a g o n g T a o n n g P e b r e r o 1 1 1

3 , 1 8 8 8 . b.

A n g k a i b a h a n n g t a n g h a l a n n g m

M a i n g a y n a p

g a T s i n o a t p a r a a n n g p a g g a n a p a t p a g l a l a r c.

a w a n n g m g g a l a w n g m g a t a u h a n .

s a g a n a n g p i g i n g k u n g s a a n a n g m g a p a n a u h i n

A n g m a

a y i n a a n i h a n n g l a b i s n a p a g k a i n . d.

m g a D o m i n i k a n o a n g p i n a k a m a y a m a n g o r d e n g p

a n g r e l i h i y o n s a H o n g k o n g d a h i l a n s a p a g a a

A n g

r i n g m a r a m i n g m g a b a h a y p a u p a h a n , a t m a l a

k i n g h a l a g a n g s a l a p i n a n a k a d e p o s i t o s a m g

a b a n g k o n a t u m u t u b o n g m a l a k i n g i n t e r e s .

A.

8 P a g l i s a n s a H o n g k o n g n i l i s a n n i R i z a l a n g H o n g k o n g s a k a y n g b a r k o n g O c e a n i c n a p a g a a r i n g m g a A m e r i k a

1.

P e b r e r o 2 2 , 1 8 8

n o a t k a n y a n g p a t u t u n g u h a n a y a n g b a n s a n g

H a p o n .

A n g P a g d a t i n g s a H a p o n 1.

K A B A N A T A 1 2 S I R I Z A L S A H A P O N A.

P e b r e r o 2 8 , 1 8 8 8

l d u a m t i n g s i R i z a l s a Y o k o h a m a a t t u m i g i s a G r a n d H o t e l . 2.

n g o s i R i z a l s a T o k y o n a s i y a n g p u n o n g l u n

M u l a s a Y o k o h a m a n a g t u

s o d n g n a s a b i n g b a n s a . A.

1.

n y a J u a n P e r e z C a b a l l e r o o p i s y a l n g E s p a s a T o k y o n a b u m i s i t a k a a y R i z a l s a h o t

S i R i z a l s a T o k y o

e l a t i n a n y a y a h a n s i R i z a l n a m a n i r a h a n s a 2.

g u s a l i n g l e g a s y o n .

l e g a s y o n n g E s p a n y a s a

T u m i r a s i R i z a l s a

t o k y o d a h i l a n s a m

g a s u m u s u n o d : a.

i k u n g s a l e g a s y o n m a n i n i r a h a n b.

a n s i y a n g i t i n a t a g o s a m g a E s p a n y o l 1.

M a k a t i t i p i d s i y a n g m a l a k

W a l a n a m

S a

k a n i y a n g p a n i n i r a h a n s a l e g a s y o n a y n a g i n g

m a t a l i k n i y a n g k a i b i g a n s i J u a n P e r e z C a b

a l l e r o a t k a n y a n g s i n a b i n a a n g

d i p l o m a t
a

y i s a n g b a t a , m a t a l i n o , a t m a h u s a y n a m a n u

n u l a t .

a y n a p a h i y a s i R i z a l s a d a h i l a n n a n a p a g k a

2.

S a u n a n g a r a w n i R i z a l s a T o k y o

m a l a n n a i s a n g H a p o n n a h i n d i m a r u n o n g m a g

s a l i t a n g n i h o n g o . 3.

m a g a r a l n g w i k a n g

N a p i l i t a n s i R i z a l n a

n i h o n g o
a t n a t u t u n a n n

i y a i t o s a l o o b n g i l a n g a r a w l a m a n g .

i n a g a r a l a n d i n n i R i z a l a n g k a b u k i , s i n i n g

, m u s i k a , a t

j u j i t s u .
5.

N a k a t a g p o n i R i z a

4.

l s a T o k y o a n g m g a m u s i k e r o n g P i l i p i n o . A. 1.

A n g I m p r e s y o n n i R i z a l s a b a n s a n g H a p o n a.

A n g i m p r e s y o n n i R i z a l s a b a n s a n g H a p o n

A n g k a g a n d a h a n n g b a n s a b.

g i g i n g m a g a l a n g , a t k a s i p a g a n n g m g a H a p o n

c.

M a g a n d a n g k a s u u t a n a t k a s i m p l e h a n n g

K a l i n i s a n , p a

m g a H a p o n e s a d.

a T o k y o e. l a n s a n g a n A.

H a l o s w a l a n g p u l u b i n g m a k i k i t a s

K a k a u n t i a n g m a g n a n a k a w s a

S i O S e i S a n 1.

S e i k o U s u i

a n g b a b a i n g i n i b i g n i R i z a l n o o n g s i y a a

y n a s a b a n s a n g H a p o n a t m a s k i l a l a s i y a s a k a t a w a g a n g i b i n i g a y n i R i z a l n a O S e i S a

n . 2.

s n g l e g a s y o n n g E s p a n y a s a T o k y o n a k u n g

s a a n m a l a p i t a n g t i n i t i r h a n n i O S e i S a n .

N a k i t a n i R i z a l s i O S e i S a n s a l a b a

3.

s a h a r a p a n n g l e g a s y o n a t s i y a a y i p i n a k i l

a l a n g h a r d i n e r o n g l e g a s y o n k a y O S e i S a n

I n a b a n g a n n i R i z a l s a k a n y a n g p a g d a a n

t n a i s a n g m a n g g a g a m o t n a m u l a s a M a y n i l a a p a n a u h i n n g l e g a s y o n . S u m a g o t s i O S e i S

a n s a s a l i t a n g P r a n s e s a t I n g l e s . 4.

B u h a t

t n o o n a y a r a w a r a w n a g k a k a t a g p o s i R i z a l a O S e i S a n a t n a k a s a m a n i R i z a l s a p a m a m a

s y a l s a m g a m a g a g a n d a n g l u g a r n g l u n s o d n g

n T o k y o . 5. d a h i l a n a n g u n a a y b i g o k a y L e o n o r R i v e r

a a t b i k t i m a n g k a w a l a n n g k a t a r u n g a n . 6.

N a p a m a h a l s i R i z a l k a y O S e i S a

S i O S e i S a n a y a n a k n g i s a n g s a m u r a i 2 3 a t

w a l a n g k a r a n a s a n s a p a g i b i g . A n g m a g k a t u

l a d n i l a n g i n t e r e s s a s i n i n g a n g n a g b i g a y

d a a n s a k a n i l a n g p a g i b i g . 7.

z a l k a y O S e i S a n a n g k a n i y a n g i d e a l n a b a b

a i n g i i b i g i n . S i O S e i S a n a y m a g a n d a , m a p

N a k i t a n i R i

a n g h a l i n a , m a h i n h i n a t m a t a l i n o . 8.

a n n i O S e i S a n s i R i z a l d a h i l a n s a

o , m a g a l a n g a t p a g k a k a r o o n n g m a r a m i n g k a a

N a i b i g

m a g i n o

l a m a n . 9.

s a m a r a m i n g p a r a a n n g h i g i t s a i s a n g k a t i

p a n . S i O S e i S a n a y n a g s i l b i n g k a s a m a n i

T i n u l u n g a n n i O S e i S a n s i R i z a l

R i z a l s a p a m a m a s y a l , i n t e r p r e t e r a t t a g a p a 10

g t u r o . .

a h a n n i O S e i S a n a y h a l o s b u m i h a g k a y R i z

A n g k a g a n d

a l n a m a n i r a h a n s a H a p o n a t t a n g g a p i n a n g

m a g a n d a n g h a n a p b u h a y n a i n a a l o k n g l e g a s y o

n n g E s p a n y a s a T o k y o . 11 .

b a y a n P i n i l i n i R i z a l a n g p a g l i l i n g k o d s a 12 k a y s a s a p a k a s a l a n s i O S e i S a n . .

N a g i n g t a p a t s i O S

e i S a n k a y J o s e R i z a l n a g a s a w a l a m a n g i t o

. n o o n g 1 8 9 7 p a g k a t a p o s n a b i t a y i n s i R i z a l N a p a n g a s a w a n i O S e i S a n s i A l f r e d C h a r

l t o n n a i s a n g I n g l e s n a i s a n g g u r o n g k e m i

s t r i y a s a T o k y o . A.

b r i l 1 3 , 1 8 8 8 p e t s a n g u m a l i s s i R i z a l s

P a g a l i s s a H a p o n

1.

a Y o k o h a m a p a t u n g o n g A m e r i k a s a k a y n g b a r

k o n g

B e l g i c .
2.

P a s i p i k o a y n a k a t a g p o n i R i z a l s a b a r k o a n

S a k a n y a n g p a g l a l a k b a y s a

g m a g a s a w a n g R e i n a l d o T u r n e r a t E m m a J a c s

o n . I t i n a n o n g n g k a n i l a n g a n a k k u n g k i l a l a

n i y a s i R i c h a l n a s u m u l a t n g

N o l i M e T a n g

e r e
. S i n a b i n i y a s a m g a b a t a n a s i y a s i R 3.

i z a l .

a s a b a y n i

T e c h o S u h i r o i s a n g H a p o n n a n a k

R i z a l s a b a r k o . S i y a a y m a m a m a h a

y a g , n o b e l i s t a , a t t a g a p a g t a n g g o l n g k a r a p

a t a n g p a n t a o s a H a p o n . a.

z a l a t T e c h o s a d a h i l a n s a

M a g k a t u l a d s i r i

s i l a n g d a l a w a a

y p i n a a l i s s a k a n i l a n g m g a b a n s a n g i s a n g m b.

a p a g m a l u p i t n a p a m a h a l a a n .

g a l a l a k i n g k a p a y a p a a n n a g u m a m i t n g l a k a

K a p w a s i l a m

s n g p a n u l a t s a p a g t u l i g s a s a k a b u k t u t a n n c.

a n a g a g a n a p s a k a n i l a n g b a n s a .

o s i l a s a i b a n g b a n s a u p a n g d o o n i p a g p a t u l

N a g t u n g

o y a n g k a n i l a n g p a k i k i p a g l a b a n p a r a s a k a r

a p a t a n n g k a n i l a n g m g a k a b a b a y a n . d.

s i l a m a y r o o n g m i s y o n n a p a l a y a i n a n g

K a p w a

k a n i

l a n g b a n s a s a m g a m a p a n i i l n a p i n u n o n g p a

m a h a l a a n . A.

O S U N I D O S

K A B A N A T A 1 3 S I R I Z A L S A E S T A D

A n g P a g l a l a k b a y s a A m e r i k a 1.

A b r i l 2 8 , 1 8 8 8 d u m a t i n g a n g b a r k o n g

g i c
s a d a u n g a n n g l u n s o d n g S a n F r a n c i s c o .

2.

H i n d i p i n a y a g a n a n g m g a p a s a h e r o n a m a

B e l

k a b a b a n g b a r k o a t s i l a a y k i n u w a r e n t e n a s

d a h i l a n s a t a k o t n g m g a A m e r i k a n o n a a n g m

g a i t o a y m a y r o o n g s a k i t n a k o l e r a . 3.

N a b

i g l a s i R i z a l s a d a h i l a n g n o o n g p a n a h o n g i

y o n a y w a l a n g e p i d e m y a n g k o l e r a s a M a l a y o

n g S i l a n g a n a t a n g k o n s u l n g E s t a d o s U n i d o

s s a H a p o n a y n a g b i g a y n g p a t u n a y n a w a l a n

g e p i d e m y a n g n a s a b i n g s a k i t s a H a p o n . 4.

N a l a m a n n i R i z a l n a a n g d a h i l a n n g k u w a r e n

t e n a s a y u p a n g h i n d m a k a p a s o k a g a d a n g m g a

m a n g g a g a w a n g T s i n o s a E s t a d o s U n i d o s n a a

y a w n g m g a A m e r i k a n o n g m a n g g a g a w a . P a g p u m

a s o k a n g m g a m a n g g a g a w a n g T s i n o a y m a t a t a l

o a n g n a k a u p o n g p r e s i d e n t e n g A m e r i k a s a n

a l a l a p i t n a e l e k s i y o n . 5.

K a h i t n a m a y k u w

a r e n t e n a s a y p i n a y a g a n n g m g a A m e r i k a n o n a

m a k a p a s o k a n g 7 0 0 b a l e s n g s u t l a n a m u l a

s a T s i n a n a h i n d i m a n l a m a n g p i n a p a u s u k a n

n g g a m o t . 6.

h e r o m u l a s a

a k u w a r e n t e n a s p a g k a t a p o s n g i s a n g l i n g g o .

N a k a a l i s s i R i z a l a t m g a b i y a

p r i m a r a k l a s e n g k a b i n a m u l a s

A n g m g a H a p o n a t T s i n o a y i k i n u l o n g p a n g

m a s m a h a b a n g p a n a h o n . 7.

s a P a l a c e H o t e l s a k a n y a n g p a n a h o n n g p a n a

T u m u l o y s i R i z a l

n a t i l i s a S a n F r a n c i s c o . 8.

a n c i s c o a y t i n a w i d n i R i z a l a n g k a l a w a k a n

n g E s t a d o s U n i d o s h a n g g a n g s a l u n s o d n g N e

M u l a s a S a n F r

w Y o r k . 9.

n o o n g M a y o 3 , 1 8 8 8 a t k a n i y a n g s i n a b i n a a 10

n g l u n s o d a y i s a n g n a p a k a l a k i n g b a y a n . .

N a r a t i n g n i R i z a l a n g N e w Y o r k

R i z a l a y s u m a k a y n g b a r k o n g

a n a g d a l a s a k a n y a p a t u n g o n g L o n d o n . 11 .

M u l a s a N e w Y o r k s i

C i t y o f R o m e
n

l s a A m e r i k a M a b u t i n g M g a I m p r e s y o n n i R i z a I m p r e s y o n a.

n l a r a n n g E s t a d o s U n i d o s a y m a k i k i t a s a k a

a n g k a u

n y a n g m a l a l a k i n g l u n s o d , m a l a w a k a n g b u k i d

, a t l u m a l a g o n g m g a i n d u s t r i y a a t a b a l a n g

m g a p a b r i k a . b.

A n g p a g i g i n g m a s i g a s i g n g

m g a m a m a m a y a n g A m e r i k a n o . c.

k a g a n d a h a n n g b a n s a . d. e. A n g m a t a a s n a a n t

a s n a p a m u m u h a y n g t a o .

A n g l i k a s n a

A n g m a g a n d a n g p

a g k a k a t a o n p a r a s a m g a d a y u h a n g m a n g g a g a w

a . M a s a m a n g I m p r e s y o n a.

g k a k a p a n t a y n g m g a l a h i . A n g A m e r i k a a y i s

A n g k a w a l a n n g p a

a n g m a g a n d a n g b a y a n p a r a s a m g a p u t i a t h i

n d i s a m g a t a o n g m a y k u l a y a n g b a l a t . A.

K A B A N A T A 1 4 S I R I Z A L S A L O N D O N

M g a D a h i l

a n n g P a g t i r a s a L o n d o n 1.

a n y a n g k a a l a m a n s a w i k a n g I n g l e s 2.

a l a n a t i w a s t o a n g a k l a t n a

M a p a h u s a y a n g k

S u c e s o s d e l a s

P a g a r

I s l a s F i l i p i n a s n a
i s i n u l a t n i M o r g a . 3.

i g t a s a n g L o n d o n s a k a n y a n g p a k i k i p a g l a b a n

s a k a l u p i t a n n g m g a d a y u h a n s a P i l i p i n a s .

A.

n g P a g t a w i d s a A t l a n t i k o

C i t y o f R o m e
s i R i z a l a n g

t e r p r e t e r n g m g a p a s a h e r o b u n g a n g k a n y a n g

1.

S a k a y n g b a r k o

n a g s i l b i n g i n

k a a l a m a n s a m a r a m i n g w i k a .

n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a p w a p a s a h e r o s a

k a h u s a y a n n i y a s a p a g l a l a r o n g y o y o .

2.

P i a n a h a n g a

3.

N a

k i p a g t a l a k a y a n s a m g a m a m a m a h a y a g n a A m e r i

k a n o u k o l s a s u l i r a n i n n g s a n g k a t a u h a n . n a

p a n s i n n i R i z a l a n g k a h i n a a n n g m g a i t o s a

k a a l a m a n s a g e o p o l i t i c s . 4.

z a l s a L i v e r p o o l , E n g l a n d n o o n g M a y o 2 4 , 1

8 8 8 a t n a g p a l i p a s n g g a b i s a H o t e l A d e l p h

D u m a t i n g s i R i

i . A.

t i n g s i R i z a l s a L o n d o n n g M a y o 2 5 , 1 8 8 8 . 2.

A n g B u h a y n i R i z a l s a L o n d o n 1.

P a n s a m a n t a l a n g n a n i r a h a n s i R i z a l s a b a h

D u m a

a y n i A n t o n i o M a . R e g i d o r n a i s a n g t a k a s n

a P i l i p i n o s a M a r i a n a s n o o n g 1 8 7 2 a t n a g t a 3.

t r a b a h o b i l a n g a b o g a d o s a L o n d o n .

N a k a h

a n a p n g i s a n g b a h a y n a m a t i t i r a h a n s i R i z a

l s a L o n d o n a t m a y a d d r e s s n a 3 7 C h a l c o t C r

e s c e n t , P r i m r o s e H i l l . 4.

A n g m a y a r i n g n

a s a b i n g b a h a y p a u p a h a n a y a n g p a m i l y a n g B e

c k e t t n a i s a n g o r g a n i s t a n g K a t e d r a l n g S t

. P a u l . 5.

A n g b a h a y n g m g a B e c k e t t a y n a s

a m a g a n d a n g l o k a s y o n , m a l a p i t s a B r i t i s h M

u s e u m . 6.

a k l a t a n n g

B r i t i s h M u s e u m a n g p a m b a n s a n g

E n g l a n d n a n a g t a t a g l a y n g n a p a k

a r a m i a t m g a d i k a r a n i w a n g m g a a k l a t . D i t o

w g i n u g o l n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g m a r a m i n g a r a s a L o n d o n s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g p a g s a s a l i k s i

k s a n a b a n g g i t n a a k l a t a n . A. 1. M u l a s a P i l i p i n a s

p a g u u s i g s a m g a m a k a b a y a n g P i l i p i n o n a l u

M g a B a l i t a s a

M a s a m a n g B a l i t a a.

m a g d a s a M a n i p e s t o n g l a b a n s a m g a P r a y l e n

a i n i h a r a p n i D o r o t e o C o r t e s . A n g m a n i p e s t

o a y n i l a g d a a n n g 8 0 0 n a P i l i p i n o a t i s i n u

l a t n i M a r c e l o H . d e l P i l a r n a h u m i h i l i n g

s a p a g p a p a a l i s n g m g a p r a y l e s a P i l i p i n a b.

s .

p a g u u s i g l a b a n s a m g a k a s a m a s a l u p

a s a C a l a m b a , k a b i l a n g d i t o a n g p a m i l y a n i R i z a l d a h i l a n s a k a n i l a n g g i n a w a n g p e t i s y

o n p a r a s a r e p o r m a n g a g r a r y o . c.

M a l u b h a n

g p a n i n i r a n i n a S e n a d o r S a l a m a n c a a t V i d a

s a C o r t e s n g E s p a n y a l a b a n s a

e r e
, g a y u n d i n n g m g a m a n u n u l a t n a s i n a W e

N o l i M e T a n g

n c e s l a o R e t a n a a t P a b l o F e c e d s a m g a p a h a y d.

a g a n g E s p a n y o l .

i M a n u e l H i d a l g o a y

A n g b a y a w n i R i z a l n a s

i p i n a t a p o n n i G o b e r n a d

o r W e y l e r n g w a l a n g a n u m a n g g i n a n a p n a p a g

l i l i t i s . e.

r e a n o V i a d o n a k a i b i g a n n i R i z a l s a M a y n i l

D i n a k i p n g m g a E s p a n y o l s i L a u

a d a h i l a n s a n a h u l i h a n n g m g a E s p a n y o l n g

s i p i n g

1.

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
s a k a n y a n g b a h a y .

M a g a n d a n g B a l i t a a.

a b a l i t a a n n i R i z a l

e a n g g i n a w a n g p a g t a t a n g g o l n i P a d r e V i c e n t G a r c i a s a n o b e l a n g s a p a g b a b a t i k o s n g m g a p r a y l e . A.

N o l i M e T a n g e r e
l a b a n

A n g A n o t

a s y o n n g S u c e s o s n i M o r g a 1.

s I s l a s F i l i p i n a s i s a n g
a k l a t n a s i n u l a t

n i M o r g a n o o n g 1 6 0 9 u k o l s a m g a k a g a n a p a n

S u c e s o s d e l a

s a P i l i p i n a s . 2.

g a a k l a t n a s i n u l a t n i n a C h i r i n o , C o l i n , A

r g e n s o l a , a t P l a s e n c i a u k o l s a m g a d a t i n g

B i n a s a d i n n i R i z a l a n g m

k a u g a l i a n n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a u n a n g b a h a g i

n g p a n a n a k o p n g m g a E s p a n y o l s a b a n s a . 3.

S a k a n y a n g s u l a t a y s i n a b i n i y a n g m a h u s a y

a n g a k l a t n i M o r g a d a h i l a n s a w a l a s i y a n g

k a b a b a w a n a t k a y a b a n g a n n a t u l a d n g s a m g a

p r a y l e , s i m p l e n g u n i t a n g k a n y a n g m e n s a h e

a y n a s a p a g i t a n n g b a w a t h a n a y n g m g a s a l i

t a . 4.

a b a l a s i R i z a l s a k a n y a n g p a g s a s a l i k s i k p a

S a l o o b n g s a m p u n g b u w a n a y n a g i n g

n g k a s a y s a y a n s a L o n d o n . 5.

s n a k a a b a l a h a n a y k a n y a n g t i n a n g g i h a n s i

M a r i a n o P o n c e s a a l o k n i t o n a m a g i n g p a t n u

D a h i l a n s a l a b i

g o t n g i s a n g h p a h a y a g a n n a s a s a g o t s a m g a

p a n i n i r a n g m g a E s p a n y o l l a b a n s a m g a P i l i

p i n o . 6.

H a b a n g n a n i n i r a h a n s a L o n d o n , s i

R i z a l a y g u m a w a n g s a g l i t n a p a g b i s i t a s a

P a r i s u p a n g b a s a h i n a n g i l a n g m g a b a b a s a h i

n g m a t e r y a l s a

B i b l i o t h e q u e N a t i o n a l e o
p a m

b a n s a n g a k l a t a n n g P r a n s i y a . 7.

i n p a n a n d a l i n i R i z a l a n g M a d r i d a t B a r c e l

o n a u p a n g a l a m i n s a m g a P i l i p i n o a n g k a n i l

B i n i s i t a d

a n g g i n a g a w a n g p a g k i l o s p a r a s a r e p o r m a s a

P i l i p i n a s . S a u n a n g p a g k a k a t a o n a y n a k i t a

n i R i z a l s i M a r c e l o H . d e l P i l a r a t M a r i a

n o P o n c e , a n g d a l a w a n g h i g a n t e n g k i l u s a n g

n p r o p a g a n d a . 8. n o o n g D i s y e m b r e 2 4 , 1 8 8 8 a t n a g d a o s n g P

N a g b a l i k s i R i z a l s a L o n d o

a s k o a t B a g o n g T a o n s a t a h a n a n n g m g a B e c k

e t t . N a g p a d a l a s i R i z a l n g r e g a l o k a y B l u A.

m e n t r i t t a t D r . C z e p e l a k .

A n g A k t i b o n g P

a k i k i l a h o k s a K i l u s a n g P r o p a g a n d a 1.

t a g n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a B a r c e l o n a a n g

m a k a b a y a n g s a m a h a n n a t i n a w a g n a

I t i n a

i s a n g

A s o s a c i o

n L a S o l i d a r i d a d
n a p i n a s i n a y a a n n o o n g D i s 2.

y e m b r e 3 1 , 1 8 8 4 .

a k a i s a n g b o t o , s i R i z a l a y n a h a l a l n a P a n g

S a p a m a m a g i t a n n g n a g k

u l o n g P a n d a n g a l n g

a d b i l a n g
p a g k i l a l a s a k a n y a n g p a m u m u n o s a

l a h a t n g m g a m a k a b a y a n g P i l i p i n o s a E u r o p

A s o c i a c i o n L a s o l i d a r i d

a . 3.

N a g p a d a l a s i R i z a l n g i s a n g l i h a m s a

A s o c i a c i o n L a S o l i d a r i d a d
n a n a g p a p a s a l a m

a t s a k a n i l a n g p a g t i t i w a l a a t p a g p a p a y o s a

i k a p a g t a t g u m p a y n g s a m a h a n . 4.

e r o 1 5 , 1 8 8 9 i t i n a t a g n i G r a c i a n o L o p e z J a

e n a s a B a r c e l o n a a n g p a h a y a g a n g m a k a b a y a n

N o o n g P e b r

n a a m y p a m a g a t n a

b a s t u w i n g i k a l a w a a t h u l i n g l i n g g o n g b u w

a n a t n a g s i l b i n g p a h a y a g a n n g k i l u s a n g p r o

L a S o l i d a r i d a d
n a l u m a l a

p a g a n d a .

5.
a. M g a l a y u n i n n g P a h a y a g a n g

o l i d a r i d a d

p a g b a b a g o n g p o l i t i k a l a t p a n l i p u n a n s a P i

I s u l o n g a n g i s a n g m a p a y a p a n g

L a S

l i p i n a s b.

l u n u s l u n o s n a k a l a g a y a n n g P i l i p i n a s u p a n

g m a l a p a t a n n g l u n a s n g p a m a h a l a a n g E s p a n y

I p a k i t a s a m g a m a m b a b a s a a n g k a

a . c.

L a b a n a n a n g m g a p a r i n g E s p a n y o l s a

P i l i p i n a s n a n o o n a y s i y a n g k u m o k o n t r o l n g d.

p a m a h a l a a n .

I s u l o n g a n g k a i s i p a n g l i b e

r a l a t k a u n l a r a n . e.

a n g k a r a p a t a n n g m g a

y , d e m o k r a s y a , a t k a l i g a y a h a n . 6 . P i n a y u h a n

I s u l o n g a n g m a k a t u w i r

P i l i p i n o p a r a s a b u h a

n i R i z a l a n g m g a m i y e m b r o n g p a h a y a g a n g

a S o l i d a r i d a d
n a m a g i n g m a k a t o t o h a n a n a t t a

p a t s a k a n i l a n g m g a i s u s u l a t u p a n g i g a l a n g

n g m g a m a b a b a s a a n g k a n i l a n g o p i n y o n . S i n a

b i d i n n i R i z a l n a h u w a g g a y a h i n a n g m g a m

a m a h a y a g n a b i n a b a y a r a n n g m g a p r a y l e n a g u

m a g a m i t n g p a n d a r a y a a t m g a b u l g a r n a s a l i

t a .

g a r t i k u l o n a i s i n u l a t n i R i z a l p a r a s a p a

7 . L o s A g r i c u l t o r e s F i l i p i n o a n g u n a n

h a y a g a n g

M a r s o 2 5 , 1 8 8 9 . S a n a s a b i n g a r t i k u l o a y k a

n y a n g s i n a b i n a a n g d a h i l a n n g p a g i g i n g p a u

L a S o l i d a r i d a d
a t n a l a t h a l a n o o n g

r o n g n g m g a m a g s a s a k a n g P i l i p i n o a y a n g n a

p a k a r a m i n g b a l a k i d s a k a n y a n g p a g s u l o n g t u l

a d n g m g a m a h i h i g p i t n a p i n u n o , m g a m a g n a n

a k a w , s a k u n a n g m u l a s a k a l i k a s a n , s a p i l i t a n

g p a g g a w a , a t m a r a m i p a n g m g a s a l i k n a h i n

d i m a g b i b i g a y d a a n s a p a g u n l a d n g k a b u h a y

a n n g m g a m a g s a s a k a a t n g s i n i n g n g a g r i k u

l t u r a s a b a n s a . A. 1.

L o n d o n

L a V i s i o n d e l F r a y R o d r i g u e z
i

M g a S i n u l a t n i R i z a l s a

s a n g s a t i r i k o n g p o l y e t o n a s i n u l a t n n i R i z

a l l a b a n k a y P a d r e J o s e R o d r i g u e z a t k a n y a

n g g i n a m i t n a p a n g a l a n d i t o a y D i m a s A l a n g

, n a l a t h a l a s a B a r c e l o n a . D i t o a y l a b i s n a t i n u y a n i R i z a l s i P a d r e R o d r i g u e z s a l a b

i s n i t o n g k a t a n g a h a n . 2.

S a p o l y e t o n g L a V

i s i o n d e l F r a y R o d r i g u e z a y n a i p a k i t a n i R

i z a l a n g k a n y a n g ( a ) m a t a a s n a k a a l a m a n s a

r e l i h i y o n a t ( b ) k a h u s a y a n s a p a n u n u d y o .

3.

L i h a m s a m g a K a d a l a g a h a n n g M a l o l o s
-

i s a n g s u l a t n a i p i n a d a l a n i R i z a l s a m g a d

a l a g a n g M a l o l o s n a n o o n a y h u m i l i n g s a p a

m a h a l a a n n a p a g k a l o o b a n s i l a n g p a g k a k a t a o

n n a m a g a r a l n g w i k a n g E s p a n y o l k a h i t i t o a y l a b a n s a k a g u s t u h a n n g p r a y l e p a r o k o n

g M a l o l o s , B u l a c a n . 4.

h a m s a M g a K a d a l a g a h a n n g M a l o l o s
a y a n g m

g a s u m u s u n o d n a p a g p a p a y o n i R i z a l s a m g a

A n g n i l a l a m a n n g

L i

k a b a b a i h a n : a.

a p a t m a g t u r o s a

b i g s a D i y o s , b a y a n a t s a s a n g k a t a u h a n . b.

A n g m g a i n a n g P i l i p i n a a y d

k a n i l a n g m g a a n a k n g p a g i

D a p a t n a a n g m g a i n a n g P i l i p i n a m a k a t u l a d

n g m g a i n a s a S p a r t a n a n a s i s i y a h a n n a m a

k i t a a n g k a n i l a n g m g a a n a k n a l u m a l a b a n p a

r a s a k a l a y a a n n g b a y a n . c.

n g m g a k a b a b a i h a n s a P i l i p i n a s a n g k a n i l a

n g k a r a n g a l a n a t d i g n i d a d . d.

D a p a t i n g a t a n

D a p a t s i k a p i

n n g m g a k a b a b a i h a n g P i l i p i n a n a m a g i n g e d

u k a d o , m a l i b a n p a s a p a g p a p a n a t i l i n g k a n y

a n g m g a l i k a s n a k a t a n g i a n . e.

a n g p a n a n a m

p a l a t a y a a y h i n d i l a m a n g a n g m a h a b a n g d a s a

l , p a g s u o t n g m g a k r u s i p i h o a t k a g a m i t a n g

p a n g r e l i h i y o n s a k a t a w a n , k u n d i b a g k u s a n

g p a m u m u h a y n g t u n a y n a K r i s t i y a n o n a m a y

m a b u t i n g m o r a l a t k a u g a l i a n . 1.

n s i R i z a l n g d a l a w a n g a r t i k u l o s a

S u m u l a t d i

T r u b n e r

' s R e c o r d
i s a n g p a h a y a g a n g I n g l e s s a L o n d o

n n a m a y p a m a g a t n a

k l o r e
a t

T w o E a s t e r n F a b l e s .
A.

S p e c i m e n s o f T a g a l F o l

A n g R o m a n

s a k a y G e r t r u d e B e c k e t t 1.

t a n a k n a b a b a e n g k a n y a n g k a s e r o s a L o n

d o n a t t i n a w a g n i y a i t o s a p a l a y a w n a G e t i

G e r t r u d e B e c k e t

e . N a g i n g m a l a p i t a n g d a l a w a , d a h i l a n s a t

i n u t u l u n g a n n g d a l a g a s i R i z a l s a k a n y a n g

m g a g a w a i n t u l a d n g p a g h a h a l o n g p i n t u r a s

a k a n y a n g p a g p i p i n t a a t p a g h a h a n d a n g

p a r a s a k a n i y a n g i s k u l t u r a . T i n a w a g n i G e t

i e s i R i z a l s a p a l a y a w n a P e t i e . 2.

c l a y

N g u n i t

b a g o p a m a n m a b u o a n g i s a n g p a g i b i g , s i

R i z a l a y l u m a y o k a y G e r t r u d e B e c k e t t d a h i l

a n s a k a n y a n g m a s m a h a l a g a n g m i s y o n s a b u h

a y . 3.

y a n g t i n a p o s a n g a p a t n a g a w a n g l i l o k n a m

a y p a m a g a t n a :

B a g o u m a l i s s i R i z a l s a L o n d o n , k a n

a.

P r o m o t h e u s B o u n d b.

T r i

u m p h o f D e a t h O v e r L i f e c.

e n c e O v e r D e a t h
d.

a d a l a g a n g B e c k e t t 1.

A n g u l o n g m a g k a p a t i d n

M a r s o 1 9 , 1 8 8 9 n a g

T r i u m p h o f S c i

p a a l a m s i R i z a l s a p a m i l y a n g B e c k e t t a t n i

l i s a n a n g L o n d o n p a t u n g o n g P a r i s .

N A T A 1 5 I K A L A W A N G P A G T I G I L S A P A R I S P A R A S

K A B A

A P A N D A I G D I G N A E K S P O S I S Y O N N G 1 8 8 9 A. 1.

u n g o s a P a r i s

d a h i l a n s a g a g a n a p i n n o o n a n g P a n d a i g d i g

P u m u n t a s i R i z a l s a P a r i s

P a g t

n a E k s p o s i s y o n n a d a r a y u h i n n g l i b u l i b o n g

m g a t a o m u l a s a i b a ' t i b a n g p a n i g n g m u n d

o . 2.

D a h i l a n s a k a r a m i h a n n g t a o , s i R i z a

l a y n a h i r a p a n n a m a k a h a n a p n g l u g a r n a m a

t i t i r a h a n a t n a g i n g n a p a k a m a h a l p a n g k a b a 3.

y a r a n s a m g a p a u p a h a n g k u w a r t o .

P a n s a m a

n t a l a n g t u m i r a s i R i z a l s a k a n y a n g k a i b i g a

n g s i V a l e n t i n V e n t u r a s a 4 5 R u e M a u b u e g e

a t d i t o a y k a n y a n g i n a y o s a n g k a n y a n g a n o t

a s y o n n g a k l a t n a S u c e s o s

n a s i n u l a t n i M o r g a . 4.

g t i r a h a n s i R i z a l h a n g g a n g m a k a k i t a s i y a

d e l a s F i l i p i n a s

N a g p a l i p a t l i p a t n

n g i s a n g m a l i i t n a s i l i d a t n a k a s a m a n i y a

d i t o a n g d a l a w a n g P i l i p i n o n a s i n a C a p i t a n

J u s t o T r i n i d a d n a d a t i n g g o b e r n a d o r c i l l o

n g S a n t a A n a a t J o s e A l b e r t n a i s a n g b a t a n

g m a g a a r a l m u l a s a M a y n i l a . A.

R i z a l s a P a r i s 1.

S a k a b i l a n g k a s i y a h a n s

B u h a y n i

a P a r i s n a g i n g a b a l a p a r i n s i R i z a l s a p a

g b a b a s a n g m g a a k l a t s a B i b l i o t h e q u e

a l e
u p a n g t i n g n a n a n g m g a d a t o s p a r a s a k a

N a t i o n

n i y a n g a n o t a s y o n n g

i l i p i n a s
n i M o r g a . 2.

a s s i R i z a l a y d u m a d a l a w s a b a h a y n g m g a p

S u c e s o s L a s I s l a s d e F

S a m g a m a l a l a y a n g o r

a m i l y a n g P i l i p i n o n a s i n a P a r d o d e T a v e r a ,

n V e n t u r a , L u n a , a t B o u s t e d . N a g i n g k a i b i g a n i y a a n g t a t l o n g m a g k a p a t i d n a P a r d o d e

T a v e r a , n a a n g a m a a y i s a s a m g a b i k t i m a n

g k a l u p i t a n n g m g a E s p a n y o l n o o n g 1 8 7 2 . 3. N a g i n g n i n o n g s i R i z a l n i M a r i a d e l a P a z

t L u n a n a p a n g a l a w a n g a n a k n i n a J u a n L u n a a L u z P a r d o d e T a v e r a . 4.

i R i z a l s a p a g d a l a w s a p a m i l y a n g B o u s t e d .

N a g i n g m a l i m i t s

5. n g I s a s a u m a k i t k a y R i z a l s a E k s p o s i s y o n P a r i s a y a n g

n a 9 8 4 t a l a m p a k a n . 6.

E i f f e l T o w e r
n a m a y t a a s

D u m a l o s i R i z a l a t a

n g k a n y a n g m g a k a i b i g a n s a p a g b u b u k a s n g E

k s p o s i s y o n g P a r i s n a p i n a n g a s i w a a n n g P a n g 7.

u l o n g P r a n s i y a n a s i S a d i C a r n o t .

I s a

s a m g a b a h a g i n g k a s a y s a y a n s a P a r i s s a y a

n g p a g k a k a r o o n n g e k s p o s i s y o n s a m g a l i k h a

n g s i n i n g n a s i n a l i h a n n i J u a n L u n a , F e l i x

R e s u r e c c i o n H i d a l g o , a t F e l i x P a r d o d e T a

v e r a . L u m a h o k d i n s i R i z a l s a p a m a m a g i t a n

n g p a g s a s a l i n g k a n y a n g g a w a n g i s k u l t u r a ,

n a p a s a l i a n g k a n y a n g l i k h a n g u n i t h i n d i n a 8.

g t a m o n g g a n t i m p a l a .

a P a r i s a n g S a m a h a n g

I t i n a y o n i R i z a l s

K i d l a t
n a b i n u b u o n g k

a n y a n g m g a k a b a b a y a n g P i l i p i n o . A n g s a m a h a

n a y p a n a n d a l i a n l a m a n g a t n a g l a l a y o n n a p

a g l a l a p i t i n a n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a P a r i s u p a n

g h i g i t s i l a n g m a s i y a h a n s a p a n o n o o d n g e k

s p o s i s y o n . 9.

n g L o s

I n d i o s B r a v o s
a t p i n a l i t a n n i t o a n g

I t i n a t a g n i R i z a l a n g s a m a h a

S a m a h a n g

i t o n g p a g s i s i k a p s a k a t a l i n u h a n a t p a g p a p

a l a k a s k a t a w a n u p a n g m a g t a m o n g p a g h a n g a n

K i d l a t
. N a n g a k o a n g m g a k a s a p i n

g d a y u h a n . 10 .

a l a n g n a s a P a r i s i t i n a t a g n i R i z a l a n g i s a

n g l i h i m n a s a m a h a n n a n a k i l a l a l a m a n g s a

S a m a n t

p a n i t i k n a R . D . L . M . a t s i n a s a p a n t a h a n a a n

g k a h u l u g a n a y

n g P a g p a p a l a y a s a M a l a y o ) . A n g s a m a h a n g i

R e d e n c i o n d e l o s M a l a y o s
( A

t o a y n a n a t i l i p a r i n g i s a n g p a l a i s i p a n s a

a m g a n a g a a r a l n g R i z a l . n g

S u c e s o s d e l a s I s l a s F i l i p i n a s
1.

A.

A n g P a g l a l a t h a l

I s a

g s a p i n a k a m a h a l a g a n g n a g a w a n i r i z a l h a b a n s i y a a y n a s a P a r i s n g 1 8 8 9 a y a n g p a g p a p

a l i m b a g n g k a n y a n g a n o t a s y o n n g a k l a t n i M

o r g a n a S u c e s o s

n i l a t h a l a n g G a r n i e r F r e r e s . 2.

i B l u m e n t r i t t a n g P a u n a n g S a l i t a p a r a s a

d e l a s I s l a s F i l i p i n a s
n a i

I s i n u l a t n

u c e s o s d e l a s I s l a s F i l i p i n a s
a t i n i h a n d o g

n i R i z a l a n g a k l a t p a r a s a i n a n g b a y a n . 3.

I s i n u l a t n i R i z a l a n g a n o t a s y o n n g

S u c e s

o s d e l a s I s l a s F i l i p i n a s
s a l a y u n i n n a i p

a k i t a s a m g a P i l i p i n o a n g p a g k a k a r o o n n a t i

n n g m a t a a s n a k a b i h a s n a n b a g o p a m a n d u m a

t i n g a n g m g a E s p a n y o l . 4.

i z a l n g m a r a m i n g p a g h a n g a m u l a s a k a n y a n g

m g a k a i b i g a n d a h i l a n s a k a n y a n g p a g l a l a t h a

N a k a t a n g g a p s i R

l a n g a n o t a s y o n s a

l i p i n a s
n i M o r g a . A.

l a y s a y 1.

S i R i z a l a y m a s a s a b i n g m a h u s a y n

S u c e s o s d e l a s I s l a s F i

S i R i z a l b i l a n g M a n a n a

a m a n a n a l a y s a y d a h i l a n s a m g a s u m u s u n o d n a s a l i k : a.

l a w a n g d a k i l a n g a k l a t a n n g m u n d o B r i t i s h

A n g k a n y a n g p a g s a s a l i k s i k s a d a

e M u s e u m ( L o n d o n ) a t B i b l i o t h e q u e N a s t i o n a l ( P a r i s ) a y n a k a p a g p a l a w a k n g k a n y a n g k a a

l a m a n g p a n g k a s a y s a y a n . b.

A n g k a n y a n g g i n a

w a n g a n o t a s y o n n g

i p i n a s
a y k a k i k i t a h a n n g m a l a w a k n a k a a l a m

a n n i R i z a l s a h i s t o g r a p i y a a n g p a g a a r a

S u c e s o s d e l a s I s l a s F i l

l n g p a g s u l a t n g k a s a y s a y a n . c.

m a n n i R i z a l s a m a r a m i n g w i k a a y

g s a k a n y a u p a n g m a b a s a a n g m a r a m i n g d o k u m

A n g k a a l a

n a k a t u l o n

e n t o n g h i s t o r i k a l s a k a n y a n g o r i h i n a l n a a

n y o . d.

N a b a s a n i y a s i P i g a d i c t a s a w i k a n g

I t a l y a n o : M a r s d e n , R a f f l e s , L o r d S t a n l e y ,

a t W a l l a c e s a w i k a n g I n g l e s ; B l u m e n t r i t t ,

J a g o r , a t V i r c h o w s a w i k a n g A l e m a n ; M . J a

c q u e t , J . M a l l a t , a t A . M a r c h e s a w i k a n g P

r a n s e s ; a t s i n a T . H . P a r d o d e T a v e r a , P e d

r o P a t e r n o , M i g u e l M o r a y t a , a t P i y M a r g a l

l s a w i k a n g E s p a n y o l . e.

A n g k a a l a m a n n i R

i z a l s a k a s a y s a y a n a y h i n d i l a m a n g u k o l s a

P i l i p i n a s k u n d i s a k a s a y s a y a n n g k o l o n i s a

s y o n n g m g a E u r o p e o s a A s y a . 1.

M a l i b a n s a

a n o t a s y o n n g S u c e s o s

s n a g h a n d a
r i n s i R i z a l n g m a l a t h a l a n g a r t i

k u l o n g h i s t o r i k a l n a g a y a n g m g a s u m u s u n o

d e l a s I s l a s F i l i p i n a

d :

a.

M a y i b.

F i l i p i n a s d e n t r o d e C i e n A n o s d.

I n d o l e n c i a d e l o s F i l i p i n o s e.

T a w a l i s i o f I b n B a t u t a c.

S o b r e l a

L a P o l i t i c

a C o l o n i a l d e F i l i p i n a s f.

s d e D i c i e m b r e , 1 8 7 2 g. h.

i l i a R i z a l d e C a l a m b a

M a n i l a e n e l m e

H i s t o r i a d e l a F a m

L o s P u e b l o s d e l A

r c h i p i e l a g o I n d i c o
1.

C i e n A n o s
s a a r t i k u l o n g i t o a y h i n u l a a n

n i R i z a a l a n g p a g t a t a p o s n g k o l o n y a l i s m o n

F i l i p i n a s d e n t r o d e

g E s p a n y a s a P i l i p i n a s s a p a g t a t a p o s n g i k

a 1 9 d a a n t a o n . 2.

o s F i l i p i n o s t i n a l a k a y n i R i z a l a n g k a d a

S o b r e l a I n d o l e n c i a d e l

h i l a n a n n g k a t a m a r a n a t p a g i g i n g m a b a g a l n

a p a g u n l a d n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a m g a s u m u s u n a.

o d n a s a l i k .

A n g P a g a a l s a n g m g a P i l i p

i n o a t p a n l o o b n a k a g u l u h a n k a s u n o d n g p a n b.

a n a k o p n g m g a E s p a n y o l s a P i l i p i n a s .

g m g a d i g m a a n n g E s p a n y a l a b a n s a m g a P o r t

A n

u g e s , O l a n d e s , I n g l e s , a t i b a p a n g m g a k a l

a b a n n a d i t o a y n a g l i n g k o d a n g m g a P i l i p i n

o b i l a n g m g a k a w a l n g h u k b o n g E s p a n y o l . c.

A n g p a n a n l a k a y n g m g a M u s l i m n g M i n d a n a o

s a m g a b a y b a y i n g b a y a n n g P i l i p i n a s . d.

n g s a p i l i t a n g p a g g a w a n g l i b u l i b o n g m g a

i l i p i n o n a n a g i n g d a h i l a n u p a n g m a p a b a y a a n

a n g p a g s a s a k a , k o m e r s i y o a t i n d u s t r i y a s a

P i l i p i n a s . e.

A n g k a w a l a n n g p a g s i s i k a p n

g m g a P i l i p i n o n g m a g t r a b a h o n g h i g i t d a h i

l a n s a h i n d i n a m a n n i l a g a n a p n a n a p a k a n i b

a n g a n a n g b u n g a n g k a n i l a n g p a g h i h i r a p . f.

A n g p a g p a p a b a y a n g p a m a h a l a a n s a a g r i k u l

t u r a , k o m e r s i y o a t i n d u s t r i y a . g.

m a n g h a l i m b a w a n a i p i n a p a k i t a n g m g a E s p a n

A n g m a s a

y o l u k o l s a m g a g a w a i n g m a n w a l . h.

u t u r o n g m g a p r a y l e n a " m a s m a d a l i n g m a k a p

a s o k s a l a n g i t a n g m g a m a h i h i r a p " a t d a h i l

A n g p a g t

d i t o a y n i n a i s n g m g a P i l i p i n o a n g k a h i r a

p a n s a l a y u n i n n g m a d a l i a n g p a g p a s o k s a l a

n g i t s a p a g s a p i t n g k a m a t a y a n . i.

A n g s i s

t e m a n g e d u k a s y o n g E s p a n y o l a y h i n d i n a k a p

a g s u l o n g n g p a n g k a b u h a y a n g k a a l a m a n . A n g e

d u k a s y o n a y d e p r e s i b o , b r u t a l , a t h i n d i m a

k a t a o . A.

B i n a l a k n i R i z a l n a i t a y o a n g s a m a h a n n g m

g a F i l i p i n o l o h i s t a s a P a r i s n g u n i t h i n d i i

I b a p a n g M g a G i n a w a s a P a r i s 1.

t o n a i s a k a t u p a r a n . 2.

o a n g p a g t a t a y o n g i s a n g m a k a b a g o n g k o l e h i y n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a H o n g k o n g n a a n g l a y u n

I p a n a n u k a l a n i R i z a l

i n a y m a g s a n a y a t m a g t u r o n g m g a a n a k n g m 3.

g a m a b u b u t i n g p a m i l y a n g P i l i p i n o .

o s n g k a p a s k u h a n s i R i z a l s a P a r i s a t

N a g d a

p a g k

a t a p o s n g B a g o n g T a o n a y s a g l i t n a d u m a l a w

s a L o n d o n u p a n g t i n g n a n a n g k a t u m p a k a n n g

k a n y a n g a n o t a s y o n S u c e s o s d e l a s I s l a s F i

l i p i n a s a t d a l a w i n s i G e r t r u d e B e c k e t t . 4.

a. M g a D a h i l a n n i R i z a l s a P a g a l i s s a P a r i s

A n g n a p a k a m a h a l n a h a l a g a n g b i l i h i n d

a h i l a n s a k a r a m i h a n n g m g a t a o n g d u m a l o s a

g P a n d a i g d i g n a E k s p o s i s y o n s a p a r i s . b. m a s a y a n g k a p a l i g i r a n n g P a r i s a y u m a a g a w

A n

n g k a n y a n g a t e n s i y o n s a m g a g a w a i n g p a m p a

n i t i k a n . A n g p a n g a n g a i l a n g a n n i y a n a i s u l a

t a n g

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
.

K A B A N A T A 1 6 -

S I R I Z A L S A B R U S S E L S A. 1.

s a B r u s s e l s

l u n s o d n g B r u s s e l s ( 1 8 9 0 ) k a s a m a n i J o s e A

U m a l i s s i R i z a l p a t u n g o n g

A n g B u h a y n i R i z a l

l b e r t a t n a n u l u y a n s a i s a n g k a i n a m a n g b a h a

y p a u p a h a n s a 3 8 R u e P h i l i p p e C h a m p a g n e n a p i n a n g a s i w a a n n g m a g k a p a t i d n a b a b a e n g J a

c o b y n a s i n a S u z a n n e a t M a r i e . 2.

e l s a y s i n i m u l a n g s u l a t i n n i R i z a l a n g n o b

e l a n g

E l F i l i b u s t e r i m o
a t n a g s u s u l a t d i n s

S a B r u s s

i y a n g m g a i p i n a d a d a l a n g a r t i k u l o p a r a s a

L a S o l i d a r i d a d
. 3.

k a n y a n g m g a l i b r e n g s a n d a l i s a p a g p a p a l a k

G i n u g u g o l d i n n i y a a n g

a s n g k a t a w a n s a g y m n a s i u m a t s a p a g s a s a n a

y s a p a g b a r i l a t i s k r i m a . 4. n i R i z a l s a k u w a r t o s i J o s e A l e j a n d r i n o n

N a g i n g k a s a m a

a p a n s i n n i y a a n g l a b i s n a k a t i p i r a n n i R i z

a l s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g p a g k a i n s a b a h a y a t p

a g l u l u t o n i l a n g p a n s i t . 5.

M g a A r t i k u l o n g

a n i R i z a l B r u s s e l s . a.

s a m a p a n i r a n g a r t i k u l o n i P a t r i c i o E s c o s u r

s a L a S o l i d a r i d a d
n g s i y a a y n a s

A l a D e f e n s a i s a n g s a g o t

a . b.

n g g o l s a m g a k a t u t u b o n g p i n u n o s a P i l i p i n a

s s a m g a p a m u m u n a n g m g a E s p a n y o l n a a n g P

L a V e r d a d P a r a T o d o s i s a n g p a g t a t a

i l i p i n o a y m a n g m a n g a t t a n g a . c.

B a r r a n t e s

z a l a n g k a m a n g m a n g a n n i V i c e n t e B a r r a n t e s

T e a t r o T a g a l o g i p i n a k i t a n i R i

V i c e n t e

s a t a n g h a l a n g s i n i n g n g m g a T a g a l o g . d.

a P r o f a n a c i o n i s a n g a r t i k u l o n a t u m u t u l i

g s a s a m g a p r a y l e s a p a g k a k a i t n i t o n g i s a

U n

n g K r i s t i y a n o n g l i b i n g p a r a s a k a n i y a n g b a

y a w n a s i M a r i a n o H e r b o s a . e.

v a s i n a g o t n i R i z a l a n g a k u s a s y o n n i V i c

V e r d a d e s N u e

e n t e B e l l o c n a a n g p a g b i b i g a y n g r e p o r m a s

a P i l i p i n a s a y m a k a k a s i r a s a k a t i w a s a y a n n

g p a m a h a l a a n g E s p a n y o l s a P i l i p i n a s . f.

C r u e l d a d s a a r t i k u l o n g i t o a y i p i n a g t a n g

g o l n i R i z a l s i B l u m e n t r i t t l a b a n s a p a n i n

i r a n g m g a k a a w a y n i t o . g.

D i f e r e n c i a s -

k a n i y a n g s i n a g o t a n g i s a n g a r t i k u l o n a n a

n u n u d y o s a m g a P i l i p i n o n g h u m i h i n g i n g R e p

o r m a . h.

I n c o n s e q u e n c i a s i p i n a g t a n g g o l

n i y a s i A n t o n i o L u n a l a b a n s a g i n a w a n g p a n

i n i r a n i M i r D e a s . i.

p a i t n a p a g p u n a n i R i z a l l a b a n s a m a b a b a n g

L l a n t o y R i s a s m a

p a g t i n g i n n g m g a b a y a r a n g m a m a h a y a g n g p r

a y l e s a m g a k a y u m a n g g i n g P i l i p i n o . j.

g r a t i t u d e s i s a n g a r t i k u l o n a s u m a s a g o t s

I n

a s i n a b i n i G o b e r n a d o r W e y l e r s a m g a t a g a -

C a l a m b a n a h u w a g m a g p a l i n l a n g s a m g a w a l a n

g k a b u l u h a n g p a n g a k o n g k a n i l a n g m g a w a l a n

g u t a n g n a l o o b n a a n a k ( i s a n a d i t o s i R i

z a l ) .

n g o r t o g r a p i y a n g w i k a n g T a g a l o g s a p a m a m g

1.

B i n i g y a n d i n n i R i z a l n g p a n s i n a

i t a n n g p a g g a m i t n g k a t w a t i t u w i d a n g H

i s p a n i k o n g p a g s u l a t t u l a d n g

o t . D a h i l a n
d i t o a y s i n u l a t n i R i z a l a n g k a

a r a o a t s a l a c

n y a n g a r t i k u l o

e l a L e n g u a d e T a g a l a n a
k a n y a n g i n i l a t h a l a

s a

L a S o l i d a r i d a d .
2.

S o b r e L a N u e v a O r t o g r a f i a d

D i t o i s i n a l i n n i R i

z a l a n g a k d a n i S c h i l l e r n a W i l l i a m T e l l m u

l a s a A l e m a n s a w i k a n g T a g a l o g . 3.

a a n n i R i z a l k i n a J u a n L u n a a t V a l e n t i n V e

N a b a l i t

n t u r a n a a n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a M a d r i d a y n a g

u g u m o n s a s u g a l . S i n u l a t a n n i R i z a l a n g m g

a P i l i p i n o s a M a d r i d a t s i n a w a y n i l a a n g m

g a i t o s a k a n i l a n g p a g k a k a g u m o n s a s u g a l .

N a g a l i t a n g i l a n g m g a P i l i p i n o k a y R i z a l a

t t i n a w a g n i l a i t o n g

P a p a i m b e s
n a P e p e n a

k a n y a n g t u n a y n a p a l a y a w . 4.

a. n a k a t a n g g a p s i R i z a l n g m a s a m a n g b a l i t a .

A n g s u m a s a m a n g k a l a g a y a n n g m g a m a g s a s

S a B r u s s e l a y

a k a s a C a l a m b a . b.

m g a D o m i n i c a n o p a r a a l i s i n a n g l u p a n g k a n

i l a n g p i n a p a u p a h a n k a y D o n F r a n c i s c o M e r c a

N a g h a r a p n g d e m a n d a a n g

d o R i z a l . c.

a n y a n g m g a b a y a w

u l i n g i p i n a t a p o n s a B o h o l . d.

I p i n a t a p o n s i P a c i a n o a t k

n a s i M a n u e l H i d a l g o a y m

N a r a r a m d a m a n

n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g n a l a l a p i t n a k a m a t a y 1.

a n .

D a h i l a n s a p a g u u s i g n a n a d a r a m a n g

k a n y a n g p a m i l y a s i R i z a l a y n a g b a l a k n g u

m u w i , s a d a h i l a n g h i n d i s i y a m a a r i n g m a n a t

i l i n a n a g s u s u l a t l a m a n g h a b a n g a n g k a n y a n

g m g a m a g u l a n g a t m g a k a p a t i d a y n a g d a r a n a

s n g l u p i t n g m g a p a r i n g E s p a n y o l . A n g k a n

y a n g b a l a k i n g u m u w i a y s i n a l u n g a n i G r a c i a

n o L o p e z J a e n a a t g a y u n d i n n g k a n y a n g m g a

k a i b i g a n g s i n a B a s a , B l u m e n t r i t t , a t M a r i 2.

a n o P o n c e .

R i z a l n a n g m a t a n g g a p n i y a a n g s u l a t n i P a

N a g b a g o l a m a n g a n g i s i p a n n i

c i a n o n a n a g s a s a b i n g n a t a l o s i l a s a k a s o a

t i t o a y k a n i l a n g i a a p e l a s a k o r t e s u p r e m o s a M a d r i d a t d i t o s i R i z a l a y n a g t u n g o p a

r a t i n g n a n a n g k a n y a n g m a g a g a w a s a k a s o . 3.

N a g k a r o o n n g r o m a n s a s i R i z a l k a y P e t i t e

S u s s a n e J a c o b y a n g p a m a n g k i n n g k a n y a n g

m g a k a s e r a .

S A M A D R I D A.

p a g d a t i n g n i

K A B A N A T A 1 7 M G A K A B I G U A N

K a b i g u a n s a K a t a r u n g a n 1.

R i z a l s a M a d r i d a y a g a d n i y a

S a

n g h i n i n g i a n g t u l o n g A s o c i a c i o n

l i p i n a
a t m g a p a h a y a g a n g l i b e r a l s a M a d r i d

t u l a d n g

L a J u s t i c i a , E l G l o b o , L a R e p u b l

H i s p a n o F i

i c a , a t E l R e s u m e n
u p a n g m a t u l u n g a n s i y a s

a p a g h i n g i n g k a t a r u n g a n s a k a n y a n g p a m i l y

a a t k a b a b a y a n s a C a l a m b a . 2.

S a p a g h i n g i

n i R i z a l n g k a t a r u n g a n p a r a s a k a n y a n g p a m

i l y a a y t u m a y o s i M a r c e l o H . d e l P i l a r b i l

a n g a b o g a d o k a n i l a n g i d i n u l o g a n g k a n i l a n g

p r o t e s t a l a b a n s a k a w a l a n g k a t a r u n g a n n i

g o b e r n a d o r h e n e r a l V a l e r i a n o W e y l e r a t n g

m g a p a r i n g D o m i n i k a n o . 3.

A n g k a n i l a n g p a k

i k i n a y a m k a y M i n i s t r o F a b i e n g M i n i s t e r i o

n g K a t a r u n g a n a y n a w a l a n n g k a b u l u h a n . A n g

p a t a k a r a n n g E s p a n y a a y a n g " s a r a h a n a n g

t a i n g a , b u k s a n a n g p i t a k a , a t m a g k i b i t b a l

i k a t n a l a m a n g . " 4.

m a s a m a n g b a l i t a n a

N a t a n g g a p n i R i z a l a n g

n a t a n g g a p n a n i l a a n g

k a u t u s a n n g p a g p a p a a l i s s a m g a t a g a C a l a m b

a m u l a s a h a c i e n d a n g m g a p a r i n g D o m i n i k a n 5.

o .

A n g m g a k a i b i g a n E s p a n y o l n i R i z a l a

y w a l a n g m a g a w a k u n d i a n g m a g b i g a y l a m a n g

n g p a n a n a l i t a n g p a k i k i r a m a y . S a m a n t a l a i p

i n a n u k a l a n i B l u m e n t r i t t n a m a k i p a g k i t a s i

t R i z a l s a R e y n a M a r i a C r i s t i n a u p a n g i l a p i a n g k a n y a n g m g a s u l i r a n i n , n g u n i t s i n a b i n i R i z a l n a s i y a a y w a l a n g k a k i l a l a o s a l

a p i n a m a k a p a g s a s a m a s a k a n i y a s a R e y n a . A.

I b a p a n g m g a K a b i g u a n s a M a d r i d 1.

b i g o s i R i z a l s a p a g h i n g i n g k a t a r u n g a n p

H a b a n g

a r a s a k a n y a n g m g a m a g u l a n g a y n a m a t a y n a m

a n a n g k a n y a n g m a t a l i k n a k a i b i g a n a t k a s a

m a s a k i l u s a n g p r o p a g a n d a n a s i J o s e M a r i a

P a n g a n i b a n . 2.

u n a a y h i n a m o n n i y a s i R i z a l n g d u w e l o d a h

i l a n s a k a r i b a l a n s a b a b a e . N a n g m a t a n g g a l

N a n g m a l a s i n g s i A n t o n i o L

a n g k a l a s i n g a n a y n a a y o s a n g h i d w a a n . 3.

H i n a m o n n i R i z a l s i W e n c e s l a o R e t a n a n g d u

w e l o . S i R e t a n a a y i s a n g m a m a m a h a y a g n a b i

n a b a y a r a n n g m g a p r a y l e u p a n g m a n i r a s a m g

a m a k a b a y a n g P i l i p i n o s a E u r o p a s a i s a n i y

a n g a r t i k u l o a y s i n a b i n i t o n a k a y a p i n a a l

i s a n g p a m i l y a n i R i z a l s a C a l a m b a a y d a h i

l a n s a h i n d i p a g b a b a y a d n g u t a n g . H i n i n g i

n i R i z a l a n g p a u m a n h i n n i R e t a n a o a n g d u w

e l o . H i n d i i t o n a t u l o y n a n g h u m i n g i n g t a w

a d s i R e t a n a a t h i n d i n a s u m u l a t n g a n u m a n

g m a p a n i r a n g p u r i s i R e t a n a l a b a n s a m g a P

i l i p i n o . I s a n g k a b a l i n t u n a a n n a s i R e t a n a

a n g k a u n a u n a h a n g s u m u l a t n g a k l a t p a n g b i o

g r a p i y a n i R i z a l n a m a y p a m a g a t n a

V i d a s y

E s c r i t o s d e D r . J o s e R i z a l
. 4.

p a k a s a l n i L e o n o r R i v e r a . a.

o d s i n a R i z a l a t a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a s a m a s a

A n g P a g p a

H a b a n g n a n o n o

t a n g h a l a n g A p o l o s a M a d r i d a y n a w a l a a n g

k a n y a n g

i L e o n o r R i v e r a . b.

l o c k e t
n a a n g t a t a g l a y n g l a r a w a n n

N a k a t a n g g a p s i R i z a l n

g s u l a t m u l a k a y L e o n o r R i v e r a n a n a g p a p a b

a t i d n g n a l a l a p i t n a k a s a l n i y a s a i s a n g i

n h i n y e r o n g I n g l e s n a s i H e n r y K i p p i n g n a l

a b i s n a i k i n a l u n g k o t n i R i z a l . c.

i s n a p a g d a r a m d a m n i R i z a l s a t i n a m o n g k a b

i g u a n a y n a i s u l a t n i y a k a y B l u m e n t r i t t n a

A n g l a b

" p i p i l i i n n i L e o n o r a n g p a n g a l a n g K i p p i n g

d a h i l a n s a i t o a y m a l a y a a t a n g R i z a l a y i

s a n g a l i p i n . " d.

S a s a g o t n i B l u m e n t r i t t a

y h u l i k a n y a n g s i n a b i n a " h i n d i m a u n a w a a n

n g k a n y a n g a s a w a ( R o s a ) n a a n g i s a n g b a b a e

n g p i n a r a n g a l a n n g p a g i b i g n i R i z a l a y i i

w a n s i y a ( R i z a l ) . " e.

i p i n a d a l a n i B l u m e n t r i t t s i n a b i n i y a n g s i

L e o n o r a y " t u l a d n g i s a n g b a t a , n a i p i n a g p

S a i s a p a n g s u l a t n a

a l i t a n g d i a m a n t e s a i s a n g k a r a n i w a n g b a t o

. " 1.

K a r i b a l a n g R i z a l a t d e l P i l a r a.

p a g t a t a p o s n g 1 8 9 0 , n a g s i m u l a n g m a k i l a l a

S a

s i d e l P i l a r s a M a d r i d d a h i l a n s a k a n y a n g

p a g s u l a t s a

a k o , a n g l i d e r a t u r a n i R i z a l a y s a a s p e k t o

L a S o l i d a r i d a d
. S a k a b i l a n g d

n g i d e y a l i s m o n a h i n d i g a n a p n a m a u n a w a a n

a t m a t u l a r a n n g k a n y a n g m g a k a s a m a h a n . b.

M a g i n g s a e d i t o r y a l n g

L a S o l i d a r i d a d
a y

n a g k a k a r o o n n a n g p a g k a k a i b a s a p a n i n i w a l a

a t p a t a k a r a n s i n a R i z a l a t d e l P i l a r . c.

U p a n g m a g a w a n n g p a r a a n n a h u w a g l u m a l a a

n g k a r i b a l a n a y n a g k a i s a a n g m g a P i l i p i n o

s a M a d r i d n a m a y b i l a n g n a 9 0 a y n a g k a i s a

n g m a g s a g a w a n g i s a n g p a g u u s a p a n n a k a n i l

a n g g a g a n a p i n s a E n e r o 1 , 1 8 9 1 . d.

s a p a n d i t o n a a n g e d i t o r y a l n g

d a d
a y m a p a s a i l a l i m s a s a m a h a n n g m g a P i l i

L a S o l i d a r i

P i n a g u

p i n o , i t o a y t i n u t u l a n n i d e l P i l a r . N a p a g

u s a p a n n a m a g k a k a r o o n n g i s a n g h a l a l a n n a

d i t o a n g m a k a p a g t a t a m o n g 2 / 3 n a b o t o a n g

m a n a n a l o . e.

P i l i p i n o s a M a d r i d n o o n g u n a n g l i n g g o n g

P e b r e r o 1 8 9 1 a t n a h a t i a n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a

N a g s a g a w a n g h a l a l a n a n g m g a

. d a l a w a n g k a m p o R i z a l i s t a a t P i l a r i s t a S a u n a n g a r a w n g h a l a l a n a y s i R i z a l a n g n a n a l o n g u n i t h i n d i n a t a m o a n g 2 / 3 n a k i n

a k a i l a n g a n g b o t o a t s a i k a l w a n g a r a w a y n a

g k a r o o n u l i n g h a l a l a n a y g a n i t o p a r i n a n

g r e s u l t a . f.

S a i k a t l o n g a r a w a y h i n a k a y

a t n i M a r i a n o P o n c e n a b u m o t o n a a n g k a r a m i

h a n k a y R i z a l a t n a t a m o n i R i z a l a n g k i n a k

a i l a n g a n g 2 / 3 n a b o t o n a n a g h a l a l s a k a n y a

g b i l a n g p i n u n o n g s a m a h a n . g. p a g w a w a g i n i R i z a l a y h i n d i n i y a t i n a g g a

p a n g k a n y a n g p o s i s y o n , s a d a h i l a n g a y a w n

P a g k a t a p o s n

i y a n g m a g i n g p i n u n o n g h a t i h a t i n g s a m a h a

n . 1.

n n g m a i k l i n g s u l a t n g p a g p a p a s a l a m a t s a m

U m a l i s s i R i z a l s a M a d r i d n a n a g i w a

g a k a b a b a y a n n i y a n g n a g h a l a l s a k a n y a a t n

a g t u n g o s a B i a r r i t z .

S Y O N N I R I Z A L S A B I A R R I T Z A.

K A B A N A T A 1 8 B A K A

M g a G i n a w a n i

R i z a l s a B i a r r i t z 1.

s a M a d r i d a y n a g t u n g o s i r i z a l s a B i a r r i t z

a t n a g b a k a s y o n s a b a h a y n i S e n o r E d u a r d o

S a p a g a l i s n i R i z a l

B o u s t e d s a V i l l a E l i a d a . 2.

s i R i z a l s a m g a a n a k n a d a l a g a n i S e n o r B

o u s t e d n a s i n a A d e l i n a a t N e l l i e . 3.

N a g i n g m a l a p i t

A n g B

e a r r i t z a y i s a n g m a g a n d a n g b a k a s y u n a n a t n

a k i t a r i t o n i R i z a l a n g m g a t u r i s t a m u l a s

a i b a ' t i b a n g p a n i g n g m u n d o . A n g k a g a n d a h

a n n g p o o k a n g n a g p a l i m o t k a y r i z a l s a k a n

y a n g m g a k a s a w i a n s a M a d r i d . 4.

n g n a m u o n g p a g i b i g s a p a g i t a n n i n a R i z a l

N a g k a r o o n

a t N e l l i e B o u s t e d . N a a k i t s i R i z a l k a y N e l

l i e s a d a h i l a n s a k a t a l i n u h a n , m a h i n a h o n ,

a t m a t a a s n a m o r a l n g d a l a g a . I p i n a g t a p a t

n i R i z a l s a k a n y a n g m g a k a i b i g a n n a n a g k a r

o o n s i y a n g p a g n a n a i s n a p a k a s a l a n s i N e l l 5.

i e B o u s t e d .

T i n u k s o n a s i y a n i M a r c e l o

H . d e l P i l a r n a p a l i t a n a n g p a m a g a t n g k a n

y a n g n o b e l a n a

n a n a m i n s a n a y k a n y a n g n a g i n g k a r i b a l k a y

N o l i n g N e l i .
S i A n t o n i o L u

N e l l i e a y h i n i k a y a t s i R i z a l n a p a k a s a l a n

n a s i N e l l i e . 6.

R i z a l a t N e l l i e d a h i l a n s a h i n d i n a h i k a y a

N a t a p o s a n g p a g i i b i g a n g

t s i R i z a l n a m a g p a k a s a l s a d a l a g a d a h i l a n s a m g a s u m u s u n o d : a. P r o t e s t a n t e b.

A y a w n g i n a n i N e l l i e k a y

A y a w n i r i z a l m a g i n g

R i z a l n a m a g i n g m a n u g a n g d a h i l a n s i R i z a l

a y m a h i r a p n a " d o k t o r n a w a l a n g p a s y e n t e ,

m a n u n u l a t n a w a l a n g p e r a " a t i s a n g r e p o r m i

s t a n a i n u u s i g n g m g a p r a y l e a t o p i s y a l n g

p a m a h a l a a n s a s a r i l i n g b a y a n . 1.

a y s i n a R i z a l a t N e l l i e b i l a n g m a b u t i n g m a

N a g h i w a l

g k a i b i g a n . 2.

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
i l a n g a r a w b a g o s i y a u 3.

m a l i s s a B i a r r i t z p a t u n g o n g P a r i s .

T i n a p o s n i R i z a l a n g n o b e l a n

S a

P a r i s a y k a n y a n g s i n u l a t a n s i J o s e B a s a a t

s i n a b i n g n a g n a n a i s s i y a n g m a n i r a h a n s a H o 4.

n g k o n g a t d i t o n a g t r a b a h o b i l a n g d o k t o r .

N a g b a l i k s i R i z a l s a B r u s s e l s a t m u l i n i

y a n g b i n i s i t a a n g m g a J a c o b y l a l o n a s i P e

t i t e S u s s a n e J a c o b y . 5.

N a g p a h i n g a s i R i z a

l s a m g a g a w a i n n g K i l u s a n g P r o p a g a n d a u p a

n g m a h a r a p n i y a a n g p a g p a p a l i m b a g n g k a n y a

n g i k a l a w a n g n o b e l a -

E l F i l i l b u s t e r i s m o .

M u l a s a B r u s s e l s a y k a n y a n g i p i n a a l a m s a

K i l u s a n g P r o p a g a n d a n a i t i g i l n a a n g p a g p a

p a d a l a n g k a n y a n g s u s t e n t o n g P 5 0 b a w a t b u

w a n . 6.

a p a d a l a n g m g a a r t i k u l o s a p a h a y a g a n g

T i n i g i l a n n a r i n n i R i z a l a n g p a g p

o l i d a r i d a d
s a k a b i l a n g p a k i u s a p n g k a n y a n

L a S

g m g a k a i b i g a n . N a p a n s i n d i n n i M a r c e l o H

. d e l P i l a r a n g p a n l a l a m i g n g k i l u s a n g p r o

p a g a n d a s a p a n a n a h i m i k n i R i z a l a t d a h i l a n

a d i t o a y n a p i l i t a n g s u m u l a t s i d e l P i l a r n n a k i k i u s a p k a y R i z a l n a m u l i n g m a g s u l a t

s a p a h a y a g a n .

K A B A N A T A 1 9 A N G P A G P A P A L

I M B A G N G

a h a y n i R i z a l s a G h e n t 1.

s i R i z a l a y n a g t u n g o s a G h e n t n a i s a n g l u

E L F I L I B U S T E R I S M O
S A B E L G I U M A n g B

M u l a s a B r u s s e l s

n s o d p a m a n t y a s a n n g B e l g i u m . 2.

C a l a m b a a y s i n i m u l a n n a n i R i z a l a n g n o b e

l a n g

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
a t n a t a p o s a n g h u l i

M u l a p a s a

n g k a b a n a t a s a B i a r r i t z . 3.

a. R i z a l s a G h e n t d a h i l a n s a m g a s u m u s u n o d :

M u r a a n g h a l a g a n g p a g p a p a l i m b a g s a G h

N a n i n i r a h a n s i

e n t b.

S u s s a n e J a c o b y 1.

k a t a g p o n i R i z a l a n g d a l a w a n g P i l i p i n o n a

M a k a l i g t a s s a p a n g a a k i t n i P e t i t e

S a l u n s o d n g G h e n t a y n a

e s t u d y a n t e n g i n h i n y e r a s a U n i b e r s i d a d n g

G h e n t n a s i n a J o s e A l e j a n d r i n o a t E d i l b e r t o

E v a n g e l i s t a . 2.

N a n i r a h a n s i R i z a l s a i s a

n g m u m u r a h i n g b a h a y p a u p a h a n a t n a k a s a m a n

i y a s i J o s e A l e j a n d r i n o n a n a k a p u n a n g k a n y

a n g l a b i s n a k a t i p i r a n . 3.

S a p a g d a t i n g n i

R i z a l s a G h e n t a y n a g h a n a p s i y a n g p i n a k a

m u r a n g b a h a y p a l i m b a g a n p a r a s a k a n y a n g n o

b e l a n g

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
a t k a n y a n g n a t a g p

u a n a n g p a l i m b a g a n g F . M E Y E R V A N L O O P R E S S

s a d a a n g V i a a n d e r e n n a h a n d a n g m a g l a t h a l a

n g n o b e l a s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g p a g b a b a y a d n g

h u l u g a n . I s i s n a n l a n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g m

g a a l a h a s u p a n g m a g i n g p a u n a n g b a y a d s a p a 4.

l i m b a g a n .

H a b a n g n a s a p a l i m b a g a n s i R i z

a l a y n a u b u s a n s i y a n g p e r a a t a n g p a g p a p a

l i m b a g s a

a k a l a g i t n a a n . 5.

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
a y n a p a h i n t o s

S a g a n i t o n g k a g i p i t a n a y

h a l o s k a n y a n g i t a p o n a n g m a n u s k r i t o n g E l 6.

F i l i b u s t e r i m o
s a a p o y .

V e n t u r a a n g k a g i p i t a n n i R i z a l , m u l a s a P a

N a n g m a l a m a n n i

r i s a y k a n y a n g p i n a d a l h a n s i R i z a l n g s a l a

p i p a r a m a i t u l o y a n g p a g p a p a l i m b a g .

n g S e t y e m b r e 1 8 , 1 8 9 1 a y l u m a b a s n g p a l i m b

7.

N o o

a g a n a n g

a d a l a a n g d a l a w a n g k o p y a s a H o n g k o n g k i n a

J o s e B a s a a t S i x t o L o p e z . P i n a d a l a h a n d i n

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
a t k a n y a n g i p i n

n i y a a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a i b i g a n g s i n a B l u m e n

t r i t t , P o n c e , L o p e z J a e n a , T . H . P a r d o d e T

a v e r a , A n t o n i o L u n a a t J u a n L u n a . P i n a g k a l

o o b n i R i z a l k a y V a l e n t i n V e n t u r a a n g o r i h i

n a l n a m a n u s k r i t o n g

I n i l a t h a l a n g s i p i a n n g

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o .
8.

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o

s a p a h a y a g a n g

i s y u n g O k t i b r e 1 8 9 1 . 9.

a l a n g

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o
s a a l a a l a n g G O M

E l N u e v o R e g i m e n
s a k a n y a n g

I n i h a n d o g n i R i z

B U R Z A . 10 .

p a r a a n g N o l i a t F i l i . a.

g r o m a n t i k o n g n o b e l a n a g a w a n g p u s o , d a m d

A n g N o l i a y i s a n

I p i n a g k u m

a m i n , s a r i w a , m a k u l a y a t m a y t a g l a y n a t u w

a . A n g F i l i a y i s a n g n o b e l a n g p o l i t i k a l g a

w a n g u l o , i s i p , n a g l a l a m a n n g p a i t , p a g k a

m u h i , s a k i t , k a r a h a s a n , a t p a g d u r u s a . b.

n g o r i h i n a l n a k a g u s t u h a n n i R i z a l a y g a w i

n g m a s m a h a b a a n g F i l i k a y s a s a N o l i n g u n i

t d a h i l a n s a k a k u l a n g a n s a s a l a p i a y n a g i n

g m a i k l i a n g F i l i ( 3 8 k a b a n a t a ) k u n g i k u k u

m p a r a s a N o l i ( 6 4 k a b a n a t a ) . c.

P a r a k a y

W e n c e s l a o R e t a n a m a s m a h u s a y a n g N o l i . d.

P a r a k a y M a r c e l o H . d e l P i l a r m a s m a h u s a y 1.

a n g F i l i .

S u m u l a t s i R i z a l k a y B l u m e n t r

i t t n a n a g s a s a b i n g k a n y a n g b a l a k n a g u m a w

a n g i k a t l o n g n o b e l a . I t o a y h i n d i n a m a s y 2.

a d o n g u k o l s a p o l i t i k a k u n d i s a e t i k a .

S a k a n y a n g p a g l a l a k b a y p a t u n g o n g H o n g k o n g

a y k a n y a n g s i n i m u l a n g s u l a t i n a n g i k a t l o n g

n o b e l a .

K A B A N A T A 2 0 P A N G G A G A M O T N I R

I Z A L S A H O N G K O N G A.

s a H o n g k o n g 1.

r o p a d a h i l a n s a

M g a D a h i l a n n g P a g l i p a t

K a w a l a n n g k a s i y a h a n s a E u

p a g k a k a i b a n g p a n i n i w a l a n

i y a k a y d e l P i l a r a t s a i l a n g m g a P i l i p i n o 2.

s a E u r o p a .

n g m a l a p i t s a P i l i p i n a s . 3.

U p a n g m a s h i g i t s i y a n g m a g i

P a r a k u p k u p i n

a n g k a n y a n g p a m i l y a . A.

p a 1.

P i l a r s a p a g l a l a y o n n a m a p a n a t i l i a n g k a i

N a g p a a l a m n g m a a y o s s i R i z a l k a y d e l

P a m a m a a l a m s a E u r o

s a h a n n g m g a P i l i p i n o s a E u r o p a .

a M e r s e i l l e s s u m a k a y n g b a r k o n g

p a t u n g o n g H o n g k o n g , k a s a m a n g k a n y a n g b a g

2.

M u l a s

M e l b o u r n e

a h e a n g 6 0 0 n a k o p y a n g

3. p a s a h e r o a n g m g a b a b a e n g A l e m a n n a n a n g m a

N a k a t a g p o n i R i z a l s a b a r k o b i l a n g m g a

E l F i l i b u s t e r i s m o .

m a l i i t s a k a n y a s a u s a p a n n a h i h i y a n i R i z

a l s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g m a g i n o o n g p a m a m a r a a n .

A.

H o n g k o n g 1.

D u m a t i n g s i R i z a l s a H o n g k o

n g n g N o b e y e m b r e 2 0 , 1 8 9 1 a t s i n a l u b o n g n g

m g a k a i b i g a n a t d i t o a y n a n i r a h a n s a 5 D '

A g u i l a r S t r e e t N o . 2 R e d n a x o l a T e r r a c e . S

a n a s a b i d i n g t i r a h a n s i R i z a l a y n a g b u k a s n g i s a n g k l i n i k a . 2.

1 d u m a t i n g s a H o n g k o n g a n g k a n y a n g a m a a t

B a g o m a g p a s k o n g 1 8 9

b a y a w n a s i S i l v e s t r e U b a l d o . S u m u n o d n a r

i n a n g k a n y a n g i n a , L u c i a , J o s e f a , a t T r i n

i d a d . 3.

N a k a s a m a n a m u l i n i R i z a l a n g k a n

y a n g p a m i l y a s a k a p a s k u h a n s a i b a n g b a n s a .

A.

i n P a n g g a g a m o t s a H o n g k o n g n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g p r o p e s y o n b i l a n g i

1.

G i n a m i t n a r

s a n g m a n g g a g a m o t u p a n g m a s u p o r t a h a n n i y a a

n g k a n y a n g p a m i l y a . S a t u l o n g n i D r , L o r e n

z o M a r q u e z n a k a n a y a n g k a i b i g a n . I n i l a p i t

n i y a k a y R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g m g a p a s y e n t e n g 2.

m a y s a k i t s a m a t a .

H o n g k o n g s a k a n y a n g k a h u s a y a n a t a n g m g a

N a k i l a l a s i R i z a l s a

p a s y e n t e n i y a a y m g a B r i t i s h , T s i n o , P o r t u

g e s , a t A m e r i k a n o . 3.

o p e r a h a n a n g k a n y a n g i n a s a H o n g k o n g . 4.

M a t a g u m p a y n i y a n g i n

a r a m i n g b u m a t i k a y R i z a l s a k a n y a n g p a n g g a

g a m o t . A.

n i R i z a l n a m a g t a y o n g i s a n g k o l o n y a s a B

A n g P r o y e k t o n g B o r n e o 1.

B i n a l a k

o r n e o n a b u b u u i n n g m g a w a l a n g l u p a n g P i l i

p i n o m u l a s a a t i n g b a n s a . 2.

a s a S a n d a c a n a t k i n a u s a p a n g m g a p i n u n o n g

N a g p u n t a s i y

B r i t i s h a t n a g t a g u m p a y s i y a n a m a p a g k a l o o

b a n a n g k a n y a n g p r o y e k t o n g 5 0 , 0 0 0 h e k t a r y

a n g l u p a , n a m a l a p i t s a d a u n g a n , a t m a h u s a

y n a p a m a h a l a a n u p a n g m a g a m i t s a l o o b n g 9

9 9 n a t a o n n g w a l a n g b a y a d . 3.

i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g p r o y e k t o s a

I p i n a a l a m n

m g a P i l i p i

n o s a E u r o p a n a n a g p a k i t a n g p a g n a n a i s n a

i t o a y m a i s a k a t u p a r a n . 4.

a l s i G o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l D e s p u j o l u k o l s a

S i n u l a t a n n i R i z

k a n y a n g P r o y e k t o n g B o r n e o n g u n i t h i n d i i t o

s i n a g o t . S a i k a l a w a n g s u l a t n i R i z a l a y h

i n d i p a r i n s i n a g o t n g u n i t i p i n a r a t i n g s a

k a n y a s a k o n s u l n g E s p a n y a s a H o n g k o n g a n g A.

1. p a g t u t o l d i t o .

A n g m g a K a r a p a t a n n g T a o
i s a n g p a g s a

M g a S i n u l a t s a H o n g k o n g

s a l i n n i R i z a l n g p r o k l a m a s y o n n g R e b o l u s y

o n g P r a n s e s n g 1 7 8 9 . 2.

l a i s a n g a r t i k u l o n a u m a a p e l a s a E s p a n y a

A l a N a c i o n E s p a n o

n a i t u w i d a n g k a m a l i a n g n a g a w a s a m g a m a g

s a s a k a n g C a l a m b a . 3.

s a n g a r t i k u l o n a n a g p a p a l i w a n a g s a s i t w a s y

S a M g a K a b a b a y a n i

o n g a g r a r y o s a C a l a m b a . 4.

l a V i c t o r i a G a o l a r t i k u l o
u k o l s a k a n y a n g

p a g b i s i t a s a k u l u n g a n n g H o n g k o n g k u m p a r a

U n a R e v i s i t a a

s a m a l u p i t n a k u l u n g a n s a P i l i p i n a s . 5.

h e H o n g k o n g T e l e g r a p h i s a n g p a h a y a g a n k u n

g s a a n s i r i z a l a y n a g p a p a d a l a n g m g a a r t i

k u l o .

r i z a l s a

L a l i g a F i l i p i n a .
A.

6.

A n g p i n a k a m a h a l a g a n g i s i n u l a t n i

H o n g k o n g a y a n g s a l i g a n g

A n g P a g p a p a s i y a n a M a g

B a t a s n g

b a l i k s a M a y n i l a 1. a.

b a l i k s a M a y n i l a .

D e s p u j o l u k o l s a P r o y e k t o n g B o r n e o b.

A n g m g a d a h i l a n n a m a g

K a u s a p i n s i G o b . H e n .

I t a

t a g a n g

t u n a y a n k a y E d u a r d o d e L e t e n a i t o a y m a l i

s a k a n y a n g p a n i n i w a l a n a m a t a p a n g s i R i z a

L a L i g a F i l i p i n a
s a M a y n i l a c.

P a

l d a h i l a n s a s i y a a y m a l a y o s a m g a E s p a n y o 1.

l .

a n g k a n y a n g n a i s n a p a g b a b a l i k s a M a y n i l a

T i n u t u l a n n g m g a k a m a g a n a k n i R i z a l

d a h i l a n s a i t o o a y m a n g a n g a h u l u g a n l a m a n g

n g k a m a t a y a n . 2.

s u m u s u n o d n a s u l a t b a g o u m a l i s n g H o n g k o n g

G i n a w a n i R i z a l a n g m g a

n a i n i n g a t a n n i D r . M a r q u e z n a b u b u k s a n l

a m a n g k u n g s i y a a y m a m a m a t a y . a.

k a n y a n g m g a m a g u l a n g a t m g a k a p a t i d b.

s u l a t s a

S u

l a t s a s a m b a y a n a n g P i l i p i n o c.

o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l D e s p u j o l 1.

R i z a l k a s a m a n i L u c i a s a M a y n i l a . K a s a b a y

S u l a t s a G

N a g b a l i k s i

n a m a n n g p a g u w i n g R i z a l a y p a g s a s a m p a n a

m a n n g k a n y a n g m g a k a a w a y n g k a s o . K A B A N A

T A 2 1 A N G P A G B A B A L I K A T P A G T A T A G N G L A L

I G A A.

6 , 1 8 9 2 n a g b a l i k s i R i z a l s a M a y n i l a k a s

a m a n g k a n y a n g k a p a t i d n a s i L u c i a a t t u m i

A n g I k a l a w a n g P a g b a b a l i k 1.

H u n y o 2

g i l s a H o t e l d e O r i e n t e . 2.

s a b i n g a r a w n a g t u n g o s i R i z a l s a M a l a c a n a n

g u p a n g m a k i p a g k i t a s a g o b e r n a d o r h e n e r a l

S a h a p o n n g n a

n g u n i t p i n a b a l i k s i y a n g g a b i a t n a k a u s a p

s i D e s p u j o l . 3.

k a p a t i d n a s i N a r c i s a a t s i N e n e n g . 4.

B i n i s i t a n i y a a n g k a n y a n g

K i n

a b u k a s a n , s u m a k a y s i R i z a l n g t r e n a t d i n a

l a w a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a i b i g a n s a M a l o l o s , B

u l a c a n ; S a n F e r n a n d o , P a m p a n g a ; T a r l a c , T a

r l a c ; a t B a c o l o r , P a m p a n g a . A n g k a n y a n g m g

a p a g l a l a k b a y a y s i n u s u n d a n n g m g a E s p a n y o

l a t m g a b a h a y n a k a n y a n g b i n i s i t a p a g k a t a

p o s n g i l a n g a r a w a y s i n a l a k a y n g m g a k a w a

l E s p a n y o l . 5.

u l i n g n a k i p a g k i t a s i R i z a l k a y D e s p u j o l . A.

S a m g a s u m u n o d n a a r a w a y m

P a g t a t a y o n g L a L i g a F i l i p i n a 1.

i t i n a t a g n i R i z a l a n g L a L i g a F i l i p i n a s a

b a h a y n i D o r o t e o O n g j u n g c o s a K a l y e Y l a y a

H u l y o 3 ,

, t o n d o M a y n i l a . 2.

a l u h a n n g m g a s u m u s u n o d : a.

a k t a w b.

D o m i n g o F r a n c o c.

A n g p a g p u p u l o n g a y d i n

P e d r o S e r a n o L

J o s e R a m o s d.

h. A m b r o s i o S a l v a d o r e.

A g u s t i n d e l a R o s a g. i.

L u i s V i l l a r e a l

B o n i f a c i o A r e v a l o f.

M o i s e s S a l v a d o r

F a u s t i n o V i l l a r u e l

j.

t i c o M a r i a n o C r i s o s t o m o l.

t a n.

E s t a n i s l a o L e g a s p i m. T e o d o r o P l a A.

A n d r e s B o n i f a c i o o.

k.

N u m e r i a n o A d r i a

J u a n Z u l u e t a

a g a r e s t o a t P a g p a p a t a p o n 1.

, 1 8 9 2 s a i s a n g p a k i k i p a g u s a p n i R i z a l

k a y D e s p u j o l a y i n a r e s t o s i y a s a d a h i l a n s

N o o n g H u l y o 6

a b i n t a n g n a p a g d a d a l a n g m g a p o l y e t o n g k o

n t r a s i m b a h a n . 2.

m a h i g p i t n a p i n a b a b a n t a y a n s a F o r t S a n t i a g

I p i n a k u l o n g s i R i z a l a t

o . 3.

n n a i p a t a p o n s i R i z a l s a D a p i t a n .

l a s i R i z a l s a D a p i t a n s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g b

S u m u n o d n a a r a w i n i l a b a s a n g k a u t u s a

4.

D i n a

a r k o n g

T A N A.

5 , 1 8 9 2 n a k a r a t i n g s i R i z a l s a D a p i t a n a

C e b u .

A n g B u h a y n g I s a n g T a p o n 1.

K A B A N A T A 2 2 T A P O N S A D A P I

H u l y o 1

t i p i n a g k a l o o b k a y K a p i t a n R i c a r d o C a r n i c e

r o a n g k o m a n d a n t e n g h u k b o n g E s p a n y o l s a l

u g a r . 2.

D a l a n i R i z a l a n g s u l a t n i P a d r e

P a b l o P a s t e l l s n a s u p e r i o r n g m g a J e s u i t a

p a r a k a y P a d r e A n t o n i o O b a c h a n g p a r i n g J e

s u i t a s a D a p i t a n . A n g s u l a t a y n a g l a l a m a n

n g m g a k o n d i s y o n u p a n g s i R i z a l a y m a k a t i r

a s a k u m b e n t o . 3. s i R i z a l s a k u w a r t e l n a p i n a m u m u n u a n n i K

P a n s a m a n t a l a n g n a n i r a h a n

a p i t a n C a r c i n e r o n a k a n y a n g n a g i n g k a i b i g a

n . 4.

a R i z a l , C a r c i n e r o a t i s a n g E s p a n y o l n g D i

S e t y e m b r e 2 1 , 1 8 9 1 n a k a t a n g g a p s i n

p o l o g a n g g a n t i m p a l a n a a n g k a n i l a n g t i c k e

t b i l a n g 9 7 3 6 a y n a n a l o n g i k a l a w a n g g a n t i

m p a l a n g P 2 0 , 0 0 0 . A n g n a g i n g h a t i n i R i z a l

a y P 6 , 2 0 0 . I b i n i g a y n i y a a n g P 2 , 0 0 0 s a k a n

y a n g a m a a t P 2 0 0 k a y J o s e M a . B a s a s a H o n g

k o n g a t a n g n a t i r a a y k a n i y a n g g i n a m i t s a

p a g b i l i n g l u p a s a T a l i s a y n a i s a n g k i l o m e

t r o a n g l a y o s a b a y a n n g D a p i t a n . 5.

o o n n g i s a n g m a h a b a n g s u l a t a n s i n a R i z a l a

N g k a r

t P a s t e l l s u k o l s a u s a p i n n g r e l i h i y o n n a

n a g l a l a m a n n g m g a p a n i n i w a l a n g p a n g r e l i h i y

o n n i R i z a l . a.

G i n a g a m i t n g m g a p r a y l e a n

g r e l i h i y o n s a p a n s a r i l i n g k a p a k i n a b a n g a n .

b.

A n g s a r i l i n g p a g p a p a s i y a a y b i y a y a n g

D i y o s s a l a h a t n g t a o . 1.

H i n d i n a g t a g u m p a

y s i P a s t e l l n a m a i b a l i k s i R i z a l p a r a s a

s i m b a h a n . 2.

a n s e s n a s i M r . J u a n L a r d e t n g d u w e l o d a h i

H i n a m o n n i R i z a l a n g i s a n g P r

l a n s a p a g b e b e n t a k a y R i z a l n g m g a k a h o y n 3.

a m a b a b a a n g k w a l i d a d .

e P a s t e l l s s i P a d r e F r a n c i s c o S a n c h e z s a D

I n i l i p a t n i P a d r

a p i t a n u p a n g m u l i n g a k i t i n s i R i z a l n a m a g

b a l i k s a s i m b a h a n . N g u n i t h i n d i r i n i t o n a

g t a g u m p a y . 4.

N a k a t a n g g a p n a r i n s i R i z a l

n g m g a p a n a u h i n s a D a p i t a n a t n a k a s a m a n i y

a a n g k a n y a n g m g a k a p a m i l y a a t n a g p a t a y o n

a n g b a h a y s a T a l i s a y . 5.

N a g p a d a l a a n g m g

a p r a y l e n g i s a n g t a o n a m a y a l y a s n a P a b l

o M e r c a d o ( F l o r e n c i o N a m a n a n ) u p a n g i s a n g k

o t s i R i z a l s a m a s m a l a k i n g k a s o . 6.

N a g t r

a b a h o s i R i z a l s a D a p i t a n b i l a n g i s a n g m a n

g g a g a m o t . A n g k a n y a n g m g a p a s y e n t e a y m g a

m a h i h i r a p n a h i n d i m a k a b a y a d a t m g a m a y a y a

m a n n a n a g b a b a y a d n g m a l a k i s a k a n y a n g p a g

l i l i n g k o d . N a n g t u m i r a a n g k a n y a n g i n a s a

D a p i t a n s a l o o b n g i s a a t k a l a h a t i n g t a o n ,

g i n a m o t d i n i t o n i R i z a l . N a k i l a l a a n g k a

h u s a y a n n i R i z a l s a p a n g g a g a m o t k a h i t n a s

i y a a y n a s a D a p i t a n , s i n a s a d y a s y a n g m g a

p a s y e n t e m u l a s a i b a ' t i b a n g p a n i g n g d a i g

d i g . N a g i n g i n t e r e s d i n n i R i z a l a n g m g a l 7.

o k a l a t h a l a m a n g g a m o t .

I t i n a y o n i R i z a

l a n g i s a n g s i s t e m a n g p a t u b i g s a D a p i t a n

u p a n g m a g k a r o o n n g m a l i n i s n a t u b i g s a b a w

a t b a h a y n g D a p i t a n . 8.

M g a P r o y e k t o n g P a n

g k o m u n i d a d s a D a p i t a n : a.

a l a t i a n u p a n g m a w a l a a n g m a l a r i a b.

l a g a y n g p a i l a w s a l a n s a n g a n n g D a p i t a n c.

P a g l i l i n i s n g m g

P a g l a

y P a g p a p a g a n d a n g l i w a s a n a t a n g p a g l a l a g a n g m a p a n g M i n d a n a o s a p l a s a . 1.

a k i n g p a n a h o n n i R i z a l a y g i n a m i t d i n n i y a

A n g m a l

s a p a g t u t u r o n g m g a k a b a t a a n s a D a p i t a n .

T i n u r u a n n i y a a n g m g a i t o n g m g a a r a l i n s a

w i k a , h e o g r a p i y a , k a s a y s a y a n , m a t e m a t i k a ,

y g a w a i n g i n d u s t r i y a l a t i b a p a . A n g o r a s a 2. m u l a a l a s 2 : 0 0 h a n g g a n g 4 : 0 0 n g h a p o n . a. M g a a m b a g n i R i z a l s a A g h a m s a D a p i t a n

P i n a s o k n i R i z a l a n g m g a k a g u b a t a n a t b a

y b a y d a g a t n g D a p i t a n p a r a s a p a g h a h a n a p

n g m g a

s p e c i m e n
u p a n g i p a d a l a n i y a s a m g a m

u s e o n g E u r o p a . b.

6 n a u r i n g m g a k a b i b i . a n g

s p e c i e s n g D r a c o r i z a l i A p o g o n i a r i z a

N a k a p a g i p o n s i y a n g 3 4

c.

N a t a g p u a n n i y a

l i a t R h a c o p h o r u s r i z a l i .
1.

n g m g a w i k a a y i p i n a g p a t u l o y n i R i z a l s a

D a p i t a n . S a p a n a h o n g i t o a y n a t u t u n a n n i y a

A n g p a g a a r a l

a n g w i k a n g B i s a y a , S u b u a n i n , a t M a l a y o . 2.

A n g k a h u s a y a n s a l a r a n g a n n g s i n i n g a y m

a k i k i t a p a r i n k a y R i z a l s a p a n a h o n n g p a g

k a k a t a p o n n i y a s a D a p i t a n . G u m u g u h i t s i y a

n g m g a b a g a y n a n a k a a k i t s a k a n y a a t n i l i l

o k n i y a a n g ( 1 )

P a g h i h i g a n t i n g I n a :
( 2 ) a

n g u l o n i P a d r e G u e r i c c o ; ( 3 ) e s t a t w a n g i 3.

s a n g b a b a e n g t a g a D a p i t a n .

n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g p a n a h o n s a D a p i t a n b i

G i n a m i t d i n

l a n g i s a n g m a g s a s a k a . U m a b o t n g 7 0 h e k t a r y

a a n g l u p a n g k a n y a n g p a g a a r i n a t i n a n i m a n n i y a n g a b a k a , n i y o g , p u n o n g k a h o y , t u b o

, m a i s , k a p e , a t c o c o a . G i n a m i t d i n n i R i z

a l a n g m o d e r n o n g p a g s a s a k a s a p a m a m a g i t a n

n g p a g a a n g k a t s a E s t a d o s U n i d o s n g m g a m a

k a b a g o n g m a k i n a r y a . 4.

i s a s a m g a n a g i n g g a w a i n n i R i z a l s a D a p i

t a n . N a k i p a g s o s y o s i y a k a y R a m o n C a r r e o n ,

A n g p a g n e n e g o s y o a y

m a n g a n g a l a k a l n a t a g a D a p i t a n s a n e g o s y o

n g p a n g i n g i s d a , k o p r a h a n a t a b a k a . I t i n a y o

d i n n i R i z a l a n g k o o p e r a t i b a n g m g a m a g a s

a s a k a s a D a p i t a n u p a n g m a b a w a s a n a n g m o n o p

o l y o n g m g a T s i n o s a l u g a r . 5.

k h a i n s i R i z a l s a D a p i t a n s a p a m a m a g i t a n n

N a g i n g m a l i

g p a g l i k h a n g m g a s u m u s u n o d ; a. i s a n g p a g s i n d i n g s i g a r i l y o n a

h o y

b.

m a k i n a s a p a g g a w a n g

s u l p u k a n
-

g a w a s a k a

b r i c k s
1.

S i

J o s e p h i n e B r a c k e n . a.

v e r a n o o n g A g o s t o 2 8 , 1 8 9 3 d a h i l a n s a p a n g

a n g a n a k . b.

D u m a t i n g s i J o s e p h i n e B r a c k e n

N a m a t a y s i L e o n o r R i

( e d a d 1 7 ) s a D a p i t a n u p a n g s a m a h a n a n g k a n

y a n g a m a a m a h a n n a s i G e o r g e T a u f f e r u p a n g

m a p a g a m o t k a y R i z a l . D a l a n i l a a n g i s a n g t

a r h e t a n i J u l i o L l o r e n t e . c.

i n a R i z a l a t J o s e p h i n e a t n a g b a l a k n a m a g p

a k a s a l n g u n i t a y a w s i l a n g i k a s a l n i P a d r e

N a g m a h a l a n s

O b a c h n g w a l a n g p e r m i s o n g a r s o b i s p o n g C e

b u . d.

w a n s i

U m a l i s s i T a u f f e r s a M a y n i l a a t n a i

J o s e p h i n e s a D a p i t a n u p a n g m a k i s a m a

k a y R i z a l . e.

k u n a n s i J o s e p h i n e s a k a n i l a n g a n a k n i R i z

a l . 1.

D u m a t i n g s a D a p i t a n n o o n g H u n y o 1 8 9

S a u n a n g b a h a g i n g 1 8 9 6 , n a

6 s i D r . P i o V a l e n z u e l a u p a n g i p a a l a m k a y R

i z a l a n g u k o l s a K a t i p u n a n . H i n i k a y a t n i V

a l n z u e l a a n g p a m u m u n o n i R i z a l s a K a t i p u n a

n n a t i n a g g i h a n n a m a n n i y a . 2.

y o s i R i z a l u p a n g m a g l i n g k o d s a

p a n y o l b i l a n g i s a n g s e r u h a n o s a C u b a . A n g

N a g b o l u n t a r

h u k b o n g E s

k a n y a n g k a h i l i n g a n a y t i n u g o n n a m a n n i G o b

. H e n . R a m o n B l a n c o n a s u m a g o t s a k a n y a n g

s u l a t n o o n g H u l y o 1 8 9 6 n a n a g s a s a b i n g p a g

s a n g a y o n s a k a n y a n g p l a n o . 3.

R i z a l n o o n g H u n y o 3 1 , 1 8 9 6 s a k a y n g b a r k o n

E s p a n a k a s a m a
n i n a J o s e p h i n e , N a r c i s a , a t

N i l i s a n n i

p a m a n g k i n g s i A n g e l i c a .

U L I N G P A G L A L A K B A Y S A L A B A S K A B A N A T A 2 3 H 1. N G B A N S A

a D a p i t a n p a t u n g o n g M a y n i l a

a.

N a g d a a n a n g

M u l

b a r k o n g

i t o n i R i z a l a n g i s a n i y a n g k a i b i g a n n a s i

H e r r e r o R e g i d o r n a h u k o m n g l a l a w i g a n . I n o

E s p a n a
s a D u m a g u e t e a t b i n i s i t a d

p e r a h a n n i y a s a m a t a a n g i s a n g k a p i t a n n g

g u a r d i a c i v i l .
b.

a h a n n i y a a n g m a g a s a w a n g M a t e o n a k a n y a n g

D u m a a n s a C e b u a t i n o p e r

n a k i l a l a s a M a d r i d . c.

p a r a m a m i l i a t n a g d a a n s a

1.

S a p a g d a t i n g n i R i z a l s a M a y n i l a a y n a

D u m a a n n g I l o i l o

C a p i z a n g b a r k o .

k a a l i s n a a n g b a r k o n g

a k y a n s a n a n i y a p a t u n g o n g E s p a n y a . N a p i l i

t a n g t u m i g i l s i R i z a l s a b a r k o n g

I s l a d e L u z o n
n a s a s

C a s t i l l a s

a l o o b h a l o s n g i s a n g b u w a n b i l a n g p a n a u h i

n n i E n r i q u e E s t a l o n , a n g k a p i t a n n g b a r k 2.

o .

H a b a n g n a s a b a r k o s i R i z a l a y s u m i k l

a b a n g h i m a g s i k a n g P i l i p i n o l a b a n s a m g a E

s p a n y o l . N a l a m a n n i R i z a l a n g p a g s i k l a b n g

h i m a g s i k a n s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g p a g b a b a s a n g

m g a p a h a y a g a n s a b a r k o . 3.

s t o 3 0 , 1 8 9 6 n a t a n g g a p n i R i z a l a n g i s a n g

s u k a t n i B l a n c o n a n a g e e n d o r s o s a k a n y a s

S a p e t s a n g A g o

a M i n i s t r o n g D i g m a . 4.

n g S e t y e m b r e 2 , 1 8 9 6 s a

n a y
n a m a g l a l a y a g n a p a t u n g o n g B a r c e l o n a .

I n i l i p a t s i R i z a l

b a r k o n g

I s l a d e P a

5. S i n g a p o r e , p a n s a m a n t a l a n g b u m a b a s i R i z a l s a S i n g a p o r e a t p i n a y u h a n s i y a n i D o n M a n u

A n g b a r k o n g

I s l a d e P a n a y
a y d u m a a n n g

e l C a m u s n a i s a n g P i l i p i n o n g n a n i n i r a h a n n

a s a m a n t a l a h i n n a a n g p a g k a k a t a o n u p a n g m a

k a t a k a s . H i n d i i t o s i n u n o d n i R i z a l . 6.

H a

b a n g s i R i z a l a y n a g l a l a k b a y p a t u n g o n g E s

p a n y a a y l i h i m n a n a g p a p a d a l a n g t e l e g r a m a

s i B l a n c o s a M i n i s t e r i o n g D i g m a a n n a s i

R i z a l a n g u t a k n g h i m a g s i k a n . 7.

a n a l a y n a r i n i g n i R i z a l a n g b a l i t a u k o l s

a p a g b i t a y s a m g a P i l i p i n o n g n a g h i h i n a l a n g

S a S u e z C

k a s a n g k o t s a h i m a g s i k a n . 8.

1 8 9 6 n a r i n i g n i R i z a l a n g

s i y a a y a a r e s t u h i n p a g d a t i n g s a B a r c e l o n

S e t y e m b r e 2 8 ,

b a l i b a l i t a n g

a . 9.

i z a l n i K a p i t a n A l e m a n y a n g k a u t u s a n n a s i

y a ( R i z a l ) a y i d e d e t i n e s a l o o b n g k a n y a n g

S e t y e m b r e 3 0 , 1 8 9 6 i p i n a a l a m k a y R

k a b i n a h a n g g a n g h i n d i n a k a k a b a l i k s a M a y n

i l a . 1 1 . O k t u b r e 3 , 1 8 9 6 n a k a r a t i n g a n g b

a r k o n g

I s l a d e P a n a y
s a B a r c e l o n a a t i p i n a

d a l a s a M u n j u i c h C a s t l e n a n o o n a y p i n a m u m

u n u a n n i G e n e r a l E u l o g i o D e s p u j o l . O k t u b r e

6 , 1 8 9 6 i n i l a b a s s i R i z a l n g k u l u n g a n p

a r a i b a l i k s a M a y n i l a s a k a y n g b a r k o n g

o n .

K A B A N A T A 2 4 H U L I N G P A G B A B A L I K A T P

A G L I L I T I S A.

A n g H u l i n g P a g b a b a l i k 1.

C o l

S a B

a r k o n g C o l o n s i R i z a l a y b i n i g y a n n g i s a n g

k a b u n a a t n a s a i l a l i m n g m a h i g p i t n a p a g b 2.

a b a n t a y .

N a l a m a n n i y a s a i s a n g o p i s y a l

n a s i y a a n g s i n i s i s i n g m g a E s p a n y o l u k o l

s a n a g a g a n a p n a m a d u g o n g h i m a g s i k a n s a P i l

i p i n a s . 3.

K i n u m p i s k a n g m g a E s p a n y o l a n g

t a l a a r a w a n n i R i z a l . 4.

r k o n g

C o l o n s a
S i n g a p o r e a y s i n i k a p n i D r .

A n t o n i o R e g i d o r a t S i x t o L o p e z s a p a m a m a g i

S a p a g d a t i n g n g b a

t a n n g i s a n g a b o g a d o n g I n g l e s n a s i A t t o r n

e y F o r t n a b i g y a n s i R i z a l n g

s n g u n i t
h i n d i i t o n a i p a g k a l o o b s a d a h i l a n g

h a b e a s c o r p u

a n g b a r k o n g C o l o n a y n a s a i l a l i m n g b a n d i

l a n g E s p a n y a . 5.

r a t i n g a n g b a r k o n g C o l o n s a M a y n i l a a t t a h

N o b y e m b r e 3 , 1 8 9 6 N a k a

i m i k n a i n i l i p a t s i R i z a l s a F o r t S a n t i a g o

. S a p a n a h o n g i t o a n g m g a E s p a n y o l a y n a n g

a n g a l a p n a n g e b i d e n s i y a l a b a n k a y R i z a l .

P i n a h i r a p a n n g m g a E s p a n y o l a n g m a r a m i n g m

g a P i l i p i n o p a r a i s a b i t s i R i z a l s a n a g a g a

n a p n a h i m a g s i k a n . 6.

N a g k a r o o n n g i s a n g

r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n
s a k a s o n i R i z a l

n a p i n a m u m u n u a n n i C o l o n e l F r a n c i s c o O l i v e

. S i R i z a l a y s u m a i l a l i a m s a l i m a n g a r a w

n g m a h i g p i t n a i m b e s t i g a s y o n . 7.

R i z a l a n g p a n g a l a n n i T i n y e n t e L u i s T a v i e l

d e A n d r a d e b i l a n g a b o g a d o s a g a g a n a p i n g p a

P i n i l i n i

g l i l i t i s s a k a n y a . 8.

i t i s k a y R i z a l n o o n g D i s y e m b r e 2 6 , 1 8 9 6 a t

s a n a s a b i d i n g a r a w a y n a g p a s i y a a n g h u k u

N a g s i m u l a a n g p a g l i l

m a n n a b i t a y i n s i R i z a l s a p a m a m a g i t a n n g

p a g b a r i l . 9.

d a a n n i G o b e r n a d o r H e n e r a l C a m i l o P o l a v i e l

N o o n g D i s y e m b r e 2 8 , 1 8 9 6 n i l a g

a a n g k a u t u s a n n g p a g b a r i l k a y J o s e R i z a l . K A B A N A T A 2 5 A N G K A G I T I N G A N S A B A G U M B A 1.

Y A N A.

A n g m g a H u l i n g O r a s n i R i z a l

S a

g a n a p n a i k a 6 : 0 0 n g u m a g a a y b i n a s a n i K

a p i t a n R a f a e l D o m i n g u e z a n g k a p a s i y a h a n n a

s i y a a y b i t a y i n , s a B a g u m b a y a n s a D i s y e m b

r e 3 0 , 1 8 9 6 s a g a n a p n a i k a 7 n g u m a g a . 2.

A l a s 7 : 0 0 n g u m a g a T i n a n g g a p n i y a n g b i

s i t a s i n a P a d r e M i g u e l S a d e r r a M a t t a ( R e c t

o r n g A t e n e o ) a t P a d r e L u i s V i z a , i s a n g J e 3.

s u i t a n g G u r o .

l i t k a y P a d r e V i z a s i P a d r e A n t o n i o R o s e l l

A l a s 8 : 0 0 n g u m a g a P u m a

, i n i m b i t a h a n s i y a n i R i z a l n a m a g a l m u s a l

. P a g k a t a p o s n a m a g a l m u s a l d u m a t i n g s i T i

n y e n t e L u i s T a v i e l d e A n d r a d e a t n a g p a s a l a

m a t s i R i z a l d i t o s a g i n a w a n g p a g t a t a n g g o l 4.

n i y a .

P a d r e F e d e r i c o F a u r a a t s i n a b i n i R i z a l n

A l a s 9 : 0 0 n g u m a g a D u m a t i n g s i

a t a m a a n g s i n a b i n g p a r e n a m a p u p u t u l a n s

i y a n g u l o s a p a g s u l a t n g

5.

A l a s 1 0 : 0 0 n g u m a g a D u m a t i n g s i P a

N o l i M e T a n g e r e

d r e V i l l a c l a r a ( g u r o n i R i z a l s a A t e n e o ) a

t P a d r e V i c e n t e B a l a g u e r ( k u r a p a r o k o n g D

a p i t a n ) . D u m a t i n g s i S a n t i a g o M a t a i x a t k i

n a p a n a y a m s i R i z a l p a r a s a p a h a y a g a n g

e r a l d o d e M a d r i d .
6.

i n a i w a n s i R i z a l n a n a g i i s a s a k a n y a n g

A l a s 1 2 : 0 0 n g t a n g h a l

E l H

s i l i d p a r a m a g t a n g h a l i a n . P a g k a t a p o s n i t o

a y i p i n a g p a t u l o y n i y a a n g k a n y a n g p a g s u s u

l a t . N a t a p o s n a n i y a a n g

M i U l t i m o A d i o s
a

t i t a t a g o n a l a m a n g s a

g i n a w a n a r i n n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g h u l i n g

s u l a t k a y F e r d i n a n d B l u m e n t r i t t . 7.

l u t u a n g a l c o h o l
a t

A l a s 3

: 0 0 n g h a p o n a y n a g b a l i k s i P a d r e B a l a g u e r

s a F o r t S a n t i a g o a t k i n u k u l i t s i R i z a l n a

g u m a w a n g i s a n g r e t r a k s i y o n s a k a n y a n g i s

i n u l a t n a l a b a n s a s i m b a h a n g K a t o l i k o . 8.

A l a s 4 : 0 0 n g h a p o n d u m a t i n g a n g i n a n i R

i z a l s a F o r t S a n t i a g o . L u m u h o d d i t o s i R i z

a l a t h i n a l i k a n a n g k a n y a n g i n a . S u m u n o d s

i T r i n i d a d a t d i t o a y i b i n i g a y n i y a a n g

t u a n g a l c o h o l
n a n a g l a l a m a n n g

M i U l t i m i A

l u

d i o s
. 9.

a p a t i d n i

J e s u i t a s a p a n g u n g u l i t k a y R i z a l n a g u m a w

S a p a g a l i s n g m g a m a g u l a n g a t k

R i z a l a y n a g b a l i k p a r i n a n g m g a

a n g r e t r a k s i y o n . 10 . A l a s 6 : 0 0 n g g a b i P a t u l o y p a r i n s a p a n

g u n g u l i t a n g m g a J e s u i t a a t m g a p r a y l e n a

g u m a w a n a s i R i z a l n g i s a n g r e t r a k s i y o n . 11 .

n a g s a g a w a s i R i z a l n g A l a s 8 : 0 0 n g g a b i k a n y a n g h u l i n g h a p

u n a n s i n a b i n i y a k a y k a p i t a n D o m i n g u e z n a

p i n a t a t a w a d n a n i y a a n g l a h a t n g k a n y a n g m 12

g a k a a w a y . .

A l a s

1 0 : 0 0 i p i n a d a l a n g A r s o b i s p o N o z a l e d a a n g

i s a n g k o p y a n g r e t r a k s i y o n n a p i p i r m a h a n

n i R i z a l n g u n i t i t o a y t i n a g g i h a n n i R i z a l

. D a h i l a n s a h i n d i n a p a p i r m a s i R i z a l s a r

e t r a k s i y o n , a n g p a r i n g J e s u i t a a y h i n u w a d

a n g l a g d a n u i R i z a l a t p a g k a m a t a y n i R i z a l

a y s i n a b i n i l a n a s i R i z a l a y l u m a g d a n g 13

i s a n g r e t r a k s i y o n . .

A l a s 3 : 0 0 n g u m a g a s i n a s a b i n g m g a p a r i

n g J e s u i t a n a s i R i z a l a y n a k i n i g n g m i s a

a t t u m a g g a p n g k o m u n y o n . N g u n i t i t o a y w a l 14

a n g b a s e h a n . .

A l a s

5 : 3 0 k i n a i n n i R i z a l a n g k a n y a n g h u l i n g

a l m u s a l p a g k a t a p o s a y s i n u l a t n i y a a n g d a l

a w a n g s u l a t p a r a s a k a n y a n g k a s a m b a h a y a t

s a k a p a t i d n a s i P a c i a n o .

i n g s i J o s e p h i n e B r a c k e n a t i p i n a g k a l o o b n

S a n a b a n g g i t d i n n a o r a s a y d u m a t

15

i R i z a l a n g i s a n g a k l a t n i K e m p i s n a m a y p

a m a g a t n a

g a k l a t i n i l a g a y n i R i z a l a n g i s a n g s u l a t

I m i t a c i o n d e C r i s t o
. S a n a s a b i n

n a

T o m y d e a r a n d u n h a p p y w i f e , J o s e p h i n e

D e c e m b e r 3 0 , 1 8 9 6 . J o s e R i z a l .
16 .

A l a s 6 : 0 0 n g u m a g a h a b a n g

n a g h a h a n d a p a r a s a m a r t s a s a B a g u m b a y a n , i

n i h a n d a n i R i z a l a n g k a n y n g h u l i n g s u l a t p

a r a s a k a n y a n g a m a a t i n a . 17 .

n g m a r t s a A l a s 6 : 3 0 n a g s i m u l a n g u m a l i s a m u l a s a a F o r t S a n t i a g o p a t u n g o n

g B a g u m b a y a n . A p a t n a s u n d a l o n g E s p a n y o l n

a n a k a b a r i l a t b a y o n e t a a n g n a s a h a r a p a n ,

s a l i k u r a n s i R i z a l n a m a h i n a h o n g n a g l a l a k

a d k a s a b a y n i T i n y e n t e L u i s T a v i e l d e A n d r

a d e s a i s a n g t a b i a t s i P a d r e M a r c h a t V i l

l a c l a r a s a k a b i l a . S a l i k u r a n n g m a r a m i n g

m g a s u n d a l o n g E s p a n y o l n a n a s a s a n d a t a h a n .

S a p a n a b i n g m a r t s a a y a n g h a n a y n g m g a t a 18

o n g n a n o n o o d . .

p a g d a t i n g n i R i z a l s a B a g u m b a y a n m a s m a r a m

S a

i n g b i l a n g n g m g a t a o a n g n a g h i h i n t a y u p a n

g s a k s i h a n a n g g a g a w i n g p a g b i t a y k a y R i z a 19

l . .

N a g p a a l a m s i R

i z a l k a y L u i s T a v i e l d e A n d r a d e . P i n u l s u h

a n s i y a n i D r . C a s t i l l o i s a n g m a n g g a g a m o t

n g h u k b o n g E s p a n y o l a t h u m a n g a s a n o r m a l n

a t i b o k n g p u l s o n i t o . 20 .

l s a B a g u m b a y a n . 21 .

A l a s 7 : 0 0 n g u m a g a b i n a r i l s i R i z a

P a g k a t a p o s n g b a r i l i n n g f i r i n g s q u a d i s a n

g o p i s y a l n g h u k b o a n g l u m a p i t s a k a n y a n g

k a t a w a n a t b i n a r i l n a m a l a p i t a n s a p u s o . U

p a n g t i y a k i n n a p a t a y n a i t o . 22. Pagkatapos ng pagbitay, ang bangkay ni Rizal ay inilibing sa sementeryo ng Paco. 2 Comments

Teoryang Klasismo/Klasisismo

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay maglahad ng mga pangyayaring payak, ukol sa pagkakaiba ng estado sa buhay ng dalawang nagiibigan, karaniwan ang daloy ng mga pangyayari, matipid at pilingpili sa paggamit ng mga salita at laging nagtatapos nang may kaayusan.

madaling maunawaan kaysa gumamit lamang ng karaniwang salita. Sa halip na paglalarawan at tuwirang maglalahad ng mga imahen na layong ilantad ang totoong kaisipan ng pahayag sa loob ng panitikan.
Teoryang Realismo

Teoryang Humanismo

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita na ang tao ang sentro ng mundo; ay binibigyang-tuon ang kalakasan at mabubuting katangian ng tao gaya ng talino, talento atbp.

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita ang mga karanasan at nasaksisan ng may-akda sa kanyang lipunan. Samakatuwid, ang panitikan ay hango sa totoong buhay ngunit hindi tuwirang totoo sapagkat isinaalang-alang ng may-akda ang kasiningan at pagkaefektibo ng kanyang sinulat.

Teoryang Feminismo

Teoryang Imahismo

Teoryang Pampanitikan

Jul 19, '08 1:35 AM for everyone

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay gumamit ng mga imahen na higit na maghahayag sa mga damdamin, kaisipan, ideya, saloobin at iba pang nais na ibahagi ng mayadka na higit na

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay magpakilala ng mga kalakasan at kakayahang pambabae at iangat ang pagtingin ng lipunan sa mga kababaihan. Madaling matukoy

kung ang isang panitikan ay feminismo sapagkat babae o sagisag babae ang pangunahing tauhan ay ipimayagpag ang mabubuti at magagandang katangian ng tauhan.
Teoryang Arkitaypal

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita ang mga mahahalagang bahagi ng akda sa pamamagitan ng mga simbolo. Ngunit hindi bastabasta masusuri ang mga simbolismo sa akda. Pinakamainam na alamin muna ang kabuuang konsepto at tema ng panitikan sapagkat ang mga simbolismong napapaloob sa akda ay magkaugnay sa isat isa. Ang lahat ng simbolismo ay naaayon sa tema at konseptong ipinapakilala ng may-akda sa mga mambabasa.

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay iparating sa mambabasa ang nais niyang ipaabot gamit ang kanyang tuwirang panitikan. Samakatuwid, kung ano ang sinasabi ng mayakda sa kanyang panitikan ang siyang nais niyang ipaabot sa mambabasa walang labis at walang kulang. Walang simbolismo at hindi humihingi ng higit na malalimang pagsusurit pangunawa.

udyok na mabago o mabuo ito.

Teoryang Eksistensyalismo

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita na may kalayaan ang tao na pumili o magdesisyon para sa kanyang sarili na siyang pinakasentro ng kanyang pananatili sa mundo (human existence).

Teoryang Romantisismo

Teoryang Saykolohikal/Sikolohik al

Teoryang Formalismo/Formalisti ko

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipaliwanag sa pamamagitan ng pagpapakita ng mga salig (factor) sa pagbuo ng naturang behavior (pag-uugali, paniniwala, pananaw, pagkatao) sa isang tauhan sa kanyang akda. Ipinakikita sa akda na ang tao ay nagbabago o nagkakaroon ng panibagong behav ior dahil may nag-

Ang layunin ng teoryang ito ay ipamalas ang ibat ibang paraan ng tao o sumasagisag sa tao sa pagaalay ng kanyang pag-ibig sa kapwa, bansa at mundong kinalakhan. Ipinakikita rin sa akda na gagawin at gagawin ng isang nilalang ang lahat upang maipaalam lamang ang kanyang pag-ibig sa tao o bayang napupusuan.

Teoryang Markismo/Marxismo

Ang layunin ng teoryang ito ay ipakita na ang tao

o sumasagisag sa tao ay may sariling kakayahan na umangat buhat sa pagdurusang dulot ng pangekononiyang kahirapan at suliraning panlipunan at pampulitika. Ang mga paraan ng pag-ahon mula sa kalugmukan sa adka ay nagsisilbing modelo para sa mga mambabasa.
Teoryang Sosyolohikal

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita ang kalagayan at suliraning panlipunan ng lipunang kinabibilangan ng may-akda. Naipakikita rito ang pamaraan ng mga tauhan sa pagsugpo sa suliranin o kalagayan ng lipunan na nagsisilbing gabay sa mga mambabasa sa magpuksa sa mga katulad na suliranin.

ang ibat ibang pamantayang sumusukat sa moralidad ng isang tao ang pamantayan ng tama at mali. Inilalahad din nito ang mga pilosopiya o proposisyong nagsasaad sa pagkatama o kamalian ng isang kilos o ugali ayon sa pamantayang itinakda ng lipunan. Sa madaling sabi, ang moralidad ay napagkakasundua n ayon na rin sa kaantasan nito.
Teoryang Bayograpikal

mambabasa kanyang karanasan mundo.

Teoryang Queer

sa sa

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay iangat at pagpantayin sa paningin ng lipunan sa mga homosexual. Kung ang mga babae ay may feminismo a ng mga homosexual naman ay queer.

Teoryang Historikal

eoryang Moralistiko

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ilahad

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipamalas ang karanasan o kasagsagan sa buhay ng mayakda. Ipinahihiwatig sa mga akdang bayograpikal ang mga bahagi sa buhay ng mayakda na siya niyang pinakamasaya, pinakamahirap, pinakamalungkot at lahat ng mga pinaka na inaasahang magsilbing katuwang ng

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita ang karanasan ng isang lipi ng tao na siyang masasalamin sa kasaysayan au bahagi ng kanyang pagkahubog. Nais din nitong ipakita na ang kasaysayan ay bahagi ng buhay ng tao at ng mundo.

Teoryang Kultural

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakilala ang kultura ng mayakda sa mga hindi nakakaalam. Ibinabahagi ng

may-akda ang mga kaugalian, paniniwala at tradisyon minana at ipasa sa mga sunod na salinlahi. Ipinakikita rin dito na bawat lipi ay natatangi.
Teoryang Dekonstraksyon

Ang layunin ng panitikan ay ipakita ang ibat ibang aspekto na bumubuo sa tao at mundo. Pinaniniwalaan kasi ng ilang mga pilosopo at manunulat na walang iisang pananaw ang nagudyok sa mayakda na sumulat kundi ang pinaghalu-halong pananaw na ang nais iparating ay ang kabuuan ng pagtao at mundo. 0 Comments